51
|
Lin SY, Lee RK, Hwu YM, Lin MH. Reproducibility of the revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis using laparoscopy or laparotomy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998; 60:265-9. [PMID: 9544711 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(97)00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the discrepancy between laparoscopic and laparotomic scoring methods using the revised American Fertility Society (AFS) classification of endometriosis. METHOD In this prospective study, 84 patients with endometriosis were scored twice (laparoscopically and laparotomically) by the same subspecialty-certified reproductive endocrinologist. The magnitude of inter-method variability was reported quantitatively by the S.D. of the differences in scores between the pairs. The differences in the mean endometriosis scores between the two methods were assessed by the paired Student's t-test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Discrepancy between the two methods in the staging of endometriosis patients was presented by kappa measure of agreement. RESULT There was considerable variability in the scores between the two scoring methods by the same observer. Among individual components of the scoring system, the greatest variability occurred in the ovarian endometriosis and cul-de-sac obliteration subscores, with the least variability observed for peritoneum endometriosis. The inter-method variation in score was sufficient to alter the endometriosis staging in 34.5% of patients, including a difference of two stages in 3.6% of patients. The kappa coefficient was 0.49, indicating fair-to-good agreement between the two scoring methods. CONCLUSION Inter-method variability between laparoscopic and laparotomic scoring methods was high for ovarian endometriosis subscore using the revised AFS classification of endometriosis. Agreement in endometriosis staging between the two methods was fair to good.
Collapse
|
52
|
Lavenex P, Shiflett MW, Lee RK, Jacobs LF. Spatial versus nonspatial relational learning in free-ranging fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). J Comp Psychol 1998. [DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.112.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
53
|
McPhie DL, Lee RK, Eckman CB, Olstein DH, Durham SP, Yager D, Younkin SG, Wurtman RJ, Neve RL. Neuronal expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein Alzheimer mutations causes intracellular accumulation of a C-terminal fragment containing both the amyloid beta and cytoplasmic domains. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:24743-6. [PMID: 9312066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.40.24743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Five different Alzheimer mutations of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) were expressed in neurons via recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors, and the levels of APP metabolites were quantified. The predominant intracellular accumulation product was a C-terminal fragment of APP that co-migrated with the protein product of an HSV recombinant expressing the C-terminal 100 amino acids (C100) of APP, which is known to cause neurodegeneration. Fractionation studies revealed that the C-terminal fragment generated by expression of the Alzheimer mutations, like C100, partitioned into membrane fractions and was particularly enriched in synaptosomes. The processing abnormality caused by expression of the Alzheimer mutations occurs predominantly in neurons. Expression of these mutations or of C100 alone in neurons caused increased secretion of Abeta relative to that of neurons infected with wild type APP recombinant vectors. These data show that expression of APP mutations that cause familial Alzheimer's disease increases the intracellular accumulation of potentially amyloidogenic and neurotoxic C-terminal fragments of APP in neurons.
Collapse
|
54
|
Ivanov VN, Lee RK, Podack ER, Malek TR. Regulation of Fas-dependent activation-induced T cell apoptosis by cAMP signaling: a potential role for transcription factor NF-kappa B. Oncogene 1997; 14:2455-64. [PMID: 9188860 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TCR-mediated activation of T cell hybridomas induces programmed cell death by a Fas-dependent pathway. We now show that costimulation of 2B4 cells, in the absence or presence of transgenic Bcl-2, with anti-CD3 epsilon and forskolin, an activator of cAMP signaling, resulted in antagonism of Fas-dependent activation-induced cell death that was always accompanied by selective downregulation of the nuclear levels of NF-kappa B p65-p50 (RelA-p50) transcription factor. Forskolin not only inhibited activation-induced cell death and NF-kappa B activation, but also suppressed expression of Fas and Fas ligand (Fas-L). Furthermore, NF-kappa B p65 antisense oligonucleotide down-regulated nuclear levels of NF-kappa B, inhibited cell surface expression of Fas-L and apoptosis of 2B4. Collectively, these finding demonstrate a potential role of NF-kappa B in the regulation of activation-induced apoptosis in T lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
55
|
Lee RK, Araki W, Wurtman RJ. Stimulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis by adrenergic receptors coupled to cAMP formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:5422-6. [PMID: 9144253 PMCID: PMC24694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques in Alzheimer disease are primarily aggregates of Abeta peptides that are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Neurotransmitter agonists that activate phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and protein kinase C stimulate APP processing and generate soluble, non-amyloidogenic APP (APPs). Elevations in cAMP oppose this stimulatory effect and lead to the accumulation of cell-associated APP holoprotein containing amyloidogenic Abeta peptides. We now report that cAMP signaling can also increase cellular levels of APP holoprotein by stimulating APP gene expression in astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with norepinephrine or isoproterenol for 24 h increased both APP mRNA and holoprotein levels, and these increases were blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. Treatment with 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate or forskolin for 24 h similarly increased APP holoprotein levels; astrocytes were also transformed into process-bearing cells expressing increased amounts of glial fibrillary acidic protein, suggesting that these cells resemble reactive astrocytes. The increases in APP mRNA and holoprotein in astrocytes caused by cAMP stimulation were inhibited by the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A. Our study suggests that APP overexpression by reactive astrocytes during neuronal injury may contribute to Alzheimer disease neuropathology, and that immunosuppressants can inhibit cAMP activation of APP gene transcription.
Collapse
|
56
|
Lee RK, Wurtman RJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors increase amyloid precursor protein processing in astrocytes: inhibition by cyclic AMP. J Neurochem 1997; 68:1830-5. [PMID: 9109507 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68051830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter receptors that increase phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis generate second messengers that activate protein kinase C. Here, we used metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists to increase both phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and secretion of the soluble extracellular fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APPs) from cortical astrocyte cultures. The increase in APPs secretion was mimicked by direct activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester and was suppressed by the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist L-(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid or by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF109203X. Ionotropic glutamate agonists did not increase APPs secretion. Forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibited the increase in APPs secretion caused by metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists or by phorbol ester treatment but did not affect basal APPs levels. Therefore, glutamatergic agonists that increase protein kinase C activation or decrease cyclic AMP formation may enhance the conversion of full-length APP to nonamyloidogenic APPs in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
|
57
|
Nakamura T, Lee RK, Nam SY, Podack ER, Bottomly K, Flavell RA. Roles of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in stabilizing the T helper cell type 1 and 2 phenotype. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:2648-53. [PMID: 9058797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that Th1 CD4 T cell populations can be converted to IL-4 producers, whereas Th2 populations are refractory to IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma production. We have recently shown that CD30 is a marker for the IL-4 response and have therefore used CD30 here to study Th1 and Th2 commitment. We show that Th2 cell populations normally show a stable phenotype and fail to respond to IL-12 because of endogenous IL-4 production. IFN-gamma abrogates this antagonistic effect of IL-4 and permits the conversion of Th2 populations to IFN-gamma producers by IL-12. In the complete absence of IL-4, however, IFN-gamma is not required for this transformation, and Th1 cells generated by IL-12 become committed to the Th1 pathway and lose the ability to respond to IL-4. Thus, the balance between local IL-4 and IFN-gamma in an immune response is a key factor in determining the outcome of the CD4 effector T cell response.
Collapse
|
58
|
Nakamura T, Lee RK, Nam SY, Podack ER, Bottomly K, Flavell RA. Roles of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in stabilizing the T helper cell type 1 and 2 phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.6.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It has previously been reported that Th1 CD4 T cell populations can be converted to IL-4 producers, whereas Th2 populations are refractory to IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma production. We have recently shown that CD30 is a marker for the IL-4 response and have therefore used CD30 here to study Th1 and Th2 commitment. We show that Th2 cell populations normally show a stable phenotype and fail to respond to IL-12 because of endogenous IL-4 production. IFN-gamma abrogates this antagonistic effect of IL-4 and permits the conversion of Th2 populations to IFN-gamma producers by IL-12. In the complete absence of IL-4, however, IFN-gamma is not required for this transformation, and Th1 cells generated by IL-12 become committed to the Th1 pathway and lose the ability to respond to IL-4. Thus, the balance between local IL-4 and IFN-gamma in an immune response is a key factor in determining the outcome of the CD4 effector T cell response.
Collapse
|
59
|
Nakamura T, Lee RK, Nam SY, Al-Ramadi BK, Koni PA, Bottomly K, Podack ER, Flavell RA. Reciprocal regulation of CD30 expression on CD4+ T cells by IL-4 and IFN-gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1997; 158:2090-8. [PMID: 9036953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have implicated CD30 as a marker for Th2 cells, but the mechanism that underlies this correlation was unknown. We show here that CD30 was expressed on activated CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-4. In the absence of endogenously produced IL-4, however, even Th2 lineage cells lost CD30 expression. Thus, CD30 is not an intrinsic marker of Th2 cells, but is inducible by IL-4. CD30 was also found to be down-regulated by IFN-gamma. Committed Th1 effector cells do not express CD30, although differentiating Th1 lineage cells temporarily express CD30. The transient expression of CD30 on differentiating Th1 lineage cells was mainly the result of endogenously produced IL-4 induced by IL-12. Culture of IL-12-primed cells under conditions that reverse the phenotype (Ag plus IL-4) resulted in two cell populations based upon their ability to express CD30. One population responded to IL-4 upon restimulation and became a CD30-positive, Th0-like cell population, while the other remained CD30 negative and synthesized only IFN-gamma. Thus, CD30 expressed on CD4+ T cells reflected the ability of CD4+ T cells to respond to IL-4.
Collapse
|
60
|
Lee RK, Su JT, Chen YW, Hwu YM. A comparison of the effects of different degrees of zona pellucida damage followed by cryopreservation on the postthaw development of mouse embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 1997; 14:170-3. [PMID: 9090561 PMCID: PMC3454669 DOI: 10.1007/bf02766135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The totally intact zona pellucida is not essential for the development of embryos. It is still unclear how much effect the degree of damages to the zona pellucida will have on the developmental potential of postthaw embryos after cryopreservation. We compared the developmental potential of cryopreserved mouse embryos after induction of two degrees of mechanical damage to the zonae pellucidae by micromanipulation. METHODS In experiment I, the development of 124 cryopreserved ICR mouse embryos to the blastocyst stage after zona pellucida penetration of two-cell embryos as in the procedures of subzonal sperm insertion (SUZI) was compared with the development of zona-intact cryopreserved embryos. In experiment II, the zonae pellucidae of 93 two-cell mouse embryos were dissected as in the procedures of partial zonal dissection (PZD), following which the embryos were frozen. This postthaw development was also compared with that of zona-intact two-cell cryopreserved embryos. All the embryos were thawed and cultured to the blastocyst stage. Additional controls were provided by culturing zona-intact and zona-penetrated or zona-dissected embryos without cryopreservation. RESULTS The development of unfrozen mouse embryos was not affected by either zona penetration (P = 0.433) or zona dissection (P = 0.659). The developmental potential of cryopreserved mouse embryos was significantly affected after zona dissection (blastocyst rate, 31% ZD vs 72%, control; P < 0.001) but not after zona penetration (blastocyst rate, 59% ZP vs 64% control; P = 0.441). CONCLUSIONS The quality of cryopreserved embryos was affected by a large hole on the zona pellucida created by zona dissection but not by simple zona penetration.
Collapse
|
61
|
Nakamura T, Lee RK, Nam SY, Al-Ramadi BK, Koni PA, Bottomly K, Podack ER, Flavell RA. Reciprocal regulation of CD30 expression on CD4+ T cells by IL-4 and IFN-gamma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Prior studies have implicated CD30 as a marker for Th2 cells, but the mechanism that underlies this correlation was unknown. We show here that CD30 was expressed on activated CD4+ T cells in the presence of IL-4. In the absence of endogenously produced IL-4, however, even Th2 lineage cells lost CD30 expression. Thus, CD30 is not an intrinsic marker of Th2 cells, but is inducible by IL-4. CD30 was also found to be down-regulated by IFN-gamma. Committed Th1 effector cells do not express CD30, although differentiating Th1 lineage cells temporarily express CD30. The transient expression of CD30 on differentiating Th1 lineage cells was mainly the result of endogenously produced IL-4 induced by IL-12. Culture of IL-12-primed cells under conditions that reverse the phenotype (Ag plus IL-4) resulted in two cell populations based upon their ability to express CD30. One population responded to IL-4 upon restimulation and became a CD30-positive, Th0-like cell population, while the other remained CD30 negative and synthesized only IFN-gamma. Thus, CD30 expressed on CD4+ T cells reflected the ability of CD4+ T cells to respond to IL-4.
Collapse
|
62
|
Nishio M, Spielman J, Lee RK, Nelson DL, Podack ER. CD80 (B7.1) and CD54 (intracellular adhesion molecule-1) induce target cell susceptibility to promiscuous cytotoxic T cell lysis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.10.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Overexpression of B7 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on syngeneic cells triggered MHC-unrestricted lysis by MHC-restricted CD8+ CTL without TCR/CD3 engagement. Both CD28/B7 and LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions were required for MHC-nonrestricted cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was measured in 4-h and 16- to 18-h cytotoxicity assays. B7-ICAM-1 overexpression triggered perforin- and Fas ligand-mediated lysis, while TNF-alpha was not elicited in MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity. These results suggest that target cells may elicit MHC-unrestricted lysis from CTL through up-regulation of membrane adherence and costimulatory receptors.
Collapse
|
63
|
Nishio M, Spielman J, Lee RK, Nelson DL, Podack ER. CD80 (B7.1) and CD54 (intracellular adhesion molecule-1) induce target cell susceptibility to promiscuous cytotoxic T cell lysis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1996; 157:4347-53. [PMID: 8906809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of B7 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on syngeneic cells triggered MHC-unrestricted lysis by MHC-restricted CD8+ CTL without TCR/CD3 engagement. Both CD28/B7 and LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions were required for MHC-nonrestricted cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was measured in 4-h and 16- to 18-h cytotoxicity assays. B7-ICAM-1 overexpression triggered perforin- and Fas ligand-mediated lysis, while TNF-alpha was not elicited in MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity. These results suggest that target cells may elicit MHC-unrestricted lysis from CTL through up-regulation of membrane adherence and costimulatory receptors.
Collapse
|
64
|
Kellermann AL, Rivara FP, Lee RK, Banton JG, Cummings P, Hackman BB, Somes G. Injuries due to firearms in three cities. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1438-44. [PMID: 8875922 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199611073351906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe the incidence and outcome of injuries due to firearms, we conducted a population-based study of fatal and nonfatal gunshot wounds in three cities: Memphis, Tennessee; Seattle; and Galveston, Texas. METHODS Records of the police, medical examiners, ambulance crews, and hospital emergency departments and hospital admissions were monitored to identify all injuries caused by firearms that were severe enough to prompt emergency medical treatment. These records were linked to generate a complete picture of each event. Census data were used to calculate rates of injury for various population groups. RESULTS A total of 1915 cases of injury due to firearms were identified between November 16, 1992, and May 15, 1994. The crude rate of firearm injury per 100,000 person-years was 222.6 in Memphis, 143.6 in Galveston, and 54.1 in Seattle. Approximately 88 percent of the injuries were incurred during confirmed or probable assaults; 7 percent were sustained in the course of suicide or attempted suicide; unintentional injuries accounted for 4 percent of the cases. Handguns were used in 88 percent of the cases in which the type of weapon was recorded. Five percent of the 1677 victims who were brought to a hospital emergency department could not be resuscitated; 53 percent were hospitalized, and 42 percent were treated and released. Ninety-seven percent of the deaths occurred within 24 hours of the injury. Emergency department and inpatient charges exceeded $16.5 million. CONCLUSIONS Injuries due to firearms, most involving handguns, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in U.S. urban areas. The incidence varies greatly from city to city.
Collapse
|
65
|
Lee RK, Spielman J, Zhao DY, Olsen KJ, Podack ER. Perforin, Fas ligand, and tumor necrosis factor are the major cytotoxic molecules used by lymphokine-activated killer cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1996; 157:1919-25. [PMID: 8757310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells generated from perforin knockout mice possess significantly reduced cytotoxicity against a panel of tumor target cell lines, with some tumor cells being lysed exclusively by the perforin pathway. LAK cells are also capable of Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. LAK cells generated from mice deficient in both perforin and Fas ligand (PKO/gld) were not cytolytic in short term cytotoxicity assays, demonstrating that perforin and Fas ligand are required for acute target cell lysis. However, PKO/gld LAK cells were cytotoxic in long term cytotoxicity assays against TNF-sensitive tumor lines, and this cytotoxicity was completely inhibited by neutralizing TNF Abs. This potent TNF cytotoxicity has not been fully appreciated previously because of the presence of dominant-acting perforin and Fas ligand in acute tumor cell lysis. TNF-based cytotoxicity by PKO/gld LAK was both soluble and membrane bound, and both forms of TNF were constitutively expressed. Thus, LAK cells are armed with at least three cytotoxic molecules: perforin, Fas ligand, and TNF.
Collapse
|
66
|
Lee RK, Spielman J, Zhao DY, Olsen KJ, Podack ER. Perforin, Fas ligand, and tumor necrosis factor are the major cytotoxic molecules used by lymphokine-activated killer cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.5.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells generated from perforin knockout mice possess significantly reduced cytotoxicity against a panel of tumor target cell lines, with some tumor cells being lysed exclusively by the perforin pathway. LAK cells are also capable of Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. LAK cells generated from mice deficient in both perforin and Fas ligand (PKO/gld) were not cytolytic in short term cytotoxicity assays, demonstrating that perforin and Fas ligand are required for acute target cell lysis. However, PKO/gld LAK cells were cytotoxic in long term cytotoxicity assays against TNF-sensitive tumor lines, and this cytotoxicity was completely inhibited by neutralizing TNF Abs. This potent TNF cytotoxicity has not been fully appreciated previously because of the presence of dominant-acting perforin and Fas ligand in acute tumor cell lysis. TNF-based cytotoxicity by PKO/gld LAK was both soluble and membrane bound, and both forms of TNF were constitutively expressed. Thus, LAK cells are armed with at least three cytotoxic molecules: perforin, Fas ligand, and TNF.
Collapse
|
67
|
Lee RK, Spielman J, Podack ER. Bcl-2 protects against Fas-based but not perforin-based T cell-mediated cytolysis. Int Immunol 1996; 8:991-1000. [PMID: 8757944 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/8.7.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand and perforin are the two key effector mechanisms in T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These molecules mediate cytolysis of target cells by membrane damage and apoptosis. bcl-2 is known to protect cells against apoptosis induced by many stimuli including growth factor removal. However bcl-2's effect on Fas ligand and perforin-induced lysis has not been studied extensively. We investigated the effect of overexpression of bcl-2 alone, Fas alone or their combined overexpression on lysis of a commonly used target, P815, by perforin-sufficient, Fas ligand-sufficient and perforin-deficient or Fas ligand-deficient, allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Wild-type P815 are susceptible to lysis by perforin-sufficient CTL, regardless of the presence or absence (gld) of Fas ligand, but are poorly lysed by perforin-deficient CTL. Fas transfection of P815 makes target cells highly susceptible to lysis by both perforin-sufficient and -deficient CTL, indicating the presence of the Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity on both types of CTL. Co-transfection of P815-fas with bcl-2 abolishes their increased susceptibility to Fas-mediated lysis, even in the face of Fas overexpression on the cell membrane. The protective effect of bcl-2 against cell lysis is evident with perforin-deficient CTL as effector cells or when perforin activity is eliminated by the absence of extracellular calcium in perforin-sufficient CTL. bcl-2 overexpression by P815, however, does not protect against CTL lysis by the perforin pathway, regardless of Fas overexpression, as demonstrated by fas ligand mutated gld and wild-type perforin-sufficient CTL. Therefore bcl-2 can protect P815 target cells against Fas-mediated lysis when triggered by the Fas ligand on CTL, but not against perforin-mediated lysis.
Collapse
|
68
|
Lee RK, Jimenez J, Cox AJ, Wurtman RJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors regulate APP processing in hippocampal neurons and cortical astrocytes derived from fetal rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 777:338-43. [PMID: 8624110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that stimulation of muscarinic m1 or m3 receptors can, by generating diacylglycerol (DAG) and activating protein kinase C (PKC), accelerate the breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form soluble, non-amyloidogenic peptides (APPs). This relationship has been demonstrated in human glioma and neuroblastoma cells as well as in transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and PC12 cells. We now provide evidence that stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which also are coupled to DAG and PKC, similarly accelerates processing of APP into non-amyloidogenic APPs in hippocampal neurons and cortical astrocytes derived from normal fetal rats. The mGluR antagonist, L(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3), and GF 109203X, an inhibitor of PKC, both blocked the release of APPs from hippocampal neurons and astrocytes evoked by glutamate receptor stimulation. Inasmuch as glutamatergic neurons in cortex and hippocampus are known to be damaged in Alzheimer's disease, our findings suggest that amyloid formation may be enhanced by the resulting glutamate deficiency and that selective mGluR agonists may be useful in facilitating synaptic efficacy and treating the disease.
Collapse
|
69
|
Bowen MA, Lee RK, Miragliotta G, Nam SY, Podack ER. Structure and expression of murine CD30 and its role in cytokine production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1996; 156:442-9. [PMID: 8543792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Murine CD30 cDNA predicts a protein of 498 amino acids with homology to the TNF receptor family of proteins characterized by repeated cysteine-rich motifs in the extracellular domain. Murine CD30, although homologous to human CD30, has a 90 amino acid gap in an extracellular region that appears to be duplicated in human CD30. Murine CD30 cDNA was shown to be functional through the production of a soluble murine Ig fusion protein (CD30-Ig) that was active in binding to cells that expressed CD30 ligand. CD30-Ig also served as an immunogen for the production of hamster anti-mouse CD30 mAbs, which recognized both CD30 expressed by murine lymphocytes and CD30 expressed by cells transfected with murine CD30 cDNA. CD30 mRNA is highly expressed in the thymus and in activated spleen cells, but not in other tissues tested. In anti-CD3-activated spleen cells, CD30 ligand is expressed primarily by CD4+ T cells, with peak expression at days 1 and 2, whereas CD30 is expressed primarily by CD8+ T cells, with peak expression on days 4 and 5. Stimulation of CD30 by plate-bound anti-CD30 directly signaled for IL-5 but not IFN-gamma production by CD30+ CTL lines. These studies demonstrate that CD30 directs cytokine secretion and suggest that CD30 signaling may be pivotal in the pattern of cytokine production by T cells.
Collapse
|
70
|
Bowen MA, Lee RK, Miragliotta G, Nam SY, Podack ER. Structure and expression of murine CD30 and its role in cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.2.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Murine CD30 cDNA predicts a protein of 498 amino acids with homology to the TNF receptor family of proteins characterized by repeated cysteine-rich motifs in the extracellular domain. Murine CD30, although homologous to human CD30, has a 90 amino acid gap in an extracellular region that appears to be duplicated in human CD30. Murine CD30 cDNA was shown to be functional through the production of a soluble murine Ig fusion protein (CD30-Ig) that was active in binding to cells that expressed CD30 ligand. CD30-Ig also served as an immunogen for the production of hamster anti-mouse CD30 mAbs, which recognized both CD30 expressed by murine lymphocytes and CD30 expressed by cells transfected with murine CD30 cDNA. CD30 mRNA is highly expressed in the thymus and in activated spleen cells, but not in other tissues tested. In anti-CD3-activated spleen cells, CD30 ligand is expressed primarily by CD4+ T cells, with peak expression at days 1 and 2, whereas CD30 is expressed primarily by CD8+ T cells, with peak expression on days 4 and 5. Stimulation of CD30 by plate-bound anti-CD30 directly signaled for IL-5 but not IFN-gamma production by CD30+ CTL lines. These studies demonstrate that CD30 directs cytokine secretion and suggest that CD30 signaling may be pivotal in the pattern of cytokine production by T cells.
Collapse
|
71
|
Lee RK, Wurtman RJ, Cox AJ, Nitsch RM. Amyloid precursor protein processing is stimulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:8083-7. [PMID: 7644542 PMCID: PMC41291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of muscarinic m1 or m3 receptors can, by generating diacylglycerol and activating protein kinase C, accelerate the breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form soluble, nonamyloidogenic derivatives (APPs), as previously shown. This relationship has been demonstrated in human glioma and neuroblastoma cells, as well as in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells and PC-12 cells. We now provide evidence that stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which also are coupled to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis, similarly accelerates processing of APP into nonamyloidogenic APPs. This process is demonstrated both in hippocampal neurons derived from fetal rats and in human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with cDNA expression constructs encoding the mGluR 1 alpha subtype. In hippocampal neurons, both an mGluR antagonist, L-(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid, and an inhibitor of protein kinase C, GF 109203X, blocked the APPs release evoked by glutamate receptor stimulation. Ionotropic glutamate agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate or S(-)-5-fluorowillardiine, failed to affect APPs release. These data show that selective mGluR agonists that initiate signal-transduction events can regulate APP processing in bona fide primary neurons and transfected cells. As glutamatergic neurons in the cortex and hippocampus are damaged in Alzheimer disease, amyloid production in these regions may be enhanced by deficits in glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Collapse
|
72
|
Peters J, Kondo KL, Lee RK, Lin CK, Inderlied CB. In-vitro activity of oxazolidinones against Mycobacterium avium complex. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35:675-9. [PMID: 7592181 DOI: 10.1093/jac/35.5.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Options for treating disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease have improved. However, efficacy is not always certain, resistance is common and rapidly bactericidal agents would improve efficacy and prevent resistance. Certain oxazolidinones were tested against MAC strains and inhibited growth at expected serum concentrations or lower. Activity correlated with hydrophobicity and one agent was bactericidal at concentrations two to five times greater than the MIC.
Collapse
|
73
|
Gowdey G, Lee RK, Carpenter WM. Treatment of HIV-related hairy leukoplakia with podophyllum resin 25% solution. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 1995; 79:64-7. [PMID: 7614164 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ten HIV-infected patients who had bilateral hairy leukoplakia on the tongue were treated with topical podophyllum resin 25% solution. Only one side of the bilateral lesion was treated and the other side served as the control and was not treated. The lesions on both the treatment and control sides were evaluated at day 2, 7, and 30 by an investigator who had not been involved in the initial treatment and had no knowledge of which side had been treated. Therefore the treatment side is compared with the control side in a single-subject design, single-blind control setting. The lesions were judged by the degree of resolution and assigned a number of 0 to 4 with 4 indicating the highest degree of resolution and 0 indicating no resolution or worsening of the condition. The results were analyzed by Student's t test. Significant resolution of hairy leukoplakia was noted on the treatment side compared with the control side at the 2-, 7-, and 30-day levels; the 2-day results were the most significant. Furthermore, the patients reported minimal side effects, which included burning sensation, bad or altered taste, and pain, that were of mild intensity and short duration. The side effects were reported to occur immediately after the topical application. Patient tolerance and acceptance were found to be very favorable. No systemic side effect was reported. We conclude that single topical application of podophyllum resin 25% solution is efficacious in producing significant short-term resolution of HIV-related oral hairy leukoplakia. We also conclude that it is a safe topical regimen with minimal side effects.
Collapse
|
74
|
Lee RK, Stainier DY, Weinstein BM, Fishman MC. Cardiovascular development in the zebrafish. II. Endocardial progenitors are sequestered within the heart field. Development 1994; 120:3361-6. [PMID: 7821208 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.12.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the zebrafish embryo to ascertain the location of endocardial and myocardial progenitors prior to gastrulation, in an attempt to define the earliest stages of cardiac patterning. Currently there is uncertainty as to the spatial and lineage relationship of the progenitors for these two phenotypically distinct cell types that form the two concentric layers of the primitive heart tube. By single-cell injection and tracking, we distinguish a region in the early and midblastula which has the properties of a heart field, in that it defines a zone of cardiac progenitors within which there is a spatial gradient of propensity to generate heart cells, and which regulates, in the sense of adapting to the transplantation of pluripotential cells. This zone extends from the future ventral axis dorsally along the margin, with cardiogenic propensity tapering off laterally and dorsally. Myocardial progenitors are spread throughout this region, but endocardial precursors are restricted to the ventral marginal region. The cardiovascular progeny of the ventral cells include, in addition to endocardium and myocardium, cells in the endothelium and blood.
Collapse
|
75
|
Gagliardini V, Fernandez PA, Lee RK, Drexler HC, Rotello RJ, Fishman MC, Yuan J. Prevention of vertebrate neuronal death by the crmA gene. Science 1994; 263:826-8. [PMID: 8303301 DOI: 10.1126/science.8303301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) is a mammalian homolog of CED-3, a protein required for programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The activity of ICE can be specifically inhibited by the product of crmA, a cytokine response modifier gene encoded by cowpox virus. Microinjection of the crmA gene into chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons was found to prevent cell death induced by deprivation of nerve growth factor. Thus, ICE is likely to participate in neuronal death in vertebrates.
Collapse
|
76
|
Lee RK, Finger TE, Eaton RC. GABAergic innervation of the Mauthner cell and other reticulospinal neurons in the goldfish. J Comp Neurol 1993; 338:601-11. [PMID: 8132863 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903380409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Mauthner cells are pair of identifiable hindbrain neurons that participate in the escape response of fishes. Membrane excitability in these cells is regulated by inhibitory neurons that use glycine as a transmitter. We examined the possibility that the inhibitory transmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) may also act on the Mauthner cells. We used immunocytochemical methods involving an antibody against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for GABA. Our study revealed dense GAD immunoreactive terminals surrounding the Mauthner cells. Puncta counts showed that the distribution of GAD immunoreactivity was densest at the distal lateral dendrite of the Mauthner cells; the distribution of puncta tapers gradually in regions closer to the soma. The axon cap was devoid of GABAergic immunoreactivity. We also performed unilateral lesions of the octaval nuclei to evaluate the origin of the GAD immunoreactive terminals. Following the lesions, we found marked decreases in GAD immunoreactive terminals on the proximal lateral dendrite, soma, and proximal ventral dendrite of both Mauthner cells. These results suggest that the octaval region contributes to bilateral inhibition of the Mauthner cells. The distal lateral dendrite of the ipsilateral Mauthner cell also showed a reduction in GAD immunoreactive terminals. This suggests that GABA mediates remote dendritic inhibition of this cell. GAD immunoreactive puncta also surrounded other large reticulospinal neurons, some of which are serially reiterated along the anterior-posterior axis of the hindbrain. Thus, GABA may also exert an influence not only on the Mauthner cells, but also on other reticulospinal neurons.
Collapse
|
77
|
Lee RK, Lin MH, Hwu YM, Tang PC, Chao HH. Improving the quality of mouse embryos by coculturing with epithelial cells from the human genital tract: comparing the coculture effect of ampullary and endometrial cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 1993; 10:534-6. [PMID: 8081093 DOI: 10.1007/bf01204366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
78
|
Jasmin BJ, Lee RK, Rotundo RL. Compartmentalization of acetylcholinesterase mRNA and enzyme at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Neuron 1993; 11:467-77. [PMID: 8398140 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90151-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is concentrated at the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse. To determine whether increased transcript levels could underlie this selective accumulation, we employed a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based assay to determine mRNA copy number in samples as small as single neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and a microassay to measure AChE enzyme activity at single synapses. Our results show that AChE mRNA is an intermediate transcript at NMJs, whereas in noninnervated regions of muscle fibers, AChE transcripts are either undetectable or rare. In contrast, alpha-actin transcript levels in the same samples are similar in junctional and extrajunctional regions. However, compared with AChE enzyme activity and alpha-actin mRNA levels, the levels of AChE transcripts at NMJs are highly variable. These results indicate that AChE mRNA and protein expression are compartmentalized at the vertebrate NMJ and provide a direct approach toward dissecting the molecular events leading from synaptic activation to plastic changes in gene expression at single vertebrate synapses.
Collapse
|
79
|
Stainier DY, Lee RK, Fishman MC. Cardiovascular development in the zebrafish. I. Myocardial fate map and heart tube formation. Development 1993; 119:31-40. [PMID: 8275863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119.1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the origin of cardiac progenitors in the zebrafish embryo by injection of single blastomeres with a lineage tracer dye, and examined the formation of the zebrafish heart tube by serial sectioning of immunostained embryos. At the 512-cell stage (early blastula), most cardiac progenitors lie in a marginal zone that extends from 90 degrees longitude (midway between the future dorsal and ventral axis) through 180 degrees longitude (the future ventral axis) to 270 degrees longitude. By focusing on myocardial progenitors located at 90 degrees (and 270 degrees) longitude, we found that a single cell injected in the early blastula can contribute progeny to both the atrium and ventricle. A cell injected in the midblastula contributes progeny to either the atrium or ventricle, but not both. This analysis suggests that, at least for these myocardial progenitors, the atrial and ventricular lineages separate in the midblastula. Precardiac cells involute early during gastrulation and turn towards the animal pole with other early involuting cells. These cardiogenic cells reach the embryonic axis around the 8-somite stage, and there they coalesce to form a pair of myocardial tubular primordia on either side of the midline. By the 21-somite stage, the tropomyosin-immunoreactive myocardial tubes have moved closer to each other, and a distinct group of cells, the endocardial progenitor cells, sits medially between them. The myocardial tubes then fuse to enclose the endocardial cells and form the definitive heart tube. By 22 hours postfertilization (26-somite stage), the heart tube is clearly beating. The regionalization of cardiac myosin heavy chain expression distinguishes the cardiac chambers at this stage, although they are not morphologically delineated until 36 hours. This work shows that cardiogenic regions can be identified in the early blastula, and that chamber restriction seems to arise in the midblastula. Additionally, it provides the basis for embryological perturbation at the single cell level, as well as for the genetic analysis of heart tube formation in the zebrafish.
Collapse
|
80
|
Lee RK, Eaton RC, Zottoli SJ. Segmental arrangement of reticulospinal neurons in the goldfish hindbrain. J Comp Neurol 1993; 329:539-56. [PMID: 8454739 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903290409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hindbrain is evolutionarily conserved among diverse vertebrate phyla. In vertebrate embryos, the hindbrain is segmentally organized as a series of overt swellings known as rhombomeres. In the larval zebrafish Brachydanio rerio, conspicuous and identifiable reticulospinal neurons are positioned in the center of rhombomeres. Segmentally homologous reticulospinal neurons that share a range of morphological, developmental, and biochemical features occupy adjacent rhombomeres. We have recently shown that reticulospinal neurons of the zebrafish survive ontogeny without considerable morphological modification and we suggested that homologous neurons may share similar functions at different stages of development (Lee and Eaton: Journal of Comparative Neurology 304:34-52, 1991). The goldfish Carassius auratus, a related cyprinid, is especially suited for neurophysiological and behavioral studies. However, it is not yet known if the various reticulospinal neurons of zebrafish are generalizable to other species such as the goldfish. Therefore, we sought to examine the extent to which reticulospinal neurons of the zebrafish are also present in the adult goldfish. Analysis of 45 brains retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the spinal cord showed that reticulospinal neurons are arranged as a series of seven segments within the hindbrain; a regular interval of approximately 200 microns separates adjacent segments. Although the goldfish reticulospinal system has more neurons than the zebrafish, many reticulospinal neuron types continue to be identifiable. Moreover, comparisons of dendritic arborizations and axon paths between the two species showed that the morphology between various neuron types is virtually identical. The cross-taxonomic similarities between the reticulospinal systems of these related cyprinids make it possible to pursue functional considerations of segmentally homologous neurons in the goldfish hindbrain.
Collapse
|
81
|
Teitelbaum GP, Reed RA, Larsen D, Lee RK, Pentecost MJ, Finck EJ, Katz MD. Microcatheter embolization of non-neurologic traumatic vascular lesions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993; 4:149-54. [PMID: 8425093 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(93)71838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors report their experience over a 28-month period with embolization of 23 non-neurologic traumatic vascular lesions in 21 patients with use of a coaxial microcatheter coil delivery system. PATIENTS AND METHODS The injuries included pseudoaneurysms (n = 17), arteriovenous fistulas (n = 3), and sites of extravasation (n = 3) and were caused by gunshot, shotgun, and stab wounds, as well as motor vehicle accidents and iatrogenic trauma. All microcatheter embolizations except one were performed with 2.2-F Tracker-18 catheters inserted coaxially through 5.0-5.5-F guiding catheters. In one case, a coaxial 3-F Teflon catheter was used. In all cases platinum microcoils (almost all non-fibril) and/or straight platinum embolization wires (with fibrils) were used. RESULTS Twenty-one (91%) of 23 vascular lesions were successfully occluded with use of the microcatheter system. The two cases in which microcatheter embolization failed were successfully managed by using larger catheters and steel coils. Two patients with hepatic vascular lesions (one site of extravasation and a pseudoaneurysm) and one patient with a lower extremity arteriovenous fistula required two procedures each for successful treatment. Procedures were life-saving in at least two patients. Two lesions recurred during follow-up ranging from 3 days to 17 months. Both of these recurrences were successfully treated with transcatheter embolization, in one case with use of microcatheters. CONCLUSION Microcatheter embolization with platinum coils and wires is an effective means for treating traumatic vascular lesions. A coaxial microcatheter system allows for easier, more rapid coil/wire delivery to smaller, spasm-prone arteries in such cases.
Collapse
|
82
|
Lee RK, Waxweiler RJ, Dobbins JG, Paschetag T. Incidence rates of firearm injuries in Galveston, Texas, 1979-1981. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134:511-21. [PMID: 1897507 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Firearm injury mortality rates have been characterized in various settings, but little is known of the total magnitude of firearm injury, including morbidity. The authors determined population-based incidence rates of firearm injury among residents of Galveston, Texas, from 1979-1981 by using police, emergency department, hospital, emergency medical services, medical examiner, and vital records to identify 239 firearm injury cases. Vital records, medical examiner, and police records each identified more than 95% of the fatalities, but police records (sensitivity = 98%) were better than emergency department or hospital records (sensitivity = 82% and 28%, respectively) for identifying all nonfatal cases. The annual age-adjusted incidence rate of firearm injury was 128 per 100,000 persons. Black males, with the highest firearm injury rate (459 per 100,000 persons), were injured at 46 times the rate of white females (10 per 100,000 persons). The overall case fatality rate was 30%, including 25% of the assaults/homicides, 81% of the parasuicides/suicides, and 0% of the unintentional injuries. On the basis of the case fatality rates, an estimated 140,000 firearm injuries occur in the United States annually. The case fatality rate for penetrating head injuries was 80% versus 48% for chest injuries and 6% for all other parts of the body. The results are discussed with respect to policy recommendations for reducing firearm injuries.
Collapse
|
83
|
Cook PJ, Juarez P, Lee RK, Loftin C, Marshall OA, Murrain WA, Roth JA, Ryan J, Smith GK, Spivak H. Weapons and minority youth violence. Public Health Rep 1991; 106:254-8. [PMID: 1905038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
84
|
Kellermann AL, Lee RK, Mercy JA, Banton J. The epidemiologic basis for the prevention of firearm injuries. Annu Rev Public Health 1991; 12:17-40. [PMID: 2049134 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pu.12.050191.000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
85
|
Eggerding FA, Peters J, Lee RK, Inderlied CB. Detection of rubella virus gene sequences by enzymatic amplification and direct sequencing of amplified DNA. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:945-52. [PMID: 2056062 PMCID: PMC269913 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.29.5.945-952.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detecting and identifying rubella virus (RV). A segment of the RV gene which encodes the E1 membrane glycoprotein of RV was selected as a target for PCR amplification. Single-stranded viral RNA, extracted from infected cells or released from virions, was used as a template for reverse transcription followed by PCR amplification with two different sets of primer pairs, one nested within the other. The amplified E1 gene sequences were detected in ethidium bromide-stained agarose minigels, and their identities were verified by restriction enzyme digestion and hybridization to a probe directed at a site within the PCR target. Single-stranded DNA generated by asymmetric amplification of the target was directly sequenced by using fluorescent dideoxy-terminators and an automated procedure in order to confirm the target sequence. This PCR assay provides a rapid confirmatory test for the detection of RV by cell culture and appears to have considerable potential for the direct detection of RV in clinical specimens. The strategy used in the development of this PCR assay should be useful for developing other diagnostic PCR assays for viruses.
Collapse
|
86
|
Lee RK, Burau K, Clanton S. Firearm mortality in Texas, 1976-1985: how far is Fort Smith? Tex Med 1991; 87:78-83. [PMID: 2035162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Firearm injuries significantly affect mortality rates in many states throughout the United States. We reviewed all deaths due to injuries in all state for 1985 to determine deaths from firearm injury in proportion to deaths from all injuries in each state. We then compared Texas data with those of other states. Death certificate data for Texas from 1976 through 1985 were used to describe Texas firearm mortality rates by age, gender, and race and to compare firearm injury with other causes of mortality in Texas. Texas ranked first among states in the proportion of injury deaths caused by firearms, with an annual firearm death rate of 21.2 per 10,000. Of the 30,906 firearm deaths recorded in Texas during the 10-year study period, 650 involved children. Black males had the highest firearm homicide rate (53.9 per 100,000 per year), and white males had the highest firearm suicide rate (15.7 per 100,000 per year). Firearms accounted for 11% of the total years of productive life lost. The economic cost of firearm deaths in Texas was estimated to be $40.7 billion per year. Strategies for preventing these deaths are discussed.
Collapse
|
87
|
Lee RK, Eaton RC. Identifiable reticulospinal neurons of the adult zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J Comp Neurol 1991; 304:34-52. [PMID: 2016411 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reticulospinal neurons of the larval zebrafish Brachydanio rerio have been categorized into 27 different types (Kimmel et al.: Journal of Comparative Neurology 205:112-127, 1982; Metcalfe et al.: Journal of Comparative Neurology 251:147-159, 1986). Nineteen of these occur as bilateral pairs which are individually identifiable. Since considerable remolding of brain structures (e.g., cell death and modifications of neuronal architecture) occurs during development, we ask if these cells are preserved in the adult zebrafish and the extent to which neuronal morphology of the larva is conserved during ontogeny. In our analysis, we studied reticular neurons from 84 brains retrogradely labelled from the spinal cord with HRP. We show that all reticulospinal types of the larva are retained without considerable change in morphology in the adult. Many neurons, including the Mauthner cell and two of its serial homologues, MiD2cm and MiD3cm, can be individually and unambiguously identified. In addition, the appearance of later developing (tertiary) neurons leads to an increase in the numbers of some neuron types. Although tertiary neurons are often isomorphic with neighboring cells, they can have unique morphologies of their own and, therefore, are also individually identifiable. We suggest that the appearance of tertiary neurons may serve to extend the behavioural repertoire of the embryo. Moreover, morphological repetitions in adjacent segments of the otic region (level of VIIIth nerve entry) may represent the replication of a functional motif, perhaps involving the C-type escape response which is known to involve the Mauthner cell.
Collapse
|
88
|
Lee RK, Sacks JJ. Latchkey children and guns at home. JAMA 1990; 264:2210. [PMID: 2214093 DOI: 10.1001/jama.264.17.2210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
89
|
Lee RK, Maier SF. Inescapable shock and attention to internal versus external cues in a water discrimination escape task. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR PROCESSES 1988; 14:302-10. [PMID: 3404084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In these experiments we examined discrimination learning in a water escape task following exposure to escapable, yoked inescapable, or no electric shock. Inescapable shock did not have an effect on swim speeds in any of the experiments. Inescapable shock interfered with the acquisition of a position (left-right) discrimination when an irrelevant brightness cue (black and white stimuli) was present. However, inescapable shock did not affect the acquisition of the position discrimination when the irrelevant brightness cue was removed. Inescapably shocked subjects showed facilitated learning relative to escapably shocked and nonshocked subjects when the brightness cue was included as a relevant cue. These data may resolve discrepancies between studies that did, and did not, find inescapable shock to interfere with the acquisition of discriminations. Moreover, they point to attentional processes as one locus of the cognitive changes produced by inescapable shock and suggest that exposure to inescapable shock biases attention away from "internal" response-related cues toward "external" cues.
Collapse
|
90
|
Fox GM, Umeda J, Lee RK, Schmid CW. A phase diagram of the binding of mismatched duplex DNAs to hydroxyapatite. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 609:364-71. [PMID: 7437430 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyapatite binding properties of imperfectly base-paired DNA have been investigated and summarized in a phase diagram. This diagram defines the conditions at which thermal elution results in both denaturation and desorption of mismatched duplex DNA from hydroxyapatite.
Collapse
|
91
|
|
92
|
Charalambous J, Frazer MJ, Lee RK, Qureshi AH, Taylor FB. Mass spectra of complexes of 8-quinolinol with trivalent metals (AL, Ga, In, Sc, Cr and Fe). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
93
|
Lee RK. Preventive medicine in a private group practice setting. A new department: community medicine. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1971; 23:226-9. [PMID: 5123157 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1971.10665991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
94
|
Lee RK, Terauchi MM. The School of Public Health of the University of Hawaii. HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL 1968; 28:115-9. [PMID: 5708603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
95
|
Lee RK. Health planning in Hawaii. HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL 1968; 27:316-20. [PMID: 5644835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
96
|
Lee RK, Suehiro RY. The center for cultural and technical interchange between East and West and its current public health programs. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1966; 56:656-62. [PMID: 5949662 PMCID: PMC1257002 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.56.4.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
97
|
Lee RK, Bennett CG. Collection and utilization of vital and health statistics in Hawaii. HAWAII MEDICAL JOURNAL 1965; 25:36-40. [PMID: 5828966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|