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Kondo M, Mokuno K, Uemura A, Kachi S, Nakamura M, Kondo A, Terasaki H. Paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:243-5. [PMID: 20463790 PMCID: PMC2861929 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s9312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with a retroperitoneal liposarcoma. A 42-year-old man was referred to our hospital with complaints of night blindness and blurred vision in the peripheral field. Electroretinograms showed a progressive amplitude reduction in his both eyes. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging showed a large retroperitoneal mass, and pathologic examination revealed a dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Western blot analysis showed an antiretinal antibody in the serum of our patient, and his serum reacted with the photoreceptors of a bovine retina. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of paraneoplastic retinopathy associated with a liposarcoma.
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Fujii Y, Kachi S, Ito A, Kawasumi T, Honda H, Terasaki H. Transfer of gene to human retinal pigment epithelial cells using magnetite cationic liposomes. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 94:1074-7. [PMID: 19955204 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2009.161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To present a new method called magnetolipofection which can transfect cells in a specific area of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) by magnetic force as a non-viral gene transfection. METHODS ARPE-19 (a human RPE cell line) cells were cultured with a mixture of cationic lipid, plasmid DNAs and magnetite nanoparticles. A sheet of ARPE-19 cells was transfected in the vertical direction by placing a magnet under the centre of the culture plate. Horizontal gene transfection was also performed. RESULTS When magnetolipofection was performed in the vertical direction, there was a significantly larger number of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells where the magnet was placed than in the peripheral area, and the number was equivalent to the number transfected with Lipofectamine2000. In the horizontal direction, there was also a significantly larger number of GFP-positive cells, but there was almost no gene transfer detected using Lipofectamine2000. CONCLUSION The area of gene transfection can be controlled by the placement of a magnet in the area selected to be transfected in vitro by magnetolipofection. This method can be used to transfect RPE cells in selected areas which should be helpful for experimental and clinical applications.
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Kachi S, Ishikawa K, Terasaki H. [New therapies for age-related macular degeneration]. NIPPON GANKA GAKKAI ZASSHI 2009; 113:479-491. [PMID: 19455969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly in developed countries. New treatments have been developed, and they can be grouped into those that selectively disrupt new vessels, e.g., photodynamic therapy; and those that target molecules that play an important role in angiogenesis, e.g., anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs. Ranibizumab, the anti-VEGF-drug, was the first drug that led to an improvement of visual acuity. However, a disadvantage of this drug is the need of repeated injection, and to overcome this disadvantage, gene therapy and some other methods are being studied. A clinical trial of gene therapy is being performed in the U.S.A. In this review, we describe the new therapies for AMD.
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Nishiguchi KM, Kaneko H, Nakamura M, Kachi S, Terasaki H. Generation of immature retinal neurons from proliferating cells in the pars plana after retinal histogenesis in mice with retinal degeneration. Mol Vis 2009; 15:187-99. [PMID: 19169413 PMCID: PMC2629738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the differentiation of immature retinal neurons/retinal precursors in the ciliary epithelium after retinal histogenesis in mice with inherited or acquired retinal degeneration. METHODS Immunoreactivity to anti-recoverin, rhodopsin, and Pax6 antibodies and binding to peanut agglutinin were analyzed histologically. The distribution and differentiation of immature retinal neurons/retinal precursors in the ciliary epithelium of mice with inherited (C3H/HeJ) and acquired (C57BL mice injected with 60 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) retinal degeneration were assessed. Proliferating retinal progenitors were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and they were studied histologically using retinal markers. RESULTS Many cells of rod and cone photoreceptor lineage were identified within the ciliary epithelium of the pars plana in adult mice with inherited retinal degeneration. Tracking experiments using BrdU indicated that some of recoverin-positive cells in the pars plana (approximately 3%) were generated after retinal histogenesis, and few were produced at or after postnatal day 24 (P24). The induction of acquired retinal degeneration in adult wild-type mice (P30) increased the number of BrdU-positve cells by roughly fourfold and recoverin-positive cells by approximately 17-fold in the pars plana. Moreover, some (approximately 1.5%) of the recoverin-positive cells were newly generated from dividing retinal progenitors in the adult pars plana. CONCLUSIONS In response to retinal damage, an increased number of immature retinal neurons/retinal precursors was observed in the pars plana of mice with acquired and inherited retinal degeneration. Some of these cells differentiated from proliferating cells even after retinal histogenesis.
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Yamakoshi T, Kachi S, Sugita J, Asami T, Ishikawa K, Ito Y, Terasaki H. Triamcinolone-Assisted Removal of Internal Limiting Membrane Enhances the Effect of Vitrectomy for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmic Res 2009; 41:203-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000217724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Esumi N, Kachi S, Hackler L, Masuda T, Yang Z, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ. BEST1 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium is modulated by OTX family members. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 18:128-41. [PMID: 18849347 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genes preferentially expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are associated with retinal degenerative disease. One of these, BEST1, encodes bestrophin-1, a protein that when mutated causes Best macular dystrophy. As a model for RPE gene regulation, we have been studying the mechanisms that control BEST1 expression, and recently demonstrated that members of the MITF-TFE family modulate BEST1 transcription. The human BEST1 upstream region from -154 to +38 bp is sufficient to direct expression in the RPE, and positive-regulatory elements exist between -154 and -104 bp. Here, we show that the -154 to -104 bp region is necessary for RPE expression in transgenic mice and contains a predicted OTX-binding site (Site 1). Since another non-canonical OTX site (Site 2) is located nearby, we tested the function of these sites using BEST1 promoter/luciferase constructs by in vivo electroporation and found that mutation of both sites reduces promoter activity. Three OTX family proteins - OTX1, OTX2 and CRX - bound to both Sites 1 and 2 in vitro, and all of them increased BEST1 promoter activity. Surprisingly, we found that human and bovine RPE expressed not only OTX2 but also CRX, the CRX genomic region in bovine RPE was hypersensitive to DNase I, consistent with active transcription, and that both OTX2 and CRX bound to the BEST1 proximal promoter in vivo. These results demonstrate for the first time CRX expression in the RPE, and suggest that OTX2 and CRX may act as positive modulators of the BEST1 promoter in the RPE.
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Kachi S, Binley K, Yokoi K, Umeda N, Akiyama H, Igball S, Kan O, Naylor S, Campochiaro PA. EIAV vector-mediated co-delivery of Endostatin and Angiostatin driven by the RPE-specific VMD2 Promoter Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization. Hum Gene Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/hgt.2008.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Doukas J, Mahesh S, Umeda N, Kachi S, Akiyama H, Yokoi K, Cao J, Chen Z, Dellamary L, Tam B, Racanelli-Layton A, Hood J, Martin M, Noronha G, Soll R, Campochiaro PA. Topical administration of a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor suppresses choroidal neovascularization and retinal edema. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:29-37. [PMID: 18330892 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions are complicated by neovascularization and macular edema. Multi-targeted kinase inhibitors that inhibit select growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases and/or components of their down-stream signaling cascades (such as Src kinases) are rationale treatment strategies for these disease processes. We describe the discovery and characterization of two such agents. TG100572, which inhibits Src kinases and selected receptor tyrosine kinases, induced apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells in vitro. Systemic delivery of TG100572 in a murine model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused significant suppression of CNV, but with an associated weight loss suggestive of systemic toxicity. To minimize systemic exposure, topical delivery of TG100572 to the cornea was explored, and while substantial levels of TG100572 were achieved in the retina and choroid, superior exposure levels were achieved using TG100801, an inactive prodrug that generates TG100572 by de-esterification. Neither TG100801 nor TG100572 were detectable in plasma following topical delivery of TG100801, and adverse safety signals (such as weight loss) were not observed even with prolonged dosing schedules. Topical TG100801 significantly suppressed laser-induced CNV in mice, and reduced fluorescein leakage from the vasculature and retinal thickening measured by optical coherence tomography in a rat model of retinal vein occlusion. These data suggest that TG100801 may provide a new topically applied treatment approach for ocular neovascularization and retinal edema.
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Kaneko H, Nishiguchi KM, Nakamura M, Kachi S, Terasaki H. Characteristics of bone marrow-derived microglia in the normal and injured retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4162-8. [PMID: 18487364 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the distribution and immunologic characteristics of bone marrow (BM)-derived and resident microglia in the retina. METHODS Mice were irradiated and injected with enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive (EGFP(+)) BM cells. One month to 12 months after BM transplantation, eyes were analyzed histologically for the expression of EGFP and various monocyte/microglia/macrophage markers (Iba-1, F4/80, GS-1, major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II). N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was injected or retinal detachment was created to induce retinal damage. RESULTS Many BM-derived EGFP(+) cells were found in the ciliary body and choroid and around the optic nerve in the uninjured eyes. Within the retina, few such cells existed at the retinal margin and juxtapapillary area at 3 to 12 months after BM transplantation. However, after MNU injection, many EGFP(+) cells were found in the retina adjacent to the retinal vessels, optic nerve, and ciliary body that rapidly spread throughout the retina. Most of them showed morphologic and immunohistochemical features of microglia. By 7 days after MNU injection, EGFP(+) BM-derived cells occupied approximately 15% of the total Iba-1(+) retinal microglia. Meanwhile, the proportion of MHC class II(+) cells was larger among BM-derived (EGFP(+)/Iba-1(+)) than resident (EGFP(-)/Iba-1(+)) microglia. In the eyes with retinal detachment, EGFP(+)/F4/80(+) cells engrafted exclusively around the detached retina. CONCLUSIONS In response to retinal damage, numerous BM-derived cells migrated to the retina from the ciliary body, optic nerve, and retinal vessels and differentiated into microglia. The higher rate of immunologic activation and the increased specificity to the damaged site appeared to be the characteristic features of BM-derived microglia.
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Kaneko H, Nishiguchi KM, Nakamura M, Kachi S, Terasaki H. Retardation of photoreceptor degeneration in the detached retina of rd1 mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:781-7. [PMID: 18235028 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the neuroprotective effect of experimental retinal detachment (RD) on photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 mice. METHODS RD was produced in the eyes of rd1 mice at postnatal day (P) 9. These eyes were collected and compared to controls without RD. The effects of RD on retinal degeneration were evaluated by histochemical staining of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), rod and cone photoreceptors, and retinal vessels at P30 in retinal sections and flatmounts. Apoptotic photoreceptors were detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) at P15. Mice with or without RD were also reared in darkness and evaluated immunohistochemically at P30. RESULTS The numbers of rhodopsin-positive (rod), peanut agglutinin-positive (cone), and diamino-2-phenyl-indol-stained (rod-plus-cone) cells in the ONL were increased by 2.0-fold, 1.3-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, in the rd1 eyes with RD compared to those without RD at P30. In the detached retina, the cone photoreceptor inner/outer segment structures and the deep retinal vessels surrounding the inner nuclear layer and the ONL, but not the ganglion cell layer, were preserved. At P15, TUNEL-positive cell numbers in the ONL were significantly reduced in the eyes with RD. Light exposure had no effect on photoreceptor degeneration in the eyes with or without RD. CONCLUSIONS RD mediates the preservation of cone and rod photoreceptors in the ONL and surrounding vascular structures by reducing the rate of apoptosis of photoreceptors in rd1 mice. Light deprivation does not appear to be one of the mechanisms of photoreceptor protection in the detached retinas in these mice.
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Palanki MSS, Akiyama H, Campochiaro P, Cao J, Chow CP, Dellamary L, Doukas J, Fine R, Gritzen C, Hood JD, Hu S, Kachi S, Kang X, Klebansky B, Kousba A, Lohse D, Mak CC, Martin M, McPherson A, Pathak VP, Renick J, Soll R, Umeda N, Yee S, Yokoi K, Zeng B, Zhu H, Noronha G. Development of Prodrug 4-Chloro-3-(5-methyl-3-{[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]amino}-1,2,4-benzotriazin-7-yl)phenyl Benzoate (TG100801): A Topically Administered Therapeutic Candidate in Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1546-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7011276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nishiguchi KM, Kaneko H, Nakamura M, Kachi S, Terasaki H. Identification of Photoreceptor Precursors in the Pars Plana during Ocular Development and after Retinal Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:422-8. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nishiguchi KM, Nakamura M, Kaneko H, Kachi S, Terasaki H. The role of VEGF and VEGFR2/Flk1 in proliferation of retinal progenitor cells in murine retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:4315-20. [PMID: 17724222 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the role of VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR2/Flk1 and VEGFR1/Flt1, on retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in a murine model of inherited retinal degeneration (rd1 mice). METHODS After proliferating RPCs in the retina of rd1 mice were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), expressions of VEGFR2/Flk1 and VEGFR1/Flt1 were immunohistochemically analyzed. To examine its effect on the proliferation of BrdU-positive RPCs in rd1 mice, VEGF was administered into retinal culture medium with or without blocking agents against VEGFR2/Flk1 or VEGFR1/Flt1 in vitro or injected into vitreous cavity in vivo. RESULTS BrdU-labeled RPCs in rd1 mice expressed VEGFR2/Flk1 but not VEGFR1/Flt1. These cells later expressed retinal neuronal markers such as Pax6 and rhodopsin. Exposure of the retinas from postnatal day (P) 9 rd1 mice to VEGF increased the number of proliferating RPCs by 61% in vitro. This effect was blocked by concomitant administration of VEGFR2/Flk1 kinase inhibitor. In vivo, a single intravitreal injection of VEGF in rd1 mice at P9 increased by 138% the number of RPCs and cells that developed from RPCs in the peripheral retina at P18. CONCLUSIONS VEGF stimulates the proliferation of RPCs through VEGFR2/Flk1 in rd1 mice. The observed proliferation of RPCs that have the potential to differentiate into retinal neurons may enhance the regeneration of the degenerating retina.
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Yokoi K, Kachi S, Zhang HS, Gregory PD, Spratt SK, Samulski RJ, Campochiaro PA. Ocular gene transfer with self-complementary AAV vectors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:3324-8. [PMID: 17591905 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors have been developed to circumvent rate-limiting second-strand synthesis in single-stranded AAV vector genomes and to facilitate robust transgene expression at a minimal dose. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of intraocular injections of type 2 scAAV.GFP in mice. METHODS Dose-response experiments were performed to compare conventional single-strand AAV type 2 (ssAAV2) vectors with scAAV2 vectors encoding an identical expression cassette. RESULTS Subretinal injection of 5 x 10(8) viral particles (vp) of scAAV.CMV-GFP resulted in green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in almost all retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells within the area of the small detachment caused by the injection by 3 days and strong, diffuse expression by 7 days. Expression was strong in all retinal cell layers by days 14 and 28. In contrast, 3 days after subretinal injection of 5 x 10(8) vp of ssAAV.CMV-GFP, GFP expression was detectable in few RPE cells. Moreover, the ssAAV vector required 14 days for the attainment of expression levels comparable to those observed using scAAV at day 3. Expression in photoreceptors was not detectable until day 28. Dose-response experiments confirmed that onset of GFP expression was more rapid and robust after subretinal injection of scAAV.CMV-GFP than of ssAAV.CMV-GFP, resulting in pronounced expression in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons. Similar results were obtained for intravitreous injections. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that scAAV vectors may be advantageous for ocular gene therapy, particularly in retinal diseases that require rapid and robust transgene expression in photoreceptor cells.
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Yokoi K, Zhang HS, Kachi S, Balaggan KS, Yu Q, Guschin D, Kunis M, Surosky R, Africa LM, Bainbridge JW, Spratt SK, Gregory PD, Ali RR, Campochiaro PA. Gene transfer of an engineered zinc finger protein enhances the anti-angiogenic defense system. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1917-23. [PMID: 17700545 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein transcription factors (ZFP TFs) have been shown to positively or negatively regulate the expression of endogenous genes involved in a number of different disease processes. In this study we investigated whether gene transfer of an engineered ZFP TF designed to up-regulate expression of the chromosomal pigment epithelium-derived factor (Pedf) gene could suppress experimentally induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Transient transfection with engineered ZFP TFs significantly increased both Pedf messenger RNA (mRNA) and secreted PEDF protein levels in cell culture. Six weeks after intravitreous or subretinal injection of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing the PEDF-activating ZFP TF in mice, we observed increased retinal Pedf mRNA, and a significant reduction in the size of CNV at Bruch's membrane rupture sites, assessed in vivo by fluorescein angiography or by postmortem measurements on choroidal flat mounts. Importantly, the anti-angiogenic activity persisted at 3 months after intravitreous injection. These data suggest that ZFP TF-driven enhancement of the endogenous anti-angiogenic defense system may provide a new approach for prophylaxis and treatment of neovascular diseases of the eye.
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Ikenoya K, Kondo M, Piao CH, Kachi S, Miyake Y, Terasaki H. Preservation of Macular Oscillatory Potentials in Eyes of Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa and Normal Visual Acuity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 48:3312-7. [PMID: 17591903 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the functional changes in the macula of the retina in the early stage of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), by analyzing each component of the focal macular electroretinogram (fmERG). METHODS fmERGs were recorded from 39 patients with RP with normal visual acuity (>1.0) under direct fundus observation using a modified infrared fundus camera and 5 degrees , 10 degrees , and 15 degrees stimulus spots. The amplitudes and implicit times of the a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials (OPs) in the patients with RP were compared to those from 30 age-similar normal control subjects. RESULTS The amplitudes of the different components of the fmERGs in patients with RP ranged from severely reduced to normal. The degree of amplitude reduction increased as the size of the stimulus spot increased in the patients with RP. The relative amplitudes of the OPs (67% of the mean in normal subjects) were better preserved than that of the b-wave (46%) and the a-wave (39%) in a 10 degrees spot in the patients with RP. CONCLUSIONS The relative preservation of the OPs in the patients with RP could be due to either the buffering effect of the large receptive fields of the OP generators or to the retinal remodeling after the progressive loss of photoreceptors. Recordings of each component of fmERG can provide important information on the different layers of the central retina in RP eyes and can add to the understanding of the pathophysiology of RP.
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Lima e Silva R, Shen J, Hackett SF, Kachi S, Akiyama H, Kiuchi K, Yokoi K, Hatara MC, Lauer T, Aslam S, Gong YY, Xiao WH, Khu NH, Thut C, Campochiaro PA. The SDF‐1/CXCR4 ligand/receptor pair is an important contributor to several types of ocular neovascularization. FASEB J 2007; 21:3219-30. [PMID: 17522382 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7359com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia causes increased expression of several proteins that have the potential to promote neovascularization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is up-regulated by hypoxia in the retina and plays a central role in the development of several types of ocular neovascularization, but the effects of other hypoxia-regulated proteins are less clear. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor, CXCR4, have hypoxia response elements in the promoter regions of their genes and are increased in hypoxic liver and heart. In this study, we found that SDF-1 and CXCR4 are increased in hypoxic retina, with SDF-1 localized in glial cells primarily near the surface of the retina and CXCR4 localized in bone marrow-derived cells. Glial cells also expressed CXCR4, which suggested the possibility of autocrine stimulation, but influx of bone marrow-derived cells is the major source of increased levels of CXCR4. High levels of VEGF in the retina in the absence of hypoxia also increased levels of Cxcr4 and Sdf1 mRNA. CXCR4 antagonists reduced influx of bone marrow-derived cells into ischemic retina and strongly suppressed retinal neovascularization, VEGF-induced subretinal neovascularization, and choroidal neovascularization. These data suggest that SDF-1 and CXCR4 contribute to the involvement of bone marrow-derived cells and collaborate with VEGF in the development of several types of ocular neovascularization. They provide new targets for therapeutic intervention that may help to bolster and supplement effects obtained with VEGF antagonists.
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Wu Z, Rogers B, Kachi S, Hackett SF, Sick A, Campochiaro PA. Reduction of p66Shc suppresses oxidative damage in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and retina. J Cell Physiol 2007; 209:996-1005. [PMID: 16972253 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The largest isoform of the Shc adapter protein, p66Shc, has been implicated in oxidative damage-induced apoptosis in vital organs, because mice deficient in p66Shc have a 30% increase in life span and are resistant to the lethal effects of systemically administered paraquat, a source of severe oxidative damage. In this study, we utilized siRNA directed against the CH2 domain of Shc, to reduce p66Shc, but not p52Shc nor p46Shc in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. RPE cells deficient in p66Shc had reduced susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Compared to control cells, those with reduced p66Shc had increased basal and oxidative stress-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, increased levels of antioxidant enzymes, and less generation of reactive oxygen species when challenged with H(2)O(2). The increase in oxidative stress-induced NF-kappaB activity was mediated by activation of ERK. Compared to eyes injected with GFP siRNA, those injected with p66Shc siRNA showed less loss of retinal function as assessed by electroretinograms from paraquat-induced oxidative stress. These data suggest that p66Shc and molecular signals involved in its regulation provide therapeutic targets for retinal degenerations in which oxidative-damage plays a major role, including age-related macular degeneration and cone cell death in retinitis pigmentosa.
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Rogers BS, Symons RCA, Komeima K, Shen J, Xiao W, Swaim ME, Gong YY, Kachi S, Campochiaro PA. Differential sensitivity of cones to iron-mediated oxidative damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:438-45. [PMID: 17197565 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, the hypothesis that increased intraocular levels of iron cause oxidative damage to the retina was tested. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 mice were given an intravitreous injection of saline or 0.10, 0.25, or 0.50 mM FeSO(4). Scotopic electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed 3, 7, and 14 days after injection, and photopic ERGs were performed on day 14. Hydroethidine was used to identify superoxide radicals and lipid peroxidation was visualized by staining for hydroxynonenal (HNE). Retinal cell death was evaluated by TUNEL and measurement of inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. Levels of rhodopsin and cone-opsin mRNA were measured by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Cone density was assessed by peanut agglutinin staining and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Compared with retinas in saline-injected eyes, retinas from eyes injected with FeSO(4) showed greater fluorescence after intravenous injection of hydroethidine due to superoxide radicals in photoreceptors, greater photoreceptor staining for HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation, and increased expression of Heme oxygenase 1, an indicator of oxidative stress. ERG b-wave amplitudes were reduced (photopic > scotopic) in FeSO(4)-injected eyes compared with those in saline-injected eyes. Numerous TUNEL-stained nuclei were seen along the outer border of the ONL, the location of cone cell nuclei, at 1 and 2 days after injection of FeSO(4). In FeSO(4)-injected eyes, the thickness of the ONL, but not the INL, was significantly reduced, and 17 days after injection, there were 3.8- and 2.6-fold reductions in the mRNAs for M-cone and S-cone opsin, respectively, whereas there was no significant difference in rhodopsin mRNA. Confocal microscopy of peanut agglutinin-stained sections showed dose-dependent FeSO(4)-induced cone drop out. CONCLUSIONS Increased intraocular levels of FeSO(4) cause oxidative damage to photoreceptors with greater damage to cones than rods. This finding suggests that the oxidative defense system of cones differs from that of rods and other retinal cells, and that cones are more susceptible to damage from the type of oxidative stress imposed by iron.
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Esumi N, Kachi S, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ. VMD2 promoter requires two proximal E-box sites for its activity in vivo and is regulated by the MITF-TFE family. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:1838-50. [PMID: 17085443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609517200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is crucial for the function and survival of retinal photoreceptors. VMD2 encodes bestrophin, an oligomeric chloride channel that is preferentially expressed in the RPE and, when mutated, causes Best macular dystrophy. Previously, we defined the VMD2 upstream region from -253 to +38 bp as being sufficient to direct RPE-specific expression in the eye, and we suggested microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) as a possible positive regulator. Here we show that in transgenic mice the -154 to +38 bp region is sufficient for RPE expression, and mutation of two E-boxes, 1 and 2, within this region leads to loss of promoter activity. A yeast one-hybrid screen using bait containing E-box 1 identified clones encoding MITF, TFE3, and TFEB, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies against these proteins enriched the VMD2 proximal promoter. Analysis using in vivo electroporation with constructs containing mutation of each E-box indicated that expression in native RPE requires both E-boxes, yet in vitro DNA binding studies suggested that MITF binds well to E-box 1 but only minimally to E-box 2. MITF knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cell culture revealed a strong correlation between MITF and VMD2 mRNA levels. Sequential transfection of a luciferase construct with expression vectors following MITF siRNA revealed that TFE3 and TFEB can also transactivate the VMD2 promoter. Taken together, we suggest that VMD2 is regulated by the MITF-TFE family through two E-boxes, with E-box 1 required for a direct interaction of MITF-TFE factors and E-box 2 for binding of the as yet unidentified factor(s).
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Lima e Silva R, Kachi S, Akiyama H, Shen J, Hatara MC, Aslam S, Gong YY, Khu NH, Lauer TW, Hackett SF, Marton LJ, Campochiaro PA. Trans-scleral delivery of polyamine analogs for ocular neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83:1260-7. [PMID: 16950258 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Periocular injections of the polyamine analog CGC-11144 three times a week causes regression of choroidal neovascularization. This regimen was selected to maximize chances of success for proof of concept, but is not ideal for clinical application. In this study we explored other regimens for periocular delivery of CGC-11144, and 2 other polyamine analogs, CGC-11047 and CGC-11093. A single periocular injection of 200 microg of CGC-11144, 2 mg of CGC-11047, or 1.5 mg of CGC-11093 caused significant suppression and regression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. An injection of 2 mg of CGC-11047 or 1.5 mg of CGC-11093 one or two weeks before, but not 3 weeks before, rupture of Bruch's membrane also caused significant suppression. Periocular injection of polyamine analogs also caused strong inhibition of retinal or subretinal neovascularization in mice with oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy or Rhodopsin promoter/VEGF transgenic mice, respectively. These data suggest that periocular injection of one of 3 different polyamine analogs inhibits retinal or choroidal neovascularization and a single injection provides inhibitory activity for at least 2 to 3 weeks, which could provide the basis for a feasible treatment regimen for clinical trials.
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Lima E Silva R, Kachi S, Akiyama H, Shen J, Aslam S, Yuan Gong Y, Khu NH, Hatara MC, Boutaud A, Peterson R, Campochiaro PA. Recombinant non-collagenous domain of alpha2(IV) collagen causes involution of choroidal neovascularization by inducing apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2006; 208:161-6. [PMID: 16557520 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells receive proangiogenic or antiangiogenic signals from components of extracellular matrix (ECM) depending upon the situation and many molecular signals can have opposite effects in different vascular beds. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is antiangiogenic in several tissues, but promotes retinal neovascularization. When cleaved from native collagens, several of the non-collagenous domains (NC1) of basement membrane collagens have antiangiogenic effects in some tissues, but this is context dependent for the NC1 of the alpha 1 chain of collagen IV. It is critical to examine effects in several well-defined model systems before assuming that an ECM component is universally antiangiogenic. In this study, we examined the effects of a recombinant fragment of NC1 of the alpha 2 chain of type IV collagen (alpha2(IV)NC1) in a well-characterized model of ocular neovascularization. Intravitreous or periocular injections of alpha2(IV)NC1 caused selective apoptosis of endothelial cells participating in neovascularization resulting in suppression of neovascularization when the peptide was given prior to onset of new vessel sprouting. Importantly, when the peptide was given after neovascularization had already developed, it caused the new vessels to regress. This suggests that alpha2(IV)NC1, which has previously been shown to suppress tumor angiogenesis in xenograft models, is also a strong antiangiogenic agent in the choroid and is a therapeutic candidate for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
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Lochrie MA, Tatsuno GP, Arbetman AE, Jones K, Pater C, Smith PH, McDonnell JW, Zhou SZ, Kachi S, Kachi M, Campochiaro PA, Pierce GF, Colosi P. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid genes isolated from rat and mouse liver genomic DNA define two new AAV species distantly related to AAV-5. Virology 2006; 353:68-82. [PMID: 16806384 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reactions and genome walking strategies, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-like capsid genes were isolated from rat and mouse liver genomic DNA, where they are present at <5 copies per cell. These genes define two new species of AAVs since their amino acid sequences are <60% identical to each other or to any other AAV capsid. They are most similar to the AAV-5 and goat AAV capsids. A recombinant vector with the mouse AAV capsid and a lacZ transgene (rAAV-mo.1 lacZ) was able to transduce rodent cell lines in vitro. However, it was not able to transduce eight human cell lines or primary human fibroblasts in vitro. It did not bind heparin and its ability to transduce cells in vitro was not inhibited by heparin, mucin, or sialic acid suggesting it uses a novel entry receptor. rAAV-mo.1 lacZ was 29 times more resistant to in vitro neutralization by pooled, purified human IgG than AAV-2. In vivo, rAAV-mo.1 lacZ efficiently transduced murine ocular cells after a subretinal injection. Intramuscular injection of a rAAV-mo.1 human factor IX (hFIX) vector into mice resulted in no detectable hFIX in plasma, but intravenous injection resulted in high plasma levels of hFIX, equivalent to that obtained from a rAAV-8 hFIX vector. Biodistribution analysis showed that rAAV-mo.1 primarily transduced liver after an intravenous injection. These AAV capsids may be useful for gene transfer in rodents.
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Akiyama H, Kachi S, Silva RLE, Umeda N, Hackett SF, McCauley D, McCauley T, Zoltoski A, Epstein DM, Campochiaro PA. Intraocular injection of an aptamer that binds PDGF-B: a potential treatment for proliferative retinopathies. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:407-12. [PMID: 16419035 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative retinopathies and other scarring disorders in the eye. In this study, we sought to test the therapeutic potential of an aptamer that selectively binds PDGF-B, ARC126, and its PEGylated derivative, ARC127. Both ARC126 and ARC127 blocked PDGF-B-induced proliferation of cultured fibroblasts with an IC50 of 4 nM. Pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits showed similar peak vitreous concentrations of approximately 110 microM after intravitreous injection of 1 mg of either ARC126 or ARC127, but the terminal half-life was longer for ARC127 (98 versus 43 h). Efficacy was tested in rho/PDGF-B transgenic mice that express PDGF-B in photoreceptors and develop severe proliferative retinopathy resulting in retinal detachment. Compared to eyes injected with 20 microg of scrambled aptamer in which five of six developed detachments (three total and two partial), eyes injected with ARC126 (no detachment in five of six and one partial detachment), or ARC127 (no detachment in six of six) had significantly fewer retinal detachments. They also showed a significant reduction in epiretinal membrane formation. These data demonstrate that a single intravitreous injection of an aptamer that specifically binds PDGF-B is able to significantly reduce epiretinal membrane formation and retinal detachment in rho/PDGF-B mice. These striking effects in an aggressive model of proliferative retinopathy suggest that ARC126 and ARC127 should be considered for treatment of diseases in which PDGF-B has been implicated, including ischemic retinopathies such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and choroidal neovascularization.
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Umeda N, Kachi S, Akiyama H, Zahn G, Vossmeyer D, Stragies R, Campochiaro PA. Suppression and regression of choroidal neovascularization by systemic administration of an alpha5beta1 integrin antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1820-8. [PMID: 16527907 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.020941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha(5)beta(1) plays an important role in developmental angiogenesis, but its role in various types of pathologic neovascularization has not been completely defined. In this study, we found strong up-regulation of alpha(5)beta(1) in choroidal neovascularization. Implantation of an osmotic pump delivering 1.5 or 10 microg/h ( approximately 1.8 or 12 mg/kg/day) of 3-(2-{1-alkyl-5-[(pyridin-2-ylamino)-methyl]-pyrrolidin-3-yloxy}-acetylamino)-2-(alkylamino)-propionic acid (JSM6427), a selective alpha(5)beta(1) antagonist, caused significant suppression of choroidal neovascularization; the area of neovascularization was reduced by 33 to 40%. When an osmotic pump delivering 10 microg/h of JSM6427 was implanted 7 days after rupture of Bruch's membrane, there was terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining in vascular cells within the neovascularization and significant regression of the neovascularization over the next week. JSM6427 also induced apoptosis of cultured vascular endothelial cells. Fibronectin stimulates phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in alpha(5)beta(1)-expressing cells that is blocked by JSM6427. These data suggest that alpha(5)beta(1) plays a role in the development and maintenance of choroidal neovascularization and provides a target for therapeutic intervention.
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