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Horie S, Kitamura Y, Kawasaki H, Terada T. Inhibitory effects of antisense oligonucleotides on the expression of procollagen type III gene in mouse hepatic stellate cells transformed by simian virus 40. Pathol Int 2000; 50:937-44. [PMID: 11123759 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2000.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), complementary to the AUG start region, the junctional region of the intron and exon, and to exon of the procollagen type III gene, were investigated in a mouse hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line transformed by the simian virus 40 gene, SV68c-IS cells. ASO were transfected by lipofection. Immunohistochemistry, western and northern blotting showed inhibitory effects on procollagen type III gene expression by ASO that were complementary to the AUG start region and the junctional region of the intron and exon 2. However, ASO complementary to the exon 2 and 3, junctional region of the intron and exon 3, and sense oligonucleotides complementary to each ASO did not show any inhibitory effects. The effects of ASO complementary to the AUG start region were greater than those of ASO complementary to the junctional region. The effects of ASO were transient and a large amount of ASO was required to induce inhibitory effects without lipofection. ASO were effective in inhibiting the expression of the procollagen type III gene in the HSC which is well known to play a critical role in liver fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA, Antisense/genetics
- DNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- Desmin/analysis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/chemistry
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/virology
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth/chemistry
- Procollagen/genetics
- Procollagen/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Simian virus 40/growth & development
- Time Factors
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McLaren BR, Haenel T, Stevenson S, Mukherjee S, Robinson BW, Lake RA. Simian virus (SV) 40 like sequences in cell lines and tumour biopsies from Australian malignant mesotheliomas. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2000; 30:450-6. [PMID: 10985509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2000.tb02050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian virus (SV) 40 sequences have been found in some, but not all studies of mesotheliomas. This virus is known to cause tumours in rodents but its role in human oncogenesis remains controversial. AIMS The aim of this study therefore was to determine whether SV40 is associated with the development of mesotheliomas in Australia. The absence of the virus or its gene products in tissue derived from mesotheliomas would detract from this possibility. METHODS We used polymerase chain reaction from three pairs of primers to amplify different regions of the large T antigen from DNA from cell lines and cDNA from both cell lines and an independent set of tumour biopsies from patients with mesothelioma. RESULTS We examined five human mesothelioma cell lines that were established in our laboratories. In addition, we examined several tumour biopsies from seven different patients. SV40 like sequences were present in all the cell lines and in at least one sample from each of the patients examined. CONCLUSIONS The large T antigen of SV40 or an SV40 like virus is expressed in Australian mesotheliomas and therefore could be aetiologically-associated with tumourigenesis. Alternatively, these sequences could be expressed subsequent to the development of the disease.
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Gamberi G, Benassi MS, Pompetti F, Ferrari C, Ragazzini P, Sollazzo MR, Molendini L, Merli M, Magagnoli G, Chiesa F, Gobbi AG, Powers A, Picci P. Presence and expression of the simian virus-40 genome in human giant cell tumors of bone. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 28:23-30. [PMID: 10738299 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(200005)28:1<23::aid-gcc3>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SV40 DNA sequences have been found in human tumors, such as mesotheliomas, ependymomas, and bone tumors, suggesting that SV40 may be involved in their etiology. The FOS oncogene could play an important role in bone development because SV40 is able to induce FOS in cell culture. In this study, the presence of SV40 sequences, large T antigen (Tag), and FOS protein expression were investigated in 120 giant cell tumors (GCTs), moderately benign bone tumors that in some cases can progress to a malignant phenotype. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers that amplify the RB1 pocket binding domain and the intron of Tag, was used to analyze GCT for the presence of SV40 DNA. Tag and FOS protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. SV40 sequences were found in 30/107 GCTs, and of these, 22/30 samples expressed Tag protein (73%) and 15/30 overexpressed the FOS oncogene (50%). FOS was undetectable in 77 SV40-negative GCTs. Sequence analysis of the amplified DNAs confirmed that the amplified sequences corresponded to SV40 DNA. The correlation between FOS overexpression and SV40-positive GCTs was highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). These results show that SV40 DNA sequences and SV40 Tag are present in GCTs and might induce FOS activity. These data suggest that SV40 might play a role in the development and progression of some GCTs.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunofluorescence cytometry of antigen and DNA content provides relative measurements of the cell cycle phase distribution of a specific epitope. Measurement of correlated expression of epitopes on signaling and regulatory proteins will be useful in the study of the complex pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. However, to formulate regulatory pathway models, measurements of molecules per cell would be more useful than relative measurements of intensity. Here, we report on a system in which the relationship between molecules and fluorescence is determined for a reference set of cell lines that are then used to directly calculate the number of molecules for unknowns. To demonstrate the process, we calculated the cell cycle phase distribution of SV40 large T antigen (Tag) in the reference cells. METHODS A set of cell line clones expressing different levels of Tag were isolated. Quantitative Western blots of these cells and purified, recombinant Tag were performed. Cells from the same sample were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry for Tag and DNA. The relationship between molecules and fluorescence was established and calculations were performed for the phase distributions of Tag. RESULTS The five cell lines had 0.11, 0.27, 1.06, 2.44, and 2.63 x 10(6) molecules of Tag per cell, determined by Western blot. The average coefficient of variation was 10.6%. The relationship of molecules to fluorescence fit a linear equation (r(2) = 0.96) over the range, 0.11 - 2.63 x 10(6) molecules, however, the same equation did not fit the relationship between 0 molecules, defined by isotype staining controls, and the lowest expressing cell line. To calculate the phase distributions of molecules in the lowest cell line, a second linear equation from 0 to 110,000 molecules was used. CONCLUSIONS This work describes a system where fixed cells expressing various levels of a target antigen quantified by Western blots can be used to standardize flow cytometric measurements of gene expression in absolute terms.
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30
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Maroulakou IG, Shibata MA, Anver M, Jorcyk CL, Liu ML, Roche N, Roberts AB, Tsarfaty I, Reseau J, Ward J, Green JE. Heterotopic endochondrial ossification with mixed tumor formation in C3(1)/Tag transgenic mice is associated with elevated TGF-beta1 and BMP-2 expression. Oncogene 1999; 18:5435-47. [PMID: 10498897 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice which express the simian virus 40 large T-antigen (Tag) under the regulatory control of the hormone responsive rat C3(1) gene develop unusual lesions of heterotopic bone growth associated with mixed tumor formation arising from eccrine sweat glands found only in the foot pads of mice, ischiocavernosus muscle adjacent to bulbourethral glands and occasionally the salivary and mammary glands. These lesions are very similar to mixed tumors arising in several types of human cancers. Based upon electron microscopic examination and immunocytochemical analyses of cellular differentiation markers, the mixed proliferative lesions in this transgenic mouse model begin with the Tag-induced proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The proliferation of these two types of cells results in hyperplasia and adenomatous transformation of the epithelial component, whereas the proliferating myoepithelial cells undergo metaplasia to form chondrocytes which deposit extracellular matrix, including collagen fibers. Cartilage develops focally between areas of epithelial proliferation and subsequently ossifies through a process of endochondrial bone formation. The metaplasia of myoepithelial cells to chondrocytes appears to require the inductive interaction of factors produced by the closely associated proliferating epithelial cells, including members of the TGF-beta superfamily. We demonstrate that TGF-beta1 protein accumulates in the extracellular matrix of the lesions, whereas RNA in situ hybridization reveals that BMP-2, another strong inducer of heterotopic bone formation, is overexpressed by the proliferating epithelial cells during the development of ectopic bone. The formation of sarcomatous tumors within the mixed tumors appears to be androgen-dependent and more frequent in mice lacking a normal allele of p53. This process of cartilage and bone induction may mimic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions which occur during embryonic bone formation. These transgenic mice may provide new insights into the processes of ectopic endochondrial bone formation associated with mixed tumor formation and serve as a useful model for human heterotopic bone disease.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Androgen-Binding Protein/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/physiology
- Ectodysplasins
- Female
- Foot Diseases/etiology
- Foot Diseases/genetics
- Foot Diseases/pathology
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Keratins/analysis
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/genetics
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/physiopathology
- Neoplasms, Complex and Mixed/ultrastructure
- Ossification, Heterotopic/genetics
- Ossification, Heterotopic/pathology
- Ossification, Heterotopic/physiopathology
- Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis
- Prostatein
- Secretoglobins
- Tolonium Chloride
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
- Uteroglobin
- Vimentin/analysis
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Chiou WJ, Wang J, Berg CE, Wu-Wong JR. SV40 virus transformation down-regulates endothelin receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1450:35-44. [PMID: 10231553 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is an oncogenic DNA virus that induces malignant transformation. Endothelin (ET), a 21 amino acid peptide with mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects, binds to G-protein coupled ETA and ETB receptors. This report examines the effect of SV40 transformation on the expression of ET receptors. Results from receptor binding and reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies show that human lung fibroblasts IMR90 and WI38 express both ETA and ETB receptors, and that the expression of both receptors is significantly down-regulated in IMR90-SV40 and WI38-SV40, cell lines derived from IMR90 and WI38 with SV40 virus transformation. Receptor binding and RT-PCR analysis of 3A(tPA-30-1), a cell line derived from human placenta that expresses a higher level of SV40 large T-antigen at the permissive temperature (33 degrees C) than at the restrictive temperature (40 degrees C), further demonstrates that there is an inverse correlation between the expression of SV40 T-antigen and the expression of ET receptor. ET-1 and fetal bovine serum stimulate DNA synthesis in non-transformed cells; however, proliferation of transformed cells is independent of either fetal bovine serum or ET-1. We conclude that SV40 transformation down-regulates the expression of ET receptors, and that expression of ET receptors is inversely correlated with expression of SV40 large T-antigen.
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32
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Flaegstad T, Andresen PA, Johnsen JI, Asomani SK, Jørgensen GE, Vignarajan S, Kjuul A, Kogner P, Traavik T. A possible contributory role of BK virus infection in neuroblastoma development. Cancer Res 1999; 59:1160-3. [PMID: 10070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is aberrantly localized to the cytoplasm of neuroblastoma cells, compromising the suppressor function of this protein. Such tumors are experimentally induced in transgenic mice expressing the large tumor (T) antigen of polyomaviruses. The oncogenic mechanisms of T antigen include complex formation with, and inactivation of, the tumor suppressor protein p53. Samples from 18 human neuroblastomas and five normal human adrenal glands were examined. BK virus DNA was detected in all neuroblastomas and none of five normal adrenal glands by PCR. Using DNA in situ hybridization, polyomaviral DNA was found in the tumor cells of 17 of 18 neuroblastomas, but in none of five adrenal medullas. Expression of the large T antigen was detected in the tumor cells of 16 of 18 neuroblastomas, but in none of the five adrenal medullas. By double immunostaining BK virus T antigen and p53 was colocalized to the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Immunoprecipitation revealed binding between the two proteins. The presence and expression of BK virus in neuroblastomas, but not in normal adrenal medulla, and colocalization and binding to p53, suggest that this virus may play a contributory role in the development of this neoplasm.
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33
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Stoner GL, Ryschkewitsch CF. Reappraisal of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to simian virus 40. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 96:271-8. [PMID: 9754960 DOI: 10.1007/s004010050894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been associated with simian virus 40 (SV40), rather than with JC virus (JCV), the polyomavirus originally isolated from PML tissue. PML has, therefore, been defined as a demyelinating syndrome with possible multiple viral etiologies. Tissues from three of the cases thought to be associated with SV40 were available for reexamination. Monoclonal antibodies specific for SV40 capsid antigen VPI, virus-specific biotinylated DNA probes for in situ hybridization, and virus-specific primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used. Macaque PML brain served as a positive control tissue for SV40 brain infection. Monoclonal antibodies to SV40 VPI failed to recognize viral antigen in lesions from all three human PML cases. The biotinylated DNA probe, which reacted with SV40 in macaque PML, failed to detect SV40 in human PML. However, JCV could be detected by in situ hybridization with a JCV-specific DNA probe. Moreover, JCV DNA sequences were amplified by PCR from the human PML tissues, whereas SV40 DNA sequences were amplified only from the macaque brain. Thus, we could not confirm the original reports that the demyelinating agent in these three cases of PML was SV40, rather than JCV. We conclude that SV40 infection of the central nervous system need not be ruled out in the differential diagnosis of PML.
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Gómez F, Roldán M, Corcuera MT, Picazo A, Muñoz E, Alonso MJ. Simultaneous detection of antigens and specific DNA sequences of human papillomavirus in uterine cervical biopsy specimens. Description of a double-labelling technique. Eur J Histochem 1998; 41:255-9. [PMID: 9491311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied 70 uterine cervical biopsy specimens with a histological diagnosis compatible with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We carried out immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques and selected 22 specimens that had given a positive result with both techniques. We then used a double-labelling technique (a combination of immunohisto-chemistry and in situ hybridization) to detect simultaneously viral antigens and specific gene sequences of HPV. With this technique we found three different cell types in the tissue: (1) cells with black nuclei, positive by immunohisto-chemistry and in situ hybridization; (2) cells with red nuclei, negative by immunohistochemistry and positive by in situ hybridization; and (3) cells with light blue nuclei, negative by both techniques. In this study we describe this technique; and we believe that the simultaneous detection of viral antigens and specific gene sequences of HPV may be very useful in the study of the virus-cell interaction.
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35
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Konska G, Favy D, Guillot J, Bernard-Gallon D, de Latour M, Fonck Y. [Expression of T and Tn antigens in breast cancers]. COMPTES RENDUS DES SEANCES DE LA SOCIETE DE BIOLOGIE ET DE SES FILIALES 1998; 192:733-47. [PMID: 9842474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Expression of carcinoembryonic Tn antigen studied with VVA-B4 and GSI-A4 lectins with the monoclonal antibody 83D4 and of T antigen with LDL and PNA lectins with the monoclonal antibody ZCMO4, were examined in 54 malignant or benign human breast tumors and for MCF-7, T47D and MCF-10A cell lines of human breast tumors origin. For breast tissues, positive membrane labelling with D-GalNAc alpha-O-ser/thr (Tn-antigen) specific lectins and 83D4 MAb occurred in benign cases indicating that modification of glycoconjugates may precede the cytologic anomalies. In fibroadenoma, fibrocystic dystrophy, ductal hyperplasia and grade I invasive ductal carcinomas, the binding sites for lectins and 83D4 MAb were essentially on the cell membrane with labelling of both apical and basolateral compartments. In grade II and III, the labelling involved the cytoplasma, and cell heterogeneity appeared. The disappearance of reactivity observed for a large proportion of cells at grade III may be due either to the loss of glycosyltransferase, or to the lack of synthesis of the protein back-bone. Invasive lobular carcinomas showed labelling both on apical membrane and the outermost part of the cytoplasm with a distinct cell polarity. Lectin receptors are present at the surface of metastatic cells, possibly related to their involvement in adhesion. In all cases, T or sialosyl-T antigens are present at the surface of tumors cells. All cell lines from breast tumors cultured in vitro were labelled with lectins and monoclonal antibodies. The simultaneous presence of Tn and T antigens on the cells, indicates that the expression of Tn antigen is due to a partial but non total deficiency in the beta-1- > 3 galactosyltransferase involved in T-antigen synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/analysis
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Breast/cytology
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Female
- Fibroadenoma/pathology
- Fibrocystic Breast Disease/pathology
- Glycoconjugates/analysis
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Lectins
- Middle Aged
- Neuraminidase
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Giuffrè G, Vitarelli E, Tuccari G, Ponz de Leon M, Barresi G. Detection of Tn, sialosyl-Tn and T antigens in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 1996; 429:345-52. [PMID: 8982378 DOI: 10.1007/bf00198438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens Tn, sialosyl-Tn, T and the 'cryptic' sialylated variant of the last represent the mucin core oligosaccharide structures that are produced in the initial steps of the mucin biosynthetic pathway. Utilizing monoclonal antibodies anti-Tn antigen (HB-Tn1), anti-sialosyl-Tn antigen (HB-STn1), anti-T antigen (HB-T1) and the biotinylated Amaranthus caudatus agglutinin (ACA), we have investigated the expression of the simple mucin-type carbohydrate antigens in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC; 15 cases) compared with sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC; 60 cases) and normal colonic mucosa (30 cases). A variable positivity of Tn, sialosyl-Tn, T and the cryptic sialylated form of this latter antigen was encountered in both HNPCC and sporadic CRC cases; in addition, in normal colonic mucosa a constant reactivity was encountered only for Tn and the cryptic sialylated form of T, while negative results were always obtained for sialosyl-Tn and T antigens. Statistical analysis, performed using a Chi-square test, showed significantly lower (P = 0.037) expression of sialosyl-Tn and higher (P = 0.022) expression of T in HNPCC than in sporadic CRC, suggesting a greater presence of beta 1,3 galactosyltransferase activity in HNPCC than in sporadic CRC. We were unable to identify a peculiar phenotype for HNPCC with simultaneous evaluation of reactivity for HB-Tn1, HB-STn1, HB-T1 and ACA; the biological significance of the preferential expression of T antigen in HNPCC remains to be investigated.
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Martini F, Iaccheri L, Lazzarin L, Carinci P, Corallini A, Gerosa M, Iuzzolino P, Barbanti-Brodano G, Tognon M. SV40 early region and large T antigen in human brain tumors, peripheral blood cells, and sperm fluids from healthy individuals. Cancer Res 1996; 56:4820-5. [PMID: 8841004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SV40 T antigen (Tag) coding sequences were detected by PCR amplification followed by Southern blot hybridization in human brain tumors and tumor cell lines, as well as in peripheral blood cells and sperm fluids of healthy donors. SV40 early region sequences were found in 83% of choroid plexus papillomas, 73% of ependymomas, 47% of astrocytomas, 33% of glioblastoma multiforme cases, 14% of meningiomas, 50% of glioblastoma cell lines, and 33% of astrocytoma cell lines and in 23% of peripheral blood cell samples and 45% of sperm fluids from normal individuals. None of the 13 normal brain tissues were positive for SV40 DNA, nor were seven oligodendrogliomas, two spongioblastomas, one neuroblastoma, one meningioma, or four neuroblastoma cell lines. Expression of SV40 early region was found by reverse transcription PCR, and SV40-specific Tag was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in glioblastoma cell lines. DNA sequence analysis, performed in four positive samples, confirmed that the amplified PCR products belong to the SV40 early region. Sixty-one % of the neoplastic patients positive for SV40 sequences had an age excluding exposure to SV40-contaminated polio vaccines, suggesting a contagious transmission of SV40. The possible role of SV40 Tag in the etiopathogenesis of human brain tumors and the spread of SV40 by horizontal infection in the human population are discussed.
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Gingrich JR, Barrios RJ, Morton RA, Boyce BF, DeMayo FJ, Finegold MJ, Angelopoulou R, Rosen JM, Greenberg NM. Metastatic prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Cancer Res 1996; 56:4096-102. [PMID: 8797572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the development of a transgenic mouse model for prostate cancer derived from PB-Tag transgenic line 8247, henceforth designated the TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate) model. We now describe the temporal and spatial consequences of transgene expression and report the identification and characterization of metastatic disease in the TRAMP model. TRAMP mice characteristically express the T antigen oncoprotein by 8 weeks of age and develop distinct pathology in the epithelium of the dorsolateral prostate by 10 weeks of age. Distant site metastases can be detected as early as 12 weeks of age. The common sites of metastases are the periaortic lymph nodes and lungs, with occasional metastases to the kidney, adrenal gland, and bone. By 28 weeks of age, 100% harbor metastatic prostate cancer in the lymph nodes or lungs. We have also demonstrated the loss of normal E-cadherin expression, as observed in human prostate cancer, as primary tumors become less differentiated and metastasize. The TRAMP model provides a consistent source of primary and metastatic tumors for histopathobiological and molecular analysis to further define the earliest molecular events involved in the genesis, progression, and metastasis of prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Aging
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Organ Specificity
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Time Factors
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Itoh T, Yonezawa S, Nomoto M, Ueno K, Kim YS, Sato E. Expression of mucin antigens and Lewis X-related antigens in carcinomas and dysplasia of the pharynx and larynx. Pathol Int 1996; 46:646-55. [PMID: 8905873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified that mucin antigens and Lewis X (Lex)-related antigens behave like oncodevelopmental tumor-associated antigens in several human adenocarcinomas. However, the expression of these antigens in pharyngeal and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and in the precursor lesion is not fully elucidated yet. In the present study, the expression of mucin core protein antigens associated with the MUC1 gene product (DF3 antigen, mammary-type apomucin) and the MUC2 gene product (intestinal-MRP antigen, intestinal-type apomucin) mucin carbohydrate antigens that are associated with the earliest steps in mucin glycosylation (Tn, sialyl-Tn and T), and Lex-related antigens (Lex, Ley and sialyl Lex-i) in biopsy or resected specimens from 26 normal squamous epithelia (NSE), 49 dysplastic squamous epithelia (DSE) and 51 SCC were examined. The DF3 antigen was not expressed in NSE (0%), whereas it was expressed in 20 DSE (41%) and in 31 SCC (61%). The intestinal-MRP antigen showed no expression in NSE, DSE or SCC. The Tn antigen showed no expression in NSE, but showed low expression rates in DSE (14%) and in SCC (16%). The sialyl-Tn and T antigens were expressed in NSE, as well as in DSE and SCC. The T antigen expression increased with progression from NSE to DSE to SCC, while the sialyl-Tn antigen did not show such a tendency. Any of the three Lex-related antigens showed no characteristic expression in DSE and SCC. In the eight antigens examined, only DF3 antigen was an effective marker for DSE and SCC in the pharyngeal and laryngeal region. Cytoplasmic expression of DF3 and sialyl-Tn antigens were more frequently seen in SCC than in DSE, and might be useful to differentiate SCC from DSE.
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40
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Rencic A, Gordon J, Otte J, Curtis M, Kovatich A, Zoltick P, Khalili K, Andrews D. Detection of JC virus DNA sequence and expression of the viral oncoprotein, tumor antigen, in brain of immunocompetent patient with oligoastrocytoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7352-7. [PMID: 8692997 PMCID: PMC38988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe molecular and clinical findings in an immunocompetent patient with an oligoastrocytoma and the concomitant presence of the human papovavirus, JC virus (JCV), which is the etiologic agent of the subacute, debilitating demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Histologic review revealed a glial neoplasm consisting primarily of a moderately cellular oligodendroglioma with distinct areas of a fibrillary astrocytoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed nuclear staining of tumor cells with antibodies against the viral oncoprotein [tumor antigen (T antigen)], the proliferation marker (Ki67), and the cellular proliferation regulator (p53). Using primers specific to the JCV control region, PCR yielded amplified DNA that was identical to the control region of the Mad-4 strain of the virus. PCR analysis demonstrated the presence of the genome for the viral oncoprotein, T antigen, and results from primer extension studies revealed synthesis of the viral early RNA for T antigen in the tumor tissues. The presence of viral T antigen in the tumor tissue was further demonstrated by immunoblot assay. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of JCV DNA, RNA, and T antigen in tissue in which viral T antigen is localized to tumor cell nuclei and suggests the possible association of JCV with some glial neoplasms.
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Miller G, Rigsby MO, Heston L, Grogan E, Sun R, Metroka C, Levy JA, Gao SJ, Chang Y, Moore P. Antibodies to butyrate-inducible antigens of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1292-7. [PMID: 8609946 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199605163342003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent identification in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma of DNA sequences with homology to gammaherpesviruses has led to the hypothesis that a newly identified virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpeslike virus (KSHV), has a role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. We developed serologic markers for KSHV infection. METHODS KSHV antigens were prepared from a cell line (BC-1) that contains the genomes of both KSHV and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We used immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays to examine serum samples from 102 patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection for antibodies to KSHV-associated proteins and to distinguish these antibodies from antibodies to EBV antigens. A positive serologic response was defined by the recognition of an antigenic polypeptide, p40, in n-butyrate-treated BC-1 cells and by the absence of p40 recognition in untreated BC-1 cells or EBV-infected, KSHV-negative cells. The detection by the immunofluorescence assay of 10 to 20 times more antigen-positive cells in n-butyrate-treated BC-1 cells than in untreated cells was considered a positive response. RESULTS Antibodies to the p40 antigen expressed by chemically treated BC-1 cells were identified in 32 of 48 HIV-1-infected patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (67 percent), as compared with only 7 of 54 HIV-1-infected patients without Kaposi's sarcoma (13 percent). These results were confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay. The positive predictive value of the serologic tests for Kaposi's sarcoma was 82 percent, and the negative predictive value 75 percent. CONCLUSIONS The presence of antibodies to a KSHV antigenic peptide correlates with the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma in a high-risk population and provides further evidence of an etiologic role for KSHV.
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Ritzi EM. Quantitative flow cytometry reveals a hierarchy of glucocorticoid effect on cell surface mouse mammary tumor virus gp52. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 57:33-42. [PMID: 8645615 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A flow cytometry protocol with CM mouse mammary tumor cells (Mm5mt/C1) was utilized to provide a fluorescence measurement of hormone-mediated changes in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) cell surface envelope glycoprotein (gp52 CSA). Standards permitted gp52-specific fluorescence intensity to be measured as molecules of equivalent soluble fluorescein (MESF). The feasibility of using MESF determinations to reflect hormone-modulated changes in continuously infected cells was tested. A panel of five glucocorticoids having differing affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor were tested in 60 h treatments at dosages ranging from 10(-6) M to 10(-8) M. Determinations of MESF, as a measure of gp52 CSA, were highest with 10(-6) M treatments (36.7-44.5 x 10(-6) MESF). At lower dosages, MESF determinations were lower but showed a clear hierarchy of glucocorticoid effect. At 10(-8) M treatments, determinations of MESF x 10(-6) demonstrated the following glucocorticoid hierarchy: triamcinolone acetonide (TA) (33.7 +/- 1.6) > dexamethasone (DEX) (26.1 +/- 1.7) > prednisolone (8.0 +/- 0.3) > triamcinolone (6.6 +/- 0.4) > hydrocortisone (6.4 +/- 0.4) > control (2.4 +/- 0.1). The MESF-derived respective fold increases over control for this hierarchy were: 13.87, 10.74, 3.31, 2.71, and 2.65. The ability of TA to enhance gp52 CSA was 1.3-fold greater than DEX. 10-fold higher levels of steroid controls did not significantly elevate MESF levels. Findings argue that dosage, duration of treatment and relative affinity of glucocorticoids for receptor are reflected in MESF determinations of changing gp52 levels. Therefore, this new measure of effect may be useful in studying hormonal influence on viral and cellular regulatory systems in chronically infected cells.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Topical
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Fluorescein
- Fluoresceins/analysis
- Fluoresceins/chemistry
- Fluoresceins/metabolism
- Glucocorticoids/analysis
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Hydrocortisone/metabolism
- Hydrocortisone/pharmacology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Strobel E. [Suitability of monoclonal reagents for antigen determination in T-antigen activation]. INFUSIONSTHERAPIE UND TRANSFUSIONSMEDIZIN 1995; 22:249-257. [PMID: 7496125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of additional antibodies--for example anti-T--which can be contained in test sera of human origin has been pointed out as an advantage of monoclonal reagents in blood group serology. It was the aim of our study to examine whether the reactions of monoclonal reagents are nevertheless disturbed by T activation of red blood cells or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monoclonal reagents of several manufacturers of the specificities anti-A, -B, -AB, -A1, -H, -C, -c, -D, -E, -e, -K, -Jka, -Jkb, -Lea, -Leb, -M, and -N were tested. For this study we examined sialidase-treated and not treated red blood cells with and without the tested blood group antigen by the reagent using the tube centrifugation method. RESULTS We found no significant disturbances for the monoclonal reagents of the AB0-system, A subgroups, Rhesus system, Kidd system, Kell antigen, and Leb antigen. Monoclonal anti-M and anti-N showed missing reactivity with sialidase-treated erythrocytes, which is already known from polyclonal test sera. Most of the monoclonal anti-Lea reagents showed strong false-positive reactions with T-positive Le(a-) erythrocytes. After several absorptions of one of the monoclonal anti-Lea reagents with T-activated Le(a-b-) red blood cells, the reactivity of the reagent with the Lea antigen and the T antigen had disappeared. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the other monoclonal reagents for most of the monoclonal anti-Lea reagents the lack of additional anti-T antibodies does not indicate the lack of false-positive reactions. This cross-reactivity might be caused by the fact that the type 1 chain antigen Lea and the type 3 chain antigen T have the same terminal saccharide (galactose) in beta 1-->3 connection to the preterminal saccharide of their peripheral core structure.
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Moreno MB, Titus JA, Cole MS, Tso JY, Le N, Paik CH, Bakács T, Zacharchuk CM, Segal DM, Wunderlich JR. Bispecific antibodies retarget murine T cell cytotoxicity against syngeneic breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 40:182-90. [PMID: 7728777 PMCID: PMC11037834 DOI: 10.1007/bf01517350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1994] [Accepted: 11/22/1994] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies with specificity for CD3 and a tumor antigen can redirect cytolytic T cells to kill tumor targets, regardless of their natural specificity. To assess the clinical potential of bispecific antibodies for treatment of human cancers we have, in the present study, adapted a totally synergeic mouse model to the targeting of mouse T cells against mouse tumors in immunocompetent mice. We show that gp52 of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) can serve as a tumor-specific antigen for redirected cellular cytotoxicity. Chemically crosslinked and genetically engineered bispecific antibodies with specificities for gp52 and murine CD3 epsilon-chain induced activated mouse T cells to specifically lyse mouse mammary tumor cells from cultured lines and primary tumors from C3H-MTV+ mice. Retargeted T cells also blocked the growth of mammary tumors in vitro as well as their growth in syngeneic mice. These findings identify murine MTV-induced mammary adenocarcinomas as a solid-tumor, animal model for retargeting T cells with bispecific antibodies against syngeneic breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Aubrey M, Gallichio M, Amjad I, Dasika U, Conti D, Lempert N, Gruber S, Freed B. Fibroblasts diminish the insulin secretory response of HIT-T15 beta cells to glucose. Transplant Proc 1994; 26:3447. [PMID: 7998214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zhou DY, Feng FC, Zhang YL. [A study on the complementary scheme of mass screening for colorectal cancer in an asymptomatic population]. ZHONGHUA NEI KE ZA ZHI 1994; 33:367-9. [PMID: 7867422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Both SPA immunological fecal occult blood test (SPA FOBT test) and detection of T-antigen in rectal mucus (Shams' test) were used as screening tests in asymptomatic mass screening to evaluate the complementary effect of both tests for detection of colorectal cancers. SPA FOBT test showed a positive rate of 11.1% and shams' test 8.9% among 7,740 subjects. In 498 cases with positive screening test, 11 cases of carcinomas and 88 adenomas were found with colonoscopy. Only 9 cancers and 55 adenomas showed positive result in SPA FOBT test and 8 cancers and 51 adenomas in Shams' test. Both tests combined could enhance the detective rate of cancer in asymptomatic mass screening from 81.8% with SPA FOBT test or 72.7% with Shams' test to 90.9%. This complementary effect was more obvious in adenoma detection. It is suggested that there were some shortcomings in sequential FOBT test for cancer detection, the combined use of the two different screening tests for detection of colorectal cancer could decrease the rate of missed detection.
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Reed W, Bryne M, Clausen H, Dabelsteen E, Nesland JM. Simple mucins (T, sialosyl-T, Tn and sialosyl-Tn) are not diagnostic for malignant breast lesions. Anticancer Res 1994; 14:609-15. [PMID: 7516636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical study of the distribution of carbohydrate core-structures on O-linked glycoproteins (T, sialosyl-T, Tn and sialosyl-Tn) was performed using specific monoclonal antibodies on 148 primary breast lesions, including 10 normal breast tissues, 16 benign lesions and 122 invasive carcinomas (79 localized and 43 metastatic lesions). T antigen, not observed in normal breast tissue, was present in 31% of the benign lesions and in some cases of morphologically normal epithelium adjacent to tumor cells, compatible with altered glycosylation being an early event. Sialosyl-T (s-T) antigen was present in all cases of normal epithelium and in 81% of the benign lesions. Both Tn and sialosyl-Tn (s-Tn) antigen were present in normal breast lesions. Both Tn and sialosyl-Tn (s-Tn) antigen were present in normal breast tissue (30%) and benign lesions (31% and 19%). In the malignant lesions, 20% were positive for T antigen, 82% for s-T antigen, 66% for Tn antigen and 22% for s-Tn antigen. The staining pattern was nearly identical for carcinomas with and without lymph node metastases. In conclusion, immunostaining for simple mucins does not permit a clear distinction between benign and malignant breast lesions.
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Mukhopadhyay D, Chatterjee R, Chakraborty RN. Correlation of mitotic abnormalities and the presence of human papillomavirus antigens in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Cancer Lett 1993; 74:51-6. [PMID: 8287371 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(93)90043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To determine the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) with oral cancer lesions containing abnormal mitoses, we analysed 54 of them by immunohistochemical techniques for the presence of HPV structural antigens and correlated the results with their histology. Sixteen out of 19 lesions with abnormal mitotic figures (MFs) and 15 of the 25 lesions with normal MFs contained the HPV antigen. However, 9 of the 11 koilocytotic lesions with abnormal MFs and 13 of the 17 lesions with normal MFs were HPV antigen-positive. The nature of mitosis was not influenced by the grades of koilocytosis. No correlation of HPV antigen positivity and severity of the oral carcinomas was observed.
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Montag A. Transgenic technologies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1993; 236:147-50; discussion 150-1. [PMID: 8507000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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van Zee K, Dickmanns A, Fischer U, Lührmann R, Fanning E. A cytoplasmically anchored nuclear protein interferes specifically with the import of nuclear proteins but not U1 snRNA. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1993; 121:229-40. [PMID: 8468344 PMCID: PMC2200110 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.121.2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A cytoplasmically anchored mutant SV40 T antigen, FS T antigen, was shown previously to interfere specifically with the nuclear import of a heterologous nuclear protein, adenovirus 5 fiber protein, in cultured monkey cells (Schneider, J., C. Schindewolf, K. van Zee, and E. Fanning. 1988. Cell. 54:117-125; van Zee, K., F. Appel, and E. Fanning. 1991. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5137-5146). In this report, we demonstrate that FS T antigen also interferes with the nuclear import of adenovirus E1A and a peptide-albumin conjugate bearing multiple copies of the T antigen nuclear localization signal, but not with the import of U1 snRNA. A kinetic analysis indicates that nuclear import of the albumin-peptide conjugate is inhibited only when high intracellular concentrations of FS T antigen are reached. After microinjection into the cytoplasm of cultured cells, purified FS T antigen protein does not accumulate at the nuclear periphery, but rather is distributed in a punctate pattern throughout the cytoplasm. These data support a model in which cytoplasmic anchoring of FS T antigen enables the mutant protein to sequester and titrate out a cellular factor which is required for nuclear protein but not U1 snRNA import.
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