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Qin F, Zhao Y, Shang W, Zhao ZM, Qian X, Zhang BB, Cai H. Sinomenine relieves oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced microglial activation via inhibition of the SP1/miRNA-183-5p/IκB-α signaling pathway. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2018; 64:140-147. [PMID: 30084807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the inflammatory activation of miroglia (MG) and nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) play a dominant role in inflammatory response. Previous studies have shown that sinomenine, an anti-inflammatory agent extracted from Sinomenium acutum, can directly protect neurons against cerebral ischemia injury. However, there are no reports on its effect on ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammatory activation of MG. In the present study, an in vitro ischemia/reperfusion model was developed with mouse BV-2 microglia cells, a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), and the inhibitory effect of sinomenine pretreatment on inflammatory activation was confirmed through measurement of inflammatory indicators. Mechanistically, sinomenine suppressed OGD/R-induced inflammatory activation through the SP1/miRNA-183-5p/IκB-α pathway. In conclusion, this study shows that sinomenine effectively inhibits OGD/R-induced inflammatory activation in MG by suppressing the activation of transcription specificity protein 1 (SP 1). This finding is of significance for the clinical use of sinomenine in treating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Koehl A, Hu H, Maeda S, Zhang Y, Qu Q, Paggi JM, Latorraca NR, Hilger D, Dawson R, Matile H, Schertler GFX, Granier S, Weis WI, Dror RO, Manglik A, Skiniotis G, Kobilka BK. Structure of the µ-opioid receptor-G i protein complex. Nature 2018; 558:547-552. [PMID: 29899455 PMCID: PMC6317904 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The μ-opioid receptor (μOR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and the target of most clinically and recreationally used opioids. The induced positive effects of analgesia and euphoria are mediated by μOR signalling through the adenylyl cyclase-inhibiting heterotrimeric G protein Gi. Here we present the 3.5 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the μOR bound to the agonist peptide DAMGO and nucleotide-free Gi. DAMGO occupies the morphinan ligand pocket, with its N terminus interacting with conserved receptor residues and its C terminus engaging regions important for opioid-ligand selectivity. Comparison of the μOR-Gi complex to previously determined structures of other GPCRs bound to the stimulatory G protein Gs reveals differences in the position of transmembrane receptor helix 6 and in the interactions between the G protein α-subunit and the receptor core. Together, these results shed light on the structural features that contribute to the Gi protein-coupling specificity of the µOR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/ultrastructure
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Morphinans/chemistry
- Morphinans/metabolism
- Protein Stability/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/ultrastructure
- Substrate Specificity
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Wei CJ, Xu F, Shi MJ, Hu JW, Wang JJ, Zhen B, Wang X, Ji TF, Wang JH, Du GH. Synthesis and antitumor activities of sinomenine derivatives on rings A and C. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:277-291. [PMID: 29090602 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1386659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of new sinomenine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in tumor inhibitory activity, such as human triple negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), glioma cell line (A172), human lung cancer cell line (A549), human colon cancer cell line (HCT-8). The modifications were carried out on rings A and C of the sinomenine by esterificating on phenolic hydroxyl with good yields. The highlight of this work was that the synthetic procedures were concise and sinomenine derivatives demonstrated promising antitumor activities.
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Che T, Majumdar S, Zaidi SA, Ondachi P, McCorvy JD, Wang S, Mosier PD, Uprety R, Vardy E, Krumm BE, Han GW, Lee MY, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Huang XP, Strachan RT, Tribo AR, Pasternak GW, Carroll FI, Stevens RC, Cherezov V, Katritch V, Wacker D, Roth BL. Structure of the Nanobody-Stabilized Active State of the Kappa Opioid Receptor. Cell 2018; 172:55-67.e15. [PMID: 29307491 PMCID: PMC5802374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOP) mediates the actions of opioids with hallucinogenic, dysphoric, and analgesic activities. The design of KOP analgesics devoid of hallucinatory and dysphoric effects has been hindered by an incomplete structural and mechanistic understanding of KOP agonist actions. Here, we provide a crystal structure of human KOP in complex with the potent epoxymorphinan opioid agonist MP1104 and an active-state-stabilizing nanobody. Comparisons between inactive- and active-state opioid receptor structures reveal substantial conformational changes in the binding pocket and intracellular and extracellular regions. Extensive structural analysis and experimental validation illuminate key residues that propagate larger-scale structural rearrangements and transducer binding that, collectively, elucidate the structural determinants of KOP pharmacology, function, and biased signaling. These molecular insights promise to accelerate the structure-guided design of safer and more effective κ-opioid receptor therapeutics.
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Truong PM, Hassan SA, Lee YS, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL, Chadderdon AM, Traynor JR, Deschamps JR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Modulation of opioid receptor affinity and efficacy via N-substitution of 9β-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan: Synthesis and computer simulation study. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2406-2422. [PMID: 28314512 PMCID: PMC5407189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of a variety of N-alkyl-, N-aralkyl-, and N-cyclopropylalkyl-9β-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphans were synthesized employing cyanogen bromide and K2CO3 to improve the original N-demethylation procedure. Their binding affinity to the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors (ORs) was determined and functional (GTPγ35S) assays were carried out on those with reasonable affinity. The 1R,5R,9S-enantiomers (1R,5R,9S)-(-)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol (1R,5R,9S-16), (1R,5R,9S)-(-) 2-cinnamyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol (1R,5R,9S-20), and (1R,5R,9S)-(-)-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ol (1R,5R,9S-15), had high affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (e.g., 1R,5R,9S-16: Ki=0.073, 0.74, and 1.99nM, respectively). The 1R,5R,9S-16 and 1R,5R,9S-15 were full, high efficacy μ-agonists (EC50=0.74 and 18.5nM, respectively) and the former was found to be a partial agonist at δ-OR and an antagonist at κ-OR, while the latter was a partial agonist at δ-OR and κ-OR in the GTPγ35S assay. The enantiomer of 1R,5R,9S-16, (+)-1S,5S,9R-16 was unusual, it had good affinity for the μ-OR (Ki=26.5nM) and was an efficacious μ-antagonist (Ke=29.1nM). Molecular dynamics simulations of the μ-OR were carried out with the 1R,5R,9S-16 μ-agonist and the previously synthesized (1R,5R,9S)-(-)-5-(9-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl-2-phenylethyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (1R,5R,9S-(-)-NIH 11289) to provide a structural basis for the observed high affinities and efficacies. The critical roles of both the 9β-OH and the p-nitro group are elucidated, with the latter forming direct, persistent hydrogen bonds with residues deep in the binding cavity, and the former interacting with specific residues via highly structured water bridges.
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Garcia A, Drown BS, Hergenrother PJ. Access to a Structurally Complex Compound Collection via Ring Distortion of the Alkaloid Sinomenine. Org Lett 2016; 18:4852-4855. [PMID: 27650404 PMCID: PMC5479067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many compound collections used in high-throughput screening are composed of members whose structural complexity is considerably lower than that of natural products. We previously reported a strategy for the synthesis of complex and diverse small molecules from natural products using ring-distortion reactions, called complexity-to-diversity (CtD), and herein, CtD is applied in the synthesis of 16 diverse scaffolds and 65 total compounds from the alkaloid natural product sinomenine. Chemoinformatic analysis shows that these compounds possess complex ring systems and marked three-dimensionality.
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Chen YL, Gui SY, Liang X, Wang SM, Jiang XJ. [Preparation and evaluation of intra-articular injectable sinomenine hydrochloride-loaded in situ liquid crystals]. YAO XUE XUE BAO = ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA 2016; 51:132-139. [PMID: 27405175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phytantriol (PT), ethanol (ET) and water were used to prepare in situ cubic liquid crystal (ISV2). The pseudo-ternary phase diagram of PT-ET-water was constructed and isotropic solution formulations were chosen for further optimization. The physicochemical properties of isotropic solution formulations were evaluated to optimize the composition of ISV2. In situ hexagonal liquid crystals (ISH2) were prepared based on the composition of ISV2 with the addition of vitamin E acetate (VitEA) and the amount of VitEA was optimized by in vitro release behavior. The phase structures of liquid crystalline gels formed by ISV2 and ISH2 in excess water were confirmed by crossed polarized light microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering, respectively. Rheological properties of ISV2 and ISH2 were studied by a DHR-2 rheometer. In vitro drug release studies were conducted by using a dialysis membrane diffusion method. Pharmacokinetics was investigated by determination of sinomenine hydrochloride (SMH) concentration in synovial membrane after intra-articular injection of SMH-loaded ISH2 in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats. The optimal ISV2 (PT/ET/water, 64 : 16 : 20, w/w/w) loaded with 6 mg x g(-1) of SMH showed a suitable pH, injectable and formed a cubic liquid crystalline gel in situ with minimum water absorption in the shortest time. The optimal ISV2 was able to sustain the drug release for 144 h. The optimal ISH2 system was prepared by addition of 5% VitEA into PT in the optimal ISV2 system. This ISH2 (PT/VitEA/ET/water, 60.8 : 3.2 : 16 : 20, w/w/w/w) was an injectable isotropic solution with suitable pH. The new ISH2 was able to sustain the drug release for more than 240 h. Local pharmacokinetics study indicated that the retention time and AUC(0-∞) of ISH2 group were increased significantly compared with that of SMH solution group and the AUC(0-∞) of ISH2 group was 6.01 times higher than that of SMH solution group. The developed ISH2 was suitable for intra-articular injection that may apply to patients in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Sounier R, Mas C, Steyaert J, Laeremans T, Manglik A, Huang W, Kobilka BK, Déméné H, Granier S. Propagation of conformational changes during μ-opioid receptor activation. Nature 2015; 524:375-8. [PMID: 26245377 PMCID: PMC4820006 DOI: 10.1038/nature14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
µ-Opioid receptors (µORs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by a structurally diverse spectrum of natural and synthetic agonists including endogenous endorphin peptides, morphine and methadone. The recent structures of the μOR in inactive and agonist-induced active states (Huang et al., ref. 2) provide snapshots of the receptor at the beginning and end of a signalling event, but little is known about the dynamic sequence of events that span these two states. Here we use solution-state NMR to examine the process of μOR activation using a purified receptor (mouse sequence) preparation in an amphiphile membrane-like environment. We obtain spectra of the μOR in the absence of ligand, and in the presence of the high-affinity agonist BU72 alone, or with BU72 and a G protein mimetic nanobody. Our results show that conformational changes in transmembrane segments 5 and 6 (TM5 and TM6), which are required for the full engagement of a G protein, are almost completely dependent on the presence of both the agonist and the G protein mimetic nanobody, revealing a weak allosteric coupling between the agonist-binding pocket and the G-protein-coupling interface (TM5 and TM6), similar to that observed for the β2-adrenergic receptor. Unexpectedly, in the presence of agonist alone, we find larger spectral changes involving intracellular loop 1 and helix 8 compared to changes in TM5 and TM6. These results suggest that one or both of these domains may play a role in the initial interaction with the G protein, and that TM5 and TM6 are only engaged later in the process of complex formation. The initial interactions between the G protein and intracellular loop 1 and/or helix 8 may be involved in G-protein coupling specificity, as has been suggested for other family A G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Fossati E, Narcross L, Ekins A, Falgueyret JP, Martin VJJ. Synthesis of Morphinan Alkaloids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124459. [PMID: 25905794 PMCID: PMC4408053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphinan alkaloids are the most powerful narcotic analgesics currently used to treat moderate to severe and chronic pain. The feasibility of morphinan synthesis in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae starting from the precursor (R,S)-norlaudanosoline was investigated. Chiral analysis of the reticuline produced by the expression of opium poppy methyltransferases showed strict enantioselectivity for (S)-reticuline starting from (R,S)-norlaudanosoline. In addition, the P. somniferum enzymes salutaridine synthase (PsSAS), salutaridine reductase (PsSAR) and salutaridinol acetyltransferase (PsSAT) were functionally co-expressed in S. cerevisiae and optimization of the pH conditions allowed for productive spontaneous rearrangement of salutaridinol-7-O-acetate and synthesis of thebaine from (R)-reticuline. Finally, we reconstituted a 7-gene pathway for the production of codeine and morphine from (R)-reticuline. Yeast cell feeding assays using (R)-reticuline, salutaridine or codeine as substrates showed that all enzymes were functionally co-expressed in yeast and that activity of salutaridine reductase and codeine-O-demethylase likely limit flux to morphine synthesis. The results of this study describe a significant advance for the synthesis of morphinans in S. cerevisiae and pave the way for their complete synthesis in recombinant microbes.
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Yuan Y, Zaidi SA, Stevens DL, Scoggins KL, Mosier PD, Kellogg GE, Dewey WL, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Design, syntheses, and pharmacological characterization of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3'-carboxamido)morphinan analogues as opioid receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1701-15. [PMID: 25783191 PMCID: PMC4380750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3'-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ) analogues were synthesized and pharmacologically characterized to study their structure-activity relationship at the mu opioid receptor (MOR). The competition binding assay showed two-atom spacer and aromatic side chain were optimal for MOR selectivity. Meanwhile, substitutions at the 1'- and/or 4'-position of the isoquinoline ring retained or improved MOR selectivity over the kappa opioid receptor while still possessing above 20-fold MOR selectivity over the delta opioid receptor. In contrast, substitutions at the 6'- and/or 7'-position of the isoquinoline ring reduced MOR selectivity as well as MOR efficacy. Among this series of ligands, compound 11 acted as an antagonist when challenged with morphine in warm-water tail immersion assay and produced less significant withdrawal symptoms compared to naltrexone in morphine-pelleted mice. Compound 11 also antagonized the intracellular Ca(2+) increase induced by DAMGO. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of 11 in three opioid receptors indicated orientation of the 6'-nitro group varied significantly in the different 'address' domains of the receptors and played a crucial role in the observed binding affinities and selectivity. Collectively, the current findings provide valuable insights for future development of NAQ-based MOR selective ligands.
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Jiang Y, Gao M, Wang W, Lang Y, Tong Z, Wang K, Zhang H, Chen G, Liu M, Yao Y, Xiao X. Sinomenine hydrochloride protects against polymicrobial sepsis via autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2559-73. [PMID: 25625512 PMCID: PMC4346851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to infection, is the major cause of death in intensive care units (ICUs). The mortality rate of sepsis remains high even though the treatment and understanding of sepsis both continue to improve. Sinomenine (SIN) is a natural alkaloid extracted from Chinese medicinal plant Sinomenium acutum, and its hydrochloride salt (Sinomenine hydrochloride, SIN-HCl) is widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its role in sepsis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of SIN-HCl in sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in BALB/c mice and the corresponding mechanism. SIN-HCl treatment improved the survival of BALB/c mice that were subjected to CLP and reduced multiple organ dysfunction and the release of systemic inflammatory mediators. Autophagy activities were examined using Western blotting. The results showed that CLP-induced autophagy was elevated, and SIN-HCl treatment further strengthened the autophagy activity. Autophagy blocker 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to investigate the mechanism of SIN-HCl in vitro. Autophagy activities were determined by examining the autophagosome formation, which was shown as microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) puncta with green immunofluorescence. SIN-HCl reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine release and increased autophagy in peritoneal macrophages (PM). 3-MA significantly decreased autophagosome formation induced by LPS and SIN-HCl. The decrease of inflammatory cytokines caused by SIN-HCl was partially aggravated by 3-MA treatment. Taken together, our results indicated that SIN-HCl could improve survival, reduce organ damage, and attenuate the release of inflammatory cytokines induced by CLP, at least in part through regulating autophagy activities.
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Li D, Zhang T, Ji B. Influences of pH, urea and metal ions on the interaction of sinomenine with Lysozyme by steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 130:440-6. [PMID: 24813272 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between sinomenine and Lysozyme (Lys) in aqueous solution has been systemically investigated by fluorescence spectroscopic techniques at pH 7.4. The quenching rate constants and binding constants calculated indicated the static quenching mechanism and medium binding force. The effect of sinomenine on the conformation of Lys was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence. In addition, influence of pH on the binding of sinomenine to Lys was investigated and the binding ability of the drug to Lys deceased under other pH conditions (pH 9.0, 3.5, and 1.9) as compared with that at pH 7.4. As compared with the binding ability of sinomenine to native Lys, that of sinomenine to denatured Lys deceases dramatically. Furthermore, the effect of many metal ions on the binding constant of sinomenine with Lys was investigated.
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Ben Haddou T, Malfacini D, Calo G, Aceto MD, Harris LS, Traynor JR, Coop A, Schmidhammer H, Spetea M. Exploring pharmacological activities and signaling of morphinans substituted in position 6 as potent agonists interacting with the μ opioid receptor. Mol Pain 2014; 10:48. [PMID: 25059282 PMCID: PMC4121618 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid analgesics are the most effective drugs for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. However, they also produce several adverse effects that can complicate pain management. The μ opioid (MOP) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, is recognized as the opioid receptor type which primarily mediates the pharmacological actions of clinically used opioid agonists. The morphinan class of analgesics including morphine and oxycodone are of main importance as therapeutically valuable drugs. Though the natural alkaloid morphine contains a C-6-hydroxyl group and the semisynthetic derivative oxycodone has a 6-carbonyl function, chemical approaches have uncovered that functionalizing position 6 gives rise to a range of diverse activities. Hence, position 6 of N-methylmorphinans is one of the most manipulated sites, and is established to play a key role in ligand binding at the MOP receptor, efficacy, signaling, and analgesic potency. We have earlier reported on a chemically innovative modification in oxycodone resulting in novel morphinans with 6-acrylonitrile incorporated substructures. RESULTS This study describes in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities and signaling of new morphinans substituted in position 6 with acrylonitrile and amido functions as potent agonists and antinociceptive agents interacting with MOP receptors. We show that the presence of a 6-cyano group in N-methylmorphinans has a strong influence on the binding to the opioid receptors and post-receptor signaling. One 6-cyano-N-methylmorphinan of the series was identified as the highest affinity and most selective MOP agonist, and very potent in stimulating G protein coupling and intracellular calcium release through the MOP receptor. In vivo, this MOP agonist showed to be greatly effective against thermal and chemical nociception in mice with marked increased antinociceptive potency than the lead molecule oxycodone. CONCLUSION Development of such novel chemotypes by targeting position 6 provides valuable insights on ligand-receptor interaction and molecular mode of action, and may aid in identification of opioid therapeutics with enhanced analgesic properties and fewer undesirable effects.
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G-Dayanandan N, Paulsen JL, Viswanathan K, Keshipeddy S, Lombardo M, Zhou W, Lamb KM, Sochia AE, Alverson JB, Priestley ND, Wright DL, Anderson AC. Propargyl-linked antifolates are dual inhibitors of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2643-56. [PMID: 24568657 PMCID: PMC3983340 DOI: 10.1021/jm401916j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Species of Candida, primarily C. albicans and with increasing prevalence, C. glabrata, are responsible for the majority of fungal bloodstream infections that cause morbidity, especially among immune compromised patients. While the development of new antifungal agents that target the essential enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), in both Candida species would be ideal, previous attempts have resulted in antifolates that exhibit inconsistencies between enzyme inhibition and antifungal properties. In this article, we describe the evaluation of pairs of propargyl-linked antifolates that possess similar physicochemical properties but different shapes. All of these compounds are effective at inhibiting the fungal enzymes and the growth of C. glabrata; however, the inhibition of the growth of C. albicans is shape-dependent with extended para-linked compounds proving more effective than compact, meta-linked compounds. Using crystal structures of DHFR from C. albicans and C. glabrata bound to lead compounds, 13 new para-linked compounds designed to inhibit both species were synthesized. Eight of these compounds potently inhibit the growth of both fungal species with three compounds displaying dual MIC values less than 1 μg/mL. Analysis of the active compounds shows that shape and distribution of polar functionality is critical in achieving dual antifungal activity.
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Yuan Y, Elbegdorj O, Beletskaya IO, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Structure activity relationship studies of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3'-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ) analogues as potent opioid receptor ligands: preliminary results on the role of electronic characteristics for affinity and function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5045-8. [PMID: 23948248 PMCID: PMC3776595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
17-Cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6α-(isoquinoline-3'-carboxamido)morphinan (NAQ) was previously designed following the 'message-address' concept and was identified as a potent and highly selective mu opioid receptor (MOR) ligand based on its pharmacological profile. We here report the preliminary structure activity relationship (SAR) studies of this novel lead compound. For the new ligands synthesized as NAQ analogues, their binding assay results showed that a longer spacer and a saturated ring system of the side chain were unfavorable for their MOR selectivity over the kappa and delta opioid receptors. In contrast, substitutions with different electronic properties at either 1'- or 4'-position of the isoquinoline ring of the side chain were generally acceptable for reasonable MOR selectivity. The majority of NAQ analogues retained low efficacy at the MOR compared to NAQ in the (35)S-GTP[γS] binding assays while electron-withdrawing groups at 1'-position of the isoquinoline ring induced higher MOR stimulation than electron-donating groups did. In summary, the electronic characteristics of substituents at 1'- or 4'-position of the isoquinoline ring in NAQ seem to be critical and need to be further tuned up to achieve higher MOR selectivity and lower MOR stimulation.
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Sulima A, Cheng K, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Gawrisch K, Lee YS. Z and E rotamers of N-formyl-1-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-methoxymorphinan-6-one and their interconversion as studied by 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2013; 51:82-8. [PMID: 23233124 PMCID: PMC3551572 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Formyl-1-bromo-4-hydroxy-3-methoxymorphinan-6-one (compound 2), an important intermediate in the NIH Opiate Total Synthesis, presumably exists as a mixture of two rotamers (Z and E) in both CHCl(3) and DMSO at room temperature due to the hindered rotation of its N-C18 bond in the amide moiety. By comparing the experimental (1)H and (13)C chemical shifts of a single rotamer and the mixture of compound 2 in CDCl(3) with the calculated chemical shifts of the geometry optimized Z and E rotamers utilizing density functional theory, the crystalline rotamer of compound 2 was characterized as having the E configuration. The energy barrier between the two rotamers was also determined with the temperature dependence of (1)H and (13)C NMR coalescence experiments, and then compared with that from the reaction path for the interconversion of the two rotamers calculated at the level of B3LYP/6-31G*. Detailed geometry of the ground state and the transition states of both rotamers are given and discussed.
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Marinho AF, Barbosa-Filho JM, Oliveira EJ. A validated method for the simultaneous quantitation of bioactive alkaloid markers in the leaf ethanolic extract of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl.: a phenological variation study. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:426-432. [PMID: 22095622 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The leaf hydroalcoholic extract of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) has shown promising activity in different animal models of asthma. Several alkaloids have been identified in the extract, including warifteine and methylwarifteine (bisbenzylisoquinoline), as well as milonine (morphinandienone). OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an analytical method for the simultaneous quantitation of the bioactive markers of C. sympodialis hydroalcoholic leaf extract and to apply the method to a seasonal (phenological) study of the concentration of the alkaloid markers. METHODOLOGY The method used reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and calibration by standard addition. Separation was achieved using a C₁₈-column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 0.05% aqueous (Et)₃NH₂ (A):MeOH(B) in gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. RESULTS The method proved to be linear in the concentration range tested (2-100 µg/mL, r² > 0,99), precise (RSD ≤ 15%), accurate (85-115%), selective and robust. Detection limits for warifteine, methyl-warifteine and milonine were 0.39, 1.10 and 1.77 µg/mL respectively. The highest concentration of total alkaloids (determined as the sum of the three alkaloids) in the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves was 2.9 ± 0.2 mg/g extract (n = 3), prior to fruit development. Both warifteine and methylwarifteine were detected in the total alkaloid fraction of the ripened fruits. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that significant variations in the concentration of the biomarkers occurred throughout the vegetative cycle. The lowest concentration of the alkaloids in the leaves coincided with their appearance in the ripened fruits.
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Manglik A, Kruse AC, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Mathiesen JM, Sunahara RK, Pardo L, Weis WI, Kobilka BK, Granier S. Crystal structure of the µ-opioid receptor bound to a morphinan antagonist. Nature 2012; 485:321-6. [PMID: 22437502 PMCID: PMC3523197 DOI: 10.1038/nature10954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1037] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Opium is one of the world's oldest drugs, and its derivatives morphine and codeine are among the most used clinical drugs to relieve severe pain. These prototypical opioids produce analgesia as well as many undesirable side effects (sedation, apnoea and dependence) by binding to and activating the G-protein-coupled µ-opioid receptor (µ-OR) in the central nervous system. Here we describe the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the mouse µ-OR in complex with an irreversible morphinan antagonist. Compared to the buried binding pocket observed in most G-protein-coupled receptors published so far, the morphinan ligand binds deeply within a large solvent-exposed pocket. Of particular interest, the µ-OR crystallizes as a two-fold symmetrical dimer through a four-helix bundle motif formed by transmembrane segments 5 and 6. These high-resolution insights into opioid receptor structure will enable the application of structure-based approaches to develop better drugs for the management of pain and addiction.
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Yuan Y, Elbegdorj O, Chen J, Akubathini SK, Beletskaya IO, Selley DE, Zhang Y. Structure selectivity relationship studies of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4'-pyridyl)carboxamido]morphinan derivatives toward the development of the mu opioid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5625-9. [PMID: 21788135 PMCID: PMC3171173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor antagonists have been applied to target a variety of diseases clinically. The current study is designed to explore the structure selectivity relationship (SSR) of 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4'-pyridyl)carboxamido]morphinan (NAP), a lead compound identified as a selective mu opioid receptor antagonist based on the previous study. Among a series of NAP derivatives synthesized, compounds 6 (NMP) and 9 (NGP) maintained comparable binding affinity, selectivity and efficacy to the lead compound. Particularly, the mu opioid receptor selectivity over kappa opioid receptor of NGP was considerably enhanced compared to that of NAP. Overall, the preliminary SSR supported our original hypothesis that an alternate 'address' domain may exist in the mu opioid receptor, which favors the ligands carrying a hydrogen bond acceptor and an aromatic system to selectively recognize the mu opioid receptor.
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Li F, Folk JE, Cheng K, Kurimura M, Deck JA, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Dersch CM, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 43. Synthesis of the ortho-a and para-a, and improved synthesis and optical resolution of the ortho-b and para-b oxide-bridged phenylmorphans: compounds with moderate to low opioid-receptor affinity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4330-7. [PMID: 21684752 PMCID: PMC3145320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Phenethyl-substituted ortho-a and para-a oxide-bridged phenylmorphans have been obtained through an improved synthesis and their binding affinity examined at the various opioid receptors. Although the N-phenethyl substituent showed much greater affinity for μ- and κ-opioid receptors than their N-methyl relatives (e.g., K(i)=167 nM and 171 nM at μ- and κ-receptors vs >2800 and 7500 nM for the N-methyl ortho-a oxide-bridged phenylmorphan), the a-isomers were not examined further because of their relatively low affinity. The N-phenethyl substituted ortho-b and para-b oxide-bridged phenylmorphans were also synthesized and their enantiomers were obtained using supercritical fluid chromatography. Of the four enantiomers, only the (+)-ortho-b isomer had moderate affinity for μ- and κ-receptors (K(i)=49 and 42 nM, respectively, and it was found to also have moderate μ- and κ-opioid antagonist activity in the [(35)S]GTP-γ-S assay (K(e)=31 and 26 nM).
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Wang XL, Liu BR, Wang JR, Chen CK, Qin GW, Lee SS. Two new morphinane alkaloids from Sinomenium acutum. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2011; 13:523-528. [PMID: 21623515 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.574617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two new morphinane alkaloids, 1-hydroxy-10-oxo-sinomenine (1) and 4,5-epoxy-14-hydroxy sinomenine N-oxide (2), have been isolated from the stems of Sinomenium acutum. Their structures were established by various spectral analyses, especially 2D NMR experiments. The structure of 2 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were deduced by comparison of CD spectra with the known alkaloid sinomenine (3). Compound 1 was tested for DPPH inhibition and gave IC(50) of 27.9 μM. Compound 2 was tested for neuroprotective effect and showed significant activity against β-amyloid(25-35)-induced oxidative injury (*P < 0.05) at 10 μM in PC-12 cells.
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Kim JH, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Dersch CM, Folk JE, Cheng K, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. Part 42: synthesis and in vitro pharmacological characterization of the N-methyl and N-phenethyl analogues of the racemic ortho-c and para-c oxide-bridged phenylmorphans. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3434-43. [PMID: 21570305 PMCID: PMC3115714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of N-methyl and N-phenethyl substituted ortho-c and para-c oxide-bridged phenylmorphans, using N-benzyl- rather than N-methyl-substituted intermediates, was used and the pharmacological properties of these compounds were determined. The N-phenethyl substituted ortho-c oxide-bridged phenylmorphan(rac-(3R,6aS,11aS)-2-phenethyl-2,3,4,5,6,11a-hexahydro-1H-3,6a-methanobenzofuro[2,3-c]azocin-10-ol (12)) was found to have the highest μ-opioid receptor affinity (K(i)=1.1 nM) of all of the a- through f-oxide-bridged phenylmorphans. Functional data ([³⁵S]GTP-γ-S) showed that the racemate 12 was more than three times more potent than naloxone as an μ-opioid antagonist.
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Cheng F, Guo M, Zhang Y, Yu XH, Wang ZW. [Tracking the active component of Tebatan medicine Meconopsis quintuplinervia from Gansu]. ZHONG YAO CAI = ZHONGYAOCAI = JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS 2011; 34:69-71. [PMID: 21818971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the active ingredients of analgesic and anti-inflammatory from Meconopsis quintuplinervia, Tracking the active ingredients of such medicines. METHODS The compounds Meconopsis quintuplinervia,were separated with chromatography and its chemical structure was elucidated by means of MS, NMR spectroscopy methods respectively. RESULTS Five compounds were obtaine as O-methylflavinantine (I), flavinantin (II), tricin (III), quercitrin (IV) and methyl linoleate (V). CONCLUSION Compounds I is obtained from the plant for the first time.
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Decker M, Si YG, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Neumeyer JL. Synthesis and opioid receptor binding affinities of 2-substituted and 3-aminomorphinans: ligands for mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:402-18. [PMID: 19928862 PMCID: PMC2814335 DOI: 10.1021/jm9013482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic group of the potent mu and kappa opioid morphinan agonist/antagonists cyclorphan and butorphan was replaced by phenylamino and benzylamino groups including compounds with para-substituents in the benzene ring. These compounds are highly potent mu and kappa ligands, e.g., p-methoxyphenylaminocyclorphan showing a K(i) of 0.026 nM at the mu receptor and a K(i) of 0.03 nM at the kappa receptor. Phenyl carbamates and phenylureas were synthesized and investigated. Selective o-formylation of butorphan and levorphanol was achieved. This reaction opened the way to a large set of 2-substituted 3-hydroxymorphinans, including 2-hydroxymethyl-, 2-aminomethyl-, and N-substituted 2-aminomethyl-3-hydroxymorphinans. Bivalent ligands bridged in the 2-position were also synthesized and connected with secondary and tertiary aminomethyl groups, amide bonds, and hydroxymethylene groups, respectively. Although most of the 2-substituted morphinans showed considerably lower affinities compared to their parent compounds, the bivalent ligand approach led to significantly higher affinities compared to the univalent 2-substituted morphinans.
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Gesell A, Rolf M, Ziegler J, Díaz Chávez ML, Huang FC, Kutchan TM. CYP719B1 is salutaridine synthase, the C-C phenol-coupling enzyme of morphine biosynthesis in opium poppy. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24432-42. [PMID: 19567876 PMCID: PMC2782036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is a powerful analgesic natural product produced by the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Although formal syntheses of this alkaloid have been reported, the morphine molecule contains five stereocenters and a C-C phenol linkage that to date render a total synthesis of morphine commercially unfeasible. The C-C phenol-coupling reaction along the biosynthetic pathway to morphine in opium poppy is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450-dependent oxygenase salutaridine synthase. We report herein on the identification of salutaridine synthase as a member of the CYP719 family of cytochromes P450 during a screen of recombinant cytochromes P450 of opium poppy functionally expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Recombinant CYP719B1 is a highly stereo- and regioselective enzyme; of forty-one compounds tested as potential substrates, only (R)-reticuline and (R)-norreticuline resulted in formation of a product (salutaridine and norsalutaridine, respectively). To date, CYP719s have been characterized catalyzing only the formation of a methylenedioxy bridge in berberine biosynthesis (canadine synthase, CYP719A1) and in benzo[c]phenanthridine biosynthesis (stylopine synthase, CYP719A14). Previously identified phenol-coupling enzymes of plant alkaloid biosynthesis belong only to the CYP80 family of cytochromes. CYP719B1 therefore is the prototype for a new family of plant cytochromes P450 that catalyze formation of a phenol-couple.
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