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Oliveira JSD, Pereira VS, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG. The yeast, the antifungal, and the wardrobe: a journey into antifungal resistance mechanisms of Candida tropicalis. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:377-388. [PMID: 32319304 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is a prominent non-Candida albicans Candida species involved in cases of candidemia, mainly causing infections in patients in intensive care units and (or) those presenting neutropenia. In recent years, several studies have reported an increase in the recovery rates of azole-resistant C. tropicalis isolates. Understanding C. tropicalis resistance is of great importance, since resistant strains are implicated in persistent or recurrent and breakthrough infections. In this review, we address the main mechanisms underlying C. tropicalis resistance to the major antifungal classes used to treat candidiasis. The main genetic basis involved in C. tropicalis antifungal resistance is discussed. A better understanding of the epidemiology of resistant strains and the mechanisms involved in C. tropicalis resistance can help improve diagnosis and assessment of the antifungal susceptibility of this Candida species to improve clinical management.
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Lopes TDP, Souza PFN, da Costa HPS, Pereira ML, da Silva Neto JX, de Paula PC, Brilhante RSN, Oliveira JTA, Vasconcelos IM, Sousa DOB. Mo-CBP 4, a purified chitin-binding protein from Moringa oleifera seeds, is a potent antidermatophytic protein: In vitro mechanisms of action, in vivo effect against infection, and clinical application as a hydrogel for skin infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:432-442. [PMID: 32004601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes belonging to Trichophyton ssp. are important anthropophilic and zoophilic pathogens, which developed resistance to griseofulvin, the common antifungal drug used to treat dermatophytosis. In this context, Moringa oleifera seed proteins have been described as antifungal agents with potential applications. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the antidermatophytic in vitro, focusing on mechanisms, and in vivo potential of Mo-CBP4, purified from M. oleifera seeds. Mo-CBP4was purified after protein extraction with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, and chromatography on chitin and CM Sepharose™ columns and antidermatophytic potential of Mo-CBP4 evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Mo-CBP4 reduced in 50% the germination of microconidia of Trichophyton mentagrophytes at 45 μM; but did not show inhibition of mycelial growth. Mo-CBP4 (45 μM) presents the inhibitory activity even when incubated with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG). Analysis of the mechanisms of Mo-CBP4 revealed an increase in membrane permeability, ROS overproduction and damage to cell wall leading to microconidia death. Furthermore, using in vivo models, Mo-CBP4 (5, 10 and 20 mg g-1) reduced the severity and time of dermatophytosis. Altogether, these findings indicate that Mo-CBP4 has great potential for the development of novel antifungal drugs for the clinical treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Brilhante RSN, de Aguiar FRM, da Silva MLQ, de Oliveira JS, de Camargo ZP, Rodrigues AM, Pereira VS, Serpa R, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Correia EEM, Pereira-Neto WA, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC. Antifungal susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii complex biofilms. Med Mycol 2019; 56:297-306. [PMID: 28595275 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, caused by species of Sporothrix schenckii complex, is the most prevalent subcutaneous mycosis in many areas of Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Sporothrix spp. to form biofilms in vitro and to characterize the growth kinetics, morphology, and antifungal susceptibility of biofilms against classical antifungals. We investigated the ability of strains to produce biofilms in vitro and determined the effects of exposure to amphotericin B, itraconazole, caspofungin, ketoconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against planktonic form and at 10× MIC and 50× MIC on the biomass and metabolic activity of these biofilms. Biofilm structure was analyzed by optical microscopy using Congo-red staining, confocal and scanning electron microscopy. Strains were classified for biofilm-forming ability, through the analysis of absorbance of crystal violet retained by biomass of mature biofilms. We found that all S. brasiliensis (n = 10), S. schenckii sensu stricto (n = 2), S. globosa (n = 2), and S. mexicana (n = 4) strains were strong biofilm-producers. The analyzed biofilms had dense network of hyphae and conidia immersed in extracellular matrix, with presence of water channels. Antifungal drugs at the three tested concentrations showed different effects on biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms. However, the best inhibitory response was observed with 50× MIC of amphotericin B and caspofungin, which reduced these parameters. Furthermore, high drug concentrations, especially amphotericin B and caspofungin, showed antifungal activity against these biofilms, probably because they damaged the architecture and extracellular matrix, allowing diffusion of the drugs.
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Brilhante RSN, Aguiar LD, Sales JA, Araújo GDS, Pereira VS, Pereira-Neto WDA, Pinheiro ADQ, Paixão GC, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Bersano PRDO, Rocha MFG, Castelo-Branco DDSCM. Ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes using dog and cat hair: an ethically viable approach for an infection model. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:392-400. [PMID: 31155952 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1599361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an ex vivo model for dermatophyte biofilm growth, using hair from dogs and cats. Strains of Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans were assessed for in vitro and ex vivo biofilm production. All T. mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans isolates and 8/12 M. canis and 1/7 M. gypseum isolates formed biofilms in vitro, while all tested isolates presented biofilm growth on ex vivo models. T. mentagrophytes and M. canis formed more homogeneous and better-structured biofilms with greater biomass production on cat hair but T. tonsurans formed more biofilm on dog hair. Confocal and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated fungal hyphae colonizing and perforating the hair shaft, abundant fungal conidia, biofilm extracellular matrix and biofilm water channels. The present study demonstrated an ex vivo model for the performance of studies on biofilm formation by dermatophytes, using dog and cat hair.
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Nascimento NRFD, Aguiar FLND, Santos CF, Costa AML, Hardoim DDJ, Calabrese KDS, Almeida-Souza F, Sousa EHSD, Lopes LGDF, Teixeira MJ, Pereira VS, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG. In vitro and in vivo leishmanicidal activity of a ruthenium nitrosyl complex against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Acta Trop 2019; 192:61-65. [PMID: 30689977 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. There are many complications presented by the current treatment, as high toxicity, high cost and parasite resistance, making the development of new therapeutic agents indispensable. The present study aims to evaluate the leishmanicidal potential of ruthenium nitrosyl complex cis-[Ru(bpy)2(SO3)(NO)](PF6) against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The effect of this metal complex on parasite-host interaction was evaluated by in vitro efficacy test in dermal fibrobast cells in the presence of different concentrations (1, 10, 50 and 100 μM) and by in vivo efficacy tests performed in the presence of two different concentrations of complex (100 μg/kg/day or 300 μg/kg/day) evaluating its effect on the size of the lesion and the number of parasites present in the draining lymph nodes in hamsters. Even at the lowest concentration of 1 μM of ruthenium complex, it was observed a significant decrease of the infected cells, after 24 h exposure in vitro, with total reduction at 50 μM of the ruthenium complex. In the in vivo cutaneous infection model, administration of daily doses of 300 μg/kg/day of complex reduced significantly lesion size by 51% (p < 0.05), with a 99.9% elimination of the parasites found in the lymph nodes (p < 0.001). The results suggest a promising leishmanicidal effect by that ruthenium nitrosyl complex against L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Rocha MFG, Sales JA, da Rocha MG, Galdino LM, de Aguiar L, Pereira-Neto WDA, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN. Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin: a possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:320-328. [PMID: 31066306 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1604948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of kaempferol and quercetin against planktonic and biofilm forms of the Candida parapsilosis complex. Initially, nine C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, nine C. orthopsilosis and nine C. metapsilosis strains were used. Planktonic susceptibility to kaempferol and quercetin was assessed. Growing and mature biofilms were then exposed to the flavonoids at MIC or 10xMIC, respectively, and theywere also analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The MIC ranges were 32-128 µg ml-1 for kaempferol and 0.5-16 µg ml-1 for quercetin. Kaempferol and quercetin decreased (P < 0.05) the metabolic activity and biomass of growing biofilms of the C. parapsilosis complex. As for mature biofilms, the metabolic effects of the flavonoids varied, according to the cryptic species, but kaempferol caused an overall reduction in biofilm biomass. Microscopic analyses showed restructuring of biofilms after flavonoid exposure. These results highlight the potential use of these compounds as sustainable resources for the control of fungal biofilms.
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Brilhante RSN, Alencar LPD, Bandeira SP, Sales JA, Evangelista AJDJ, Serpa R, Cordeiro RDA, Pereira-Neto WDA, Sidrim JJC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Exposure of Candida parapsilosis complex to agricultural azoles: An overview of the role of environmental determinants for the development of resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1231-1238. [PMID: 30308811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the phenotypic behavior of Candida parapsilosis species complex in response to exposure to agricultural azoles and fluconazole. Three fluconazole-susceptible strains of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis were used. Initial minimum inhibitory concentrations (iMICs) for agricultural and clinical azoles were determined by broth microdilution. Then, the strains were exposed to tebuconazole, tetraconazole and fluconazole for 15 days, at concentrations that were two-folded daily, starting at one-eighth the iMIC (iMIC/8) up to 64 times iMIC (64xiMIC). After 15-day-exposure, antifungal susceptibility, biofilm formation, CDR, MDR and ERG expression were evaluated. The three cryptic species developed tolerance to the antifungals they were exposed and presented reduction (P < 0.05) in fluconazole susceptibility. In addition, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. metapsilosis also presented reduced susceptibility to voriconazole, after fluconazole exposure. Azole exposure decreased (P < 0.05) biofilm production by C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. orthopsilosis and increased (P < 0.05) the expression of ERG11 in all tested strains. The results show that exposure to agricultural azoles and fluconazole induces changes in the phenotypic behavior and gene expression by the three cryptic species of C. parapsilosis complex, highlighting the importance of environmental determinants for the development of antifungal resistance.
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Cordeiro RDA, Pereira LMG, de Sousa JK, Serpa R, Andrade ARC, Portela FVM, Evangelista AJDJ, Sales JA, Aguiar ALR, Mendes PBL, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJDC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Farnesol inhibits planktonic cells and antifungal-tolerant biofilms of Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon inkin. Med Mycol 2019; 57:1038-1045. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Trichosporon species have been considered important agents of opportunistic systemic infections, mainly among immunocompromised patients. Infections by Trichosporon spp. are generally associated with biofilm formation in invasive medical devices. These communities are resistant to therapeutic antifungals, and therefore the search for anti-biofilm molecules is necessary. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of farnesol against planktonic and sessile cells of clinical Trichosporon asahii (n = 3) andTrichosporon inkin (n = 7) strains. Biofilms were evaluated during adhesion, development stages and after maturation for metabolic activity, biomass and protease activity, as well as regarding morphology and ultrastructure by optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Farnesol inhibited Trichosporon planktonic growth by 80% at concentrations ranging from 600 to 1200 μM for T. asahii and from 75 to 600 μM for T. inkin. Farnesol was able to reduce cell adhesion by 80% at 300 μM for T. asahii and T. inkin at 600 μM, while biofilm development of both species was inhibited by 80% at concentration of 150 μM, altering their structure. After biofilm maturation, farnesol decreased T. asahii biofilm formation by 50% at 600 μM concentration and T. inkin formation at 300 μM. Farnesol inhibited gradual filamentation in a concentration range between 600 and 1200 μM. Farnesol caused reduction of filament structures of Trichosporon spp. at every stage of biofilm development analyzed. These data show the potential of farnesol as an anti-biofilm molecule.
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Brilhante RSN, de Oliveira JS, de Jesus Evangelista AJ, Pereira VS, Alencar LP, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Câmara LMC, de Lima-Neto RG, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. In vitro effects of promethazine on cell morphology and structure and mitochondrial activity of azole-resistant Candida tropicalis. Med Mycol 2019; 56:1012-1022. [PMID: 29420801 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of promethazine on the antifungal minimum inhibitory concentrations against planktonic cells and mature biofilms of Candida tropicalis, as well as investigate its potential mechanisms of cell damage against this yeast species. Three C. tropicalis isolates (two azole-resistant and one azole-susceptible) were evaluated for their planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to promethazine alone and in combination with itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. The antifungal activity of promethazine against C. tropicalis was investigated by performing time-kill curve assays and assessing rhodamine 6G efflux, cell size/granularity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, through flow cytometry. Promethazine showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells and biofilms at concentrations of 64 and 128 μg/ml, respectively. The addition of two subinhibitory concentrations of promethazine reduced the antifungal MICs for all tested azole drugs against planktonic growth, reversing the resistance phenotype to all azoles. Promethazine decreased the efflux of rhodamine 6G in an azole-resistant strain. Moreover, promethazine decreased cell size/granularity and caused membrane damage, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In conclusion, promethazine presented synergy with azole antifungals against resistant C. tropicalis and exhibited in vitro cytotoxicity against C. tropicalis, altering cell size/granularity, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function, demonstrating potential mechanisms of cell damage against this yeast species.
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Garcia LGS, Guedes GMDM, da Silva MLQ, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Sidrim JJC, Cordeiro RDA, Rocha MFG, Vieira RS, Brilhante RSN. Effect of the molecular weight of chitosan on its antifungal activity against Candida spp. in planktonic cells and biofilm. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:662-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Aguiar Cordeiro RD, de Jesus Evangelista AJ, Serpa R, Colares de Andrade AR, Leite Mendes PB, Silva Franco JD, de Oliveira JS, de Alencar LP, Sales JA, Carneiro Câmara LM, Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco DD, Nogueira Brilhante RS, Costa Sidrim JJ, Gadelha Rocha MF. β-lactam antibiotics & vancomycin increase the growth & virulence of Candida spp. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:869-875. [PMID: 29882422 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the direct effect of antibiotics on growth and virulence of the major Candida species associated with invasive infections. MATERIALS & METHODS Cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, amoxicillin and vancomycin were tested at twofold the peak plasma concentration (2× PP) and the peak plasma concentration (PP). The effects of antibiotics on Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis were investigated by colony counting, flow cytometry, proteolytic activity and virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. RESULTS Antibiotics increase growth and proteolytic activity of Candida spp; In addition, amoxicillin potentiates virulence of C. krusei and C. tropicalis against Caenorhabditis elegans. CONCLUSION These results suggest that antimicrobial therapy may have a direct effect on the pathophysiology of invasive fungal infections in patients at risk.
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Brilhante RSN, Sales JA, da Silva MLQ, de Oliveira JS, Pereira LDA, Pereira-Neto WA, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Antifungal susceptibility and virulence of Candida parapsilosis species complex: an overview of their pathogenic potential. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:903-914. [PMID: 29846153 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antifungal resistance and several putative virulence factors have been associated with the pathogenicity of the Candida parapsilosis species complex. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility, the production of virulence factors and the pathogenicity of the C. parapsilosis complex. METHODOLOGY Overall, 49 isolates of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 19 C. orthopsilosis and nine C. metapsilosis were used. The planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin was assessed using a broth microdilution assay. Finally, the production of biofilm and hydrolytic enzymes and the fungal pathogenicity against Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated.Results/Key findings. Overall, one C. orthopsilosis was resistant to caspofungin and susceptible-dose-dependent to itraconazole, the other two C. orthopsilosis were susceptible-dose-dependent to fluconazole and itraconazole, and one C. metapsilosis was susceptible-dose-dependent to azoles. A total of 67.5 % of the isolates were biofilm producers. Amphotericin B and caspofungin caused the greatest reduction in the metabolic activity and biomass of mature biofilms. Phospholipase and protease production was observed in 55.1 % of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 42.1 % of C. orthopsilosis and 33.3 % of C. metapsilosis isolates. Moreover, 57.9 % of C. orthopsilosis and 20.4 % of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates were β-haemolytic, and all C. metapsilosis were α-haemolytic. Finally, the C. parapsilosis complex caused high mortality of C. elegans after 96 h of exposure. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the heterogeneity of these cryptic species for their antifungal susceptibility, virulence and pathogenic potential, emphasizing the relevance of monitoring these emerging pathogens.
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Brilhante RSN, Silva ALD, Monteiro FOB, Guedes GMDM, Sales JA, Oliveira JSD, Maia Junior JE, Miranda SA, Sidrim JJC, Alencar LPD, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Pereira Neto WDA, Rocha MFG. Yeasts from Scarlet ibises (Eudocimus ruber): A focus on monitoring the antifungal susceptibility of Candida famata and closely related species. Med Mycol 2018; 55:725-732. [PMID: 28204651 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify yeasts from the gastrointestinal tract of scarlet ibises (Eudocimus ruber) and from plant material collected from the environment where they live. Then, the isolates phenotypically identified as Candida famata were submitted to molecular identification of their closely related species and evaluated for their antifungal susceptibility and possible resistance mechanisms to antifungal drugs. Cloacal swabs from 20 scarlet ibises kept in captivity at Mangal das Garças Park (Brazil), pooled stool samples (n = 20) and samples of trunks and hollow of trees (n = 20) obtained from their enclosures were collected. The samples were seeded on Sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. The 48 recovered isolates were phenotypically identified as 15 Candida famata, 13 Candida catenulata, 2 Candida intermedia, 1 Candida lusitaniae, 2 Candida guilliermondii, 1 Candida kefyr, 1 Candida amapae, 1 Candida krusei, 8 Trichosporon spp., and 4 Rhodotorula spp. The C. famata isolates were further identified as 3 C. famata, 8 Debaryomyces nepalensis, and 4 C. palmioleophila. All C. famata and C. palmioleophila were susceptible to caspofungin and itraconazole, while one D. nepalensis was resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. This same isolate and another D. nepalensis had lower amphotericin B susceptibility. The azole resistant strain had an increased efflux of rhodamine 6G and an alteration in the membrane sterol content, demonstrating multifactorial resistance mechanism. Finally, this research shows that scarlet ibises and their environment harbor C. famata and closely related species, including antifungal resistant isolates, emphasizing the need of monitoring the antifungal susceptibility of these yeast species.
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Brilhante RSN, Rocha MGD, Guedes GMDM, Oliveira JSD, Araújo GDS, España JDA, Sales JA, Aguiar LD, Paiva MDAN, Cordeiro RDA, Pereira-Neto WDA, Pinheiro ADQ, Sidrim JJC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG. Malassezia pachydermatis from animals: Planktonic and biofilm antifungal susceptibility and its virulence arsenal. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:47-52. [PMID: 29885800 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is a component of the microbiota of dogs and cats, however it can cause otitis and seborrheic dermatitis in these animals. The objective of this study was to determine the antifungal susceptibility, and evaluate virulence and pathogenicity of 25 M. pachydermatis strains from animals. Susceptibility to ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B was evaluated by broth microdilution assay. In addition, biofilm-forming ability, protease, phospholipase, hemolysin and melanin production and adhesion to epithelial cells by this yeast species were assessed. Finally, strain pathogenicity was investigated using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Concerning the planktonic susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentrations varied from <0.03 to>64 μg/mL for azole derivatives, 1 to >16 μg/mL for amphotericin B and 0.03 to 0.25 μg/mL for terbinafine. All strains were classified as strong biofilm producers, and ketoconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B presented the best inhibitory effect against mature biofilms. All fungal isolates produced proteases, whereas 14/25 strains were positive for phospholipase production. Hemolytic activity was not observed and 18/25 strains showed dark pigmentation in the presence of L-DOPA. Regarding adhesion to epithelial cells, a low adhesion rate was observed in 10/12 evaluated strains. C. elegans mortality rate reached 95.9% after 96 h of exposure of the worms to M. pachydermatis. This yeast species produces important virulence factors and presents high pathogenicity, corroborating its clinical importance.
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Brilhante RSN, Correia EEM, Guedes GMDM, de Oliveira JS, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Pinheiro ADQ, Chaves LJQ, Pereira Neto WDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. In vitro activity of azole derivatives and griseofulvin against planktonic and biofilm growth of clinical isolates of dermatophytes. Mycoses 2018. [PMID: 29517824 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As shown by recent research, most of the clinically relevant fungi, including dermatophytes, form biofilms in vitro and in vivo, which may exhibit antimicrobial tolerance that favour recurrent infections. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VCZ) and griseofulvin (GRI) against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum in planktonic and biofilm growth. For the planktonic form, susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), document M38-A2, while biofilm susceptibility was evaluated using the XTT colorimetric essay. The planktonic growth of all strains was inhibited, with MIC values ranging from 0.00195 to 0.1225 μg/mL for VRC, 0.00195 to 0.25 μg/mL for ITC and <0.0039 to 4 μg/mL for GRI, while a 50-fold increase in the MIC was required to significantly reduce the metabolic activity (P < .05) of dermatophyte biofilms. In brief, the ability of dermatophytes to form biofilms may be a contributing factor for the recalcitrance of dermatophytoses or the dissemination of the disease.
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Brilhante RSN, Guedes GMDM, Silva MLQD, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. A proposal for antifungal epidemiological cut-off values against Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum based on the susceptibility of isolates from HIV-infected patients with disseminated histoplasmosis in Northeast Brazil. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:272-277. [PMID: 29592837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) have been used as a tool to detect the acquisition of resistance mechanisms to antifungal drugs. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the ECVs for classic antifungals against Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum isolates from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with a diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. First, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for amphotericin B (AmB), itraconazole (ITR), fluconazole (FLU), voriconazole (VCZ) and caspofungin (CAS) were determined against 138 H. capsulatum isolates in the filamentous form by the broth microdilution method; antifungal ECVs were then calculated. MIC ranges were 0.0078-1 µg/mL for AmB, 0.0005-0.0625 µg/mL for ITR, 2 to ≥256 µg/mL for FLU, 0.0078-1 µg/mL for VCZ and ≤0.0156 to ≥32 µg/mL for CAS. The obtained ECVs were 0.5, 0.0313, 128, 0.5 and 16 µg/mL for AmB, ITR, FLU, VCZ and CAS, respectively. The percentage of wild-type isolates was 96.4% for AmB, 98.6% for ITR and 99.3% for FLU, VCZ and CAS. Although these results do not cover all phylogenetic species of H. capsulatum, they bring important information on strains from Brazil. In addition, the assessed isolates were from HIV-positive patients, which may not reflect the antifungal ECVs against isolates from immunocompetent individuals or from other sources. Finally, this study pioneers the initiative of establishing ECVs for five antifungal agents against H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, providing a criterion for the interpretation of susceptibility results as well as a monitoring strategy for the emergence of antifungal resistance.
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Cordeiro RDA, Weslley Caracas Cedro E, Raquel Colares Andrade A, Serpa R, José de Jesus Evangelista A, Sales de Oliveira J, Santos Pereira V, Pereira Alencar L, Bruna Leite Mendes P, Cibelle Soares Farias B, Maria Maciel Melo V, Pires de Camargo Z, de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco D, Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante R, Júlio Costa Sidrim J, Fábio Gadelha Rocha M. Inhibitory effect of a lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis on planktonic and sessile cells of Trichosporon spp. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:309-319. [PMID: 29560729 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1437617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of a bacterial biosurfactant (TIM96) on clinical strains of Trichosporon. Additionally, the effect of TIM96 on the ergosterol content, cell membrane integrity, and the hydrophobicity of planktonic cells was assessed. The inhibitory activity of TIM96 against Trichosporon biofilms was evaluated by analyzing metabolic activity, biomass and morphology. MIC values ranged from 78.125 to 312.5 μg ml-1 for TIM96; time-kill curves revealed that the decline in the number of fungal cells started after incubation for 6 h with TIM96 at both MIC and 2×MIC. The biosurfactant reduced the cellular ergosterol content and altered the membrane permeability and the surface hydrophobicity of planktonic cells. Incubation at 10×MIC TIM96 reduced cell adhesion by up to 96.89%, thus interfering with biofilm formation. This concentration also caused up to a 99.2% reduction in the metabolic activity of mature biofilms. The results indicate potential perspectives for the development of new antifungal strategies.
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Bandeira TDJPG, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG, Cordeiro RDA, Ocadaque CJ, Paiva MDAN, Brilhante RSN, Sidrim JJC. Clinical and environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Brazil: Genotyping and detection of virulence gene. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:945-951. [PMID: 29111189 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the genetic diversity of clinical and environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) recovered in Ceará, Brazil, and screen these isolates for the presence of type three secretion system virulence gene. METHODS Nineteen B. pseudomallei isolates (9 from clinical cases and 10 from soils) were analyzed. Random amplified polymorphic DNA was performed with primers OPQ-2, OPQ-4 and OPQ-16 to evaluate the genetic diversity, and type three secretion system gene was detected through polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Random amplified polymorphic DNA showed a genetic relatedness of approximately 50% among the tested B. pseudomallei isolates, which were grouped into two clades, of which the biggest ones comprised 18/19 isolates for primer OPQ-2, and 17/19 isolates for primer OPQ-16. Primer OPQ-4 grouped the isolates into three clades comprising 1/19, 3/19 and 15/19 isolates. Additionally, type three secretion system gene was detected in all tested isolates. CONCLUSIONS This is an effort to type B. pseudomallei strains from Ceará, which is important for better understanding this pathogen, contributing for the epidemiological surveillance of melioidosis in this endemic region.
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Brilhante RSN, Correia EEM, Guedes GMDM, Pereira VS, Oliveira JSD, Bandeira SP, Alencar LPD, Andrade ARCD, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Pinheiro ADQ, Chaves LJQ, Pereira Neto WDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Quantitative and structural analyses of the in vitro and ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1045-1052. [PMID: 28708048 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo biofilm-forming ability of dermatophytes on a nail fragment. METHODOLOGY Initially, four isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, six of Trichophyton tonsurans, three of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, ten of Microsporum canis and three of Microsporum gypseum were tested for production biomass by crystal violet assay. Then, one strain per species presenting the best biofilm production was chosen for further studies by optical microscopy (Congo red staining), confocal laser scanning (LIVE/DEAD staining) and scanning electron (secondary electron) microscopy. RESULTS Biomass quantification by crystal violet assay, optical microscope images of Congo red staining, confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope images revealed that all species studied are able to form biofilms both in vitro and ex vivo, with variable density and architecture. M. gypseum, T. rubrum and T. tonsurans produced robust biofilms, with abundant matrix and biomass, while M. canis produced the weakest biofilms compared to other species. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on biofilms of different dermatophyte species, which will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis. Further studies of this type are necessary to investigate the processes involved in the formation and composition of dermatophyte biofilms.
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Brilhante RSN, Sales JA, Pereira VS, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, de Souza Sampaio CM, de Araújo Neto Paiva M, Santos JBFD, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Research advances on the multiple uses of Moringa oleifera : A sustainable alternative for socially neglected population. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:621-630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Brilhante RSN, Bittencourt PV, de Souza Collares Castelo-Branco D, de Melo Guedes GM, de Oliveira JS, Alencar LP, de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Pinheiro M, Nogueira-Filho EF, de Aquino Pereira-Neto W, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Biofilms of Candida
spp. from the ocular conjunctiva of horses with reduced azole susceptibility: a complicating factor for the treatment of keratomycosis? Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 20:539-546. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rocha MFG, Bandeira SP, de Alencar LP, Melo LM, Sales JA, Paiva MDAN, Teixeira CEC, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Pereira-Neto WDA, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN. Azole resistance in Candida albicans from animals: Highlights on efflux pump activity and gene overexpression. Mycoses 2017; 60:462-468. [PMID: 28295690 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated potential mechanisms of azole resistance among Candida albicans from animals, including efflux pump activity, ergosterol content and gene expression. For this purpose, 30 azole-resistant C. albicans strains from animals were tested for their antifungal susceptibility, according to document M27-A3, efflux pump activity by rhodamine 6G test, ergosterol content and expression of the genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, ERG11 by RT-qPCR. These strains were resistant to at least one azole derivative. Resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was detected in 23 and 26 strains respectively. Rhodamine 6G tests showed increased activity of efflux pumps in the resistant strains, showing a possible resistance mechanism. There was no difference in ergosterol content between resistant and susceptible strains, even after fluconazole exposure. From 30 strains, 22 (73.3%) resistant animal strains overexpressed one or more genes. From this group, 40.9% (9/22) overexpressed CDR1, 18.2% (4/22) overexpressed CDR2, 59.1% (13/22) overexpressed MDR1 and 54.5% (12/22) overexpressed ERG11. Concerning gene expression, a positive correlation was observed only between CDR1 and CDR2. Thus, azole resistance in C. albicans strains from animals is a multifactorial process that involves increased efflux pump activity and the overexpression of different genes.
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Sidrim JJC, Vasconcelos DC, Riello GB, Guedes GMDM, Serpa R, Bandeira TDJPG, Monteiro AJ, Cordeiro RDA, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Rocha MFG, Brilhante RSN. Promethazine improves antibiotic efficacy and disrupts biofilms of Burkholderia pseudomallei. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:88-97. [PMID: 27936915 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1262846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Efflux pumps are important defense mechanisms against antimicrobial drugs and maintenance of Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilms. This study evaluated the effect of the efflux pump inhibitor promethazine on the structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of B. pseudomallei biofilms. Susceptibility of planktonic cells and biofilms to promethazine alone and combined with antimicrobials was assessed by the broth microdilution test and biofilm metabolic activity was determined with resazurin. The effect of promethazine on 48 h-grown biofilms was also evaluated through confocal and electronic microscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of promethazine was 780 mg l-1, while the minimum biofilm elimination concentration (MBEC) was 780-3,120 mg l-1. Promethazine reduced the MIC values for erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin and reduced the MBEC values for all tested drugs (p<0.05). Microscopic analyses demonstrated that promethazine altered the biofilm structure of B. pseudomallei, even at subinhibitory concentrations, possibly facilitating antibiotic penetration. Promethazine improves antibiotics efficacy against B. pseudomallei biofilms, by disrupting biofilm structure.
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Castelo-Branco DSCM, Riello GB, Vasconcelos DC, Guedes GMM, Serpa R, Bandeira TJPG, Monteiro AJ, Cordeiro RA, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN. Farnesol increases the susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilm to antimicrobials used to treat melioidosis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:600-6. [PMID: 26669506 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to analyse the in vitro activity of farnesol alone and combined with the antibacterial drugs amoxicillin, doxycycline, ceftazidime and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS Susceptibility was assessed by the broth microdilution test and cell viability was read with the oxidation-reduction indicator dye resazurin. The biofilms were evaluated through three microscopic techniques (optical, confocal and electronic microscopy). The minimum biofilm erradication concentration (MBEC) for farnesol was 75-2400 mmol l(-1). In addition, farnesol significantly reduced the MBEC values for ceftazidime, amoxicillin, doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim by 256, 16, 4 and 4 times respectively (P < 0·05). Optical, confocal and electronic microscopic analyses of farnesol-treated B. pseudomallei biofilms demonstrated that this compound damages biofilm matrix, probably facilitating antimicrobial penetration in the biofilm structure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the effectiveness of farnesol against B. pseudomallei biofilms and its potentiating effect on the activity of antibacterial drugs, in particular ceftazidime, amoxicillin, doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of B. pseudomallei is a serious challenge for the treatment of melioidosis. Thus, this paper reports the inhibitory potential of farnesol against B. pseudomallei biofilms, as well as highlights the favourable pharmacological interaction of farnesol with antibiotics tested, not only on cell viability, but also in the structural morphology of biofilms.
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Castelo-Branco DSCM, Silva ALD, Monteiro FOB, Guedes GMDM, Sales JA, Oliveira JSD, Maia Junior JE, Miranda SA, Sidrim JJC, Alencar LPD, Brilhante RSN, Cordeiro RDA, Bandeira TDJPG, Pereira Neto WDA, Rocha MFG. Aeromonas and Plesiomonas species from scarlet ibis (Eudocimus ruber) and their environment: monitoring antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 110:33-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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