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Zhang G, Dong K, Liu J, Zhou W. Prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment of patients with gastric cancer by a novel senescence-related signature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30927. [PMID: 36221394 PMCID: PMC9543082 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular senescence is a stable state of cell cycle arrest that plays a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer progression. Nevertheless, the accurate prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) is complicated to predict due to tumor heterogeneity. The work aimed to build a novel prognostic model in GC. METHODS LASSO and Cox regression analysis were constructed to develop a prognostic senescence-related signature. The Gene Expression Omnibus dataset was used for external validation of signature. Afterward, we performed correlation analysis for the risk score and the infiltrating abundance of immune cells, TME scores, drug response, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and immunotherapy efficacy. RESULTS Five senescence-related genes (AKR1B1, CTNNAL1, DUSP16, PLA2R1, and ZFP36) were screened to build a signature. The high-risk group had a shorter overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and progression-free survival when compared to the low-risk group. We further constructed a nomogram based on risk score and clinical traits, which can predict the prognosis of GC patients more accurately. Moreover, the risk score was evidently correlated with infiltration of immune cells, TME score, TMB, TIDE score, and chemotherapy sensitivity. Meanwhile, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway showed that the PI3K-Akt and Wnt signaling pathway were differentially enriched in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS The senescence-related signature was an accurate tool to guide the prognosis and might promote the progress of personalized treatment.
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Comakli V, Adem S, Oztekin A, Demirdag R. Screening inhibitory effects of selected flavonoids on human recombinant aldose reductase enzyme: in vitro and in silico study. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1368-1374. [PMID: 32463711 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1771377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is the first enzyme of the polyol pathway that has physiological importance under hyperglycaemic conditions. The article has been focussed on AR enzyme inhibition by selected compounds. For this purpose, the in vitro inhibitory effects of various compounds on commercially available recombinant human AR (rAR) enzyme activity were investigated. The IC50 values of compounds on rAR inhibition effect were found for 6-hydroxy flavone, syringic acid, diosmetin, 6-fluoroflavone, 7-hydroxy-4'-nitroisoflavone, myricetin as 2.05, 2.97, 15.75, 16.1, 49.5, and 63 µM, respectively. 6-Hydroxy flavone and syringic acid competitively inhibited rAR with respect to the NADPH with Ki values 0.509 ± 0.036 and 0.842 ± 0.012 µM. In addition, docking studies were performed to evaluate the potential enzyme binding positions of the compounds. Our in vitro and in silico results indicated that the 6-hydroxy flavone may be a good lead compound in the development of AR inhibitors to prevent diabetic complications.
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Hernández-Díazcouder A, González-Ramírez J, Sanchez F, Leija-Martínez JJ, Martínez-Coronilla G, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Sánchez-Muñoz F. Negative Effects of Chronic High Intake of Fructose on Lung Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194089. [PMID: 36235741 PMCID: PMC9571075 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the modern diet, excessive fructose intake (>50 g/day) had been driven by the increase, in recent decades, of the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This phenomenon has dramatically increased within the Caribbean and Latin American regions. Epidemiological studies show that chronic high intake of fructose related to sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of developing several non-communicable diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and may also contribute to the exacerbation of lung diseases, such as COVID-19. Evidence supports several mechanisms—such as dysregulation of the renin−angiotensin system, increased uric acid production, induction of aldose reductase activity, production of advanced glycation end-products, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway—that can be implicated in lung damage. This review addresses how these pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms may explain the lung damage resulting from high intake of fructose.
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Martiz RM, Patil SM, Thirumalapura Hombegowda D, Shbeer AM, Alqadi T, Al-Ghorbani M, Ramu R, Prasad A. Phyto-Computational Intervention of Diabetes Mellitus at Multiple Stages Using Isoeugenol from Ocimum tenuiflorum: A Combination of Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Modelling Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196222. [PMID: 36234759 PMCID: PMC9573403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-diabetic potential of Ocimum tenuiflorum was investigated using computational techniques for α-glucosidase, α-amylase, aldose reductase, and glycation at multiple stages. It aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which phytocompounds of O. tenuiflorum treat diabetes mellitus using concepts of druglikeness and pharmacokinetics, molecular docking simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy studies. Isoeugenol is a phenylpropene, propenyl-substituted guaiacol found in the essential oils of plants. During molecular docking modelling, isoeugenol was found to inhibit all the target enzymes, with a higher binding efficiency than standard drugs. Furthermore, molecular dynamic experiments revealed that isoeugenol was more stable in the binding pockets than the standard drugs used. Since our aim was to discover a single lead molecule with a higher binding efficiency and stability, isoeugenol was selected. In this context, our study stands in contrast to other computational studies that report on more than one compound, making it difficult to offer further analyses. To summarize, we recommend isoeugenol as a potential widely employed lead inhibitor of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, aldose reductase, and glycation based on the results of our in silico studies, therefore revealing a novel phytocompound for the effective treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.
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Soranzo T, Ben Tahar A, Chmayssem A, Zelsmann M, Vadgama P, Lenormand JL, Cinquin P, K. Martin D, Zebda A. Electrochemical Biosensing of Glucose Based on the Enzymatic Reduction of Glucose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197105. [PMID: 36236202 PMCID: PMC9572614 DOI: 10.3390/s22197105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the enzyme aldehyde reductase, also known as aldose reductase, was synthesized and cloned from a human gene. Spectrophotometric measurements show that in presence of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cofactor (NADPH), the aldehyde reductase catalyzed the reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Electrochemical measurements performed on an electrodeposited poly(methylene green)-modified gold electrode showed that in the presence of the enzyme aldehyde reductase, the electrocatalytic oxidation current of NADPH decreased drastically after the addition of glucose. These results demonstrate that aldehyde reductase is an enzyme that allows the construction of an efficient electrochemical glucose biosensor based on glucose reduction.
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Bailly C. Moving toward a new horizon for the aldose reductase inhibitor epalrestat to treat drug-resistant cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175191. [PMID: 35964660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epalrestat (EPA) is a potent inhibitor of aldose reductases AKR1B1 and AKR1B10, used for decades in Japan for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This orally-active, brain-permeable small molecule, with a relatively rare and essential 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone motif, functions as a regulator intracellular carbonyl species. The repurposing of EPA for the treatment of pediatric rare diseases, brain disorders and cancer has been proposed. A detailed analysis of the mechanism of action, and the benefit of EPA to combat advanced malignancies is offered here. EPA has revealed marked anticancer activities, alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapeutics, in experimental models of liver, colon, and breast cancers. Through inhibition of AKR1B1 and/or AKR1B10 and blockade of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EPA largely enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to drugs like doxorubicin and sorafenib. EPA has revealed a major anticancer effect in an experimental model of basal-like breast cancer and clinical trials have been developed in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. The repurposing of the drug to treat chemo-resistant solid tumors seems promising, but more studies are needed to define the best trajectory for the positioning of EPA in oncology.
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Abstract
In this study, aldose reductase (AR) was purified from sheep kidney using chromatographic methods and examined the interactions between some sulfonamides and the enzyme. According to results, sulfonamides display effective inhibitor features for sheep kidney AR with IC50 values in the range of 37.27-87.65 μM and Kis in the range of 25.72 ± 6.45 to 73.56 ± 17.49 μM. The sulfonamides displayed different inhibition mechanisms. It was found that studied all compounds displayed non-competitive inhibition type except for 5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide (1). It showed competitive inhibition. Among these compounds, 2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-sulfonamide compound (2) was showed the most potent AR inhibitor (Ki: 25.72 ± 6.45). These compounds may be useful in the treatment of diabetic complications.
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Benlarbi M, Jemai H, Hajri K, Mbarek S, Amri E, Jebbari M, Hammoun I, Baccouche B, Boudhrioua Mihoubi N, Zemmal A, Ben Chaouacha-Chekir R, Dhifi W. Neuroprotective effects of oleuropein on retina photoreceptors cells primary culture and olive leaf extract and oleuropein inhibitory effects on aldose reductase in a diabetic model: Meriones shawi. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:593-600. [PMID: 31922452 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1708119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme implicated in the development of diabetes complications among them diabetic retinopathy. Erythrocyte AR activity was measured in control and diabetic Meriones shawi, a type-2 diabetic model. We noticed an increase of AR activity in diabetic Meriones by comparison to controls. Olive leaf aqueous extract and oleuropein were tested for their inhibitory potential on AR activity. Both exerted a partial in-vitro inhibition effect which was higher with the olive leaf extract. The ex-vivo protective effect of oleuropein was tested in photoreceptors rod and Mcône retinal cells of Meriones shawi in hyperglycaemic conditions. Mixed retinal cells were cultured at 25 mM glucose for 5 days and treated with oleuropein. Cell viability was assessed using MTT test and trypan blue exclusion dye. Rod and Mcône Photoreceptors were characterised by immuno-cytochemistry. Oleuropein protected retinal cells against the toxic effect of glucose by improving the viability of photoreceptors.
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Naguib M, Feldman N, Zarodkiewicz P, Shropshire H, Biamis C, El-Halfawy OM, McCain J, Dezanet C, Décout JL, Chen Y, Cosa G, Valvano MA. An evolutionary conserved detoxification system for membrane lipid-derived peroxyl radicals in Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001610. [PMID: 35580139 PMCID: PMC9113575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How double-membraned Gram-negative bacteria overcome lipid peroxidation is virtually unknown. Bactericidal antibiotics and superoxide ion stress stimulate the transcription of the Burkholderia cenocepacia bcnA gene that encodes a secreted lipocalin. bcnA gene orthologs are conserved in bacteria and generally linked to a conserved upstream gene encoding a cytochrome b561 membrane protein (herein named lcoA, lipocalin-associated cytochrome oxidase gene). Mutants in bcnA, lcoA, and in a gene encoding a conserved cytoplasmic aldehyde reductase (peroxidative stress-associated aldehyde reductase gene, psrA) display enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation. Compared to wild type, the levels of the peroxidation biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) increase in the mutants upon exposure to sublethal concentrations of the bactericidal antibiotics polymyxin B and norfloxacin. Microscopy with lipid peroxidation-sensitive fluorescent probes shows that lipid peroxyl radicals accumulate at the bacterial cell poles and septum and peroxidation is associated with a redistribution of anionic phospholipids and reduced antimicrobial resistance in the mutants. We conclude that BcnA, LcoA, and PsrA are components of an evolutionary conserved, hitherto unrecognized peroxidation detoxification system that protects the bacterial cell envelope from lipid peroxyl radicals.
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Sidhanth C, Bindhya S, Krishnapriya S, Manasa P, Shabna A, Alifia J, Patole C, Kumar V, Garg M, Ganesan TS. Phosphoproteome of signaling by ErbB2 in ovarian cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140768. [PMID: 35158093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gene for receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 is amplified in breast and ovarian tumours. The linear pathway by which signals are transduced through ErbB2 are well known. However, second generation questions that address spatial aspects of signaling remain. To address this, we have undertaken a mass spectrometry approach to identify phosphoproteins specific for ErbB2 using the inhibitors Lapatinib and CP724714 in ovarian cancer cells. The ErbB2 specific proteins identified in SKOV-3 cells were Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate, Protein capicua homolog, Protein peptidyl isomerase G, Protein PRRC2C, Chromobox homolog1 and PRP4 homolog. We have evaluated three phosphoproteins PKM2, Aldose reductase and MARCKS in SKOV-3 cells. We observed that PKM2 was phosphorylated by EGF but was not inhibited by Lapatinib and CP724714. The activity of aldose reductase in reducing NADPH as a substrate was significantly higher in EGF stimulated cells which was inhibited by Lapatinib and CP724714 but not by Geftinib (EGFR inhibitor). MARCKS was phosphorylated on stimulation of SKOV-3 cells with EGF that was inhibited by Lapatinib and CP724714 which was dependent on the kinase activity of ErbB2. These results have identified phosphoproteins that are specific to ErbB2 which have not been previously reported and sets the basis for future experiments.
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Patel DK. Herbal Phytomedicine 'Irisolidone' in Chronic Diseases: Biological Efficacy and Pharmacological Activity. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 17:13-22. [PMID: 35249525 DOI: 10.2174/1574891x16666220304231934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived products have been used in medicine as a source of bioactive molecules, mainly due to their medicinal importance and therapeutic potential. Nowadays, plant derived products have been used in the medicine for the development of novel drug leads. Polyphenols are an important class of secondary metabolites found to be present in plants and their derived products. Polyphenols play an important role in the nutrition of human beings and also have a significant role in plant resistance against pests and diseases. Scientific studies have proven the biological importance of flavonoids in medicine and other allied health sectors. Anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor and anti-allergic activities are the important pharmacological features of flavonoids. Irisolidone is an important isoflavone found to be present in Pueraria lobata flowers. METHODS To know the medicinal importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in the medicine, numerous scientific research data have been collected from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. Pharmacological activity data of irisolidone has been collected and analyzed in the present works to know their health beneficial aspects in the medicine. Detailed pharmacological activities of irisolidone have been investigated through scientific data analysis of scientific research works. RESULTS Scientific research data analysis of irisolidone revealed the anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anti-cancer, anti-platelet, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective and estrogenic potential. However, the biological effect of irisolidone on the gastric system, aldose reductase enzymes, malignant gliomas, and JC virus has also been investigated. Scientific data analysis revealed the significance of analytical tools for the separation and identification of irisolidone. CONCLUSION Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in medicine.
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Rivelli Antonelli JF, Santander VS, Nigra AD, Monesterolo NE, Previtali G, Primo E, Otero LH, Casale CH. Prevention of tubulin/aldose reductase association delays the development of pathological complications in diabetic rats. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:565-576. [PMID: 34097242 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent studies, we found that compounds derived from phenolic acids (CAFs) prevent the formation of the tubulin/aldose reductase complex and, consequently, may decrease the occurrence or delay the development of secondary pathologies associated with aldose reductase activation in diabetes mellitus. To verify this hypothesis, we determined the effect of CAFs on Na+,K+-ATPase tubulin-dependent activity in COS cells, ex vivo cataract formation in rat lenses and finally, to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of CAFs, diabetes mellitus was induced in Wistar rats, they were treated with different CAFs and four parameters were determinates: cataract formation, erythrocyte deformability, nephropathy and blood pressure. After confirming that CAFs are able to prevent the association between aldose reductase and tubulin, we found that treatment of diabetic rats with these compounds decreased membrane-associated acetylated tubulin, increased NKA activity, and thus reversed the development of four AR-activated complications of diabetes mellitus determined in this work. Based on these results, the existence of a new physiological mechanism is proposed, in which tubulin is a key regulator of aldose reductase activity. This mechanism can explain the incorrect functioning of aldose reductase and Na+,K+-ATPase, two key enzymes in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, we found that such alterations can be prevented by CAFs, which are able to dissociate tubulin/aldose reductase complex.
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Gaitskell-Phillips G, Martín-Cano FE, Ortiz-Rodríguez JM, Silva-Rodríguez A, Gil MC, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Peña FJ. In Stallion Spermatozoa, Superoxide Dismutase (Cu-Zn) (SOD1) and the Aldo-Keto-Reductase Family 1 Member b (AKR1B1) Are the Proteins Most Significantly Reduced by Cryopreservation. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2435-2446. [PMID: 33656888 PMCID: PMC8562871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although cryopreservation is widely used in animal breeding, the technique is still suboptimal. The population of spermatozoa surviving the procedure experiences changes attributed to alteration in their redox regulation. In order to expand our knowledge regarding this particular aspect, the proteome in fresh and frozen thawed aliquots of equine spermatozoa was studied to identify the proteins most severely affected by the procedure. If alteration of redox regulation is a major factor explaining cryodamage, proteins participating in redox regulation should be principally affected. Using a split sample design, 30 ejaculates from 10 different stallions were analyzed as fresh spermatozoa, and another aliquot from the same ejaculate was analyzed as a frozen thawed sample. The proteome was studied under both conditions using UHPLC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analysis conducted to identify discriminant variables between both conditions. Data are available through the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifier PXD022236. The proteins most significantly reduced were Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B (p = 2.2 × 10-17) and Superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn) (p = 4.7 × 10-14). This is the first time that SOD1 has been identified as a discriminating variable using bioinformatic analysis, where it was one of the most highly significantly different proteins seen between fresh and frozen thawed semen. This finding strongly supports the theory that alteration in redox regulation and oxidative stress is a major factor involved in cryodamage and suggests that control of redox regulation should be a major target to improve current cryopreservation procedures.
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Gu H, Yang K, Shen Z, Jia K, Liu P, Pan M, Sun C. ER stress-induced adipocytes secrete-aldo-keto reductase 1B7-containing exosomes that cause nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:220-233. [PMID: 33359683 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an increasingly prevalent liver disease linked to obesity and associated complications. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress provokes dysfunction in lipid metabolism, which often leads to a progression of obesity-induced hepatic steatosis to NASH. However, the underlying mechanisms in which ER stress in adipose tissue induces hepatic pathology remain elusive. Here, we used male C57BL/6J mice to develop an animal model of NASH induced by a high fat (HFD) diet and methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diets. Using a gene-silencing approach with a recombinant lentiviral vector and extensive LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and lipidomics, we demonstrate that the ER stress-induced adipocyte-secreted exosome (ATEx) orchestrates lipid dynamics in the liver. We also noted that ATEx causes hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis that lead to NASH through initial accumulation of glycerol and triglycerides in hepatocytes. We also determined that aldo-keto-reductase 1B7 (Akr1b7), a key mediator in liver lipid metabolism, is involved in ATEx-mediated NASH induction. Of note, Akr1b7 deficiency in ER stress-induced ATEx strongly protected the murine liver against HFD and MCD-induced NASH. Our results indicated that ER stress-induced, adipocyte-secreted ATEx triggers NASH by delivering exosomal AKR1B7 to, and elevating glycerol level, in hepatocytes. These findings suggest potential therapeutic strategie that target ATEx to prevent or manage obesity-induced NASH.
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Ye H, Yang X, Chen X, Shen L, Le R. Isoliquiritigenin protects against angiotensin II-induced fibrogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB/PPARγ inflammatory pathway in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108146. [PMID: 32726604 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the protective effects of Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced inflammation and fibrosis on Human Tenon's capsule Fibroblasts (HTFs) and Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages (MPMs). This study also investigated the potential mechanism of action of ISL. METHOD Methyl-thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to test ISL toxicity. An ELISA and an RT-qPCR assay detected the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and ICAM-1). A Western blot investigated the expression levels of inflammation-related signals [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)], and fibrogenesis, including fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)]. Protein expressions of α-SMA were measured by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Pre-treatment with ISL (10 or 20 μM) dose-dependently decreased the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, and COX-2 induced by ANG II (1 μg/ml) in both MPMs and HTFs. ANG II remarkably increased the amount of P65 in the nuclei and decreased the amount of P65 in the cytoplasm. Additionally, ANG II reduced PPARγ expression levels in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, these effects which were induced by ISL were remarkably neutralized by ISL pre-treatment. Finally, ANG II markedly elevated the expression of fibronectin and α-SMA. CONCLUSION ISL could alleviate ANG II-induced fibrogenesis by inhibiting the NF-κB/PPARγ inflammatory pathway. In addition, ISL may be a potential agent for the treatment of conjunctival fibrosis. Most importantly, the NF-κB/PPARγ signaling pathway could be an effective therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of conjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma surgery.
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Qu J, Liu X, Li J, Gong K, Duan L, Luo W, Luo D. [AKR1B10 promotes proliferation of breast cancer cells by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019; 35:1094-1100. [PMID: 31894008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of aldosterone reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) on breast cancer cell proliferation and its mechanism. Methods AKR1B10 was overexpressed in MCF-7 cells and knocked down in BT-20 cells to establish both AKR1B10 overexpression and knockdown cell lines. The effect of AKR1B10 overexpression and knockdown on breast cancer cell proliferation was examined by CCK-8 assay. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect AKR1B10 mRNA levels in breast cancer tissues and paired normal tissues. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein levels of AKR1B10, β-catenin, cyclin D1, survivin, c-myc in breast cancer tissues and AKR1B10 overexpression/knockdown breast cancer cell lines. Results The expression of AKR1B10 was higher in breast cancer tissues. With AKR1B10 overexpression in MCF-7 cells, cell proliferation was promoted, and the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-myc and survivin were elevated. Meanwhile, knockdown of AKR1B10 in BT-20 breast cancer cells reduced cell proliferation and the expression levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-myc and survivin. Conclusion AKR1B10 is highly expressed in breast cancer and promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Jin LQ, Yang B, Xu W, Chen XX, Jia DX, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Immobilization of recombinant Escherichia coli whole cells harboring xylose reductase and glucose dehydrogenase for xylitol production from xylose mother liquor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 285:121344. [PMID: 30999186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)/pCDFDuet-1-XR-GDH harboring xylose reductase (XR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) were immobilized and applied for the production of xylitol from xylose mother liquor (XML). Various immobilization methods were screened and the cross-linking approach with diatomite and polyetherimide as the raw materials and glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent was the optimal one, and the recovery activity reached of 80.3% after immobilization. The half-life of immobilized cells was 1.52 times to that of free cells. Batch experiments showed that the enzyme activity of immobilized cells remained 70.5% of the initial activity after 10 batches and the space-time yield of xylitol reached of 11.5 g/(L h). The production of xylitol from xylose mother liquor by immobilized E. coli cells containing xylose reductase and glucose dehydrogenase was reported for the first time, which paved a foundation for industrial production of xylitol from waste xylose mother liquor.
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Jo JH, Park YC, Jin YS, Seo JH. Construction of efficient xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae through a synthetic isozyme system of xylose reductase from Scheffersomyces stipitis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 241:88-94. [PMID: 28550778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used for ethanol production from xylose, the abundant sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Development of engineered S. cerevisiae able to utilize xylose effectively is crucial for economical and sustainable production of fuels. To this end, the xylose-metabolic genes (XYL1, XYL2 and XYL3) from Scheffersomyces stipitis have been introduced into S. cerevisiae. The resulting engineered S. cerevisiae strains, however, often exhibit undesirable phenotypes such as slow xylose assimilation and xylitol accumulation. This work was undertaken to construct an improved xylose-fermenting strain by developing a synthetic isozyme system of xylose reductase (XR). The DXS strain having both wild XR and mutant XR showed low xylitol accumulation and fast xylose consumption compared to the engineered strains expressing only one type of XRs, resulting in improved ethanol yield and productivity. These results suggest that the introduction of the XR-based synthetic isozyme system is a promising strategy to develop efficient xylose-fermenting strains.
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Kizaki N, Sawa I, Yano M, Yasohara Y, Hasegawa J. Purification and Characterization of a Yeast Carbonyl Reductase for Synthesis of Optically Active (R)-Styrene Oxide Derivatives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:79-86. [PMID: 15665471 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optically active styrene oxide derivatives are versatile chiral building blocks. Stereoselective reduction of phenacyl halide to chiral 2-halo-1-phenylethanol is the key reaction of the most economical synthetic route. Rhodotorula glutinis var. dairenensis IFO415 was discovered on screening as a potent microorganism reducing a phenacyl halide to the (R)-form of the corresponding alcohol. An NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase was purified to homogeneity through four steps from this strain. The relative molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 40,000 on gel filtration and 30,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This enzyme reduced a broad range of carbonyl compounds in addition to phenacyl halides. Some properties of the enzyme and preparation of a chiral styrene oxide using the crude enzyme are reported herein.
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Gao C, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hu C, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Ma C, Xu P. Production of (3S)-acetoin from diacetyl by using stereoselective NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:111-5. [PMID: 23587814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Production of (3S)-acetoin ((3S)-AC), an important platform chemical, is desirable but difficult to perform. An NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase (Gox0644) from Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003 was confirmed to have a good ability to reduce diacetyl (DA) to produce (3S)-AC. In this work, the NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase was expressed and purified. Glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis 168 was coupled with the NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase to produce (3S)-AC from DA. Under the optimal conditions, 12.2 g l(-1) (3S)-AC was produced from 14.3 g l(-1) DA in 75 min. Because DA can be biotechnological produced, the two-enzymes coupling system might be a promising alternative for the (3S)-AC production.
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Chen H, Soroka D, Zhu Y, Sang S. Metabolism of ginger component [6]-shogaol in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:865-76. [PMID: 23322474 PMCID: PMC3815528 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE There are limited data on the metabolism of [6]-shogaol (6S), a major bioactive component of ginger. This study demonstrates metabolism of 6S in liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro metabolism of 6S was compared among five species using liver microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Following incubations with 6S, three major reductive metabolites 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-ol (M6), 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-ol (M9), and 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one (M11), as well as two new oxidative metabolites (1E,4E)-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-deca-1,4-dien-3-one (M14) and (E)-1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-dec-1-en-3-one (M15) were found in all species. The kinetic parameters of M6 in liver microsomes from each respective species were quantified using Michaelis-Menten theory. A broad CYP-450 inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, precluded the formation of oxidative metabolites, M14 and M15, and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, an aldo-keto reductase inhibitor, eradicated the formation of the reductive metabolites M6, M9, and M11 in all species. Metabolites M14 and M15 were tested for cancer cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis and both showed substantial activity, with M14 displaying greater potency than 6S. CONCLUSION We conclude that 6S is metabolized extensively in mammalian species mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human, and that there are significant interspecies differences to consider when planning preclinical trials toward 6S chemoprevention.
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Barrón-Vivanco BS, Rothenberg SJ, Medina-Díaz IM, Robledo-Marenco L, Rojas-García AE, Hernández-Cadena L, Poblete-Naredo I, Elizondo G, Albores A. AKRs expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from smokers: the role of body mass index. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:418-26. [PMID: 22872607 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112455071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) metabolize a wide range of substrates, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), generating metabolites (o-quinones) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are capable of initiating and promoting carcinogenesis. Exposure to PAHs, their metabolites, and ROS further increase AKRs isoform expression that may amplify oxidative damage. Human AKR enzymes are highly polymorphic, and allelic variants may contribute to different AKRs expression in individuals. Despite the importance of AKRs in PAHs metabolism, there are no studies that evaluate, in general human populations, the effect of PAHs on AKRs expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tobacco smoke exposure, and AKR1A1*2 and AKR1C3*2 polymorphisms, on AKR1A1 and AKR1C1-AKR1C3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in PBLs from smokers. In the smoker group, there is a statistically significant positive association between AKR1A1, AKR1C1, and AKR1C3 mRNA induction and urine cotinine levels in individuals with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25. However, AKR1A1*2 and AKR1C3*2 alleles did not influence AKR1A1 and AKR1C1-AKR1C3 mRNA levels. These results suggest that AKRs induction by PAHs in smokers' PBLs is associated with BMI; therefore, the role of adipose tissue accumulation in PAHs' effects needs further investigation.
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Aggarwal N, Mandal PK, Gautham N, Chadha A. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of carbonyl reductase from Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:313-5. [PMID: 23519811 PMCID: PMC3606581 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113003667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The NAD(P)H-dependent carbonyl reductase from Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330 catalyses the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-phenyl-2-oxobutanoate to ethyl (R)-4-phenyl-2-hydroxybutanoate, a precursor of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors such as Cilazapril and Benazepril. The carbonyl reductase was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by GST-affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. Crystals were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method and diffracted to 1.86 Å resolution. The asymmetric unit contained two molecules of carbonyl reductase, with a solvent content of 48%. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a search model.
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Barski OA, Mindnich R, Penning TM. Alternative splicing in the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: implications for protein nomenclature. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 202:153-8. [PMID: 23298867 PMCID: PMC3758225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aldo-keto reductase superfamily contains 173 proteins which are present in all phyla. Examination of the human and mouse genomes has identified that in some instances a single AKR gene can give rise to alternatively spliced mRNA variants which in some cases can give rise to more than one protein isoform. This is currently well documented in the AKR6A subfamily which contains the β-subunits of the voltage-gated potassium ion channels. With the emergence of second generation sequencing it is likely that the occurrence of transcript variants and protein isoforms from a single AKR gene may become common place. To deal with this issue we recommend that the Ensembl data-base nomenclature be used to annotate the transcript variants from a single AKR gene. However, since multiple transcript variants could give rise to either the same or multiple protein isoforms from the same AKR gene we also propose to expand the nomenclature of the AKR protein superfamily, so that when a protein isoform is shown to be expressed and is functional it would be assigned the standard AKR name followed by a "period or full-stop" and a number for that unique isoform. Numbers will be assigned chronologically and linked to the respective transcripts annotated in Ensembl e.g. AKR6A5.1 (Kvβ2.1) (AKR6A5-001, -006 and -201), followed by AKR6A5.2 (Kvβ2.2) (AKR6A5-002,-202). This nomenclature is expandable and it enables multiple protein isoforms to be assigned to their respective transcripts when they arise from the same AKR gene or for a single protein isoform to be assigned to multiple transcripts when the transcripts encode the same AKR protein.
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Sukhova LL, Gur'eva AV, Berezhnaia EA, Davydov VV. [Activity of endogenous aldehydes catabolism enzymes in subcellular fractions of liver, heart and brain of rats at pubertal age under stress]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2013; 58:691-701. [PMID: 23350201 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125806691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Activities of enzymes involved in redox transformation of endogenous aldehydes have been investigated in subcellular fractions of liver, heart, and brain of pubertal rats exposed to prolonged immobilization stress. In the liver aldo-keto reductase (AKR) activity in the postmitochondrial fraction and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) acivity of the mitochondrial fraction demonstrated a more pronounced decrease in 2-month-old rats. Rat heart postmitochondrial AKR and ALDH demonstrated opposite changes in their enzymatic activities, while activity of mitochondrial ALDH remained unchanged. Brain cells create conditions that favor effective utilization of endogenous aldehydes in metabolic redox pathways.
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