Pronociceptive effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (13-17) at peripheral and spinal level in mice

The heptadecapeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is reported to be metabolized by aminopeptidase N and endopeptidase 24.15. In the present study, N/OFQ C-terminal fragments elicited nociceptive responses in the peripheral nociceptors and in the spinal cord, whereas N-terminal fragments had no significant nociception. The nociceptive effect of N/OFQ (13-17) was most potent and remained unchanged in N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOPR) gene knockout mice, indicating that N/OFQ (13-17)-induced nociception is mediated through a novel mechanism independent of the activation of NOPR. This finding was further confirmed by in vitro guanosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding experiments, in which N/OFQ (13-17) showed no significant binding activity in baculovirus/sf21 cells expressing NOPR together with G protein alpha(i)1-, beta1-, and gamma2-subunits, whereas N/OFQ showed stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, although a typical bell-shaped dose-response relationship was observed with a wide range of N/OFQ doses in both peripheral and central nociception tests, N/OFQ (13-17) did not show bell-shaped dose-response relationship in the central nociception test. This finding indicates that N/OFQ (13-17), in contrast to N/OFQ, lacks the postsynaptic antinociceptive actions modulating substance P signaling in the spinal cord. Together, our results suggest that C-terminal fragments of N/OFQ have potent nociceptive actions, and N/OFQ (13-17) could have the potential to mediate its actions through a novel mechanism independent of the activation of NOPR in the nociceptors and in spinal synapses.

[A case of malignant pericardial effusion due to breast cancer successfully controlled by intrapericardial chemotherapy using pirarubicin]

We report a case of malignant pericardial effusion due to breast cancer that was successfully controlled by intrapericardial chemotherapy using pirarubicin. A 53-year-old woman underwent breast conserving therapy for left breast cancer in 1996. She was given CAF therapy and UFT as adjuvant therapy. Three years and 10 months after operation, she had malignant pericardial and pleural effusion. Pericardiocentesis and pleurocentesis were performed immediately. Pericardial effusion relapsed after some time and she was treated with intrapericardial chemotherapy using pirarubicin. After this treatment she has not suffered from pericardial effusion for 1 year and 4 months to date. This case suggests that intrapericardial chemotherapy is effective for malignant pericardial effusion.

Sex pheromones of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. II. Synthesis of ceramides

To confirm their structures and to assess the pheromonal activity, novel ceramides, possible sex pheromones of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii, were synthesized from D-galactose. The synthetic ceramides were identical with the natural ceramides.

G2/M-phase-specific transcription during the plant cell cycle is mediated by c-Myb-like transcription factors

Plant B-type cyclin genes are expressed specifically in late G2- and M-phases during the cell cycle. Their promoters contain a common cis-acting element, called the MSA (M-specific activator) element, that is necessary and sufficient for periodic promoter activation. This motif also is present in the tobacco kinesin-like protein gene NACK1, which is expressed with timing similar to that of B-type cyclin genes. In this study, we show that G2/M-phase-specific activation of the NACK1 promoter also is regulated by the MSA element, suggesting that a defined set of G2/M-phase-specific genes are coregulated by an MSA-mediated mechanism. In a search for MSA binding factors by yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified three different Myb-like proteins that interact specifically with the MSA sequence. Unlike the majority of plant Myb-like proteins, these Myb proteins, NtmybA1, NtmybA2, and NtmybB, have three imperfect repeats in the DNA binding domain, as in animal c-Myb proteins. During the cell cycle, the level of NtmybB mRNA did not change significantly, whereas the levels of NtmybA1 and A2 mRNAs fluctuated and peaked at M-phase, when B-type cyclin genes were maximally induced. In transient expression assays, NtmybA1 and A2 activated the MSA-containing promoters, whereas NtmybB repressed them. Furthermore, expression of NtmybB repressed the transcriptional activation mediated by NtmybA2. Our data show that a group of plant Myb proteins that are structurally similar to animal c-Myb proteins have unexpected roles in G2/M-phase by modulating the expression of B-type cyclin genes and may regulate a suite of coexpressed genes.

Structure and stereochemistry of epoxyserratanes from the cuticle of Piceajezoensis var. jezoensis

Three new epoxytriterpenes, 14 beta,15 beta-epoxy-21 beta-hydroxyserratan-3-one (1), 13 alpha,14 alpha-epoxy-21 alpha-methoxyserratan-3-one (2), and 13 alpha,14 alpha-epoxy-3 beta-methoxyserratan-21 beta-ol (3), were isolated together with two known triterpenoids, 21 alpha-methoxyserrat-13-en-3-one (4) and 21 beta-hydroxyserrat-14-en-3-one (5), from the cuticle of Picea jezoensis var. jezoensis. The structures of these new compounds were established on the basis of spectral data (NMR, MS) and single-crystal X-ray analyses (1 and 2) and partial synthesis (2 and 3).

G2/M-phase-specific transcription during the plant cell cycle is mediated by c-Myb-like transcription factors

Plant B-type cyclin genes are expressed specifically in late G2- and M-phases during the cell cycle. Their promoters contain a common cis-acting element, called the MSA (M-specific activator) element, that is necessary and sufficient for periodic promoter activation. This motif also is present in the tobacco kinesin-like protein gene NACK1, which is expressed with timing similar to that of B-type cyclin genes. In this study, we show that G2/M-phase-specific activation of the NACK1 promoter also is regulated by the MSA element, suggesting that a defined set of G2/M-phase-specific genes are coregulated by an MSA-mediated mechanism. In a search for MSA binding factors by yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified three different Myb-like proteins that interact specifically with the MSA sequence. Unlike the majority of plant Myb-like proteins, these Myb proteins, NtmybA1, NtmybA2, and NtmybB, have three imperfect repeats in the DNA binding domain, as in animal c-Myb proteins. During the cell cycle, the level of NtmybB mRNA did not change significantly, whereas the levels of NtmybA1 and A2 mRNAs fluctuated and peaked at M-phase, when B-type cyclin genes were maximally induced. In transient expression assays, NtmybA1 and A2 activated the MSA-containing promoters, whereas NtmybB repressed them. Furthermore, expression of NtmybB repressed the transcriptional activation mediated by NtmybA2. Our data show that a group of plant Myb proteins that are structurally similar to animal c-Myb proteins have unexpected roles in G2/M-phase by modulating the expression of B-type cyclin genes and may regulate a suite of coexpressed genes.

Possible prevention by abieslactone of development of diethylnitrosamine-initiated GST-P positive foci in the rat liver

Triterpenoid compounds, isolated from plants of Abies genus (Pinceae), are known to exert anti-tumor promotion activities in mouse skin carcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated whether AVB-1 and acid and acid methyl ester derivatives have inhibitory effects on rat hepatocarcinogenesis by using a liver medium-term bioassay for carcinogens (Ito's test), immunohistochemically assessing the numbers and areas per cm(2) of preneoplastic lesions, glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci. In experiment 1, 6-week-old male Fisher 344 rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w.) and subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. From weeks 2 to 8, the compounds were given three times a week at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. by i.g. gavage and found to significantly decrease the number of GST-P-positive foci in the liver. In experiment 2, AVB-1 was given three times a week at doses of 3, 1, or 0.3 mg/kg b.w. by i.g. gavage from weeks 2 to 8. All doses of AVB-1 significantly decreased the numbers of GST-P-positive foci. Thus, our results suggest that AVB-1 is a chemopreventive agent for rat hepatocarcinogenesis.

Localization of male-specifically expressed MROS genes of Silene latifolia by PCR on flow-sorted sex chromosomes and autosomes

The dioecious white campion Silene latifolia (syn. Melandrium album) has heteromorphic sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males, that are larger than the autosomes and enable their separation by flow sorting. The group of MROS genes, the first male-specifically expressed genes in dioecious plants, was recently identified in S. latifolia. To localize the MROS genes, we used the flow-sorted X chromosomes and autosomes as a template for PCR with internal primers. Our results indicate that the MROS3 gene is located in at least two copies tandemly arranged on the X chromosome with additional copy(ies) on the autosome(s), while MROS1, MROS2, and MROS4 are exclusively autosomal. The specificity of PCR products was checked by digestion with a restriction enzyme or reamplification using nested primers. Homology search of databases has shown the presence of five MROS3 homologues in A. thaliana, four of them arranged in two tandems, each consisting of two copies. We conclude that MROS3 is a low-copy gene family, connected with the proper pollen development, which is present not only in dioecious but also in other dicot plant species.

Anti-tumor promoting diterpenes from the stem bark of Thuja standishii (Cupressaceae)

Three new labdane-type diterpenoids, labda-8(17),13-dien-15,12R-olid-19-oic acid (1), 12S-hydroxylabda-8(17),13(16),14-trien-19-oic acid (2) and 13-ethoxylabda-8(17),11,14-trien-19-oic acid (3), along with known diterpenoids, trans-communic acid (4), totarol (5), 12-methoxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-11-ol (6), and 7 alpha,8 alpha-epoxy-6 alpha-hydroxyabieta-9(11),13-dien-12-one (7) were isolated from the stem bark of Thuja standishii. The structures of 1--3 were established by spectroscopic methods and chemical conversion. These compounds together with standishinal (8), 12-hydroxy-6,7-seco-abieta-8,11,13-trien-6,7-dial (9) and 6 alpha-hydroxysugiol (10) were tested for their inhibitory effects on Epstein--Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), as a test for potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Compound 10 showed strong inhibitory effect on EBV-EA induction (100% inhibition at 1000 mol ratio/TPA), and compounds 2 and 6 showed moderate inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction. In addition, 15-oxolabda-8(17),11Z,13E-trien-19-oic acid (11) was found to exhibit the anti-tumor promoting activity in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and TPA.

Epidural analgesia with a combination of bupivacaine and buprenorphine in rats

We determined the analgesic effects of epidural administration of either bupivacaine at 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 micrograms/kg; buprenorphine at 5 and 10 micrograms/kg; and the combination of bupivacaine at 125 micrograms/kg and buprenorphine at 5 or 10 micrograms/kg, using the tail flick (TF) and colorectal distension (CD) tests in rats and compared the results with those obtained using morphine at 100 micrograms/kg. In both the TF and CD tests, all doses of bupivacaine alone produced potent anti-nociceptive effects, although the effect rapidly diminished after 20-30 min of administration. The administration of buprenorphine at 10 and 5 micrograms/kg produced mild to moderate anti-nociceptive effects in both the TF and CD tests, and the effects were relatively constant throughout the 2-h experimental period. Combinations of 5 or 10 micrograms/kg of buprenorphine with 125 mg/kg of bupivacaine produced a significantly higher percentage of maximum possible analgesic effect (%MPE) than that of the calculated additive effect of each drug alone in the TF and CD tests. The analgesic effect of this combination was similar to that of morphine. Minimal ataxia was observed in rats administered this combination.

Two new antimicrobial lysoplasmanylinositols from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei

Two new antimicrobial lysoplasmanylinositols have been isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical analysis.

Direct catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective aldol reaction using a Zn-Zn-linked-BINOL complex: a practical synthesis of syn-1,2-diols

[reaction: see text] The direct catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective aldol reaction with 2-hydroxy-2'-methoxyacetophenone proceeded smoothly using as little as 1 mol % of a dinuclear zinc catalyst, Zn-Zn-linked-BINOL complex 2, to afford alpha,beta-dihydroxy ketones in a highly syn-selective manner (up to syn/anti 97/3) and in excellent yields (up to 95%) and ees (up to 99%). Efficient transformations of the alpha,beta-dihydroxy ketone into an alpha,beta-dihydroxy ester and an alpha,beta-dihydroxy amide via regioselective rearrangements are also described.

Gender-specific haplotype association of collagen alpha2 (XI) gene in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

Among Japanese, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is a leading cause of myelopathy, showing ectopic bone formation in the paravertebral ligament. We have provided genetic evidence that the collagen alpha2 (XI) (COL11A2) locus of chromosome 6 constitutes susceptibility for OPLL. Five distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identified in COL11A2, were combined to construct possible haplotypes by the use of a maximum likelihood program. Estimated haplotype frequency was compared in OPLL patients and non-OPLL controls. We report a gender-specific association of the COL11AA2 haplotvpe with OPLL. The frequency of the most commonly observed haplotype was significantly higher in male patients (P = 0.0003) compared with controls, but not in female patients (P = 0.21). OPLL is predominantly observed in males. with a prevalence ratio of 2:1, and our gender-specific associations indicate that genetic factors involving COL11A2 play a specific role in the etiology of OPLL exclusively in males.

Photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in water using TiO2 pellets

A recirculating system of aqueous trichloroethylene (TCE) solutions through the packed bed reactor with TiO2 pellets has been developed in order to mineralize TCE without difficulties for filtration and recovery of catalyst. The TiO2 pellets prepared by sol gel method have photocatalytic activity similar to commercially available PC-101 and PC-102 in the powder form and to ST-B11 pellets. In batch experiments with TiO2 powders, Degussa P-25 is the most active photocatalyst, which indicates that specific surface area is not an important factor controlling the photocatalytic activity in aqueous solutions. The degradation rates of TCE in the recirculating system with TiO2 pellets decreased in the presence of H2O2, while were remarkably accelerated by adding S2O8(2-). The presence of S2O8(2-) ions more than 0.01 mol dm(-3) completely suppressed hole-electron recombination and mineralized 50 ppm TCE with the 2 h irradiation. In a reactor without TiO2 photocatalysts, TCE was photodegraded by SO4- radicals which produced by photodissociation of S2O8(2-). The degradation rates increased with increase of the initial S2O8(2-) concentration. However, TCE was not mineralized but converted to intermediates which were slowly degraded to Cl- by continuing the irradiation.

Quality of life in elderly patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

STUDY DESIGN

A longitudinal cohort study of 216 elderly patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament for an average of 13 years was performed.

OBJECTIVE

To know the quality of life experienced by patients after treatment.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

No report is available on the quality of life experienced by elderly patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Because the life prognosis of patients with this condition is relatively good, the quality of life experienced by elderly patients with this disease is an important subject.

METHODS

The study participants were 216 elderly patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Conservative therapy was performed for 126 patients, and surgical therapy for 90 patients. Surgery was basically indicated for patients with myelopathy, who were classified using Nurick's grading system. The cumulative survival rate of these patients and their disabilities in daily living were reviewed. The occurrence of fracture resulting from osteoporosis was surveyed, and the relation of such fractures to bone mineral density was examined.

RESULTS

The cumulative survival rate of 70-year-old patients exhibiting Nurick Grade 5 severe myelopathy before treatment was 20%, whereas that of patients without myelopathy or those with Grades 1, 2, 3, or 4 myelopathy before treatment was 80%. Patients who underwent surgical therapy for Grade 3 or 4 myelopathy were statistically more likely to be independent of assistance with activities of daily living than those with similar degrees of myelopathy who underwent conservative therapy. The final quality of life was poor for patients with Grade 5 myelopathy at the first examination, regardless of therapeutic method. The prevalence of complication by fracture in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was 1.4% for men and 8.6% for women. The bone mineral density in these patients without myelopathy was significantly higher than in healthy subjects of the same age.

CONCLUSION

The study data suggest that surgical treatment should be chosen for patients exhibiting moderate myelopathy to obtain satisfactory quality of life for them over a long period.

Abietane diterpenoids from the cones of Larix kaempferi and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation

Four known (1-3, 8) and four new abietane diterpenes, 15-hydroxy-8alpha,14alpha,12alpha,13alpha-diepoxyabietan-18-oic acid (4), 7alpha,8alpha,13beta,14beta-diepoxyabietan-18-oic acid (5), 18-nor-abieta-8,11,13-triene-4alpha,7alpha,15-triol (6), and abieta-8,11,13-triene-7alpha,15,18-triol (7) were isolated from the CHCl3 extract of the cones of Larix koempferi. A known compound, 13,14-seco-13,14-dioxoabiet-13-en-18-oic acid (8) was isolated from natural sources for the first time. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The absolute stereostructure of 5 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), were examined as a primary screening for antitumor promotors.

Membrane permeabilization induced by discodermin A, a novel marine bioactive peptide

The effects of discodermin A (DC-A), a novel marine bioactive peptide extracted from sea sponge Discodermia kiiensis, on the vascular smooth muscle cells and tissues were examined. Analysis with a confocal laser microscope showed that DC-A (0.1-30 microM) permeabilized the plasma membrane of A10 cells to the non-permeable fluorescent agents, ethidium homodimer-1 (MW = 857) and calcein (MW = 623), in a concentration-dependent manner. In the vascular tissue treated with 30 microM DC-A, addition of a micromolar concentration of Ca(2+) evoked a sustained contraction in the presence of ATP, suggesting that DC-A increased the permeability of the membrane to Ca(2+) and ATP. DC-A at higher concentrations (30 microM) significantly increased the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (140 kD) from the vascular tissue. These results suggest that DC-A has a permeabilizing effect on the plasma membrane possibly by interacting with plasma membrane phospholipids with its six successive hydrophobic amino acid residues at N-terminal.

Significance of occipitoaxial angle in subaxial lesion after occipitocervical fusion

STUDY DESIGN

The significance of occipitoaxial angle in the development of subaxial subluxation after occipitocervical fusion was determined in a minimum 5-year follow-up study performed retrospectively.

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the association between the position of the fixed occipital bone and axis and the development of subaxial subluxation.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

There have been few reports describing the association between the position of fixation of the occipital bone and axis and subaxial lesion in occipitocervical fusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty-eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent occipitocervical fusion for irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were reviewed. The angle between the McGregor line and the inferior surface of the axis (O-C2) was measured in healthy volunteers and patients who had undergone occipitocervical fusion. The association between any changes in the alignment of the cervical vertebrae and the development of subaxial subluxation during follow-up periods was studied.

RESULTS

The number of the patients in whom postoperative kyphosis and swan neck deformity developed was only five, but in four (80%) of them, retroversion of the occipital bone was used to increase the O-C2 angle. In 14 patients, in whom anteversion of the occipital bone against the axis was excessive, 12 (86%) patients experienced subaxial subluxation after surgery. In the patients in whom fixed O-C2 angles were in normal range, only one patient developed such abnormal changes in the middle and lower cervical vertebrae.

CONCLUSION

It is necessary to give attention to the position of the fixed occipital bone and axis during procedures of occipitoaxial fusion for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Dogger Bank Itch revisited: isolation of (2-hydroxyethyl) dimethylsulfoxonium chloride as a cytotoxic constituent from the marine sponge Theonella aff. mirabilis

(2-Hydroxyethyl) dimethylsulfoxonium chloride (1), the well-known causative agent of Dogger Bank Itch, has been isolated as a cytotoxic constituent from the marine sponge Theonella aff. mirabilis. The structure of 1 was determined by spectral and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

Cancer chemopreventive agents, labdane diterpenoids from the stem bark of Thuja standishii (Gord.) Carr

Seven labdane-type diterpenoids from the stem bark of Thuja standishii (Gord.) Carr. (Cupressaceae) and their analogues showed strong inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Among these compounds, 15,16-bisnor-13-oxolabda-8(17), 11E-dien-19-oic acid was revealed to have the strongest inhibitory effect on the EBV-EA activation, being stronger than that of beta-carotene which has been intensively studied in cancer prevention using animal models. 15,16-bisnor-13-Oxolabda-8(17), 11E-dien-19-oic acid was also found to exhibit the excellent anti-tumor promoting activity in two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and TPA.

Sequence and functional properties of African green monkey CD4 silencer

We reported previously that in African green monkey (AGM) CD4 lymphocytes, CD4 mRNA expression undergoes a decrease following in vitro activation, and CD4 cells are therefore subject to loss of CD4 expression on the cell surface. To examine the transcriptional regulation of the CD4 gene in this species. we analyzed the CD4 silencer, which has been identified as a regulatory element responsible for the down regulation of CD4 transcription in CD8 cell lineage cells. Sequence analysis indicated that the CD4 silencer of the AGM was highly homologous to that of humans. However, two nucleotide substitutions were present in one of the nuclear protein binding sites, which was characterized as the FP II site having a strong enhancing effect on transgene expression in CD4 cells. By performing transient transfection assays. we found that the enhancing activities of the CD4 silencer or FP II-containing fragment of the AGM were greatly reduced in a human CD4 cell line as compared to those of human materials. The CD4 mRNA level was significantly decreased in the human CD4 cell line when synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the human FP II sequence was added to the culture. These observations imply that FP II-protein interaction might be required for the maintenance of sufficient expression of the CD4 gene, and the enhancing activity mediated by the above interaction might be decreased in the AGM CD4 silencer, due probably to the nucleotide changes occurring at the FP II site.

A putative mitochondrial ftsZ gene is present in the unicellular primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae

Two ftsZ homologues were isolated from the unicellular primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae (CmftsZ1 and CmftsZ2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CmftsZ1 is most closely related to the ftsZ genes of alpha-Proteobacteria, suggesting that it is a mitochondrial-type ftsZ gene, whereas CmftsZ2 is most closely related to the ftsZ genes of cyanobacteria, suggesting that it is a plastid-type ftsZ gene. Southern analysis indicates that CmftsZ1 and CmftsZ2 are both single-copy genes located on chromosome XIV in the C. merolae genome. Northern analysis revealed that both CmftsZ1 and CmftsZ2 are transcribed, and accumulate specifically before cell and organelle division. The results of Western analysis suggest that CmFtsZ1 is localized in mitochondria.

Recent progress in the study of pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

The pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is still unknown. Gene analysis and molecular biology have been introduced in recent years, and etiologic and pathological clarifications are being achieved. An important role of the genetic background in the development of this disease was demonstrated by pedigree survey, twin survey, and HLA haplotype study. The results of gene linkage study showed that patients with OPLL have a significantly higher incidence of genetic abnormalities found in the XI collagen (alpha)2 gene (COL11A2) region. From the gene mapping of this abnormality, the abnormal N-propeptide of the COL11A2 gene was found to be responsible. We are planning to undertake genetic analysis of the whole of chromosome VI to find the pathogenic genes responsible for OPLL in addition to COL11A2. A cell biological approach is also necessary to make clear the relationship between abnormalities of the COL11A2 gene and ossification of the ligament. In future, identification of the susceptible gene, elucidation of its function, and study toward the development of preventive and therapeutic drugs will advance.

Nonsurgically managed patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis: a 10- to 18-year follow-up study

OBJECT

Controversy exists concerning the indications for surgery and choice of surgical procedure for patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis. The goals of this study were to determine the clinical course of nonsurgically managed patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis as well as the indications for surgery.

METHODS

A total of 145 nonsurgically managed patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis were examined annually for a minimum of 10 years follow-up evaluation. Radiographic changes, changes in clinical symptoms, and functional prognosis were surveyed. Progressive spondylolisthesis was observed in 49 patients (34%). There was no correlation between changes in clinical symptoms and progression of spondylolisthesis. The intervertebral spaces of the slipped segments were decreased significantly in size during follow-up examination in patients in whom no progression was found. Low-back pain improved following a decrease in the total intervertebral space size. A total of 84 (76%) of 110 patients who had no neurological deficits at initial examination remained without neurological deficit after 10 years of follow up. Twenty-nine (83%) of the 35 patients who had neurological symptoms, such as intermittent claudication or vesicorectal disorder, at initial examination and refused surgery experienced neurological deterioration. The final prognosis for these patients was very poor.

CONCLUSIONS

Low-back pain was improved by restabilization. Conservative treatment is useful for patients who have low-back pain with or without pain in the lower extremities. Surgical intervention is indicated for patients with neurological symptoms including intermittent claudication or vesicorectal disorder, provided that a good functional outcome can be achieved.

Bioactive triterpenoids from the stem bark of Picea glehni

Two new triterpenoids, 3 alpha-methoxyserrat-14-en-21 beta-yl formate (1), and 24-methylcycloartenone (2), were isolated from the stem bark of Picea glehni (Fr. Schm.) Masters together with three known triterpenoids, 3 alpha-methoxyserrat-14-en-21 beta-ol, 3 beta-methoxyserrat-14-en-21 beta-ol, and piceanonol A. Compounds 1, 2, and a synthetic sample, 3 alpha-methoxyserrat-13-en-21 beta-yl formate showed potent inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).

Effect of all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid on growth and metastasis of xenotransplanted canine osteosarcoma cells in athymic mice

OBJECTIVE

To determine effects of all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid (RA) on tumor growth and metastatic ability of canine osteosarcoma cells transplanted into athymic (nude) mice.

ANIMALS

Forty-five 5-week-old female BALB/c nude mice.

PROCEDURE

1 X 10(7) POS osteosarcoma cells were transplanted subcutaneously into the intrascapular region of mice. All-trans RA (3 or 30 microg/kg of body weight in 0.1 ml of sesame oil), 9-cis RA (3 or 30 mg/kg in 0.1 ml of sesame oil), or sesame oil (0.1 ml; control treatment) were administered intragastrically 5 d/wk for 4 weeks beginning 3 days after transplantation (n = 4 mice/group) or after formation of a palpable tumor (5 mice/group). Tumor weight was estimated weekly by measuring tumor length and width, and retinoid toxic effects were evaluated daily. Two weeks after the final treatment, mice were euthanatized, and number of mice with pulmonary metastases was determined.

RESULTS

Adverse treatment effects were not detected. Tumor weight was less in mice treated with either dose of 9-cis RA than in control mice, although this difference was not significant. Treatment with 30 mg of 9-cis RA/kg initiated after tumor formation significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary metastasis, compared with the control group.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

9-cis RA decreased the incidence of pulmonary metastasis in nude mice transplanted with canine osteosarcoma cells and may be a potential adjunct therapy for treatment of osteosarcoma in dogs.

GABA-Mediated inhibition between amacrine cells in the goldfish retina

Retinal amacrine cells have abundant dendro-dendritic synapses between neighboring amacrine cells. Therefore an amacrine cell has both presynaptic and postsynaptic aspects. To understand these synaptic interactions in the amacrine cell, we recorded from amacrine cells in the goldfish retinal slice preparation with perforated- and whole cell-patch clamp techniques. As the presynaptic element, 19% of the cells recorded (15 of 78 cells) showed spontaneous tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive action potentials. As the postsynaptic element, all amacrine cells (n = 9) were found to have GABA-evoked responses and, under perforated patch clamp, 50 microM GABA hyperpolarized amacrine cells by activating a Cl(-) conductance. Bicuculline-sensitive spontaneous postsynaptic currents, carried by Cl(-), were observed in 82% of the cells (64 of 78 cells). Since the source of GABA in the inner plexiform layer is amacrine cells alone, these events are likely to be inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) caused by GABA spontaneously released from neighboring amacrine cells. IPSCs were classified into three groups. Large amplitude IPSCs were suppressed by TTX (1 microM), indicating that presynaptic action potentials triggered GABA release. Medium amplitude IPSCs were also TTX sensitive. Small amplitude IPSCs were TTX insensitive (miniature IPSCs; n = 26). All of spike-induced, medium amplitude, and miniature IPSCs were Ca(2+) dependent and blocked by Co(2+). Blocking of glutamatergic inputs by DL-2-amino-phosphonoheptanoate (AP7; 30 microM) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 2 microM) had almost no effect on spontaneous GABA release from presynaptic amacrine cells. We suggest that these dendro-dendrotic inhibitory networks contribute to receptive field spatiotemporal properties.

Labdane-type diterpenes and a nordrimane-type sesquiterpene from the stem bark of Thuja standishii

Two new labdane-type diterpene aldehydes, 15-oxolabda-8(17),11(Z), 13(E)-trien-19-oic acid (1) and 15-oxolabda-8(17),11(Z), 13(Z)-trien-19-oic acid (2), and a new nordrimane-type sesquiterpene, 12-oxo-11-nordrim-8-en-14-oic acid (3), along with a known diterpene, 15-nor-14-oxolabda-8(17),12(E)-dien-19-oic acid (4), were isolated from the stem bark of Thuja standishii. The structures of 1-3 were established by spectroscopic methods.

Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor-betas and their receptors in the intervertebral disk of senescence-accelerated mouse

The temporal and spatial immunolocalization of TGF-betas and their receptors in the intervertebral disk of senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) was examined to determine the biological roles played by TGF-betas and their receptors in the process of intervertebral disk degeneration. Ten male SAM and ICR mice aged 8, 24 or 50 weeks after birth were used for this experiment. Histological and immunohistochemical studies using specific antibodies for TGF-beta1, -beta2, -beta3, TbetaR-I, and TbetaR-II were performed. Intervertebral disks of SAM exhibited more degenerative changes than those of ICR mice. Expression of TGF-betas and TbetaRs in disk of SAM and ICR mice was observed at 8 weeks of age, and became weaker with aging. Our results suggest TGF-betas may play a role in the growth and maintenance of intervertebal disks.

Complete inhibition of purinoceptor agonist-induced nociception by spinorphin, but not by morphine

We found that spinorphin, a novel neuropeptide showed analgesia in a different manner compared with morphine. By measuring flexor responses induced by the intraplanter injection of substances, the presence of three different types of sensory neurons were demonstrated. Although spinorphin completely blocked 2-metylthioadenosine (2-MeS ATP, a P2X(3) agonist)-induced responses, morphine did not. On the other hand, morphine-induced blockade of bradykinin (BK, a B(2)-receptor agonist)-responses was attenuated by pertussis toxin (PTX) treatment, whereas that of spinorphin was not. Thus it is suggested that spinorphin has a spectrum of analgesia which covers the blockade of nociception insensitive to morphine.

Results of a longer than 10-year follow-Up of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated by occipitocervical fusion

STUDY DESIGN

Evaluation of results a longer than 10-year follow-up of patients with upper cervical lesions due to rheumatoid arthritis who underwent occipitocervical fusion.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the final outcome of patients with upper cervical lesions due to rheumatoid arthritis treated by occipitocervical fusion.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

There are few studies reporting the final outcome of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated by occipitocervical fusion and observed for longer than 10 years.

METHODS

The subjects were 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with myelopathy who underwent occipitocervical fusion with a rectangular rod more than 10 years ago. All 16 patients had irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation, and 11 also had vertical dislocation of the axis. All patients had preoperative nuchal pain, and were classified into Class II (two patients), Class IIIA (nine patients), and class IIIB (five patients) according to Ranawat's preoperative neurologic classification.

RESULTS

The atlas-dens interval remained the same as immediately after surgery. Vertical dislocation returned to the preoperative condition, despite successful surgical correction. Preoperative occipital pain disappeared or was reduced in all cases. Myelopathy improved in 12 of the 16 patients (75%) by more than one class in the Ranawat preoperative neurologic classification. Survival rate at 10 years after surgery was 38%; mean age at death was 70.7 years. The postoperative periods during which patients could walk by themselves ranged from 6 months to 13 years (mean, 7.5 years).

CONCLUSIONS

Occipitocervical fusion for patients with rheumatoid arthritis is useful for decreasing nuchal pain, reducing myelopathy, and improving prognosis.

Assessment of the marine toxins by monitoring the integrity of human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers

The effects of marine substances with various cytotoxic mechanisms on the integrity of the human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer were examined by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). TEER was rapidly decreased by apical exposure of the monolayers to discodermin A, a membrane pore-forming substance. The decrease in TEER occurred in an earlier stage of incubation than the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) which is commonly used as a parameter of cell damage or death. Mycalolide B (an actin-depolymerizing substance), calyculin A and okadaic acid (protein phosphatase inhibitors) also rapidly decreased the TEER value, although no cell membrane damage or resultant LDH release by these toxicants were detected. The TEER decrease caused by the toxicants was associated with the increased transepithelial permeability of the cell monolayer. Treatment with these toxicants, except calyculin A, caused morphological changes in the intracellular actin filament, suggesting that these toxicants altered the cytoskeletal structure, by which the tight junction was opened. Calyculin A was likely to loosen the cellular junctions rapidly and induce cell detachment from the monolayer. Although onnamide A, a protein synthesis inhibitor, did not cause any decrease in TEER, at least during a 90-min incubation, TEER sensitively reflects the cytotoxic effects of various types of toxicants with acute toxicity.

Potential antitumor-promoting diterpenoids from the stem bark of Picea glehni

A novel rearranged labdane-type diterpenoid, 19(4-->3)abeo-8alpha, 13(S)-epoxylabda-4(18),14-diene (1), and two new abietane-type diterpenoids, 19-nor-abieta-4(18),8,11,13-tetraen-7-one (2) and 12-hydroxydehydroabietic acid (3) were isolated from the stem bark of Picea glehni, together with seven known diterpenoids-13-epimanoyl oxide (4), dehydroabietic acid (5), (11E)-14, 15-bisnor-8alpha-hydroxy-11-labden-13-one (6), abieta-8,11, 13-trien-7-one (7), 9alpha,13alpha-epidioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid (8), 9,10alpha-epoxy-9,10-seco-abieta-8,11,13-trien-18-oic acid (9), and methyl 15-hydroxy-7-oxo-dehydroabietate (10). Compounds 5-8 and 10 showed potent inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate.

An antimicrobial C(14) acetylenic acid from a marine sponge Oceanapia species

A C(14) acetylenic acid has been isolated as an antimicrobial principle from a marine sponge Oceanapia sp. Its structure was determined on the basis of spectral data.

Hachijodines A-G: seven new cytotoxic 3-alkylpyridine alkaloids from two marine sponges of the genera Xestospongia and amphimedon

Seven cytotoxic 3-alkylpyridine alkaloids, hachijodines A-G, have been isolated from two marine sponges of the genera Xestospongia and Amphimedon. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral data. These alkaloids are moderately cytotoxic against P388 murine leukemia cells with IC(50) values of 1.0-2.3 microg/mL.

Interaction of Cytotoxic Bicyclic Peptides, Theonellamides A and F, with Glutamate Dehydrogenase and 17beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase IV

Theonellamide A, a bicyclic peptide isolated from a Theonella sponge, was fixed on hydrazide-containing gel beads and screened for its binding proteins from rabbit liver tissues. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that two major proteins of 80 kDa and 55 kDa interacted with theonellamide A. The interaction between theonellamide A and two proteins was confirmed by competition experiments in which these two proteins failed to bind to theonellamide A-conjugated gel beads in the presence of theonellamide A or F. Amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of peptide fragments derived from the binding proteins by lysylendopeptidase digestion demonstrated that the 80-kDa and 55-kDa proteins were 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase IV and glutamate dehydrogenase, respectively. In an in vitro assay system, amination of alpha-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase was activated with theonellamide F, although this effect was weaker than that with adenosine diphosphate, a well-known activator.

Retinoid receptors and the induction of apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells

Retinoids, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA), induced morphological changes and apoptosis-like cell death characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and nuclear disintegration in three canine osteosarcoma cells, OOS, HOS and POS, at a concentration of 10(-5) M. Both retinoid receptors, RARs and RXRs, were identified in these cells. 9-cis-RA bound to both the RXRs and the RARs, whereas ATRA bound to only the RARs in these cells. Those results indicate that the induction of apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells may be mediated by the specific control of RARs and RXRs.

Three new lanostane-type triterpene lactones from the stem bark of Abies mariesii

Three new delta 8-lanostane-type triterpene lactones (1), (2) and (3) were isolated from the stem bark of Abies mariesii M. and unambiguously characterized on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence. Chemical modification of compound 1 showed potent inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA).

New isomalabaricane triterpenes from the marine sponge Stelletta globostellata that induce morphological changes in rat fibroblasts

Three new isomalabaricane triterpenes, 29-hydroxystelliferin D (2), 3-epi-29-hydroxystelliferin E (3), and 3-epi-29-hydroxystelliferin A (4), were isolated from the marine sponge Stelletta globostellata. Their structures, including absolute stereochemistry, were determined on the basis of spectral data and chemical methods. Rat fibroblasts treated with 0.2 microM of 2-4 exhibited unusual morphological characteristics, followed by death in 5 days.

[A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of mesocolon successfully resected after combined chemotherapy with epirubicin, CDDP and vincristine]

We experienced a case of MFH of the sigmoid mesocolon which was successfully resected after preoperative combined chemotherapy. A 66-year-old male underwent a laparotomy following a diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumor. The tumor had extensively invaded the surrounding tissue and an incisional biopsy was done. It was diagnosed as MFH histologically. Ten cycles of post-operative chemotherapy with doxorubicin were effective for a complete remission. However, the MFH reappeared at the same site after 2 years and 9 months. Three cycles of combined chemotherapy with epirubicin, CDDP and vincristine led to a regression of the tumor and no distant metastasis was found. The tumor was successfully resected with a negative surgical margin. It proved to be MFH of sigmoid mesocolon origin. The patient has been in good health for 7 years and 2 months after the second operation without further therapy. In cases of MFH such as the present in which the patient is sensitive to chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy might be effective in allowing minimal surgery and offering a better quality of life.

Differentiation induction of canine osteosarcoma cell lines by retinoids

The effect of two retinoids, all- trans and 9- cis retinoic acid, on the differentiation of three canine osteosarcoma cells (OOS, HOS, and POS) was examined using markers specifically expressed by phenotypic osteoblasts. Both retinoids induced morphologic differentiation in all the canine osteosarcoma cells. Retinoids enhanced cell flattening and spreading, as well as reduction in cell overlapping. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ALP staining was enhanced in OOS, and HOS cells, but decreased in POS cells. These results may suggest that OOS and HOS cells have immature osteoblastic properties and POS cells have mature osteoblastic properties. Retinoids decreased osteocalcin production in all the osteosarcoma cells. They induced an increase in production of type I collagen in HOS and POS cells, but a decrease in OOS cells. These results indicate that retinoids induce differentiation of canine osteosarcoma cells, resulting in an altered expression of their malignant phenotype.

Isolation, characterization, and chromosomal mapping of an ftsZ gene from the unicellular primitive red alga Cyanidium caldarium RK-1

The FtsZ protein is involved in eukaryote plastid division, but there is little information on its involvement in the plastid-dividing apparatus. To investigate the relationship between FtsZ and the plastid-dividing ring, the ftsZ gene was isolated from the unicellular primitive red alga Cyanidium caldarium RK-1. Comparison of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic FtsZ proteins shows that there are six highly conserved domains in the core region of FtsZ. To determine the chromosomal location of ftsZ, we first determined the electrophoretic karyotype of C. caldarium RK-1. Southern-hybridization analysis combined with CHEF revealed the chromosomes on which the ftsZ gene exist. Northern-hybridization analysis indicated that the C. caldarium RK-1 ftsZ gene is transcribed as a 1.9-kb molecule, and that the transcripts specifically accumulate just before plastid division. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. caldarium RK-1 and other eukaryotic ftsZ genes are the descendants of cyanobacterial ftsZ genes, supporting the current agreement that FtsZ is involved in plastid division.

Visceral mast cell tumors in dogs: 10 cases (1982-1997)

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the clinical features of visceral mast cell tumors (MCT) without associated cutaneous involvement in dogs.

DESIGN

Retrospective study.

ANIMALS

10 dogs with histologically confirmed MCT without associated cutaneous lesions.

PROCEDURE

Information on signalment, clinical signs, laboratory examinations, and time from first admission to death was obtained from the medical record of each dog.

RESULTS

Purebred male dogs of miniature breeds appeared to have a higher prevalence of visceral MCT. Clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea. Anemia (n = 7), hypoproteinemia (5), and mastocythemia (5) were detected. Treatments, including glucocorticoids, were not successful. Primary sites of tumors were the gastrointestinal tract (n = 6) and the spleen or liver (1); the primary site was not confirmed in the remaining 3 dogs. In 7 dogs, tumors were categorized as grade II or III, on the basis of histologic findings. The prognoses were poor, and all dogs died within 2 months after first admission.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Visceral MCT is uncommon in dogs, and the prognosis is extremely poor. Biological behavior and drug susceptibility of visceral MCT may be different from cutaneous MCT. The lack of specific clinical signs may result in delay of a definitive diagnosis. The rapid progression of clinical signs and difficulty in diagnosis contributes to a short survival time.

Bioactive steroids from the whole herb of Euphorbia chamaesyce

Three new ergostane-type steroids, 3beta-hydroxy-4alpha, 14alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-11 -one (1); 3beta, 11alpha-dihydroxy-4alpha,14alpha-dimethyl-5alpha -ergosta-8, 24(28)-dien-7-one (2); and 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-4alpha, 14alpha-dimethyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-11 -one (3), were isolated, together with two known triterpenoids, wrightial and lup-20(30)-ene-3beta,29-diol from the whole herb of Euphorbia chamaesyce. Compound 3 showed a potent inhibitory effect on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA).

In vitro retinoid-induced growth inhibition and morphologic differentiation of canine osteosarcoma cells

OBJECTIVE

To determine differentiation and growth inhibition effects of retinoids on canine osteosarcoma cells.

SAMPLE POPULATION

3 osteosarcoma cell lines established from osteosarcomas in dogs.

PROCEDURE

Osteosarcoma cells were incubated with various concentrations of all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid or control medium, counted daily for 10 days, and evaluated for morphologic changes. Synthesis of DNA was measured by use of a cell proliferation ELISA. To analyze effect of retinoids on colony formation on plastic dishes, cells were cultured for 14 days, fixed, and stained; number of colonies was counted.

RESULTS

In a dose-dependent manner, both retinoids induced morphologic differentiation and growth inhibition in the 3 osteosarcoma cell lines and inhibited each cell's ability to form anchorage-dependent colonies.

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Retinoids induced differentiation of osteosarcoma cells of dogs, resulting in altered expression of their malignant phenotype. Induction of differentiation by retinoids may have potential as an adjunctive treatment for osteosarcoma in dogs.

Tokaramide A, a new cathepsin B inhibitor from the marine sponge Theonella aff. mirabilis

A new cathepsin B inhibitor, tokaramide A (1) has been isolated from the marine sponge Theonella aff. mirabilis. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Tokaramide A inhibits cathepsin B with an IC50 value of 29.0 ng/mL.

Technical advance: single pollen typing combined with laser-mediated manipulation

We combined single pollen typing with laser-mediated manipulation. After drilling a hole in the wall of a pollen grain from a dioecious plant (Silene latifolia) with a UV-laser microbeam, the single pollen grain was recovered directly in the cap of a PCR tube, using a non-contact method called laser pressure catapulting. The entire genome of the single pollen grain was then amplified with improved primer-extension-preamplification PCR (I-PEP PCR). Nested PCR with sequence tagged site (STS)-specific primers was used to analyze several loci in the haploid genome. The single copy gene MROS1 was detected in most of the single pollen grains analyzed. Bgl10, which is localized on the Y chromosome, was detected in approximately half of the pollen grains. MROS3 is reported to be localized on the X chromosome. Using inverse PCR, we isolated two genomic clones of MROS3: MROS3A and MROS3B. The single pollen analysis using nested PCR showed that MROS3A and MROS3B are derived from different loci that are not located on the X chromosome. Single pollen typing not only reveals sex chromosome-linkage within the haploid genome, but can also discriminate between alleles and different loci. This method should also be useful for measuring recombination frequencies without genetic crossover analysis.