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Shelite TR, Saito TB, Mendell NL, Gong B, Xu G, Soong L, Valbuena G, Bouyer DH, Walker DH. Hematogenously disseminated Orientia tsutsugamushi-infected murine model of scrub typhus [corrected]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2966. [PMID: 25010338 PMCID: PMC4091938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, is a mite-borne rickettsia transmitted by the parasitic larval stage of trombiculid mites. Approximately one-third of the world's population is at risk of infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi, emphasizing its importance in global health. In order to study scrub typhus, Orientia tsutsugamushi Karp strain has been used extensively in mouse studies with various inoculation strategies and little success in inducing disease progression similar to that of human scrub typhus. The objective of this project was to develop a disease model with pathology and target cells similar to those of severe human scrub typhus. This study reports an intravenous infection model of scrub typhus in C57BL/6 mice. This mouse strain was susceptible to intravenous challenge, and lethal infection occurred after intravenous inoculation of 1.25×106 focus (FFU) forming units. Signs of illness in lethally infected mice appeared on day 6 with death occurring ∼6 days later. Immunohistochemical staining for Orientia antigens demonstrated extensive endothelial infection, most notably in the lungs and brain. Histopathological analysis revealed cerebral perivascular, lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, focal hemorrhages, meningoencephalitis, and interstitial pneumonia. Disseminated infection of endothelial cells with Orientia in C57BL/6 mice resulted in pathology resembling that of human scrub typhus. The use of this model will allow detailed characterization of the mechanisms of immunity to and pathogenesis of O. tsutsugamushi infection. Scrub typhus is a disease found in Southeast Asia that infects over 1 million people each year. This disease is caused by the intracellular pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted by the bite of chigger mites. Scrub typhus is characterized by pulmonary disease and in severe cases, multiorgan system failure. The current research model utilizes an intraperitoneal route of inoculation of mice to study the host response to Orientia infection. Infection via this route results in severe peritonitis that does not occur in human scrub typhus. The development of animal models that accurately portray human disease is an important step toward understanding and managing disease. In this manuscript we describe a new mouse model that results in scrub typhus-like pathology following intravenous inoculation of mice. This model presents dose-dependent mortality with scrub typhus-like pathology that parallels human disease. Utilization of this model will provide a valuable research tool for characterizing the immune response and pathogenesis induced by O. tsutsugamushi allowing development of better treatment and an effective vaccine.
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MATSUMAE A, YOSHIOKA M, SOTOMURA M, OWADA H, HATA T. EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT IN ANIMALS WITH MITOMYCINS (I). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:183-9. [PMID: 13549130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1957.tb00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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SMADEL JE, JACKSON EB. A toxic substance associated with the Gilliam strain of R. orientalis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 62:138-40. [PMID: 20993147 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-62-15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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PHILIP CB, WOODWARD TE, SULLIVAN RR. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub or mite-borne typhus) in the Philippine Islands during American re-occupation in 1944-45. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 26:229-42. [PMID: 21020342 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1946.s1-26.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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WALKER WT. Scrub typhus vaccine; its effect on 16 cases incubating the disease. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 2010; 1:484-7. [PMID: 20248030 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4501.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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RIGHTS FL, SMADEL JE. Studies on scrib typhus; tsutsugamushi disease; heterogenicity of strains of R. tsutsugamushi as demonstrated by cross-vaccination studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 87:339-51. [PMID: 18904219 PMCID: PMC2135778 DOI: 10.1084/jem.87.4.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic differences among strains of R. tsutsugamushi are sufficiently great that vaccines prepared from certain strains fail to induce resistance in mice to infection with other strains. Although the results of cross-vaccination tests indicate varying degrees of relationship between a number of the strains, there is no correlation between source of the rickettsia and antigenic pattern of the agent.
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Kim HC, Klein TA, Chong ST, Collier BW, Usa M, Yi SC, Song KJ, Baek LJ, Song JW. Seroepidemiological Survey of Rodents Collected at a U.S. Military Installation, Yongsan Garrison, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Mil Med 2007; 172:759-64. [PMID: 17691691 DOI: 10.7205/milmed.172.7.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A seroepidemiological study of selected rodent-borne diseases (hantavirus [Seoul [SEO] virus], scrub typhus [Orientia tsutsugamushi], murine typhus [Rickettsia typhi], and leptospirosis [Leptospira interrogans]), as part of the U.S. military rodent surveillance and control program, was conducted from 2001 through 2005 at Yongsan Garrison, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Rodents were collected to determine the prevalence of rodent-borne diseases at a U.S. military installation in an urban environment. A total of 1,750 rodents representing three species was collected by using baited live traps (Tomahawk), glue boards, and poison baits (dead rodents observed but not assayed). The Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus (99.8%), accounted for nearly all of the rodents captured/observed. Only three roof rats, Rattus rattus (0.2%), and one house mouse, Mus musculus (<0.1%), were collected. R. norvegicus rats were the only rodents that were serologically positive for SEO virus (9.6%), scrub typhus (2.8%), murine typhus (3.8%), and leptospirosis (4.6%). One of six rodents that were positive for SEO virus by immunofluorescent antibody test was positive for SEO virus antigen by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Infection rates for SEO virus, scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis varied annually. Rodents were captured from 228 (20.7%) of 1,104 total buildings in Yongsan Garrison. The Yongsan commissary had the highest annual infestation rate (22 rodents per year), followed by Commisky's Club (18 rodents per year). Annual infestation rates were high for food service facilities, which often store perishable food products outdoors for short periods of time, attracting rodent populations; refuse from these facilities provides harborage and food for rodents. The effect of rodent populations outside the boundary of Yongsan Garrison was not determined.
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Zhang Q, Liu YX, Wu XM, Zhao QM, Zhang PH, Yang H, Cao WC. [Investigation on rodents' natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in some areas of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, China]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2006; 27:475-8. [PMID: 17152505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate rodents' natural infection of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) in some areas of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, China. METHODS DNAs were extracted from spleens of the captured mice and nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) technique was used to detect the Ot-Sta56 gene. Six positive samples were sequenced and analyzed by Clustal X (5.0) and DNA Club software. RESULTS A total of 90 rodents were captured in Inner Mongolia, and the overall prevalence of Ot was 6.67%. There was no significant difference in infection rates among the positive rodents species. 20 rodents were captured in Xinjiang, and the prevalence of Ot was 5.00%. The geographical difference in infection rates was not statistically significant between Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. 9 rodents were captured in farmlands of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang but there was no positive samples found. 101 rodents were captured in grasslands, and the prevalence of Ot was 6.93%. The Sta56 gene nucleotide sequence homology to Karp strain of N59 (from Microtus maximowiczii), N69 (from Cricetulus barabensis) and X33(from Cricetus cricetus) was 99%. The sequence homology to Taitung-2 strain and TW461 strain of N65 (from C. barabensis) was 94%, and the sequence homology to Taitung-2 strain and TW461 strain of N88(from Apodemus agrarius) was also 94%. The sequence homology to Oishi strain of N90 (from A. agrarius) was 96.00%. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that infections of Ot did exist in rodents captured from Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The genotypes of Ot in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang were quite complex, with some of them belonged to Karp type, and the others belonged to Taitung-2, TW461 and Oishi types which providing evidence for further investigation on the scrub typhus fuci in the two areas.
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Deng XZ, Xu K, Kong J, Diao ZY, Qian JY, Tan YF, Zhang M, Cao GW, Zhang Y. [Study on the coinfection of Hantavirus and Orientia tsutsugamushi in tissue cell culture]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2006; 27:518-21. [PMID: 17152514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possibility of Hantavirus (HV) and Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot) coinfection in their hosts. METHODS HV and Ot were used to infect Vero E6 cells cultured in vitro singly, simultaneously or successively. Genes of HV and Ot were identified in different generation cells with RT-PCR. RESULTS Five experiment groups of infected Vero E6 cells were tested, the results were as follows: HV and Ot were both positive in infected Vero E6 cells passaged 2 times and the positive rate increased following the passaged times in HV and Ot infection groups, simultaneously or successively. However, in the groups which were infected with HV and Ot separately, the gene of HV or Ot could be detected in infected Vero E6 cells passaged only once and the positive rate increased following the times of the passaged. The positive rate was higher in the singly infected groups than in those infected simultaneously or successively. CONCLUSION Coinfection of HV and Ot did exist in the hosts while HV and Ot could inhibit each other in the initial infection stage.
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SMADEL JE, LEY HL, DIERCKS FH, PATERSON PY, WISSEMAN CL, TRAUB R. Immunization against scrub typhus: duration of immunity in volunteers following combined living vaccine and chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 1:87-99. [PMID: 14903439 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1952.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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SMADEL JE, JACKSON EB, LEY HL. Terramycin as a rickettsiostatic agent and its usefulness in patients with scrub typhus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 53:375-84. [PMID: 14783346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1950.tb42172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HARRISON JL, AUDY JR. Hosts of the mite vector of scrub typhus. I. A check list of the recorded hosts. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2004; 45:171-85. [PMID: 14915455 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1951.11685486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yamane T, Arai T, Yamami A, Morio T, Takao K, Morio K, Kuwata S, Matsuzaki K, Nakamura T. [Two cases of rickettsiosis--the clinical characteristics of Japanese spotted fever and tsutsugamushi disease]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2002; 91:746-8. [PMID: 11917502 DOI: 10.2169/naika.91.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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BARROW GJ, DOMROW R, DERRICK EH. Rocky Creek, an outlying focus of scrub typhus in North Queensland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 12:166-70. [PMID: 13969579 DOI: 10.1111/imj.1963.12.2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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BOZEMAN FM, ELISBERG BL. Serological diagnosis of scrub typhus by indirect immunofluorescence. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1998; 112:568-73. [PMID: 14014756 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-112-28107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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MORRIS JA. EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN MONKEYS OF CUTANEOUS RESISTANCE TO REINFECTION WITH RICKETTSIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1996; 119:736-8. [PMID: 14328990 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Song HJ, Kim KH, Kim SC, Hong SS, Ree HI. [Population density of chigger mites, the vector of tsutsugamushi disease in Chollanam-do, Korea]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1996; 34:27-33. [PMID: 8820739 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1996.34.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The geographical distribution and population density of rodents and chigger mites at six localities of Chollanam-do were investigated from October to December in 1993. Among total 142 field rodents collected by the modified Chemla wooden traps, 131 rodents were Apodemus agrarius (92.3%) and 11 were Crocidura lasiura (7.7%). Out of 142 field rodents, 92 were parasitized by chiggers, showing 69.0% of the infestation rate and 74.2 of the chigger index. Infestation rate and chigger index of A. agrarius and C. lasiura were 73.3%, 80.4 and 18.2%, 0.5, respectively. From the trapped field rodents, 10,532 chiggers were collected and identified with 11 species of 4 genera. Leptotrombidium pallidum, the vector species of tsutsugamushi disease, was the dominant species, showing 8,038 chiggers (76.3%). L. scutellare was the second dominant species showing 1,359 chiggers (12.9%). The distribution of chigger mites was clearly localized by the species, showing the different dominant species according to localities. The predominant species was L. scutellare (100%) in Changhung-gun, L. scutellare (41.5%) in Posong-gun, L. pallidum (88.8%) in Hwasun-gun, L. pallidum (59.2%) in Koksong-gun, L. zetum (77.3%) in Hampyong-gun, and L. palpale (63.4%) in Tamyang-gun. Regarding to the geographical distribution of chigger population density, the infestation rate and chigger index was most high in Hwasun-gun as 62.4% and 216.2 respectively, and next high in Koksong-gun as 22.4% and 77.7% respectively.
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Friedman M. Lt. Col. Theodore E. Woodward, M.C. MARYLAND MEDICAL JOURNAL (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1985) 1995; 44:872; 977-8. [PMID: 8538394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Iwasaki H, Hashimoto K, Takada N, Nakayama T, Ueda T, Nakamura T. Fulminant Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection associated with haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet 1994; 343:1236. [PMID: 7909908 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ridgway RL, Oaks SC, LaBarre DD. Laboratory animal models for human scrub typhus. LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 1986; 36:481-5. [PMID: 3534444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of animals have been utilized in an attempt to provide the information necessary to bring scrub typhus to the point where it is no longer a threat to man. The laboratory mouse is usually the animal of choice for the study of this disease. The discovery that certain strains of inbred mice are genetically resistant to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, the agent of scrub typhus, has opened new avenues in the study of the immune response to the disease. The cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis, appears to be the best animal model for the study of scrub typhus as it occurs in humans and should be useful in the development of an efficacious vaccine.
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Riley HD. Rickettsial diseases and Rocky Mountain spotted fever--Part II. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRICS 1981; 11:1-38. [PMID: 7016457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nadchatram M, Dohany AL. Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) Umbricola, new species, a probable vector of scrub typhus in Peninsular Malaysia. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1980; 33:277-82. [PMID: 7300039 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.33.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) umbricola, described here as a new species, is a member of the L. (L.) deliense group and most closely resembles L. (L.) vivericola. L. (L.) umbricola was collected from the ground surface and from animal hosts, in similar habitats to the scrub typhus vector, L. (L.) deliense. The host and habitat distribution records and the Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection rates within unengorged specimens suggest that L. (L.) umbricola may be an important vector of scrub typhus in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Dohany AL, Shirai A, Lim BL, Huxsoll DL. Variation in populations of chigger vectors of scrub typhus in developing oil palm areas of different ages. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1980; 33:263-70. [PMID: 7300038 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.33.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The populations of scrub typhus vector chiggers were compared in two developing oil palm areas, one 5 years old and the other 7 years old at the inception of the study. Both areas were located within the same oil palm scheme in central Peninsular Malaysia. Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense, a principal vector of scrub typhus in Malaysia, was found in reduced numbers in the older oil palm habitat. This reduction is attributed to changes in the microhabitat, specifically the elimination of grasses between the oil palm trees due to canopy shading and to cultural practices.
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