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Al-Kindi SG, Brook RD, Biswal S, Rajagopalan S. Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: lessons learned from air pollution. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:656-672. [PMID: 32382149 PMCID: PMC7492399 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0371-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is well recognized as a major risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases and has been estimated to contribute more to global morbidity and mortality than all other known environmental risk factors combined. Although air pollution contains a heterogeneous mixture of gases, the most robust evidence for detrimental effects on health is for fine particulate matter (particles ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5)) and ozone gas and, therefore, these species have been the main focus of environmental health research and regulatory standards. The evidence to date supports a strong link between the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with PM2.5 across a range of exposure levels, including to levels below current regulatory standards, with no 'safe' lower exposure levels at the population level. In this comprehensive Review, the empirical evidence supporting the effects of air pollution on cardiovascular health are examined, potential mechanisms that lead to increased cardiovascular risk are described, and measures to reduce this risk and identify key gaps in our knowledge that could help address the increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution are discussed.
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Ghosh B, Reyes-Caballero H, Akgün-Ölmez SG, Nishida K, Chandrala L, Smirnova L, Biswal S, Sidhaye VK. Effect of sub-chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, electronic cigarette and waterpipe on human lung epithelial barrier function. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32787821 PMCID: PMC7425557 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking into consideration a recent surge of a lung injury condition associated with electronic cigarette use, we devised an in vitro model of sub-chronic exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in air-liquid interface, to determine deterioration of epithelial cell barrier from sub-chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), e-cigarette aerosol (EC), and tobacco waterpipe exposures (TW). METHODS Products analyzed include commercially available e-liquid, with 0% or 1.2% concentration of nicotine, tobacco blend (shisha), and reference-grade cigarette (3R4F). In one set of experiments, HBECs were exposed to EC (0 and 1.2%), CS or control air for 10 days using 1 cigarette/day. In the second set of experiments, exposure of pseudostratified primary epithelial tissue to TW or control air exposure was performed 1-h/day, every other day, until 3 exposures were performed. After 16-18 h of last exposure, we investigated barrier function/structural integrity of the epithelial monolayer with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran flux assay (FITC-Dextran), measurements of trans-electrical epithelial resistance (TEER), assessment of the percentage of moving cilia, cilia beat frequency (CBF), cell motion, and quantification of E-cadherin gene expression by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS When compared to air control, CS increased fluorescence (FITC-Dextran assay) by 5.6 times, whereby CS and EC (1.2%) reduced TEER to 49 and 60% respectively. CS and EC (1.2%) exposure reduced CBF to 62 and 59%, and cilia moving to 47 and 52%, respectively, when compared to control air. CS and EC (1.2%) increased cell velocity compared to air control by 2.5 and 2.6 times, respectively. The expression of E-cadherin reduced to 39% of control air levels by CS exposure shows an insight into a plausible molecular mechanism. Altogether, EC (0%) and TW exposures resulted in more moderate decreases in epithelial integrity, while EC (1.2%) substantially decreased airway epithelial barrier function comparable with CS exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results support a toxic effect of sub-chronic exposure to EC (1.2%) as evident by disruption of the bronchial epithelial cell barrier integrity, whereas further research is needed to address the molecular mechanism of this observation as well as TW and EC (0%) toxicity in chronic exposures.
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Rao X, Asico LD, Zanos P, Mahabeleshwar GH, Singh Gangwar R, Xia C, Duan L, Cisse YM, Rengasamy P, Jose PA, Gould TD, Nelson R, Biswal S, Chen LC, Zhong J, Rajagopalan S. Alpha2B-Adrenergic Receptor Overexpression in the Brain Potentiate Air Pollution-induced Behavior and Blood Pressure Changes. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:95-107. [PMID: 30812033 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) is able to induce sympathetic activation and inflammation in the brain. However, direct evidence demonstrating an essential role of sympathetic activation in PM2.5-associated disease progression is lacking. We assess the contribution of α2B-adrenergic receptor (Adra2b) in air pollution-associated hypertension and behavioral changes in this study. Wild-type mice and Adra2b-transgenic mice overexpressing Adra2b in the brain (Adra2bTg) were exposed to concentrated PM2.5 or filtered air for 3 months via a versatile aerosol concentrator exposure system. Mice were fed with a high salt diet (4.0% NaCl) for 1 week at week 11 of exposure to induce blood pressure elevation. Intra-arterial blood pressure was monitored by radio-telemetry and behavior changes were assessed by open field, light-dark, and prepulse inhibition tests. PM2.5 exposure increased Adra2b in the brain of wild-type mice. Adra2b overexpression enhanced the anxiety-like behavior and high salt diet-induced blood pressure elevation in response to air pollution but not filtered air exposure. Adra2b overexpression induced upregulation of inflammatory genes such as TLR2, TLR4, and IL-6 in the brain exposed to PM2.5. In addition, there were increased frequencies of activated effector T cells and increased expression of oxidative stress-related genes, such as SOD1, NQO1, Nrf2, and Gclm in Adra2bTg mice compared with wild-type mice. Our results provide new evidence of distinct behavioral changes consistent with anxiety and blood pressure elevation in response to high salt intake and air pollution exposure, highlighting the importance of centrally expressed Adra2b in the vulnerability to air pollution exposure.
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Ghosh B, Park B, Bhowmik D, Nishida K, Lauver M, Putcha N, Gao P, Ramanathan M, Hansel N, Biswal S, Sidhaye VK. Strong correlation between air-liquid interface cultures and in vivo transcriptomics of nasal brush biopsy. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L1056-L1062. [PMID: 32233789 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures are ex vivo models that are used extensively to study the epithelium of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. However, the in vitro conditions impose a milieu different from that encountered in the patient in vivo, and the degree to which this alters gene expression remains unclear. In this study we employed RNA sequencing to compare the transcriptome of fresh brushings of nasal epithelial cells with that of ALI-cultured epithelial cells from the same patients. We observed a strong correlation between cells cultured at the ALI and cells obtained from the brushed nasal epithelia: 96% of expressed genes showed similar expression profiles, although there was greater similarity between the brushed samples. We observed that while the ALI model provides an excellent representation of the in vivo airway epithelial transcriptome for mechanistic studies, several pathways are affected by the change in milieu.
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Park B, Khanam R, Vinayachandran V, Baqui AH, London SJ, Biswal S. Epigenetic biomarkers and preterm birth. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa005. [PMID: 32551139 PMCID: PMC7293830 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is a major public health challenge, and novel, sensitive approaches to predict PTB are still evolving. Epigenomic markers are being explored as biomarkers of PTB because of their molecular stability compared to gene expression. This approach is also relatively new compared to gene-based diagnostics, which relies on mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms. The fundamental principle of epigenome diagnostics is that epigenetic reprogramming in the target tissue (e.g. placental tissue) might be captured by more accessible surrogate tissue (e.g. blood) using biochemical epigenome assays on circulating DNA that incorporate methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and/or chromatin accessibility. Epigenomic-based biomarkers may hold great potential for early identification of the majority of PTBs that are not associated with genetic variants or mutations. In this review, we discuss recent advances made in the development of epigenome assays focusing on its potential exploration for association and prediction of PTB. We also summarize population-level cohort studies conducted in the USA and globally that provide opportunities for genetic and epigenetic marker development for PTB. In addition, we summarize publicly available epigenome resources and published PTB studies. We particularly focus on ongoing genome-wide DNA methylation and epigenome-wide association studies. Finally, we review the limitations of current research, the importance of establishing a comprehensive biobank, and possible directions for future studies in identifying effective epigenome biomarkers to enhance health outcomes for pregnant women at risk of PTB and their infants.
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Reyes-Caballero H, Park B, Loube J, Sanchez I, Vinayachandran V, Choi Y, Woo J, Edwards J, Brinkman MC, Sussan T, Mitzner W, Biswal S. Immune modulation by chronic exposure to waterpipe smoke and immediate-early gene regulation in murine lungs. Tob Control 2019; 29:s80-s89. [PMID: 31852817 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of chronic waterpipe (WP) smoke on pulmonary function and immune response in a murine model using a research-grade WP and the effects of acute exposure on the regulation of immediate-early genes (IEGs). METHODS WP smoke was generated using three WP smoke puffing regimens based on the Beirut regimen. WP smoke samples generated under these puffing regimens were quantified for nicotine concentration. Mice were chronically exposed for 6 months followed by assessment of pulmonary function and airway inflammation. Transcriptomic analysis using RNAseq was conducted after acute exposure to characterise the IEG response. These biomarkers were then compared with those generated after exposure to dry smoke (without water added to the WP bowl). RESULTS We determined that nicotine composition in WP smoke ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 mg per puffing session. The lung immune response was sensitive to the incremental severity of chronic exposure, with modest decreases in airway inflammatory cells and chemokine levels compared with air-exposed controls. Pulmonary function was unmodified by chronic WP exposure. Acute WP exposure was found to activate the immune response and identified known and novel IEG as potential biomarkers of WP exposure. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to WP smoke leads to immune suppression without significant changes to pulmonary function. Transcriptomic analysis of the lung after acute exposure to WP smoke showed activation of the immune response and revealed IEGs that are common to WP and dry smoke, as well as pools of IEGs unique to each exposure, identifying potential biomarkers specific to WP exposure.
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Reyes-Caballero H, Rao X, Sun Q, Warmoes MO, Lin P, Sussan TE, Park B, Fan TWM, Maiseyeu A, Rajagopalan S, Girnun GD, Biswal S. Air pollution-derived particulate matter dysregulates hepatic Krebs cycle, glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17423. [PMID: 31757983 PMCID: PMC6874681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5) is well established as a risk factor for cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Both epidemiologic and controlled exposure studies in humans and animals have demonstrated an association between air pollution exposure and metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Given the central role of the liver in peripheral glucose homeostasis, we exposed mice to filtered air or PM2.5 for 16 weeks and examined its effect on hepatic metabolic pathways using stable isotope resolved metabolomics (SIRM) following a bolus of 13C6-glucose. Livers were analyzed for the incorporation of 13C into different metabolic pools by IC-FTMS or GC-MS. The relative abundance of 13C-glycolytic intermediates was reduced, suggesting attenuated glycolysis, a feature found in diabetes. Decreased 13C-Krebs cycle intermediates suggested that PM2.5 exposure led to a reduction in the Krebs cycle capacity. In contrast to decreased glycolysis, we observed an increase in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and 13C incorporations suggestive of enhanced capacity for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to examine 13C6-glucose utilization in the liver following PM2.5 exposure, prior to the onset of insulin resistance (IR).
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Casin KM, Fallica J, Mackowski N, Veenema RJ, Chan A, St Paul A, Zhu G, Bedja D, Biswal S, Kohr MJ. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Is Essential for Protecting the Female Heart From Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Circ Res 2019; 123:1232-1243. [PMID: 30571462 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Protein S-nitros(yl)ation (SNO) has been implicated as an essential mediator of nitric oxide-dependent cardioprotection. Compared with males, female hearts exhibit higher baseline levels of protein SNO and associated with this, reduced susceptibility to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Female hearts also exhibit enhanced S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNO-R) activity, which would typically favor decreased SNO levels as GSNO-R mediates SNO catabolism. OBJECTIVE Because female hearts exhibit higher SNO levels, we hypothesized that GSNO-R is an essential component of sex-dependent cardioprotection in females. METHODS AND RESULTS Male and female wild-type mouse hearts were subjected to ex vivo ischemia-reperfusion injury with or without GSNO-R inhibition (N6022). Control female hearts exhibited enhanced functional recovery and decreased infarct size versus control males. Interestingly, GSNO-R inhibition reversed this sex disparity, significantly reducing injury in male hearts, and exacerbating injury in females. Similar results were obtained with male and female GSNO-R-/- hearts using ex vivo and in vivo models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Assessment of SNO levels using SNO-resin assisted capture revealed an increase in total SNO levels with GSNO-R inhibition in males, whereas total SNO levels remained unchanged in females. However, we found that although GSNO-R inhibition significantly increased SNO at the cardioprotective Cys39 residue of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 3 in males, SNO-NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 levels were surprisingly reduced in N6022-treated female hearts. Because GSNO-R also acts as a formaldehyde dehydrogenase, we examined postischemic formaldehyde levels and found that they were nearly 2-fold higher in N6022-treated female hearts compared with nontreated hearts. Importantly, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activator, Alda-1, rescued the phenotype in GSNO-R-/- female hearts, significantly reducing infarct size. CONCLUSIONS These striking findings point to GSNO-R as a critical sex-dependent mediator of myocardial protein SNO and formaldehyde levels and further suggest that different therapeutic strategies may be required to combat ischemic heart disease in males and females.
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London NR, Tharakan A, Mendiola M, Chen M, Dobzanski A, Sussan TE, Zaykaner M, Han AH, Lane AP, Sidhaye V, Biswal S, Ramanathan M. Nrf2 activation via Keap1 deletion or sulforaphane treatment reduces Ova-induced sinonasal inflammation. Allergy 2019; 74:1780-1783. [PMID: 30843229 DOI: 10.1111/all.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kaplan B, Sussan T, Rule A, Moon K, Grau-Perez M, Olmedo P, Chen R, Carkoglu A, Levshin V, Wang L, Watson C, Blount B, Calafat AM, Jarrett J, Caldwell K, Wang Y, Breysse P, Strickland P, Cohen J, Biswal S, Navas-Acien A. Waterpipe tobacco smoke: Characterization of toxicants and exposure biomarkers in a cross-sectional study of waterpipe employees. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:495-502. [PMID: 30981020 PMCID: PMC6513716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have comprehensively characterized toxic chemicals related to waterpipe use and secondhand waterpipe exposure. This cross-sectional study investigated biomarkers of toxicants associated with waterpipe use and passive waterpipe exposure among employees at waterpipe venues. METHOD We collected urine specimens from employees in waterpipe venues from Istanbul, Turkey and Moscow, Russia, and identified waterpipe and cigarette smoking status based on self-report. The final sample included 110 employees. Biomarkers of exposure to sixty chemicals (metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nicotine, and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAAs)) were quantified in the participants' urine. RESULTS Participants who reported using waterpipe had higher urinary manganese (geometric mean ratio (GMR): 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 5.07) than never/former waterpipe or cigarette smokers. Being exposed to more hours of secondhand smoke from waterpipes was associated with higher concentrations of cobalt (GMR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.75). Participants involved in lighting waterpipes had higher urinary cobalt (GMR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.86), cesium (GMR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.48), molybdenum (GMR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.93), 1-hydroxypyrene (GMR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.80), and several VOC metabolites. CONCLUSION Waterpipe tobacco users and nonsmoking employees of waterpipe venues had higher urinary concentrations of several toxic metals including manganese and cobalt as well as of VOCs, in a distinct signature compared to cigarette smoke. Employees involved in lighting waterpipes may have higher exposure to multiple toxic chemicals compared to other employees.
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Samanta G, Mishra S, Behura N, Sahoo G, Behera K, Swain R, Sethy K, Biswal S, Sahoo N. Studies on Utilization of Calcium Phosphate Nano Particles as Source of Phosphorus in Broilers. ANIM NUTR FEED TECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.5958/0974-181x.2019.00008.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sidhaye VK, Holbrook JT, Burke A, Sudini KR, Sethi S, Criner GJ, Fahey JW, Berenson CS, Jacobs MR, Thimmulappa R, Wise RA, Biswal S. Compartmentalization of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory gene expression in current and former smokers with COPD. Respir Res 2019; 20:190. [PMID: 31429757 PMCID: PMC6700818 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have high oxidative stress associated with the severity of the disease. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-directed stress response plays a critical role in the protection of lung cells to oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant genes in response to tobacco smoke. There is a critical gap in our knowledge about Nrf-2 regulated genes in active smokers and former-smokers with COPD in different cell types from of lungs and surrogate peripheral tissues. METHODS We compared the expression of Nrf2 and six of its target genes in alveolar macrophages, nasal, and bronchial epithelium and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in current and former smokers with COPD. We compared cell-type specific of Nrf2 and its target genes as well as markers of oxidative and inflammatory stress. RESULTS We enrolled 89 patients; expression all Nrf2 target gene measured were significantly higher in the bronchial epithelium from smokers compared to non-smokers. None were elevated in alveolar macrophages and only one was elevated in each of the other compartments. CONCLUSION Bronchial epithelium is the most responsive tissue for transcriptional activation of Nrf2 target genes in active smokers compared to former-smokers with COPD that correlated with oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. There were no consistent trends in gene expression in other cell types tested. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT01335971.
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Wang T, Pehrsson EC, Purushotham D, Li D, Zhuo X, Zhang B, Lawson HA, Province MA, Krapp C, Lan Y, Coarfa C, Katz TA, Tang WY, Wang Z, Biswal S, Rajagopalan S, Colacino JA, Tsai ZTY, Sartor MA, Neier K, Dolinoy DC, Pinto J, Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM, Patisaul HB, Aylor DL, Crawford GE, Wiltshire T, Chadwick LH, Duncan CG, Garton AE, McAllister KA, Bartolomei MS, Walker CL, Tyson FL. The NIEHS TaRGET II Consortium and environmental epigenomics. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:225-227. [PMID: 29509741 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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London NR, Tharakan A, Mendiola M, Sussan TE, Chen M, Dobzanski A, Lane AP, Sidhaye V, Biswal S, Ramanathan M. Deletion of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to eosinophilic sinonasal inflammation in a murine model of rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 9:114-119. [PMID: 30281933 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress exacerbates lower airway diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, its role in upper airway (sinonasal) chronic inflammatory disorders is less clear. Nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf2) is an endogenous mechanism that upon activation invokes an antioxidant response pathway via nuclear translocation and upregulation of cytoprotective genes. We sought to determine whether deletion of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to allergic sinonasal inflammation in vivo. METHODS Nrf2-/- mice were subjected to the ovalbumin (Ova)-induced murine model of rhinosinusitis and indices of sinonasal inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction were assessed. RESULTS We show that deletion of Nrf2 results in enhances indices of allergen-induced sinonasal inflammation including aggravated eosinophil accumulation and goblet cell hyperplasia. An exaggerated increase in epithelial derived inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was observed in the nasal lavage fluid and sinonasal mucosal tissue of Nrf2-/- mice. Furthermore, Nrf2-/- mice showed heightened Ova-induced barrier dysfunction as measured by serum albumin accumulation in nasal lavage fluid of mice. CONCLUSION These data show that the endogenous Nrf2 pathway limits Ova-induced sinonasal inflammation, epithelial derived inflammatory cytokine production, and epithelial barrier dysfunction in vivo and identify a potential therapeutic target in the management of allergic sinonasal inflammatory disorders. This is the first study to our knowledge which shows that Nrf2 regulates allergic inflammation in the sinonasal cavity in vivo.
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Sidhaye VK, Biswal S. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Abandoning the "Streetlight Effect". Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198:697-698. [PMID: 29648881 PMCID: PMC6222464 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0531ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Singh A, Ruiz C, Bhalla K, Haley JA, Li QK, Acquaah-Mensah G, Montal E, Sudini KR, Skoulidis F, Wistuba II, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Heymach JV, Boros LG, Gabrielson E, Carretero J, Wong KK, Haley JD, Biswal S, Girnun GD. De novo lipogenesis represents a therapeutic target in mutant Kras non-small cell lung cancer. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800204. [PMID: 29906244 PMCID: PMC6219836 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic Kras mutations are one of the most common alterations in non-small cell lung cancer and are associated with poor response to treatment and reduced survival. Driver oncogenes, such as Kras are now appreciated for their ability to promote tumor growth via up-regulation of anabolic pathways. Therefore, we wanted to identify metabolic vulnerabilities in Kras-mutant lung cancer. Using the Kras LSL-G12D lung cancer model, we show that mutant Kras drives a lipogenic gene-expression program. Stable-isotope analysis reveals that mutant Kras promotes de novo fatty acid synthesis in vitro and in vivo. The importance of fatty acid synthesis in Kras-induced tumorigenesis was evident by decreased tumor formation in Kras LSL-G12D mice after treatment with a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor. Importantly, with gain and loss of function models of mutant Kras, we demonstrate that mutant Kras potentiates the growth inhibitory effects of several fatty acid synthesis inhibitors. These studies highlight the potential to target mutant Kras tumors by taking advantage of the lipogenic phenotype induced by mutant Kras.-Singh, A., Ruiz, C., Bhalla, K., Haley, J. A., Li, Q. K., Acquaah-Mensah, G., Montal, E., Sudini, K. R., Skoulidis, F., Wistuba, I. I., Papadimitrakopoulou, V., Heymach, J. V., Boros, L. G., Gabrielson, E., Carretero, J., Wong, K.-k., Haley, J. D., Biswal, S., Girnun, G. D. De novo lipogenesis represents a therapeutic target in mutant Kras non-small cell lung cancer.
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Walker A, Singh A, Tully E, Woo J, Le A, Nguyen T, Biswal S, Sharma D, Gabrielson E. Nrf2 signaling and autophagy are complementary in protecting breast cancer cells during glucose deprivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:407-413. [PMID: 29649567 PMCID: PMC6186426 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy can serve as a mechanism for survival of cells during nutrient deprivation by recycling cellular macromolecules and organelles transiently to provide essential metabolic substrates. However, autophagy itself causes metabolic stress to cells, and other cellular protective mechanisms likely cooperate with autophagy to promote cell survival during nutrient deprivation. In this study, we explored protective mechanisms in breast cancer cells in the setting of glucose deprivation. While breast cancer cells (MCF7 and T47D) survive in glucose-free medium for three days or more, autophagy is induced in this setting. Blocking autophagy pharmacologically with chloroquine or by knock-out of an essential autophagy gene, such as Beclin 1 or ATG7, markedly reduces the ability of cells to survive during glucose deprivation. Autophagy previously was shown to degrade p62, a protein that sequesters KEAP1, and KEAP1 in turn sequesters Nrf2, a master regulator of the antioxidant response. Hence, we investigated how the Nrf2 signaling pathway might be affected by glucose deprivation and autophagy. We found that while glucose deprivation does cause decreased cellular levels of p62, Nrf2 protein levels and activity unexpectedly increase in this setting. Moreover, this increase in Nrf2 activity provides important protection to breast cancer cells during glucose deprivation, since siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 markedly impairs survival during glucose deprivation. Antioxidants, N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione also protect these cells during glucose deprivation, leading us to conclude that Nrf2 signaling via its antioxidant activity has a critical and previously undescribed role of protecting cells during glucose deprivation-induced autophagy.
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Kohr MJ, Casin K, Mackowski N, Veenema R, Chan A, St. Paul A, Bedja D, Biswal S. S
‐nitrosoglutathione reductase is essential for reducing ischemia‐reperfusion injury in female hearts by metabolizing formaldehyde. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.580.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Moran M, Biswal S, Cohen J, Henderson R, Holbrook J, Sidhaye V, Wise R. Prevalence and correlates of ENDS use among adults being treated for chronic lung disease. Tob Induc Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.18332/tid/84019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bailey DL, Pichler BJ, Gückel B, Antoch G, Barthel H, Bhujwalla ZM, Biskup S, Biswal S, Bitzer M, Boellaard R, Braren RF, Brendle C, Brindle K, Chiti A, la Fougère C, Gillies R, Goh V, Goyen M, Hacker M, Heukamp L, Knudsen GM, Krackhardt AM, Law I, Morris JC, Nikolaou K, Nuyts J, Ordonez AA, Pantel K, Quick HH, Riklund K, Sabri O, Sattler B, Troost EGC, Zaiss M, Zender L, Beyer T. Combined PET/MRI: Global Warming-Summary Report of the 6th International Workshop on PET/MRI, March 27-29, 2017, Tübingen, Germany. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:4-20. [PMID: 28971346 PMCID: PMC5775351 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 6th annual meeting to address key issues in positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was held again in Tübingen, Germany, from March 27 to 29, 2017. Over three days of invited plenary lectures, round table discussions and dialogue board deliberations, participants critically assessed the current state of PET/MRI, both clinically and as a research tool, and attempted to chart future directions. The meeting addressed the use of PET/MRI and workflows in oncology, neurosciences, infection, inflammation and chronic pain syndromes, as well as deeper discussions about how best to characterise the tumour microenvironment, optimise the complementary information available from PET and MRI, and how advanced data mining and bioinformatics, as well as information from liquid biomarkers (circulating tumour cells and nucleic acids) and pathology, can be integrated to give a more complete characterisation of disease phenotype. Some issues that have dominated previous meetings, such as the accuracy of MR-based attenuation correction (AC) of the PET scan, were finally put to rest as having been adequately addressed for the majority of clinical situations. Likewise, the ability to standardise PET systems for use in multicentre trials was confirmed, thus removing a perceived barrier to larger clinical imaging trials. The meeting openly questioned whether PET/MRI should, in all cases, be used as a whole-body imaging modality or whether in many circumstances it would best be employed to give an in-depth study of previously identified disease in a single organ or region. The meeting concluded that there is still much work to be done in the integration of data from different fields and in developing a common language for all stakeholders involved. In addition, the participants advocated joint training and education for individuals who engage in routine PET/MRI. It was agreed that PET/MRI can enhance our understanding of normal and disrupted biology, and we are in a position to describe the in vivo nature of disease processes, metabolism, evolution of cancer and the monitoring of response to pharmacological interventions and therapies. As such, PET/MRI is a key to advancing medicine and patient care.
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Sussan TE, Shahzad FG, Tabassum E, Cohen JE, Wise RA, Blaha MJ, Holbrook JT, Biswal S. Correction to: electronic cigarette use behaviors and motivations among smokers and non-smokers. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:175. [PMID: 29368600 PMCID: PMC5784689 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sussan TE, Shahzad FG, Tabassum E, Cohen JE, Wise RA, Blaha MJ, Holbrook JT, Biswal S. Electronic cigarette use behaviors and motivations among smokers and non-smokers. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:686. [PMID: 28882123 PMCID: PMC5590123 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of electronic cigarettes (EC) has risen exponentially over the past decade, including among never smokers, and ECs are now the most popular tobacco product among teenagers in the US. While, EC manufacturers utilize numerous marketing strategies to target both smokers and non-smokers, it is unclear how perceptions and behaviors differ between these two groups. METHODS We conducted a survey of 320 adults either via online surveys or in Baltimore vape shops to determine demographics, behaviors, perceptions, and motivations underlying use of ECs. RESULTS Our survey respondents were predominantly young, Caucasian males, 74% of whom identified themselves as former smokers, while 20% identified as current smokers and 6% were never smokers. Former smokers reported a longer history of EC use and higher nicotine concentrations than current smokers. For former and current smokers, the primary motivation for EC use was assistance to quit smoking, and nearly half indicated that they plan to reduce their nicotine concentration and eventually quit using ECs. Among former smokers, self-reports on use and measures of dependence were consistent with nicotine replacement as their primary motivation. The majority of former and current smokers also reported that their respiratory health had improved as a result of EC use, although this effect was stronger for former smokers. Never smokers reported less frequent EC use and dependence compared to former and current smokers. Their motivations for use were more commonly for enjoyment and popularity, and they displayed a reduced desire to eventually quit using ECs. CONCLUSIONS These responses provide insight into the underlying thoughts and behaviors of smoking and non-smoking EC users and also suggest that never smoking EC users are an emerging demographic with different motivations and perceptions than those of current and former smokers.
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Robison P, Sussan TE, Chen H, Biswal S, Schneider MF, Hernández-Ochoa EO. Impaired calcium signaling in muscle fibers from intercostal and foot skeletal muscle in a cigarette smoke-induced mouse model of COPD. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:282-291. [PMID: 27862020 PMCID: PMC5426995 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory and locomotor skeletal muscle dysfunction are common findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, the mechanisms that cause muscle impairment in COPD are unclear. Because Ca2+ signaling in excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is important for muscle activity, we hypothesized that Ca2+ dysregulation could contribute to muscle dysfunction in COPD. METHODS Intercostal and flexor digitorum brevis muscles from control and cigarette smoke-exposed mice were investigated. We used single cell Ca2+ imaging and Western blot assays to assess Ca2+ signals and E-C coupling proteins. RESULTS We found impaired Ca2+ signals in muscle fibers from both muscle types, without significant changes in releasable Ca2+ or in the expression levels of E-C coupling proteins. CONCLUSIONS Ca2+ dysregulation may contribute or accompany respiratory and locomotor muscle dysfunction in COPD. These findings are of significance to the understanding of the pathophysiological course of COPD in respiratory and locomotor muscles. Muscle Nerve 56: 282-291, 2017.
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Ramanathan M, London NR, Tharakan A, Surya N, Sussan TE, Rao X, Lin SY, Toskala E, Rajagopalan S, Biswal S. Airborne Particulate Matter Induces Nonallergic Eosinophilic Sinonasal Inflammation in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:59-65. [PMID: 28245149 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0351oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has been linked to aggravation of respiratory symptoms, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. Although the health effects of PM on the lower pulmonary airway have been extensively studied, little is known regarding the impact of chronic PM exposure on the upper sinonasal airway. We sought to test the impact of chronic airborne PM exposure on the upper respiratory system in vivo. Mice were subjected, by inhalation, to concentrated fine (2.5 μm) PM 6 h/d, 5 d/wk, for 16 weeks. Mean airborne fine PM concentration was 60.92 μm/m3, a concentration of fine PM lower than that reported in some major global cities. Mice were then killed and analyzed for evidence of inflammation and barrier breakdown compared with control mice. Evidence of the destructive effects of chronic airborne PM on sinonasal health in vivo, including proinflammatory cytokine release, and macrophage and neutrophil inflammatory cell accumulation was observed. A significant increase in epithelial barrier dysfunction was observed, as assessed by serum albumin accumulation in nasal airway lavage fluid, as well as decreased expression of adhesion molecules, including claudin-1 and epithelial cadherin. A significant increase in eosinophilic inflammation, including increased IL-13, eotaxin-1, and eosinophil accumulation, was also observed. Collectively, although largely observational, these studies demonstrate the destructive effects of chronic airborne PM exposure on the sinonasal airway barrier disruption and nonallergic eosinophilic inflammation in mice.
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Mao G, Nachman RM, Sun Q, Zhang X, Koehler K, Chen Z, Hong X, Wang G, Caruso D, Zong G, Pearson C, Ji H, Biswal S, Zuckerman B, Wills-Karp M, Wang X. Individual and Joint Effects of Early-Life Ambient Exposure and Maternal Prepregnancy Obesity on Childhood Overweight or Obesity. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:067005. [PMID: 28669938 PMCID: PMC5743454 DOI: 10.1289/ehp261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies suggest that exposure to traffic-related pollution during childhood increases the risk of childhood overweight or obesity (COWO), the role of early life exposure to fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; PM2.5) and its joint effect with the mother’s prepregnancy body mass index (MPBMI) on COWO remain unclear. OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to examine the individual and joint effects of ambient PM2.5 exposures and MPBMI on the risk of COWO. METHODS We estimated exposures to ambient PM2.5in utero and during the first 2 y of life (F2YL), using data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Air Quality System matched to residential address, in 1,446 mother–infant pairs who were recruited at birth from 1998 and followed up prospectively through 2012 at the Boston Medical Center in Massachusetts. We quantified the individual and joint effects of PM2.5 exposure with MPBMI on COWO, defined as the child’s age- and sex-specific BMI z-score ≥85th percentile at the last well-child care visit between 2 and 9 y of age. Additivity was assessed by estimating the reduced excess risk due to interaction. RESULTS Comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of PM2.5, the adjusted relative risks (RRs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] of COWO were 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5), 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.4), 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.4), 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.6), 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5) and 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) during preconception; the first, second, and third trimesters; the entire period of pregnancy; and F2YL, respectively. Spline regression showed a dose–response relationship between PM2.5 levels and COWO after a threshold near the median exposure (10.46 μg/m3–10.89 μg/m3). Compared with their counterparts, children of obese mothers exposed to high levels of PM2.5 had the highest risk of COWO [RR≥2.0, relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) not significant]. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we observed that early life exposure to PM2.5 may play an important role in the early life origins of COWO and may increase the risk of COWO in children of mothers who were overweight or obese before pregnancy beyond the risk that can be attributed to MPBMI alone. Our findings emphasize the clinical and public health policy relevance of early life PM2.5 exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP261
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