Molecular cloning, sequencing and tissue-level expression of complement C3 of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Complement component C3 plays a central role in all known complement activation pathways. In the present study, we cloned, sequenced and analyzed the full-length cDNA sequence of Labeo rohita complement C3 (LRC3). The expression pattern of complement C3 mRNA in different tissues of healthy rohu and after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila were evaluated using real-time PCR. The LRC3 cDNA sequence of rohu comprised of 5081 bp encoding a predicted protein of 1645 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence had the characteristic domain architecture. About eight domains specific to complement C3 are present in the sequence starting from signal peptide to netrin C345C (NTR) domain. The post-translational processing signal sequence (RKRR), the C3-convertase cleavage site sequence (LAR) and the canonical thiol-ester motif (GCGEQ) were found to be conserved in the LRC3. Real-time PCR analysis revealed the highest expression of C3 in liver and extra-hepatic expression of C3 was also observed in all the tissues studied. A. hydrophila challenge resulted in significant up-regulated expression of C3 transcripts in both liver and kidney at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection.

A clinical audit of the management of acute asthmatic attacks in adults and children presenting to an emergency department

OBJECTIVE

To compare the guidelines in the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) acute asthma management protocol with actual practice in the Accident and Emergency Department.

METHODS

A prospective docket audit was done of all consecutive medical records of patients, presenting with a diagnosed acute asthmatic attack between June 1 and September 30, 2010, to the emergency department of the UHWI. A convenient sample was used. The audit tool used was created from the UHWI protocol for the emergency management of asthma in adults and children, as well as the British Adult Asthma Audit Tool. The audit tool assessed three main sections: initial assessment, initial management, and discharge considerations. Data were coded and entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 and statistical analyses conducted using Stata version 10. Management patterns were compared to the actual protocol and then discussed.

RESULTS

A total of 15 864 patients were seen during the study period. Of these, a total of 293 patients were seen for a presentation of acute asthma. More females (57.3%) than males were seen, with the mean age of 33.53 years. Only 31% of patients were given a severity assessment of mild, moderate, or severe. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was attempted and recorded in 62%, but only 18.1% of patients had both pre and post PEFR done. Only 4.4% of patients were administered nebulizations within the suggested time frame. Positively, 94.2% of patients were given a prescription for inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators to continue post-discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Acute asthma management still remains an area of medical practice that continues to have long-standing difficulties. Failure to assess and document the severity of asthma attacks along with the under-utilization of PEFR was noted.

Acclimation of brackish water pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to various salinities: relative changes in abundance of branchial Na(+)/K (+)-ATPase and Na (+)/K (+)/2Cl (-) co-transporter in relation to osmoregulatory parameters

The present study was conducted to elucidate the osmoregulatory ability of the fish pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to know the scope of this species for aquaculture under various salinities. Juvenile pearl spot were divided into three groups and acclimated to freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) or seawater (SW) for 15 days. The fish exhibited effective salinity tolerance under osmotic challenges. Although the plasma osmolality and Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) levels increased with the increasing salinities, the parameters remained within the physiological range. The muscle water contents were constant among FW-, BW- and SW-acclimated fish. Two Na+/K+-ATPase α-isoforms (NKA α) were expressed in gills during acclimation in FW, BW and SW. Abundance of one isoform was up-regulated in response to seawater acclimation, suggesting its role in ion secretion similar to NKA α1b, while expression of another isoform was simultaneously up-regulated in response to both FW and SW acclimation, suggesting the presence of isoforms switching phenomenon during acclimation to different salinities. Nevertheless, NKA enzyme activities in the gills of the SW and FW individuals were higher (p < 0.05) than in BW counterparts. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunoreactive (NKA-IR) cells were mainly distributed in the interlamellar region of the gill filaments in FW groups and in the apical portion of the filaments in BW and SW groups. The number of NKA-IR cells in the gills of the FW-acclimated fish was almost similar to that of SW individuals, which exceeded that of the BW individuals. The NKA-IR cells of BW and SW were bigger in size than their FW counterparts. Besides, the relative abundance of branchial Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) co-transporter showed stronger evidence in favor of involvement of this protein in hypo-osmoregulation, requiring ion secretion by the chloride cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the wide salinity tolerance of E. suratensis involving differential activation of ion transporters and thereby suggesting its potential as candidate for fish farming under different external salinities.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been found to be associated with lymphoma, papillary carcinoma and Hürthle cell neoplasms of thyroid. In contrast, there are only a few reports of co-existence of HT with medullary carcinoma of thyroid. An overall prevalence of medullary carcinoma of only 0.35% has been reported in HT patients. Such a rare combination is being presented here. A 33 year old female presented with history of goiter for one year. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the swelling revealed cytological features suggestive of medullary carcinoma of thyroid. Histopathological examination of total thyroidectomy specimen revealed Hashimoto's thyroiditis along with medullary carcinoma of thyroid. Although Hashimoto's thyroiditis can uncommonly co-exist with thyroid neoplasm, its association with medullary carcinoma is extremely rare and hence being presented.

Pregnancy outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia patients on imatinib therapy

INTRODUCTION

Imatinib is a first-line therapy to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We selected 22 CML cases of pregnancies and reported 9 accidental and 13 planned pregnancies that were on imatinib therapy. Willing female patients remaining in complete hematological, cytogenetic and major molecular responses for at least 2 years planned for pregnancy and were advised to stop imatinib for 1 month prior to conception and 3 months after conception (first trimester). Willing male patients stopped therapy 1 month prior to conception of their wives. In unplanned cases, all patients were in exposure to imatinib during conception. Twenty-two pregnancies resulted in seven male children and eight female children. There were three spontaneous abortions and four elective abortions along with one case of hypospadia and another one of mild hydrocephalus.

CONCLUSION

We may suggest that planned pregnancy during therapy may be encouraged but imatinib therapy in unplanned pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion or congenital anomaly.

Chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT): novel combinatorial approach for preventing and treating pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest of all cancers despite aggressive surgical treatment combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Chemoresistance and radioresistance are the principal causes of failure of pancreatic cancer patients to respond to therapy. Conditionally replication competent adenovirus (CRCA)-based cancer gene therapy is an innovative strategy for treating cancers displaying inherent resistance to treatment. Limitations of current adenovirus (Ad)-based gene therapies for malignant tumors include lack of cancer-specificity, and effective and targeted delivery. To remedy this situation, CRCAs have been designed that express E1A, necessary for Ad replication, under the control of a cancer-specific progression elevated gene-3 promoter (PEG-Prom) with concomitant expression of an immunomodulatory cytokine, such as mda-7/IL-24 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), under the control of a ubiquitous and strong cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV-Prom) from the E3 region. These bipartite CRCAs, when armed with a transgene, are called cancer terminator viruses (CTVs), i.e., Ad.PEG-E1A-CMV-mda-7 (CTV-M7) and Ad.PEG-E1A-CMV-IFN-γ (CTV-γ), because of their universal effectiveness in cancer treatment irrespective of p53/pRb/p16 or other genetic alterations in tumor cells. In addition to their selective oncolytic effects in tumor cells, the potent 'bystander antitumor' properties of MDA-7/IL-24 and IFN-γ embody the CTVs with expanded treatment properties for both primary and distant cancers. Pancreatic cancer cells display a "translational block" of mda-7/IL-24 mRNA, limiting production of MDA-7/IL-24 protein and cancer-specific apoptosis. Specific chemopreventive agents abrogate this "translational block" resulting in pancreatic cancer-specific killing. This novel chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) strategy holds promise for both prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancers where all other strategies have proven ineffective.

Serum uric acid: an early indicator of oxidative stress in beta thalassemia population

Iron induced alteration in the redox balance is a major complication in the beta thalassemia major patients receiving regular blood transfusion. Variable degrees of association between uric acid level with the free iron and its storage form ferritin in thalassemic patients are suggested to play a significant role in this alteration by an unclear mechanism. In the present study, we made an effort to analyze the association of serum uric acid with oxidative stress and to evaluate the predictive value of serum iron, serum ferritin and serum uric acid level on oxidative stress induced lipid peroxidation in beta thalassemic patients. For this we assayed these parameters in 61 patients of β thalassemia major and 51 age and sex matched controls of a rural area of West Bengal. Serum TBARS, serum Uric acid, serum Ferritin and serum Iron levels were significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.001 for all of them). Significant correlations existed between serum levels of TBARS, Uric acid, Ferritin and Iron levels in the patient group whereas only serum TBARS levels showed significant correlation with serum iron level in the control group. Regression analysis revealed that uric acid levels have a better predictive value (β=0.3, p=0.001) than serum ferritin value (β=0.013, p=0.871) for indicating TBARS production.

Does follistatin gene have any direct role in the manifestation of polycystic ovary syndrome in Indian women?

BACKGROUND

Out of a panel of 37 candidate genes tested for linkage with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the strongest evidence of linkage was reported in the follistatin (FST) gene region. Subsequently, a couple of studies outside India investigated the FST gene for the presence of any mutations and its association with PCOS and the results were found to be largely inconsistent probably due to differences in the ethnic backgrounds and small sample sizes.

AIMS

To screen the FST gene for mutations and to establish their association pattern with PCOS among a large cohort of South Indian women.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

Case-control study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PCOS cases were recruited according to the 2003 Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. All the exons of the FST gene were amplified and analyzed in all the cases and controls for the presence of mutations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing.

RESULTS

A total of 549 women consisting of 250 PCOS cases and 299 controls were recruited for the study. No mutations were found in any of the exons of the FST gene in our Indian sample which is consistent with an earlier finding among the Asian women from Singapore. Although three of the four cohorts of Caucasian background studied earlier reported variants, none of them could establish a strong association with PCOS.

CONCLUSIONS

The occurrence of the exonic variants of FST gene seems to be dependent on the ethnic background of the subjects under study and its role in the PCOS pathophysiology cannot be established with hitherto available evidence.

Alterations in serum electrolytes, antioxidative enzymes and haematological parameters of Labeo rohita on short-term exposure to sublethal dose of nitrite

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of short-term exposure to sublethal levels of nitrite on electrolyte regulation, antioxidative enzymes and haematological parameters in Labeo rohita juveniles. The fishes were exposed to graded levels of nitrite (0-15 mg l(-1)) for different duration (0, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h). The 96-h LC(50) value for L. rohita (avg. wt, 66.5 ± 0.5 g) was found to be 11.28 mg l(-1). Activities of antioxidative enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and methaemoglobin reductase, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), haematological parameters and blood glucose level significantly varied (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. With increasing nitrite concentration and exposure period, a progressive reduction in the total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin were observed. With increase in nitrite concentration, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in activities was evidenced in catalase and superoxide dismutase in liver as well as gill, methaemoglobin reductase in blood, while progressive decline in AChE activity in brain was recorded. The serum sodium and chloride content showed a progressive decline, while potassium showed an increasing trend upon increase in nitrite concentration. The serum K(+) and Cl(-) after 96-h exposure demonstrated a linear relationship (Y = 0.221x + 2.542, R (2) = 0.938, P < 0.01 and Y = -5.760x + 129.5, R (2) = 0.952, P < 0.01, respectively) with nitrite concentrations. This study revealed that nitrite exposure causes alteration in all measured tissue enzymes, serum electrolytes and haematological parameters.

Heme binds to factor VIII and inhibits its interaction with activated factor IX

BACKGROUND

Heme is a redox active macrocyclic compound that is released upon tissue damage or hemorrhages. The extracellular release of large amounts of heme saturates scavenging heme-binding proteins. Free heme has been proposed to affect coagulation and has been co-purified with the factor VIII (FVIII)-von Willebrand factor (VWF) complex. The sites from which heme is released upon injury overlap with the sites to which FVIII is targeted for performing its hemostatic functions.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the interaction of heme with FVIII and the consequence for the procoagulant activity of FVIII in vitro.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Heme bound to several sites on FVIII with high apparent affinity. Heme-binding inhibited FVIII procoagulant activity in a dose-dependent manner. FVIII inactivation in the presence of saturating amounts of heme implicated a reduced interaction of FVIII with activated FIX, as shown by ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence quenching. Heme-mediated inactivation of FVIII was prevented by VWF, but not by human serum albumin, a heme-binding protein known for its protective activity in hemolytic conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data identify FVIII as a novel heme-binding protein. Occupation of high affinity heme-binding sites on FVIII at low concentrations of free heme did not inactivate FVIII. Conversely, large molar excesses of heme over FVIII, which correspond to conditions of extensive heme release, inhibited FVIII activity in vitro. It remains to be demonstrated whether, under such conditions, heme-mediated modulation of the activity of FVIII plays some role in the regulation of coagulation.

Aβ(1-42) assembly in the presence of scyllo-inositol derivatives: identification of an oxime linkage as important for the development of assembly inhibitors

To identify a lead skeleton structure for optimization of scyllo-inositol-based inhibitors of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) aggregation, we have synthesized aldoxime, hydroxamate, carbamate, and amide linked scyllo-inositol derivatives. These structures represent backbones that can be readily expanded into a wide array of derivatives. They also provide conservative modifications of the scyllo-inositol backbone, as they maintain the display of the equatorial polar atoms, preserving the stereochemical requirement necessary for maximum inhibition of Aβ(1-42) fiber formation. In addition, a reliable work plan for screening derivatives was developed in order to preferentially identify a backbone(s) structure that prevents fibrillogenesis and stabilizes nontoxic small molecular weight oligomers, as we have previously reported for scyllo-inositol. In the present studies, we have adapted a high throughput ELISA-based oligomerization assay followed by atomic force microscopy to validate the results screen compounds. The lead compounds were then tested for toxicity and ability to rescue Aβ(1-42) induced toxicity in vitro and the affinity of the compounds for Aβ(1-42) compared by mass spectrometry. The data to suggest that compounds must maintain a planar conformation to exhibit activity similar to scyllo-inositol and that the oxime derivative represents the lead backbone for future development.

Prevalence, types, clinical associations, and determinants of peripheral neuropathy in rheumatoid patients

Background:

Rheumatoid arthritis is a multi-system autoimmune disorder predominantly involving multiple small and large joints along with certain extra-articular manifestations. The presence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis contributes significantly to the functional limitation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives:

To study the prevalence, types, and determinants of peripheral neuropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Materials and Methods:

We studied 74 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of at least 2 year duration for the presence of peripheral neuropathy both clinically and electrophysiologically. The data obtained were entered into a database and continuous variables were analyzed using the Student t test and categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test.

Results:

Peripheral neuropathy was detected in 39.19% (29 out of 74 patients) patients on electrophysiologic testing and 82.76% (24 out of 29 patients) of the patients were asymptomatic. There was significant association between the presence of peripheral neuropathy and disease duration and rheumatoid factor positivity by the latex agglutination method. Sensory neuropathy was the most common form detected.

Conclusions:

Our study shows that subclinical peripheral neuropathy particularly sensory neuropathy which is not related to disease severity is very common in patients with prolonged disease duration.

Cold plasma selectivity and the possibility of a paradigm shift in cancer therapy

Background:

Plasma is an ionised gas that is typically generated in high-temperature laboratory conditions. However, recent progress in atmospheric plasmas has led to the creation of cold plasmas with ion temperature close to room temperature.

Methods:

Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies revealed that cold plasmas selectively kill cancer cells.

Results:

We show that: (a) cold plasma application selectively eradicates cancer cells in vitro without damaging normal cells; and (b) significantly reduces tumour size in vivo. It is shown that reactive oxygen species metabolism and oxidative stress responsive genes are deregulated.

Conclusion:

The development of cold plasma tumour ablation has the potential of shifting the current paradigm of cancer treatment and enabling the transformation of cancer treatment technologies by utilisation of another state of matter.

Imatinib mesylate therapy in patients of chronic myeloid leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome positive: an experience from eastern India

Imatinib inhibits constitutively active BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In a long term study it was found superior to interferon alfa plus cytarabine for newly diagnosed CML in the chronic phase. However, till date there is no major study to evaluate eastern Indian CML patients treated with imatinib mesylate. The aim of our study was to see the efficacy, tolerability, toxicity and safety of imatinib in eastern Indian subset of CML population. The present study enrolled 831 patients with CML out of which 197 were excluded due to various reasons of noncompliance, death and not being fit to receive the drug. The rest, 634 (76% of total enrolled) were selected for the evaluation. In the beginning of the study, 603 patients were in chronic phase, 27 in accelerated phase and 4 patients in blast crisis phase. Among 634 patients, 280 patients (44%) received previously either interferon alpha or hydroxyurea and other 354 patients (56%) were previously untreated. Complete hematological remission and major cytogenetic response were 91 and 67%, respectively after 1 year of treatment. Complete molecular remission was 35% after 1 year of treatment. Sixty-four patients (10.1%) were resistant to imatinib mesylate in 5 years. The disease free and overall survival at 60 months were 72.2 and 76.1% respectively. After 60 months of follow up, continuous treatment of chronic phase CML with imatinib as initial therapy was found to be safe and able to induce durable responses in a high proportion of patients.

Assessing cold chain status in a metro city of India: an intervention study

BACKGROUND

Cold chain maintenance is an essential activity to maintain the potency of vaccines and to prevent adverse events following immunization. One baseline study highlighted the unsatisfactory cold chain status in city of Kolkata in India.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the changes which occurred in the cold chain status after the intervention undertaken to improve the status and also to assess the awareness of the cold chain handlers regarding cold chain maintenance.

METHODS

Intervention consisted of reorganization of cold chain points and training of health manpower in Kolkata Municipal area regarding immunization and cold chain following the guidelines as laid by Govt of India. Reevaluation of cold chain status was done at 20 institutions selected by stratified systematic random sampling after the intervention. The results were compared with baseline survey.

RESULTS

Significant improvement had been observed in correct placing of cold chain equipment, maintenance of stock security, orderly placing of ice packs, diluents and vaccines inside the equipment, temperature recording and maintenance. But awareness and skill of cold chain handlers regarding basics of cold chain maintenance was not satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONS

The success of intervention included significant improvement of cold chain status including creation of a designated cold chain handler. The gaps lay in non-availability of non-electrical cold chain equipment and separate cold chain room, policy makers should stress. Cold chain handlers need reorientation training regarding heat & cold sensitive vaccines, preventive maintenance and correct contingency plan.

Which Clustering Do You Want? Inducing Your Ideal Clustering with Minimal Feedback

While traditional research on text clustering has largely focused on grouping documents by topic, it is conceivable that a user may want to cluster documents along other dimensions, such as the author's mood, gender, age, or sentiment. Without knowing the user's intention, a clustering algorithm will only group documents along the most prominent dimension, which may not be the one the user desires. To address the problem of clustering documents along the user-desired dimension, previous work has focused on learning a similarity metric from data manually annotated with the user's intention or having a human construct a feature space in an interactive manner during the clustering process. With the goal of reducing reliance on human knowledge for fine-tuning the similarity function or selecting the relevant features required by these approaches, we propose a novel active clustering algorithm, which allows a user to easily select the dimension along which she wants to cluster the documents by inspecting only a small number of words. We demonstrate the viability of our algorithm on a variety of commonly-used sentiment datasets.

Tubo-ovarian Actinomycosis: a case report with brief review of literature

Pelvic actinomycosis is an uncommon condition, often associated with the use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). Pelvic actinomycosis is rare accounting for 3% of all human actinomycotic infections. Ovarian actinomycosis is even rarer. Here, we present a 24-year-old woman using an IUCD for 3 1 / 2 years with right-sided adnexal mass, which was diagnosed postoperatively as tubo-ovarian actinomycosis. Many times, an appropriate management is overlooked or delayed due to its non-specific and variable clinical and radiological features. Sometimes, it can even mimic an advanced pelvic malignancy. Therefore, the gynecologist should consider the possibility of this infection to spare the patient from morbidity of radical surgical procedure.

Ultrastructural alterations of the tegument of Raillietina echinobothrida treated with the stem bark of Acacia oxyphylla (Leguminosae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The stem bark of Acacia oxyphylla Graham ex Bentham is used as an anthelmintic by the natives of Mizoram (North-East India).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was performed to evaluate whether or not the plant-derived components caused any ultrastructural changes in the tegumental interface of the parasite.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The test parasite Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl, was exposed to the ethanolic crude extract and acetone fraction of stem bark of Acacia oxyphylla for varying concentrations and time duration and processed for transmission electron microscopy as soon as paralysis set in the treated parasites.

RESULTS

Treatment with crude alcoholic extract and its acetone fraction revealed complete inactivation and flaccid paralysis of the cestode, which was soon followed by death. The treated parasites also exhibited intense vacuolization of the tegumental layers along with complete disorganization and/or erosion of microtriches.

CONCLUSIONS

Considerable structural alterations in the treated parasites are suggestive of an efficient vermicidal activity of the Acacia oxyphylla stem bark-derived botanicals against cestodes.

Splenic marginal zone antigen-presenting cells are critical for the primary allo-immune response to therapeutic factor VIII in hemophilia A

BACKGROUND

Alloimmune responses to intravenously administered protein therapeutics are the most common cause of failure of replacement therapy in patients with defective levels of endogenous proteins. Such a situation is encountered in some patients with hemophilia A, who develop inhibitory anti-factor (F)VIII alloantibodies after administration of FVIII to treat hemorrhages.

OBJECTIVES

The nature of the secondary lymphoid organs involved in the initiation of immune responses to human therapeutic has not been studied. We therefore investigated this in the case of FVIII, a self-derived exogenous protein therapeutic.

METHODS

The distribution of intravenously administered FVIII was followed after FVIII-deficient mice were injected with radiolabeled FVIII and using immunohistochemistry. The role of the spleen and antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the onset of the anti-FVIII immune response was analyzed upon splenectomy or treatment of the mice with APC-depleting compounds.

RESULTS

FVIII preferentially accumulated in the spleen at the level of metallophilic macrophages in the marginal zone (MZ). Surgical removal of the spleen or selective in vivo depletion of macrophages and CD11c-positive CD8 alpha-negative dendritic cells resulted in a drastic reduction in anti-FVIII immune responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Using FVIII-deficient mice as a model for patients with hemophilia A, and human pro-coagulant FVIII as a model for immunogenic self-derived protein therapeutics, our results highlight the importance of the spleen and MZ APCs in the initiation of immune responses to protein therapeutics. Identification of the receptors implicated in retention of protein therapeutics in the MZ may pave the way towards novel strategies aimed at reducing their immunogenicity.

Present status of understanding on the genetic etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age with a prevalence of approximately 7-10% worldwide. PCOS reflects multiple potential aetiologies and variable clinical manifestations. This syndrome is characterized by serious health implications such as diabetes, coronary heart diseases and cancer and also leads to infertility. PCOS can be viewed as a heterogeneous androgen excess disorder with varying degrees of reproductive and metabolic abnormalities determined by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. In this paper, we have attempted a comprehensive review of primarily molecular genetic studies done so far on PCOS. We have also covered the studies focusing on the environmental factors and impact of ethnicity on the presentation of this syndrome. A large number of studies have been attempted to understand the aetiological mechanisms behind PCOS both at the clinical and molecular genetic levels. In the Indian context, majority of the PCOS studies have been confined to the clinical dimensions. However, a concrete genetic mechanism behind the manifestation of PCOS is yet to be ascertained. Understanding of this complex disorder requires comprehensive studies incorporating relatively larger homogenous samples for genetic analysis and taking into account the ethnicity and the environmental conditions of the population/cohort under study. Research focused on these aspects may provide better understanding on the genetic etiology and the interaction between genes and environment, which may help develop new treatment methods and possible prevention of the syndrome.

Interactions of bacterial polysaccharides with cationic dyes: physicochemical studies

Capsular polysaccharides (SPS) are an integral component of gram-negative bacteria, and also have potential use as vaccine. In this paper, interactions of SPS isolated from Klebsiella strains K20 and K51 with cationic dyes pinacyanol chloride (PCYN) and acridine orange (AO) were studied by absorbance and fluorescence measurements. Both the polysaccharides having glucuronic acid as the potential anionic site induced strong metachromasy (blue shift approximately 100 nm) in the PCYN. The spectral changes were studied at different polymer/dye molar ratios (P/D = 0-40). A complete reversal of metachromasy was observed upon addition of co-solvents, suggesting the breakaway of dye molecules from the biopolymer matrix. Binding constant, changes in free energy, enthalpy and entropy of the dye polymer complex were also computed from the spectral data at different temperatures to reveal the nature of the interaction. Quenching of fluorescence of AO by the polymers and the incorporated mechanisms were also explored.

Improving indoor air quality for poor families: a controlled experiment in Bangladesh

The World Health Organization's 2004 Global and Regional Burden of Disease Report estimates that acute respiratory infections from indoor air pollution (pollution from burning wood, animal dung, and other bio-fuels) kill a million children annually in developing countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll on poor families in South Asia and Africa. This paper reports on an experiment that studied the use of different fuels in conjunction with different combinations of construction materials, space configurations, cooking locations, and household ventilation practices (use of doors and windows) as potentially-important determinants of indoor air pollution. Results from controlled experiments in Bangladesh were analyzed to test whether changes in these determinants can have significant effects on indoor air pollution. Analysis of the data shows, for example, that pollution from the cooking area is transported into living spaces rapidly and completely. Furthermore, it is important to factor in the interaction between outdoor and indoor air pollution. Hence, the optimal cooking location should take 'seasonality' in account. Among fuels, seasonal conditions seem to affect the relative severity of pollution from wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. However, there is no ambiguity about their collective impact. All are far dirtier than clean (LPG and Kerosene) fuels. The analysis concludes that if cooking with clean fuels is not possible, then building the kitchen with permeable construction material and providing proper ventilation in cooking areas will yield a better indoor health environment.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

Several village-level measures could significantly reduce IAP exposure in Bangladesh. All would require arrangements and the assert of male heads-of-household: negotiated bulk purchases of higher cost, cleaner fuels; purchase of more fuel-efficient stoves; peripheral location of cooking facilities; building the kitchen with permeable construction material; rotation of women in cooking roles, to reduce their exposure; and ventilation of smoke through a stack tall enough to disperse smoke over a relatively broad area. It is expected that village men and women will agree to these measures if they become convinced that IAP poses a serious risk to health, and their actions will significantly reduce the risk. The keys to success are effective public education about the sources and risks of IAP, and financial and technical assistance for changes in cooking arrangements.

Precipitation of cetyl (hexadecyl) pyridineum chloride using mono and divalent oxyanions

Experimental investigations have been carried out to observe the performance of precipitation behavior of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in cetyl (hexadecyl) pyridineum chloride (CPC) solution. As in the case of Al3+-dodecylbenzenesulfonate systems [P. Somasundaran, K.P. Anathapadmanabhan, M.S. Celik, Langmuir 4 (1988) 1061-1063], the precipitation is found to be caused by interaction of CPC micelles with oxyanions. The counter oxyanions have a strong tendency to bind themselves to the surface of cationic CPC micelles. This lowered the free oxyanion concentration in solution. Therefore, to start precipitation, higher oxyanion concentration is required for higher CPC concentration. The effects of temperature, concentrations of both counter ions and CPC on the precipitation have been studied in detail. It has been observed that at CPC to KMnO4 concentration ratio of 1.0 (concentration of CPC and KMnO4 is 400ppm), the percentage precipitation of CPC is around 99.3 at 30 degrees C. The percent precipitation of CPC decreases to about 94% when temperature increases to 70 degrees C at the same condition. The extent of CPC precipitation increases at the same experimental condition when K2Cr2O7 is used instead of KMnO4.

A nanoparticulate indium tin oxide field-effect transistor with solid electrolyte gating

Reversible tuning of the transport properties of metallic conducting systems is not reported widely in the literature. Here, we report a junction field-effect transistor (FET) based on a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanoparticle channel and a solid polymer electrolyte as a gate. The device principle is based on the variation of the drain current induced by the capacitive double layer charging at the electrolyte/nanoparticle interfaces. A device with a metallic conducting channel made of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles exhibits an on/off ratio of 2 × 10(3) even when the gate potential is limited within the electrochemical capacitive region to avoid redox reactions at the interface. An FET device with metal-like conductance is always favored for the low dimensions of the device and a high on-state current. The field-effect mobility is calculated to be 24.3 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). A subthreshold swing between 230 and 425 mV dec(-1) is observed.