Mouse Model of Weak Depression Exhibiting Suppressed cAMP Signaling in the Amygdala, Lower Lipid Catabolism in Liver, and Correlated Gut Microbiota

To establish a mouse model of weak depression, we raised 6-week-old C57BL/6N mice in single (SH) or group housing (GH) conditions for 2 weeks. The SH group showed less social interaction with stranger mice, learning disability in behavioral tests, and lower plasma corticosterone levels. The cecal microbiota of the SH group showed significant segregation from the GH group in the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Transcriptome analysis of the amygdala and liver detected multiple differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In the amygdala of SH mice, suppression of the cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP) signal was predicted and confirmed by the reduced immunoreactivity of phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element-binding protein. In the liver of SH mice, downregulation of beta-oxidation was predicted. Interestingly, the expression levels of over 100 DEGs showed a significant correlation with the occupancy of two bacterial genera, Lactobacillus (Lactobacillaceae) and Anaerostipes (Lachnospiraceae). These bacteria-correlated DEGs included JunB, the downstream component of cAMP signaling in the amygdala, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt1a), a key enzyme of beta-oxidation in the liver. This trans-omical analysis also suggested that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis in the liver may be linked to the occupancy of Lactobacillus through the regulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and kynureninase (KYNU) genes. Our results suggested that SH condition along with the presence of correlated bacteria species causes weak depression phenotype in young mice and provides a suitable model to study food ingredient that is able to cure weak depression.

Gut Microbiota Associated with Clinical Relapse in Patients with Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis

The microbiota associated with relapse in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis (qUC) remains unclear. Our objective was to analyze the fecal microbiota of Japanese patients with qUC and identify the relapse-associated microbiota. In this study, 59 patients with qUC and 59 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled (UMIN 000019486), and their fecal microbiota was compared using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We followed their clinical course up to 3.5 years and analyzed the relapse-associated microbiota. Potential functional changes in the fecal microbiota were evaluated using PICRUSt software and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. There were significant differences in fecal microbiota diversity between HC and qUC subjects, with 13 taxa characterizing each subject. Despite no significant difference in variation of microbiota in a single sample (α diversity) between patients in sustained remission and relapsed patients, the variation in microbial communities between samples (β diversity) was significantly different. Prevotella was more abundant in the sustained remission patients, whereas Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium were more abundant in the relapsed patients. We clustered the entire cohort into four clusters, and Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed the subsequent clinical course of each cluster was different. We identified 48 metabolic pathways associated with each cluster using linear discriminant analysis effect size. We confirmed the difference in microbiota between patients with qUC and HCs and identified three genera associated with relapse. We found that the clusters based on these genera had different subsequent clinical courses and activated different metabolic pathways.

MO519: Ferric Citrate Hydrate Improves Levels of Transferrin Saturation in Hemodialysis Patients With Lower Levels of Transferrin Saturation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Iron deficiency identified by transferrin saturation (TSAT) is reported as a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in non-dialysis dependent (NDD) chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1, 2] and for all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients [3]. Ferric citrate hydrate (FC, Riona®), an oral iron-based phosphate binder in CKD patients, is also approved as an iron preparation for iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in Japan in 2021. In the USA, ferric citrate (Auryxia®) is approved as a phosphate binder for dialysis-dependent CKD and an iron replacement product for the treatment of IDA in patients with NDD-CKD. FC or ferric citrate increased TSAT in patients with NDD-CKD and IDA [4]. However, a few data show that whether FC or ferric citrate has the similar effect in hemodialysis patients whose TSAT is <20%. Considering the additional indication of IDA in Japan, we investigated the FC's effect on TSAT by using the data obtained from the ASTRIO study [5], which was conducted in Japanese hemodialysis (HD) patients.

METHOD

We conducted a retrospective study using the data of ASTRIO study [5], which is a randomized, prospective, open-label, multicenter 24-week study to investigate the FC's effect on anemia management compared with non-iron-based phosphate binders (PBs) in Japanese HD patients with hyperphosphatemia. Ninety-three patients taking non-iron-based PBs were randomized 1:1 to continue PBs (control) or switch to FC. During 24-week study, serum phosphate and hemoglobin were controlled, 3.5–6.0 mg/dL and 10–12 g/dL, respectively. From 93 patients (FC, n = 48; control, n = 45), we extracted 41 patients (FC, n = 21; control, n = 20) whose TSAT at baseline was <20% and compared the levels of TSAT and other iron related parameters between FC group and control group.

RESULTS

In the ASTRIO study, the mean (SD) levels of TSAT (%) was 14.3 (4.0) at baseline and rapidly increased to 25.0 (11.1) at 4 weeks in the FC group. After that, the levels of TSAT were almost unchanged in the FC group, whereas, in the control group, the mean (SD) levels of TSAT were almost unchanged during the 24-week study. The mean (SD) levels of serum ferritin gradually increased until week 12 and subsequently showed to be stabilized in the FC group, whereas, in the control group, these were almost unchanged during the 24-week study (Table 1).

CONCLUSION

In Japanese HD patients whose TSAT was <20%, FC rapidly increased TSAT compared with control. We will also investigate the FC's effect on TSAT in HD patients from the post-marketing surveillance study, the prospective, multicenter and observational, up to maximum 2 years treatment.

The Regional Specificity of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Patients with Distal Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Recent studies have demonstrated that the populations of several microbes are significantly increased in fecal samples from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), suggesting their involvement in the development of CRC. The aim of this study was to identify microbes which are increased in distal CRCs and to identify the specific location of microbes increased in mucosal tissue around the tumor.

METHODS

Tissue specimens were collected from surgical resections of 28 distal CRCs. Five samples were collected from each specimen (location A: tumor, B: adjacent normal mucosa, C: normal mucosa 1 cm proximal to the tumor, D: normal mucosa 3 cm proximally, and E: normal mucosa 6 cm proximally). The microbiota in the sample were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and the relative abundance (RA) of microbiota compared among the 5 locations.

RESULTS

At the genus level, the RA of Fusobacterium and Streptococcus at location A was the highest among the 5 locations, significantly different from that in location E. The dominant species of each genus was Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus anginosus. The RAs of these species gradually decreased from locations B to E with a statistically significant difference in F. nucleatum. The genus Peptostreptococcus also showed a similar trend, and the RA of Peptostreptococcus stomatis in location A was significantly associated with depth of tumor invasion and tumor size.

CONCLUSION

Although the clinical relevance is not clear yet, these results suggest that F. nucleatum, S. anginosus, and P. stomatis can spread to the adjacent normal tissues and may change the surrounding microenvironment to support the progression of CRC.

Squamous cell carcinoma around a subperiosteal implant in the maxilla and the association of chronic mechanical irritation and peri-implantitis: a case report

Background

As carcinogenic risk factors, environmental factors can be classified into physical, biological, and chemical factors. Subperiosteal implants (SIs) are associated with complications, such as framework exposure, infection, and fistula formation. A current hypothesis suggests that chronic mechanical irritation could be a co-factor in carcinogenesis, while peri-implantitis might be an initiating or promoting agent in the development of oral mucosal cancer. Herein, we report a case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) around a maxillary SI associated with chronic mechanical irritation and peri-implantitis as physical and biological factors, respectively.

Case presentation

A 74-year-old male patient presented with severe mobility of the SI and an undermined ulcer with induration, accompanied by a palatal fistula and the exposure of the metal framework. The SI had been placed on the maxilla for the occlusal reconstruction of the molar area 20 years ago. An incisional biopsy of the ulcer revealed SCC (cT4aN2cM0). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was initiated, followed by bilateral neck dissection and partial resection of the maxilla with SI removal. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis suggested that the SI was fabricated using pure titanium, and titanium was absent in the specimen. Scanning electron microscopy of the SI in contact with the SCC showed a few microcracks, suggesting pitting corrosion.

Discussion

Chronic mechanical irritation due to the mobility of an improperly designed SI can be a physical factor, and prolonged peri-implantitis without regular maintenance can be a biological factor in carcinogenesis. Improperly designed main struts and a large masticatory force in the molar area resulted in deterioration of the retention and mobility of the SI. The screw and framework frequently moved on mastication and came in direct contact with the ulcer as chronic mechanical irritation. Bacterial invasion into the subperiosteal space expanded by the mobility of the metal framework led to peri-implantitis. The influence of chemical factors was considered relatively small in this case since the patient had no history of smoking or drinking, and titanium was absent in the specimen. Therefore, it is conceivable that SCC can arise owing to persistent inflammation caused by chronic mechanical irritation and peri-implantitis as physical and biological factors, respectively.

Spatial, temporal and molecular dynamics of swine influenza virus-specific CD8 tissue resident memory T cells

For the first time we have defined naïve, central memory, effector memory and differentiated effector porcine CD8 T cells and analyzed their distribution in lymphoid and respiratory tissues after influenza infection or immunization, using peptide-MHC tetramers of three influenza nucleoprotein (NP) epitopes. The hierarchy of response to the three epitopes changes during the response in different tissues. Most NP-specific CD8 T cells in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and lung are tissue resident memory cells (TRM) that express CD69 and downregulate CD45RA and CCR7. NP-specific cells isolated from BAL express genes characteristic of TRM, but gene expression differs at 7, 21 and 63 days post infection. In all tissues the frequency of NP-specific CD8 cells declines over 63 days almost to background levels but is best maintained in BAL. The kinetic of influenza specific memory CD8 T cell in this natural host species differs from that in small animal models.

Water-soluble dietary fiber alleviates cancer-induced muscle wasting through changes in gut microenvironment in mice

Cancer cachexia and the associated skeletal muscle wasting are considered poor prognostic factors, although effective treatment has not yet been established. Recent studies have indicated that the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle loss may involve dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and the accompanying chronic inflammation or altered metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the possible effects of modifying the gut microenvironment with partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), a soluble dietary fiber, on cancer‐related muscle wasting and its mechanism using a colon‐26 murine cachexia model. Compared with a fiber‐free (FF) diet, PHGG contained fiber‐rich (FR) diet–attenuated skeletal muscle loss in cachectic mice by suppressing the elevation of the major muscle‐specific ubiquitin ligases Atrogin‐1 and MuRF1, as well as the autophagy markers LC3 and Bnip3. Although tight‐junction markers were partially reduced in both FR and FF diet–fed cachectic mice, the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and unclassified S24‐7 family increased by FR diet, contributing to the retention of the colonic mucus layer. The reinforcement of the gut barrier function resulted in the controlled entry of pathogens into the host system and reduced circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP) and IL‐6, which in turn led to the suppression of proteolysis by downregulating the ubiquitin‐proteasome system and autophagy pathway. These results suggest that dietary fiber may have the potential to alleviate skeletal muscle loss in cancer cachexia, providing new insights for developing effective strategies in the future.

The Fairy Chemical Imidazole-4-Carboxamide Inhibits the Expression of Axl, PD-L1, and PD-L2 and Improves Response to Cisplatin in Melanoma

The leading cause of death worldwide is cancer. Many reports have proved the beneficial effect of mushrooms in cancer. However, the precise mechanism is not completely clear. In the present study, we focused on the medicinal properties of biomolecules released by fairy ring-forming mushrooms. Fairy chemicals generally stimulate or inhibit the growth of surrounding vegetation. In the present study, we evaluated whether fairy chemicals (2-azahypoxanthine, 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine, and imidazole-4-carboxamide) exert anticancer activity by decreasing the expression of Axl and immune checkpoint molecules in melanoma cells. We used B16F10 melanoma cell lines and a melanoma xenograft model in the experiments. Treatment of melanoma xenograft with cisplatin combined with imidazole-4-carboxamide significantly decreased the tumor volume compared to untreated mice or mice treated cisplatin alone. In addition, mice treated with cisplatin and imidazole-4-carboxamide showed increased peritumoral infiltration of T cells compared to mice treated with cisplatin alone. In vitro studies showed that all fairy chemicals, including imidazole-4-carboxamide, inhibit the expression of immune checkpoint molecules and Axl compared to controls. Imidazole-4-carboxamide also significantly blocks the cisplatin-induced upregulation of PD-L1. These observations point to the fairy chemical imidazole-4-carboxamide as a promising coadjuvant therapy with cisplatin in patients with cancer.

Evaluation of post-colostrum ingestion changes in the protein composition of peripheral blood of newborn piglets: A pilot study

Putatively, colostral proteins are partly absorbed and transferred to blood circulation in newborn piglets, which suggests that colostrum ingestion alters the protein composition of their blood. Here, we conducted a pilot study to estimate the changes in the protein composition of piglet blood. Plasma collected from piglets pre- and post-ingestion of colostrum (PreC and PostC) was analyzed by shotgun proteomics. Proteins in colostrum were also analyzed. We identified 393 and 427 proteins in PreC and PostC plasma, respectively, and 596 colostral proteins. Whereas 202 unique proteins were identified in PostC, PreC and PostC commonly shared 225 proteins. By contrast, when compared with PreC, 54 proteins in PostC had their emPAI values increased >2-fold. Notably, using plasma samples collected from a separate experiment, the concentrations of growth differentiation factor 8 and haptoglobin were higher in PostC than in PreC, which was validated by ELISA. Approximately 60% of the uniquely identified or highly concentrated proteins in PostC were also found in colostrum, which were likely, at least partly, transferred from colostrum. The present study demonstrated that the protein composition of plasma of newborn piglets drastically changed post-colostrum ingestion, partly due to transfer of colostral proteins.

Mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosed after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

INTRODUCTION

Mucin-producing adenocarcinoma of the prostate is a rare disease that includes prostate adenocarcinoma with mucus production, secondary adenocarcinoma from the bladder or colorectum, and adenocarcinoma from the urothelium of the prostatic urethra. We describe prostate-specific antigen-negative mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient had urinary retention and a serum prostate-specific antigen level of 0.74 ng/mL. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a prostate tumor with a mucous component. We diagnosed adenocarcinoma by prostate biopsy and subsequently performed robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of the prostate was diagnosed by pathological examinations. Lung metastasis, developing within 3 months after surgery, was treated using chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Endocrine therapy is ineffective for mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosis requires pathological and immunohistochemical analyses. It is important to surgically remove the primary lesion, and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy may provide an effective approach. Multimodal therapy is essential to treat for mucin-producing urothelial-type adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Chronological changes of serum exosome in preterm infants: A prospective study

BACKGROUND

Exosomes, which are observed in all human fluid, including serum, are nanosized extracellular vesicles with a mechanism of intercellular communication. Potential clinical applications of exosomes in neonatal diseases have recently been discussed. However, the characteristics of exosomes in serum during early infancy is unclear.

METHODS

In this prospective study, we evaluated the chronological changes in the concentration of serum-derived exosomes of 20 infants for 12 months after birth.

RESULTS

The average concentration of serum-derived exosomes was 4.6 × 10¹⁰ particles/mL at birth and increased significantly until the age of 48 weeks. There was a moderate correlation between the gestational age and the concentration of serum-derived exosomes both at birth (r = 0.54, P = 0.01) and during the 8 weeks after birth (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). A multivariable analysis showed that gestational age at birth was associated with the concentration of serum-derived exosomes at birth (partial regression coefficient, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-1.37; P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

The concentration of serum-derived exosomes in preterm infants increased both chronologically and by gestational age after birth. These basic data may help to further understand physiology of exosomes in preterm infants.

Highest concentration of breast-milk-derived exosomes in colostrum

BACKGROUND

Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles, that play important roles in intercellular immune regulation. They have potential therapeutic utility for neonatal diseases including necrotizing enterocolitis. Breast-milk-derived exosomes have recently shown beneficial effects on intestinal damage in vitro and in vivo. However, the chronological change in breast-milk-derived exosome concentrations after delivery are unclear.

METHODS

In this prospective study, we enrolled 17 mothers who delivered premature infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Japan. We measured the consecutive concentrations of breast-milk-derived exosomes in the mothers for 48 weeks after delivery.

RESULTS

The median concentration of breast-milk-derived exosomes was 1.62 × 10⁸ particles/ml in colostrum, showing a significant decrease after 2 weeks (P < 0.01). There was no association between the exosome concentration in colostrum and maternal perinatal factors including parity, mode of delivery, maternal age, and gestational age at delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that breast-milk-derived exosomes were the richest in colostrum. Our basic data regarding breast-milk-derived exosomes are expected to aid in the clinical application of exosomes for treating neonatal diseases.

Optically Active Cyclic Oligomers Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane

Optically active cyclic dimer, trimer, and tetramer, in which the p-arylene-ethynylenes were stacked, were prepared using enantiopure 4,7,12,15-tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane as the chiral building block. All molecules exhibited clear Cotton effects in their absorption bands with mirror image spectra, and the signals of the longest wavelengths of the (R_p )- and (S_p )-isomers were positive and negative, respectively. Their circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signs corresponded with the those of the first Cotton effect. For all molecules, molecular orbitals were localized in one of the stacked p-arylene-ethynylenes in the excited states, resulting in a similar photoluminescence behavior. Although the cyclic dimer did not emit CPL, the cyclic trimer and tetramer exhibited intense CPL emissions with a relatively high dissymmetry factor in the order of 10^-3 . Their optical and chiroptical properties were reproduced by time-dependent density functional theory calculations.

Endoscopic laser treatment for urine leakage caused by an isolated calyx after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy

INTRODUCTION

An isolated calyx is a rare complication in which the renal calyx and pelvis are disconnected. The treatment is often complicated.

CASE PRESENTATION

An 81-year-old man underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (cT1bN0M0). Postoperatively, urine leakage was observed and did not improve with conservative measures. Retrograde pyelography and computed tomography revealed that urine leakage originated from the isolated calyx caused by infundibular stenosis. Endoscopic treatment via the transurethral approach was selected to preserve renal function. Ureteroscopy showed that the upper calyx was completely obstructed by the sutures. Therefore, we cut the suture thread using laser, and a ureteral stent was placed in the upper renal calyx. Fluid drainage immediately disappeared after the procedure, and the patient did not lose renal function.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic management might be an option for isolated calyx after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy.

Dietary intake of yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius) affects gut microbiota and fecal mucin and prevents intestinal inflammation in mice

Consumption of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) is associated with beneficial effects such as prevention of metabolic diseases. Yacon root is known to contain various bioactive components including indigestible carbohydrates, but the alteration of intestinal environment after treatment with yacon has not been fully investigated. This study investigated yacon-containing diet effects on the intestinal environment in mice, including microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid levels, and mucus content. After mice were administered yacon-containing diet for 4 weeks, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses revealed their fecal microbiota profiles. Organic acid concentrations in cecal contents were measured using an HPLC system. Compared to the control group, yacon-containing diet-received mice had significantly higher the concentrations of succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid. The fecal mucin content was also higher in yacon-containing diet-received mice. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses showed that the relative abundances of 27 taxa differed significantly in yacon-containing diet-received mice. Furthermore, results show effects of yacon administration on intestinal inflammation using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced colitis model in mice. Increased colonic damage and myeloperoxidase activity after 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid treatment were suppressed in yacon-containing diet-received mice. Results suggest that oral intake of yacon root modulates the intestinal environment, thereby inhibiting intestinal inflammation.

Effects of Soy Isoflavones, Resistant Starch and Antibiotics on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-Like Features in Letrozole-Treated Rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women. Recently, various dietary interventions have been used extensively as a novel therapy against PCOS. In the present study, we show that soy isoflavone metabolites and resistant starch, together with gut microbiota modulations, were successful in decreasing the severity of PCOS-like reproductive features while increasing the expression of gut barrier markers and butyric acid in the gut. In the letrozole-induced PCOS model rats, the intake of both 0.05% soy isoflavones and 11% resistant starch, even with letrozole treatment, reduced the severity of menstrual irregularity and polycystic ovaries with a high concentration of soy isoflavones and equol in plasma. Antibiotic cocktail treatment suppressed soy isoflavone metabolism in the gut and showed no considerable effects on reducing the PCOS-like symptoms. The mRNA expression level of occludin significantly increased with soy isoflavone and resistant starch combined treatment. Bacterial genera such as Blautia, Dorea and Clostridium were positively correlated with menstrual irregularity under resistant starch intake. Moreover, the concentration of butyric acid was elevated by resistant starch intake. In conclusion, we propose that both dietary interventions and gut microbiota modulations could be effectively used in reducing the severity of PCOS reproductive features.

Origin of the Aggregation-Induced Phosphorescence of Platinum(II) Complexes: The Role of Metal-Metal Interactions on Emission Decay in the Crystalline State

Discerning the origins of the phosphorescent aggregation-induced emission (AIE) from Pt(II) complexes is crucial for developing the broader range of photo-functional materials. Over the past few decades, several mechanisms of phosphorescent AIE have been proposed, however, not have been directly elucidated. Herein, we describe phosphorescence and deactivation processes of four class of AIE active Pt(II) complexes in the crystalline state based on experimental and theoretical investigation. These complexes show metal-to-ligand and/or metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer emission in crystalline state with different heat resistance against thermal emission quenching. The calculated energy profiles including the minimum energy crossing point between S₀ and T₁ states were consistent with the heat resistant properties, which provided the mechanism for AIE expression. Furthermore, we have clarified the role of metal-metal interaction in AIE by comparing two computational models.

Construction of helical structures with planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane: fusing helical and planar chiralities

Optically active conjugated molecules bearing one-handed helical structures, in which two [4]helicenes or two phenanthrenes are stacked at terminal benzene moieties, were prepared using enantiopure [2.2]paracyclophane as a chiral scaffold. The obtained molecules exhibited excellent chiroptical properties such as circularly polarized luminescence with high disymmetry factors. Planar chiral pseudo-meta-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane was also optically resolved on the sub-gram-scale.

Assessment of Early Biological Fixation of Cementless Tapered-Wedge Stems Using Digital Tomosynthesis

BACKGROUND

We aimed to compare radiographic and digital tomosynthesis assessments of early biological fixation of a cementless stem in primary total hip arthroplasty and to investigate the factors associated with early biological fixation.

METHODS

Seventy-three patients underwent total hip arthroplasty using cementless short tapered-wedge stems. Both radiography and digital tomosynthesis were performed at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. The presence of spot welds (SW) was evaluated at each postoperative period to assess biological fixation between the stem and the femur. The area of contact between the femur and the stem was divided into seven zones based on Gruen's zone classification.

RESULTS

All 73 patients had no SW 6 weeks after surgery on radiography and digital tomosynthesis. Three months postoperatively, there was no SW on radiography; however, digital tomosynthesis revealed SW in 31 (42%) patients. Six months postoperatively, radiography showed 22 SW in 18 (24.7%) patients and digital tomosynthesis showed 94 SW in 48 patients (65.8%).

CONCLUSION

Digital tomosynthesis detected biological fixation between the stem and femur earlier than radiography; biological fixation may appear within 3 months after surgery.

Novel bone microenvironment model of castration-resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts

The interaction between prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts is essential for the development of bone metastasis. Previously, novel androgen receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATs) were approved for metastatic castration-naïve and non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); both of which are pivotal for investigating the association between the bone microenvironment and tumors. The present study established a novel in vitro 3D microenvironment model that simulated the bone microenvironment of CRPC, and evaluated the drug susceptibility of ARATs and the efficacy of the combination of abiraterone and dutasteride. Green fluorescent protein-transferred C4-2 cells (a CRPC cell line) and red fluorescent protein-transferred human osteoblasts differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured in chitosan nanofiber matrix-coated culture plates to simulate the 3D scaffold of the bone microenvironment. The growth of C4-2 was quantified using live-cell imaging and the Cell3 iMager duos analysis system. The growth of C4-2 colonies were quantified for a maximum of 30 days. The expression of TGF-β increased and promoted EMT in C4-2 cells co-cultured with osteoblasts, indicating resistance to ARATs. The IC₅₀ of each drug and the combination effect of abiraterone and dutasteride were evaluated using this model. Combination treatment with abiraterone and dutasteride synergistically inhibited the growth of C2-4 colonies compared with individual investigational agents. This could be attributed to the reduction of 3-keto-5α-abiraterone, an androgen receptor agonist. The bone microenvironment model of the present study is unique and useful for evaluating new drug susceptibility testing in prostate cancer cells. This model may help to reveal the unknown mechanisms underlying micro- to clinical bone metastasis in prostate cancer.

Composition and physiological functions of the porcine colostrum

The first secretion, 24-h post parturition of the mammary glands of sows, known as colostrum, is high in protein and low in lactose and fat. As a consequence of an insufficient ingestion of colostrum, more than 50% of piglets fail to reach weaning and die. The composition and some functions of colostrum have been previously reported. For example, colostrum carbohydrates consist of mainly lactose. Lipids in the colostrum are mostly triacylglycerols, but <1% is fatty acids, which may act as homeostasis regulators. Similarly, proteins are found mostly as casein and whey, the latter being ≥80% immunoglobulins. Colostrum-derived immunoglobulins and bioactive proteins such as azurocidin help the immune system of the piglet fend off infections. In addition, leukocytes and exosomes are other minor but nonetheless equally crucial bioactive components in the porcine colostrum. Modern pig farming has achieved increases in pig productivity and litter size, but this has been accomplished in detriment of the health and the survival rate of piglets. Therefore, porcine colostrum is now even more important in pig farming. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge on the composition and physiological functions of the porcine colostrum and briefly propose future research directions.

Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Comparison of Subtypes

BACKGROUND

Most studies on gut microbiome of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have focused on fecal microbiota, instead of mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM).

AIMS

The aim of this study wasto investigate the MAM in IBS patients including the difference in subtypes of IBS, namely, diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) and constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C).

METHODS

Endoscopic brush samples were taken from terminal ileum and sigmoid colon of patients with IBS (17 IBS-D patients and 7 IBS-C patients) and 10 healthy controls. The MAM of samples was profiled by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Potential changes in the MAM at the functional level were evaluated using PICRUSt software and the KEGG database.

RESULTS

There were no differences in MAM composition between terminal ileum and sigmoid colon according to β-diversity based on the UniFrac distance. In view of α-diversity, Shannon (evenness) but not Chao1 (richness) or observed operational taxonomic units tended to be lower in sigmoid colon MAM of IBS-C and IBS-D than the control group. The abundance of 4 genera in the sigmoid colon and 7 genera in the terminal ileum was significantly different among the 3 groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed that the genera of Ruminococcus, Akkermansia, Butyrivibrio, Methylobacterium, and Microbacterium and the family Erysipelotrichaceae were significantly higher in the IBS-C group, and the abundance of the genera Streptococcus, Acidaminococcus, Butyricicoccus, and Parvimonas was significantly higher in the IBS-D group. In addition, the proportion of genes responsible for the secretion system and LPS biosynthesis was significantly higher and that for methane metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, and enzyme families was significantly lower in the IBS-D group than in the IBS-C group.

CONCLUSION

Dysbiosis pattern and the function of the microbiome seem to be different among subtypes of IBS, and MAM may play a crucial role in IBS symptom generation.

Altered Fecal Microbiotas and Organic Acid Concentrations Indicate Possible Gut Dysbiosis in University Rugby Players: An Observational Study

Gut eubiosis is essential for the host's health. In athletes, the gut microbiota can be altered by several factors, including diets. While eubiotic gut microbiota in elite rugby players has been reported, our survey found that university rugby players suffered from loose stools and frequent urgency to defecate. To establish the causes of the condition, the microbiota and the concentrations of organic acids in fecal samples of university male rugby players (URP) were analyzed and compared with those of age-matching, non-rugby playing males (control). Body mass indices were significantly (p < 0.05) different between groups. Chao1 index was significant (p < 0.05) lower in URP than in control. The relative abundances of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly (p < 0.05) higher and lower, respectively, in URP than in control. Potential pathobiont genera Collinsella, Enterobacter, and Haemophilus were significantly (p < 0.05) abundant, whereas beneficial Akkermansia was lower (p < 0.05) in URP than in control. Succinate, a potential causative of gut inflammation, was five-fold higher in URP than in controls. Our findings all but confirmed that the dysbiotic status of gut in URP.

Fusobacterium nucleatum impedes remission of colitis in a mouse model

The role of Fusobacterium nucleatum, often associated with intestinal diseases, in the remission of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was investigated. Female mice were divided into groups DC (DSS control) and DF (DSS + F. nucleatum). F. nucleatum (1.0 × 1010 cfu/mouse/day) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was orally given to DF, while DC had PBS only. All mice had DSS in drinking water. In Experiment 1, mice underwent 2 inflammation phases, an in-between recovery phase and had their disease activity indices (DAI) calculated. Experiment 2 was similarly conducted, except that mice were dissected 3 days postrecovery, and had blood and colonic mucosal samples collected. In Experiment 1, DF had significantly (P < .05) higher DAI than DC, during the recovery and 2nd inflammation phases. In Experiment 2, genus Bacteroides was significantly (P < .05) higher and family Lachnospiraceae significantly lower in cecal mucosa-associated microbiota of DF than in that of DC. We concluded that F. nucleatum can impede colitis remission.

Identification of the core rumen bacterial taxa and their population dynamics during the fattening period in Japanese Black cattle

The rumen microbiota comprises a vast range of bacterial taxa, which may affect the production of high‐quality meat in Japanese Black cattle. The aim of this study was to identify core rumen microbiota in rumen fluid samples collected from 74 Japanese Black cattle raised under different dietary conditions using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In the rumen of fattening Japanese Black cattle, 10 bacterial taxa, showing >1% average relative abundance and >95% prevalence, irrespective of the dietary conditions and the fattening periods, were identified as the core rumen bacterial taxa, which accounted for approximately 80% of the rumen microbiota in Japanese Black cattle. Additionally, population dynamics of the core rumen bacterial taxa revealed two distinct patterns: Prevotella spp. and unclassified Bacteroidales decreased in the mid‐fattening period, whereas unclassified Clostridiales, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus spp., and unclassified Christensenellaceae increased during the same period. Therefore, the present study reports the wide distribution of the core rumen bacterial taxa in Japanese Black cattle, and the complementary nature of the population dynamics of these core taxa, which may ensure stable rumen fermentation during the fattening period.

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis that was Difficult to Distinguish from Peroneal Nerve Palsy and Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Case Report

Introduction: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) patients with mononeuropathy multiplex often visit orthopedic clinics; however, orthopedic surgeons have limited experience in diagnosing EGPA because of its rarity. We report a case of EGPA that required 1 month to confirm the diagnosis. Case Report: A 48-year-old woman presented with acute onset numbness in the right lower extremity. She had muscle weakness of the right lower extremity; lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging showed lumbar disc herniation. Despite conservative treatment, her symptoms worsened. Blood tests showed increased eosinophils and serum IgE. She was diagnosed with EGPA, which should be considered in case of atypical paralytic symptoms. Conclusion: EGPA is so difficult to diagnose. In our case, the symptoms worsened on the 30th day after the initial visit. She was diagnosed with EGPA by a blood test at the time of admission. If patients with bronchial asthma or a history of allergies develop lumbar radiculopathy or peroneal nerve palsy-like symptoms, EGPA should be considered, and steroid treatment should be initiated early. Keywords: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, peroneal nerve palsy, lumbar disc herniation, asthma.

Intensive, prolonged exercise seemingly causes gut dysbiosis in female endurance runners

Intensive, prolonged exercise is known to induce gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, with gut dysbiosis suggested as being one of the causatives. In the present study, we wanted to investigate the relationship between intensive exercise and the gut microbiota status. To that end, the microbiota, the moisture content and the bacterial metabolites (e.g., organic acids) of female endurance runners (n = 15) and those of non-athletic but healthy, age-matching female controls (n = 14) were compared. The analysis of the gut microbiota analysis showed that, unlike control subjects, female endurance runners had distinct microbiotas, with some bacteria found in higher abundances likely being involved in gut inflammation. The concentration of succinate, a gut bacterial metabolite regarded as undesirable when accumulated in the lumen, was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the female endurance runners. Faecalibacterium, that was significantly (p<0.05) abundant in female endurance runners, can produce succinate in certain environments and hence may contribute to succinate accumulation, at least partly. The present work suggested that the gut microbiotas of female endurance runners are seemingly dysbiotic when compared with those of control subjects. Further investigation of the mechanism by which intensive, prolonged exercise affects the gut microbiota is recommended.

Supplemental Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NTM048 attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice

AIMS

Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is associated with altered intestinal microbiota. Here, we investigated the ameliorative effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NTM048 strain in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mice were administered NTM048 for 21 days alongside the topical application of IMQ on the dorsal skin for 6 consecutive days. IMQ induced psoriatic symptoms such as erythema and scaling and also upregulated interleukin (IL)-17, a key effector cytokine of psoriasis, in the skin. Supplemental NTM048 suppressed these abnormalities, increased the levels of plasma deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid and altered the faecal microbiota composition, as indicated by the increased abundance of Akkermansia and decreased abundance of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Notably, DCA treatment of murine splenocytes reduced IL-17 production.

CONCLUSIONS

The NTM048-mediated reduction of psoriasis was shown to involve the downregulation of IL-17 in mouse skin, which was possibly associated with the plasma DCA derived from intestinal microbiota.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Our findings propose not only a novel approach for psoriasis reduction but also a crosstalk between the skin and intestine in psoriasis.

Factors contributing to discrepant estimated glomerular filtration values measured by creatinine and cystatin C in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

This study aimed to clarify the factors underlying the discrepancy that has been noted between estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR) measured using serum creatinine (Cr) and eGFR using serum cystatin C (CysC) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to identify those patients whose renal function should be evaluated using CysC. We retrospectively evaluated clinical features, disease activity, Steinbrocker radiological staging, and co-morbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia) in 238 RA patients. eGFR using serum creatinine (eGFR-Cr) and eGFR using serum cystatin C (eGFR-CysC) were calculated using the new Japanese coefficient-modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. To clarify the cause(s) of differences of 20% or more between the two eGFRs, we divided our RA patients into Group A (eGFR-Cr/eGFR-CysC ≥ 1.2) and Group B (eGFR-Cr/eGFR-CysC < 1.2), and searched for factors independently related to Group A. Forty-five patients (18.9%) were assigned to Group A, and 193 (81.1%) to Group B. BMI (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.820, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.675–0.996), Hb (OR 0.633, 95% CI 0.433–0.926), CK (OR 0.773 per 10 units, 95% CI 0.644–0.933), NSAID use (OR 0.099, 95% CI 0.020–0.494), diabetes mellitus (OR 6.024, 95% CI 1.508–24.390) and stage 4 Steinbrocker radiological stage (OR 10.309, 95% CI 2.994–35.714) were identified as independent relevant factors for Group A by a multifactorial analysis. Renal function in RA patients with low BMI, diabetes, anemia and low CK may be overestimated using eGFR-Cr alone, and such patients need to be evaluated using eGFR-CysC.

Radiographic assessment of radiolucent lines around a highly porous titanium cup (Tritanium) using digital tomosynthesis, after total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this study were to assess radiolucent lines around a highly porous titanium cup (Tritanium) using digital tomosynthesis and to investigate the clinical and radiographic factors associated with radiolucent lines on tomosynthesis.

METHODS

Fifty-five patients underwent total hip arthroplasty using a Tritanium cup, and digital tomosynthesis and plain radiography were performed at 1 week, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. The radiolucent lines around the cup were measured on both DTS and plain radiography at each postoperative period. Clinical evaluations were performed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association hip disease evaluation questionnaire (JHEQ), and revision surgeries were examined. Based on the presence of radiolucent lines on digital tomosynthesis at 2 years postoperatively, patients were divided into RL (+) and RL (-) groups and investigated for related factors.

RESULTS

There were 20 cases in the RL (+) group and 35 cases in the RL (-) group, and no revision surgeries were required. Statistically, there were more cases with radiolucent lines on digital tomosynthesis (45.4% at 1 week and 36.3% at 2 years) than on plain radiography (9.1% at 1 week and 9.1% at 2 years) at each postoperative point. Logistic analysis showed no significant associations between the presence of radiolucent lines at 2 years on digital tomosynthesis, and the JHEQ parameters of pain (p = 0.937), movement (p = 0.266), or mental status (p = 0.404).

CONCLUSION

In a short-term evaluation up to 2 years, digital tomosynthesis detected more radiolucent lines around the titanium cups than plain radiography. The occurrence of radiolucent lines was not related to the postoperative clinical evaluation.

[A case of rectal submucosal tumor diagnosed with the coexistence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor G1 and adenocarcinoma following endoscopic submucosal dissection]

In a 67-year-old man, colonoscopy confirmed the presence of a 5-6mm submucosal tumor in the upper rectum (Ra);the tumor showed a tendency to grow with the size appearing to be 9-10mm at re-examination that was performed 1 year thereafter. No findings on computed tomography indicated metastasis. A neuroendocrine tumor (NET) was suspected, and endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed. The patient was pathologically diagnosed with coexistence of NETG1 and a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. Few reports have described the coexistence of relatively low-grade NETG1 and an adenocarcinoma in the Ra, and such an occurrence is considered rare. The patient has shown no recurrence at 3 years and 2 months postoperatively.

Mucosa-associated gut microbiome in Japanese patients with functional constipation

The number of patients with chronic constipation is increasing in Japan. We investigated the gut mucosa-associated microbiome in Japanese patients with functional constipation. Diagnosis was made according to the Rome IV criteria. Mucosal samples were obtained by gentle brushing of mucosa surfaces. The gut microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. There were no significant differences in bacteria α-diversity such as richness and evenness. The PCoA indicated significant structural differences between the constipation group and healthy controls (p = 0.017 for unweighted and p = 0.027 for weighted). The abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly higher in the constipation group. The abundance of the genera Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Comamonas, and Alistipes was significantly higher in the constipation group. The abundance of the genera Acinetobacter, Oscillospilla, Mucispirillum, Propinibacterium, and Anaerotruncus was significantly lower in the constipation group. In the constipation group, the proportion of genes responsible for sulfur metabolism, selenocompound metabolism, sulfur relay system was significantly higher and the proportion of d-arginine and d-ornithine metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis was significantly lower. In conclusion, we identified differences of the mucosa-associated microbiome between Japanese patients with functional constipation and healthy controls. The mucosa-associated microbiome of functional constipation was characterized by higher levels of Bacteroidetes (Alistipes).

Phase II study of the efficacy of abirateron acetate with dutasteride for castration-resistant prostate cancer

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Background: Abiraterone (Abi) has been becoming a pivotal drug not only for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but also for metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC). Abi is metabolized to delta-4 Abi (D4A), the strongest antitumor metabolite, by 3βHSD, and D4A is metabolized to 3-keto-5-α Abi, which acts as agonist to AR, by 5 α reductase. Reduction of 3-keto-5-α Abi by 5 α reductase inhibitor may increase the antitumor activity of Abi. Purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the combination therapy of Abi and dutasteride (Duta), a 5 α reductase inhibitor, for the patients with CRPC. Methods: This is a non-randomized single-arm prospective phase II study. Patients with CRPC without any prior AR-targeting agent or docetaxel were recruited in this study with estimated enrollment of 20. Patients were treated with Abi (1,000 mg daily) and prednisone (5 mg daily) for 4 weeks, followed by the add-on of Duta (0.5 mg daily) for 12weeks. If PSA decline continued, combination treatment was allowed until progression. Abi and its metabolites including D4A and 3-keto-5-α Abi were measured by ESI-TOF-MS at baseline, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks, and the sample was collected at 2-4 hours after Abi administration. Primary endpoint was PSA decline >50%, and secondary endpoints were Time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and safety. Results: Totally 17 cases with CRPC (mean age: 78.4, initial PSA:92.6ng/ml, median Gleason score: 9) were recruited, and 14 were eligible for starting the combination therapy. Efficacy could be evaluated in 11 cases except 3 on-protocol treatment. Mean PSA decline of Abi/Duta combination therapy was significantly higher than that of monotherapy (p = 0.0143, 73 vs. 35 %). PSA decline>50% was noted in 36.4% for monotherapy, and 72.7% for combination therapy, respectively. Surprisingly, PSA decline>50% was significantly associated with lower Abi, D4A, and 3-keto 5 α Abi at 2 and 4 weeks after combination. Median TTF and progression (radiographic and/or PSA) was noted in 10.4 months (0.9-32), and 5 (45,4%), respectively with a median follow-up of 13.8 months. Progression was significantly associated with lower D4A, and 3-keto 5 a Abi at 4 and 8 weeks after combination therapy. Concerning safety, Grade 2 vertigo occurred in a case during Abi monotherapy period, while no adverse effect was found in combination therapy. Conclusions: Abi/Duta combination therapy seems to be theoretical to decrease AR-agonistic metabolite (3-keto 5 α Abi), and feasible for patients with first-line treatment of CRPC with lesser toxicity. Clinical trial information: UMIN000027795.

Usefulness of serum hyaluronic acid levels as a predictor of incidence of hand osteoarthritis analyzed by longitudinal analysis from the Iwaki cohort

The factors predicting hand osteoarthritis (HOA) in patients remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the usefulness of serum hyaluronic acid (sHA) levels in predicting HOA progression from a 6-year longitudinal epidemiological study. A total of 417 participants in the Iwaki cohort were followed-up over 6 years. Hand and knee radiographs taken at baseline and follow-up were scored according to Kellgren–Lawrence grades and Kallman score. Participants were classified into the HOA group and the non-HOA group. sHA levels at baseline were determined by ELISA. Correlations between sHA levels, the number of involved joints, and Kallman score were estimated. Factors related to the incidence or progression of HOA over 6 years were analyzed. The prevalence of HOA was 19.9% at baseline, and 3.6 ± 2.1 joints were involved. sHA levels in the HOA group at baseline were significantly higher than in the non-HOA group (p < 0.001) and correlated with the number of involved joints (r = 0.399, p < 0.001) and Kallman score (r = 0.540, p < 0.001). The incidence rate was 14.5%, and the progression rate was 46.1% over 6 years. Higher sHA levels at baseline were the risk factor of HOA incidence. Thus, sHA levels predicted the incidence of HOA over 6 years.

Comparison of mucosa-associated microbiota in Crohn’s disease patients with and without anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy

Most studies on the gut microbiome of Crohn’s disease have been conducted using feces, instead of intestinal mucus to analyze the mucosa-associated microbiota. To investigate the characteristics of mucosa-associated microbiota in Crohn’s disease patients and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapy on mucosa-associated microbiota, we analyzed microbiota in Crohn’s disease patients using brushing samples taken from terminal ileum. The recruited subjects were 18 Crohn’s disease patients and 13 controls. There were 10 patients with anti-TNF-α therapy in Crohn’s disease group. Crohn’s disease patients had significantly reduced α-diversity in Shannon index compared to the controls. The comparative analysis of the taxonomic composition at the genus level between the Crohn’s disease group and the controls indicated that butyrate-producing bacteria were less abundant in the Crohn’s disease group compared to the controls. There were no differences in the diversity between the patients taking anti-TNF-α therapy and the patients without. The comparative analysis of the taxonomic composition at the genus level between the two groups indicated that some of anti-inflammatory bacteria were less abundant in the anti-TNF-α therapy group than the other. Reduction of specific bacteria producing anti-inflammatory molecules, especially butyrate-producing bacteria may play important roles in the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease.

Experimental and theoretical studies on circularly polarized phosphorescence of a [2.2]paracyclophane-based platinum(ii) complex

An optically active binuclear platinum(ii) complex based on planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane was synthesized. The corresponding enantiomers exhibited red circularly polarized phosphorescence (CPP) with the dissymmetry factor |g_lum| = 1.0 × 10^-3. We report, for the first time, theoretical estimation of the CPP |g_lum| value using relativistic calculations.

Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Healthy Japanese Subjects

BACKGROUND

The importance of microbiota infiltrating the gut mucus layer has been reported in the pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. However, little is known about the mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) in healthy subjects. The present study aimed to clarify the characteristics of the gastrointestinal MAM from the oral cavity to the rectum in healthy Japanese subjects.

METHODS

Seventeen healthy subjects were enrolled. In this study, 5 mucosa samples from the upper gut (intraoral, mid-esophagus, gastric corpus, gastric antrum, and duodenum) and 7 from the lower gut (ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum) were collected with a brush under endoscopic examination. MAM profiles of each sample were analyzed by 16S-rRNA V3-V4 gene sequences.

RESULTS

Collecting mucosa samples by brushing provided sufficient material for MAM profiling without causing adverse effects. The upper and lower gut MAM profiles differed significantly (p < 0.0001). In the upper and lower gut, the intra- and inter-individual MAM profiles were significantly different (p = 0.0008 and p < 0.0001 respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The MAM profiles of the upper and lower gut were significantly different. The inter-individual differences in MAM were remarkable compared to the intra-individual differences.

Control of Axial Chirality by Planar Chirality Based on Optically Active [2.2]Paracyclophane

Optically active X-shaped molecules based on the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane building block were prepared, in which di(methoxy)terphenyl units were stacked on the central benzene rings. At 25 °C, anisolyl rings freely rotate in solution, while in the crystal form, they are fixed by intramolecular CH-π interactions, thereby leading to the expression of the axial chirality, i.e., propeller chirality was exhibited by the planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane moiety. The X-shaped molecule exhibited good circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) profiles with moderate Φ_PL and a large g_lum value in the order of 10^-3 at 25 °C, in solution. In contrast, at -120 °C, dual CPL emission with opposite signs was observed. According to the theoretical studies, the rotary motion of the anisolyl units is suppressed in the excited states, and so emission from two isomers could be observed. These results demonstrate that the axial chirality was controlled by the planar chirality, leading ultimately to propeller chirality.