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Prunas O, Warren JL, Crawford FW, Gazit S, Patalon T, Weinberger DM, Pitzer VE. Vaccination with BNT162b2 reduces transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts in Israel. Science 2022; 375:1151-1154. [PMID: 35084937 PMCID: PMC9261115 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 on the individual level is well established. However, few studies have examined vaccine effectiveness against transmission. We used a chain binomial model to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination with BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccine] against household transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Israel before and after emergence of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. Vaccination reduced susceptibility to infection by 89.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 88.7 to 90.0%], whereas vaccine effectiveness against infectiousness given infection was 23.0% (95% CI: -11.3 to 46.7%) during days 10 to 90 after the second dose, before 1 June 2021. Total vaccine effectiveness was 91.8% (95% CI: 88.1 to 94.3%). However, vaccine effectiveness is reduced over time as a result of the combined effect of waning of immunity and emergence of the Delta variant.
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Levine-Tiefenbrun M, Yelin I, Uriel H, Kuint J, Schreiber L, Herzel E, Katz R, Ben-Tov A, Gazit S, Patalon T, Chodick G, Kishony R. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Test Detection Rates Are Associated with Patient Age, Sex, and Time since Diagnosis. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:112-119. [PMID: 34826637 PMCID: PMC8608683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the detection rate of the widely used quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and its dependence on patient demographic characteristics and disease progression is key in designing epidemiologic strategies. Analyzing 843,917 test results of 521,696 patients, a "positive period" was defined for each patient between diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 and the last positive test result. The fraction of positive test results within this period was then used to estimate detection rate. Regression analyses were used to determine associations of detection with time of sampling after diagnosis, patient demographic characteristics, and viral RNA copy number based on RT-qPCR cycle threshold values of the next positive test result. The overall detection rate in tests performed within 14 days after diagnosis was 83.1%. This rate was higher at days 0 to 5 after diagnosis (89.3%). Furthermore, detection rate was strongly associated with age and sex. Finally, the detection rate with the Allplex 2019-nCoV RT-qPCR kit was associated, at the single-patient level, with viral RNA copy number (P < 10-9). These results show that the reliability of the test result is reduced in later days as well as for women and younger patients, in whom the viral loads are typically lower.
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Patalon T, Gazit S, Pitzer VE, Prunas O, Warren JL, Weinberger DM. Odds of Testing Positive for SARS-CoV-2 Following Receipt of 3 vs 2 Doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:179-184. [PMID: 34846533 PMCID: PMC8634151 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.7382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE With the evidence of waning immunity of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), a nationwide third-dose (booster) vaccination campaign was initiated in Israel during August 2021; other countries have begun to administer a booster shot as well. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the initial short-term additional benefit of a 3-dose vs a 2-dose regimen against infection of SARS-CoV-2. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This preliminary retrospective case-control study used 2 complementary approaches: a test-negative design and a matched case-control design. Participants were included from the national centralized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services, an Israeli healthcare maintenance organization covering 2.5 million members. Data were collected between March 1, 2020, and October 4, 2021, and analyses focused on the period from August 1, 2021, to October 4, 2021, because the booster dose was widely administered from August 1 onward. EXPOSURES Either 2 doses or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The reduction in the odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test at different time intervals following receipt of the booster dose (0-6, 7-13, 14-20, 21-27, and 28-65 days) compared with receiving only 2 doses. RESULTS The study population included 306 710 members of Maccabi Healthcare Services who were 40 years and older (55% female) and received either 2 or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and did not have a positive PCR test result for SARS-CoV-2 prior to the start of the follow-up period. During this period, there were 500 232 PCR tests performed, 227 380 among those who received 2 doses and 272 852 among those who received 3 doses, with 14 989 (6.6%) and 4941 (1.8%) positive test results in each group, respectively. Comparing those who received a booster and those who received 2 doses, there was an estimated odds ratio of 0.14 (95% CI, 0.13-0.15) 28 to 65 days following receipt of the booster (86% reduction in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Previous studies have demonstrated that vaccine-derived protection against SARS-CoV-2 wanes over time. In this case-control analysis, we showed an association between receipt of the booster dose and a reduction in the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, potentially counteracting waning immunity in the short term. Further monitoring of data from this population is needed to determine the duration of immunity following the booster.
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Prunas O, Weinberger DM, Pitzer VE, Gazit S, Patalon T. Waning Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Against Infection in Adolescents. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.04.22268776. [PMID: 35018389 PMCID: PMC8750715 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.04.22268776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine for adolescents has been demonstrated. However, little is known about the long-term effectiveness in this age group. It is known, though, that waning of vaccine-induced immunity against infection in adult populations is evident within a few months. METHODS Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we conducted a matched case-control design for evaluating the association between time since vaccination and the incidence of infections, where two outcomes were evaluated separately: a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (regardless of symptoms) and a symptomatic infection (COVID-19). Cases were defined as individuals aged 12 to 16 with a positive PCR test occurring between June 15 and December 8, 2021, when the Delta variant was dominant in Israel. Controls were adolescents who had not tested positive previously. RESULTS We estimated a peak vaccine effectiveness between 2 weeks and 3 months following receipt of the second dose, with 85% and 90% effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, respectively. However, in line with previous findings for adults, waning of vaccine effectiveness was evident in adolescents as well. Long-term protection conferred by the vaccine was reduced to 75-78% against infection and symptomatic infection, respectively, 3 to 5 months after the second dose, and waned to 58% against infection and 65% against COVID-19 after 5 months. CONCLUSIONS Like adults, vaccine-induced protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 wanes with time, starting three months after inoculation and continuing for more than five months.
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Ben-Tov A, Lotan R, Gazit S, Chodick G, Perez G, Mizrahi-Reuveni M, Patalon T. Dynamics in COVID-19 symptoms during different waves of the pandemic among children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the ambulatory setting. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:3309-3318. [PMID: 35778524 PMCID: PMC9395901 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this real-life, big data population-based study was to evaluate differences in symptomatic presentation of children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) between the third and fourth waves of the pandemic in Israel, dominated by the Alpha and Delta variants, respectively. Our cohort included all children and adolescents, members of the second-largest Health Maintenance Organization in Israel that had positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test during the third and fourth waves of the pandemic (December 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021, and June 1, 2021, to October 10, 2021, respectively). A total of 32,485 and 44,130 children and adolescents in the third and fourth waves were included in the final analysis. The rate of children with symptomatic disease among patients with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher in the fourth wave compared to the third wave (49.9% vs. 37.5%). The most commonly reported symptom and the only symptom that substantially differed between waves was fever, with 33% of SARS-CoV-2 infected children in the fourth wave vs. 13.6% in the third wave. Preschool children had the lowest prevalence of febrile illness compared to other age groups. CONCLUSION Children and adolescents infected during the fourth wave of the pandemic in Israel, a Delta-dominant period, had a significantly higher rate of symptomatic febrile illness than the Alpha-dominant period. This phenomenon occurred across all age groups. WHAT IS KNOWN • There are differences in COVID-19 severity among adults and children during different waves of the pandemic. • There is a paucity of data regarding symptomatic characteristics in children in large-scale cohorts aside from hospital settings. WHAT IS NEW • In a time period dominated by the Delta variant, there were substantially more children with symptomatic disease and febrile illness compared to a period dominated by the alpha variant. • Preschool children had the lowest rate of febrile illness among all age groups.
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Prunas O, Warren JL, Crawford FW, Gazit S, Patalon T, Weinberger DM, Pitzer VE. Vaccination with BNT162b2 reduces transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts in Israel. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.07.13.21260393. [PMID: 34981074 PMCID: PMC8722617 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.13.21260393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The individual-level effectiveness of vaccines against clinical disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is well-established. However, few studies have directly examined the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on transmission. We quantified the effectiveness of vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA-based vaccine) against household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Israel. We fit two time-to-event models - a mechanistic transmission model and a regression model - to estimate vaccine effectiveness against susceptibility to infection and infectiousness given infection in household settings. Vaccine effectiveness against susceptibility to infection was 80-88%. For breakthrough infections among vaccinated individuals, the vaccine effectiveness against infectiousness was 41-79%. The overall vaccine effectiveness against transmission was 88.5%. Vaccination provides substantial protection against susceptibility to infection and slightly lower protection against infectiousness given infection, thereby reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to household contacts. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Vaccination reduced both the rate of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and transmission to household contacts in Israel.
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Banon T, Wortsman J, Ben Moshe S, Gazit S, Peretz A, Ben Tov A, Chodick G, Perez G, Patalon T. Evaluating red blood cell distribution width from community blood tests as a predictor of hospitalization and mortality in adults with SARS-CoV-2: a cohort study. Ann Med 2021; 53:1410-1418. [PMID: 34409900 PMCID: PMC8381942 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1968484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been assessed during COVID-19 patient hospitalization, however, further research should be done to evaluate RDW from routine community blood tests, before infection, as a risk factor for COVID-19 related hospitalization and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS RDW was measured as a predictor along with age, sex, chronic illnesses, and BMI in logistic regressions to predict hospitalization and mortality. Hospitalization and mortality odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RDW was evaluated separately as continuous and discrete (High RDW ≥ 14.5) variables. RESULTS Four thousand one hundred and sixty-eight patients were included in this study, where 824 patients (19.8%) had a high RDW value ≥14.5% (High RDW: 64.7% were female, mean age 58 years [±22] vs. Normal RDW: 60.2% female, mean age 46 years [±19]). Eight hundred and twenty-nine patients had a hospitalization, where the median time between positive PCR and hospital entry was 5 [IQR 1-18] days. Models were analyzed with RDW (continuous) and adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, and BMI suggested an OR of 1.242 [95% CI = 1.187-2.688] for hospitalization and an OR of 2.911 [95% CI = 1.928-4.395] for mortality (p < .001). RDW (discrete) with the same adjustments presented an OR of 2.232 [95% CI = 1.853-1.300] for hospitalization and an OR of 1.263 [95% CI = 1.166-1.368] for mortality (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS High RDW values obtained from community blood tests are associated with greater odds of hospitalization and mortality for patients with COVID-19.KEY MESSAGESRDW measures before SARS-CoV-2 infection is a predictive factor for hospitalization and mortality.RDW threshold of 14.5% provides high sensitivity and specificity for COVID-19 related mortality, comparatively to other blood tests.Patient records should be accessed by clinicians for prior RDW results, if available, followed by further monitoring.
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Mizrahi B, Lotan R, Kalkstein N, Peretz A, Perez G, Ben-Tov A, Chodick G, Gazit S, Patalon T. Correlation of SARS-CoV-2-breakthrough infections to time-from-vaccine. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6379. [PMID: 34737312 PMCID: PMC8569006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine was widely demonstrated. However, long term effectiveness is still unknown. Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we assessed the correlation between time-from-vaccine and incidence of breakthrough infection between June 1 and July 27, the date of analysis. After controlling for potential confounders as age and comorbidities, we found a significant 1.51 fold (95% CI, 1.38-1.66) increased risk for infection for early vaccinees compared to those vaccinated later that was similar across all ages groups. The increased risk reached 2.26- fold (95% CI, 1.80-3.01) when comparing those who were vaccinated in January to those vaccinated in April. This preliminary finding of vaccine waning as a factor of time from vaccince should prompt further investigations into long-term protection against different strains.
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Ben-Tov A, Banon T, Chodick G, Kariv R, Assa A, Gazit S. BNT162b2 Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Preliminary Real-World Data During Mass Vaccination Campaign. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1715-1717.e1. [PMID: 34224740 PMCID: PMC8252826 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Grupel D, Gazit S, Schreiber L, Nadler V, Wolf T, Lazar R, Supino-Rosin L, Perez G, Peretz A, Ben Tov A, Mizrahi-Reuveni M, Chodick G, Patalon T. Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG after BNT162b2 vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:5337-5340. [PMID: 34393018 PMCID: PMC8354802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deployment of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in Israel began in December 2020. This is a retrospective analysis of serological data, showing SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG kinetics in 116 Israeli health care workers receiving BNT162b2. Sero-conversion occurred in 14 days in all study participants, with IgG levels peaking approximately 30 days after initiation of the vaccination series. A statistically significant difference was observed in IgG levels between subjects younger than 50 years and older participants, although in all cases, IgG levels were well above the level considered reactive by the test's manufacturer. The importance of this difference needs to be studied further, but a potential difference in vaccine efficacy and vaccine effect length could possibly be present between these two groups.
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Shmueli E, Mansuri R, Porcilan M, Amir T, Yosha L, Yechezkel M, Patalon T, Handelman-Gotlib S, Gazit S, Yamin D. A multi-layer model for the early detection of COVID-19. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210284. [PMID: 34343454 PMCID: PMC8331231 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current COVID-19 screening efforts mainly rely on reported symptoms and the potential exposure to infected individuals. Here, we developed a machine-learning model for COVID-19 detection that uses four layers of information: (i) sociodemographic characteristics of the individual, (ii) spatio-temporal patterns of the disease, (iii) medical condition and general health consumption of the individual and (iv) information reported by the individual during the testing episode. We evaluated our model on 140 682 members of Maccabi Health Services who were tested for COVID-19 at least once between February and October 2020. These individuals underwent, in total, 264 516 COVID-19 PCR tests, out of which 16 512 were positive. Our multi-layer model obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 81.6% when evaluated over all the individuals in the dataset, and an AUC of 72.8% when only individuals who did not report any symptom were included. Furthermore, considering only information collected before the testing episode-i.e. before the individual had the chance to report on any symptom-our model could reach a considerably high AUC of 79.5%. Our ability to predict early on the outcomes of COVID-19 tests is pivotal for breaking transmission chains, and can be used for a more efficient testing policy.
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Chodick G, Tene L, Patalon T, Gazit S, Ben Tov A, Cohen D, Muhsen K. Assessment of Effectiveness of 1 Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Infection 13 to 24 Days After Immunization. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2115985. [PMID: 34097044 PMCID: PMC8185600 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The BNT162b2 vaccine showed high efficacy against COVID-19 in a phase III randomized clinical trial. A vaccine effectiveness evaluation in a real-world setting is needed. OBJECTIVE To assess the short-term effectiveness of the first dose of the BNT162b2-vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection 13 to 24 days after immunization in a real-world setting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This comparative effectiveness study used data from a 2.6 million-member state-mandated health care system in Israel. Participants included all individuals aged 16 years and older who received 1 dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine between December 19, 2020, and January 15, 2021. Data were analyzed in March 2021. EXPOSURE Receipt of 1 dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Information was collected regarding medical history and positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test and COVID-19 symptoms from 1 day after first vaccine to January 17, 2021. Daily and cumulative infection rates in days 13 to 24 were compared with days 1 to 12 after the first dose using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and generalized linear models. RESULTS Data for 503 875 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [14.7] years; 263 228 [52.4%] women) were analyzed, of whom 351 897 had follow-up data for days 13 to 24. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 2484 individuals (0.57%) during days 1 through 12 and 614 individuals (0.27%) in days 13 through 24. The weighted mean (SE) daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in days 1 through 12 was 43.41 (12.07) infections per 100 000 population and 21.08 (6.16) infections per 100 000 population in days 13 through 24, a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 51.4% (95% CI, 16.3%-71.8%). The decrease in incidence was evident from day 18 after the first dose. Similar RRRs were calculated in individuals aged 60 years or older (44.5%; 95% CI, 4.1%-67.9%), those younger than 60 years (50.2%; 95% CI, 14.1%-71.2%), women (50.0%; 95% CI, 13.5%-71.0%), and men (52.1%; 95% CI, 17.3%-72.2%). Findings were similar in subpopulations (eg, ultraorthodox Jewish: RRR, 53.5% [95% CI, 19.2%-73.2%]) and patients with various comorbidities (eg, cardiovascular diseases: RRR, 47.2% [95% CI, 7.8%-69.8%]). Vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 was 54.4% (95% CI, 21.4%-73.6%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this comparative effectiveness study of a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, results were comparable to that of the phase III randomized clinical trial.
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Chodick G, Tene L, Rotem RS, Patalon T, Gazit S, Ben-Tov A, Weil C, Goldshtein I, Twig G, Cohen D, Muhsen K. The effectiveness of the TWO-DOSE BNT162b2 vaccine: analysis of real-world data. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:472-478. [PMID: 33999127 PMCID: PMC8240867 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were shown to be highly efficacious in preventing the
disease in randomized controlled trials; nonetheless, evidence on the
real-world effectiveness of this vaccine is limited. Study objective was to
evaluate the effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2
infection and COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality. Methods This historical cohort study included members of a large health provider in
Israel that were vaccinated with at least one dose of BNT162b2. The primary
outcome was incidence rate of a SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed with rt-PCR,
between 7 to 27 days after second dose (protection-period), as compared to
days 1 to 7 after the first dose, where no protection by the vaccine is
assumed (reference-period). Results Data of 1,178,597 individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 were analyzed (mean
age 47.7 years [SD=18.1], 48.4% males) of whom 872,454 (74.0%) reached the
protection period. Overall, 4514 infections occurred during the reference
period compared to 728 during the protection period, yielding a weighted
mean daily incidence of 54.8 per 100,000 (95%CI: 26.1-115.0 per 100,000) and
5.4 per 100,000 (95%CI: 3.5-8.4 per 100,000), respectively. The vaccine
effectiveness in preventing infection was 90% (95%CI:79%- 95%) and 94%
(95%CI:88%-97%) against COVID-19. Among immunosuppressed patients, vaccine
effectiveness against infection was 71% (95%CI:37%-87%). The adjusted hazard
ratios for hospitalization in those infected were 0.82 (95%CI:0.36-1.88),
0.45 (95%CI:0.23-0.90), and 0.56 (95%CI:0.36-0.89) in the age groups 16-44,
45-64 and 75 and above, respectively. Conclusions The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine is comparable to the one reported
in the phase III clinical trial.
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Levine-Tiefenbrun M, Yelin I, Katz R, Herzel E, Golan Z, Schreiber L, Wolf T, Nadler V, Ben-Tov A, Kuint J, Gazit S, Patalon T, Chodick G, Kishony R. Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine. Nat Med 2021; 27:790-792. [PMID: 33782619 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Beyond their substantial protection of individual vaccinees, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines might reduce viral load in breakthrough infection and thereby further suppress onward transmission. In this analysis of a real-world dataset of positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results after inoculation with the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine, we found that the viral load was substantially reduced for infections occurring 12-37 d after the first dose of vaccine. These reduced viral loads hint at a potentially lower infectiousness, further contributing to vaccine effect on virus spread.
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Sidorenko P, Dikopoltsev A, Zahavy T, Lahav O, Gazit S, Shechtman Y, Szameit A, Tannor DJ, Eldar YC, Segev M, Cohen O. Improving techniques for diagnostics of laser pulses by compact representations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:8920-8934. [PMID: 31052703 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.008920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate, numerically and experimentally, use of sparsity as prior information for extending the capabilities and performance of techniques and devices for laser pulse diagnostics. We apply the concept of sparsity in three different applications. First, we improve a photodiode-oscilloscope system's resolution for measuring the intensity structure of laser pulses. Second, we demonstrate the intensity profile reconstruction of ultrashort laser pulses from intensity autocorrelation measurements. Finally, we use a sparse representation of pulses (amplitudes and phases) to retrieve measured pulses from incomplete spectrograms of cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating traces.
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Gazit S, Elkana O, Dawidowicz L, Yeshayahu L, Biran I. Downwards Vertical Attention Bias in Conversion Disorder vs Controls: A Pilot Study. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 58:633-642. [PMID: 28844417 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversion disorder (CD) is a largely enigmatic disorder, one that requires a thorough ruling-out process. Prior research suggests that metaphors and conceptualization are rooted in physical experience, and that we interpret our affective world through metaphors. Spatial metaphors (interaction of affect and vertical space) are a prominent example of the grounding of metaphors. This is a relatively unpaved direction of research of CD. OBJECTIVES The present pilot study sought to explore this view by investigating the "healthy is up, sick is down" spatial metaphors (e.g., "fell ill" and "top shape") in patients with CD, examining the correlation between the processing of bodily-related words, CD, and vertical space. We hypothesized that patients with CD, who experience their bodies as ill, will demonstrate a downwards bias when processing bodily-related words; corresponding to the "healthy is up, sick is down" spatial metaphor. METHODS A total of 8 female patients (ages M-38.13 SD-10.44) and 42 female controls (ages M-36.4 SD-14.57) performed a visual attention task. Participants were asked to identify a spatial probe at the top or the bottom of a screen, following either a bodily related (e.g., arm) or non-bodily related (e.g., clock) prime word. RESULTS As predicted, when processing bodily-related words, patients with CD demonstrated a downwards attention bias. Moreover, the higher the patient's level of somatization, the faster the patient detected lower (vs upper) spatial targets. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the changed health paradigm of patients with CD is grounded in sensorimotor perception. Further research could propose new diagnostic and treatment options for CD.
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Stern RA, Eisenstein D, Voet H, Gazit S. Anatomical structure of two day old litchi ovules in relation to fruit set and yield. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14620316.1996.11515446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Szameit A, Shechtman Y, Osherovich E, Bullkich E, Sidorenko P, Dana H, Steiner S, Kley EB, Gazit S, Cohen-Hyams T, Shoham S, Zibulevsky M, Yavneh I, Eldar YC, Cohen O, Segev M. Sparsity-based single-shot subwavelength coherent diffractive imaging. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:455-9. [PMID: 22466747 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI) is an algorithmic imaging technique where intricate features are reconstructed from measurements of the freely diffracting intensity pattern. An important goal of such lensless imaging methods is to study the structure of molecules that cannot be crystallized. Ideally, one would want to perform CDI at the highest achievable spatial resolution and in a single-shot measurement such that it could be applied to imaging of ultrafast events. However, the resolution of current CDI techniques is limited by the diffraction limit, hence they cannot resolve features smaller than one half the wavelength of the illuminating light. Here, we present sparsity-based single-shot subwavelength resolution CDI: algorithmic reconstruction of subwavelength features from far-field intensity patterns, at a resolution several times better than the diffraction limit. This work paves the way for subwavelength CDI at ultrafast rates, and it can considerably improve the CDI resolution with X-ray free-electron lasers and high harmonics.
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Perkas N, Amirian G, Dubinsky S, Gazit S, Gedanken A. Ultrasound-assisted coating of nylon 6,6 with silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lavi U, Sharon D, Tomer E, Adato A, Gazit S. CONVENTIONAL AND MODERN BREEDING OF MANGO CULTIVARS AND ROOTSTOCKS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.1993.341.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lavi U, Lahav E, Degani C, Gazit S. Genetics of Skin Color, Flowering Group, and Anise Scent in Avocado. J Hered 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Litz RE, Knight RL, Gazit S. Somatic embryos from culture ovules of polyembryonic Mangifera indica L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1982; 1:264-266. [PMID: 24257771 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovules were aseptically removed from 2 month old fruits of 9 naturally polyembryonic cultivars and 1 monoembryonic cultivar of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Ovules were placed into culture on solid Murashige and Skoog medium that had been modified by the addition of half strength major salts and chelated iron, 6% sucrose, 400 mg/l glutamine, 100 mg/l ascorbic acid with or without the following growth regulators: 20% (v/v) CW, 1 or 2 mg/1 BA. Somatic embryogenesis occurred from the nucellus excised from the ovules of 5 of the naturally polyembryonic cultivars after 1-2 months in culture. Somatic embryogenesis was not apparently affected by the growth regulator composition of the media; however, efficient somatic embryogenesis only occurred in liquid containing 20% CW.
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Tomer E, Gazit S. Early Stages in Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Fruit Development: Anatomical Aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1086/337091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gazit S. Dimensional changes in glass-filled epoxy resin as a result of absorption of atmospheric moisture. J Appl Polym Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/app.1978.070221219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kadman A, Gazit S, Ziv G. SELECTION OF MANGO ROOTSTOCKS FOR ADVERSE WATER AND SOIL CONDITIONS IN ARID AREAS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.1976.57.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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