Effects of carbamazepine coadministration on plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine

Effects of carbamazepine coadministration on plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) were studied in six depressed patients treated with trazodone. The daily dose of trazodone was 150 mg in three cases and 300 mg in three cases. Carbamazepine, 400 mg/day, was coadministered for 4 weeks, and blood samples were taken before carbamazepine addition and at weekly intervals after the addition. Carbamazepine significantly (p < 0.01) decreased plasma concentrations of not only trazodone but also m-CPP at each week. On the average, plasma concentrations of trazodone and m-CPP at 4 weeks were 24 and 40% of the corresponding precarbamazepine values. This study thus suggests that carbamazepine coadministration decreases plasma concentrations of trazodone and m-CPP by inducing the metabolism of these compounds.

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and salt sensitivity in essential hypertension

We undertook the present study in 66 Japanese patients with essential hypertension to identify genetic factors associated with salt sensitivity. Patients were classified into salt-sensitive or salt-resistant groups on the basis of changes in their mean blood pressures from a week of a low salt diet (50 mmol/d) to a week of a high salt diet (340 mmol/d). Salt sensitivity and resistance were studied in relation to a 287-bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene detected by a polymerase chain reaction method and the haptoglobin phenotype determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Patients with the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene genotype II were more apt to be salt sensitive than patients with the ID and DD genotypes, although plasma renin activity was similar in each group. The frequency of the I allele in the salt-sensitive group was significantly higher than that in the salt-resistant group (chi2 = 7.4, odds ratio = 2.78). However, there was no significant relationship between haptoglobin phenotype and salt sensitivity. These data suggest that an I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene is a genetic factor associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure independently of plasma renin activity in Japanese patients with essential hypertension.

[A case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MELAS)]

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is a hereditary syndrome showing impairment of muscle and the central nervous system. In this disorder, the following three syndromes have been identified on the basis of characteristic symptoms: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and myotonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers (MERRF). In this report, we describe a case of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with renal disease. A 25-year-old man was referred to our hospital in May, 1992 for evaluation of long-standing proteinuria. He had a small stature, exotropia and no pretibial edema. No mental retardation was observed. Urinary protein excretion was 2.0 g/day and urine sugar was negative. Laboratory examination revealed a serum urea nitrogen 19 mg/dl, and a creatinine value of 1.5 mg/dl. Creatinine clearance was 45.8 ml/min. His serum and spinal fluid lactate value were elevated. Biopsied muscle showed an absence of ragged-red fibers, and the presence of an A-to-G point mutation at nucleotide pari 3243 in the mitochondrial tRNA(Leu(UUR)) in peripheral blood leucocytes. He was thought to have MELAS. On the renal biopsy specimens, light microscopic examinations showed minor glomerular abnormalities with two glomerular collapses and tubulo-interstitial damage. Electron microscopic examinations showed partial thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. We report here this rare case of MELAS with renal disease, and also review seventeen cases of mitochondrial encephalopathy associated with renal disease. The existence of a relationship between mitochondrial disorder and renal damage remains obscure.

Apoptosis occurs more frequently in metastatic foci than in primary lesions of human colorectal carcinomas: analysis by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling

We examined the occurrence of apoptotic cell death in 15 advanced colorectal carcinomas with lymph-node and/or liver metastases by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). TUNEL-positive cells were used to quantify the apoptotic index (AI: percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in carcinomatous cells). Similarly, Ki-67-positive cells were used to quantify Ki-67 labeling (KI: percentage of Ki-67-positive cells in carcinomatous cells) as a proliferative index. The mean AIs of primary colorectal carcinomas, lymph-node and liver metastases were 3.5%, 5.6% and 6.2% respectively. There was a significant group difference between primary carcinomas and lymph-node or liver metastases. The mean KIs of primary colorectal carcinomas, lymph-node and liver metastases were 51.8%, 60.1% and 61.7% respectively. There was a significant group difference between primary carcinomas and lymph-node or liver metastases. In addition, there was a close positive relationship between the AI and MI per specimen. There was no apparent correlation between AI or MI and the expression of nuclear p53 of cancer cells. These results suggested that cell proliferation and loss (apoptosis) were more frequent in metastatic foci than in primary lesions, and that apoptosis might reflect not only cell loss but also the proliferative activity of human colorectal carcinomas.

Apoptosis occurs more frequently in metastatic foci than in primary lesions of human colorectal carcinomas: analysis by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling

We examined the occurrence of apoptotic cell death in 15 advanced colorectal carcinomas with lymph-node and/or liver metastases by terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). TUNEL-positive cells were used to quantify the apoptotic index (AI: percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in carcinomatous cells). Similarly, Ki-67-positive cells were used to quantify Ki-67 labeling (KI: percentage of Ki-67-positive cells in carcinomatous cells) as a proliferative index. The mean AIs of primary colorectal carcinomas, lymph-node and liver metastases were 3.5%, 5.6% and 6.2% respectively. There was a significant group difference between primary carcinomas and lymph-node or liver metastases. The mean KIs of primary colorectal carcinomas, lymph-node and liver metastases were 51.8%, 60.1% and 61.7% respectively. There was a significant group difference between primary carcinomas and lymph-node or liver metastases. In addition, there was a close positive relationship between the AI and MI per specimen. There was no apparent correlation between AI or MI and the expression of nuclear p53 of cancer cells. These results suggested that cell proliferation and loss (apoptosis) were more frequent in metastatic foci than in primary lesions, and that apoptosis might reflect not only cell loss but also the proliferative activity of human colorectal carcinomas.

Hyperosmotic stress leads to reversible dissociation of the proton pump-bearing tubules from the contractile vacuole complex in Paramecium

To study the effect of hyperosmotic stress on the structure and function of the contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium multimicronucleatum, we employed two different monoclonal antibody markers: one to a decorated spongiome antigen (A4) and a second to an antigen found on all other membranes of the contractile vacuole complex (G4). A hyperosmotic condition was produced by adding sorbitol to the axenic culture medium which induced both dose- and time-dependent decreases in the vacuole's expulsion rate. The addition of 150 mM sorbitol to the medium (making a final osmolarity of 230 mOsmol) was sufficient to completely stop the expulsion of the contractile vacuole. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that the blocking of fluid output was accompanied by the disappearance of most fluorescence labeling from the decorated spongiome (the A4 antigen). Electron microscopy revealed that the disappearance of the labeling was accompanied by the disappearance of the decorated tubules from around the collecting canals. These tubules vesiculate. The other membranes of the contractile vacuole complex remained unaffected which was demonstrated by both electron microscopy and indirect immunolabeling using the mAb against the G4 antigen. These results show that the decorated spongiome is formed from a distinct membrane pool separate from that of the smooth spongiome, collecting canals and the contractile vacuole. Recovery of the decorated spongiome rapidly followed the return of the cell to an isotonic environment and was completed within 3 hours. Decorated tubule recovery paralleled the recovery of the function of the contractile vacuole. Recovery was also observed during continuous hyperosmotic treatment with the reappearance of the contractile vacuole activity starting at 3 hours and stabilizing at around 10 hours of incubation. Functional recovery under these conditions was accompanied by a reappearance of the decorated tubules but the total fluid output was always lower than for cells in an isotonic environment. Thus, cells were shown to be capable of adapting to high hyperosmotic conditions. We conclude that the dissociation and reassociation of the decorated spongiome is an important regulatory feature controlling the activity of the contractile vacuole complex and of intracellular osmoregulation in Paramecium.

A leader open reading frame is essential for the expression in Escherichia coli of GC-rich leuB gene of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus

To improve expression efficiency of the leuB gene of an extreme thermophile. Thermus thermophilus, in Escherichia coli, the gene was placed under a potent promoter, tac. However, the expression was hardly improved, despite increased transcription. The expression under tac promoter was significantly improved by introducing a leader open reading frame in front of the gene. Similar improvement under a weak promoter, tet, with a leader open reading frame had been described previously. The present results provide evidence that the major limiting step in the expression of a GC-rich thermophile gene in E. coli is translation, and that the addition of a leader open reading frame is more crucial for high level expression of the gene than the use of a potent promoter.

A polypeptide toxin in the sea anemone Actinia equina homologous with other sea anemone sodium channel toxins: isolation and amino acid sequence

The sea anemone (Actinia equina) was newly established to contain a polypeptide toxin (named Ae I) having lethal activity to crabs, besides the well-known cytolytic toxins (equinatoxins) of proteinic nature. Ae I, with a minimum lethal dose against crabs of 25 micrograms/kg, was easily isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and reverse-phase HPLC on Nucleosil 300-7C18. Its amino acid composition is characterized by the abundance of Gly, the absence of Ala and the presence of Met. The complete amino acid sequence of Ae I was determined. Ae I has high sequence homology with type 1 sea anemone neurotoxins. Interestingly, the polypeptide chain of Ae I comprises 54 amino acid residues, being 5-8 residues longer than the known type 1 toxins having 46-49 residues.

Oral hygiene reduces respiratory infections in elderly bed-bound nursing home patients

In the elderly, aspiration is a common and serious problem. A procedure to minimize respiratory infections caused by silent aspiration was conducted on elderly bed-bound nursing home patients who suffered mainly from cerebral infarction and dementia. Oral care was provided by a dentist and a dental hygienist once a day and the mouth cleansed with povidone iodine by nurses after each meal to restrict respiratory bacterial infection caused by silent aspiration. In period I, neither group of patients received particular care. In period II, the A group was orally cared for and the B group was not cared for. In period III, the A group was not cared for and B group was cared for. During oral treatment for 6 months, febrile days did not improve but degradation of febrile days were prevented by oral care in a limited number of patients. We suggest that oral care may be useful to some extent in elderly patients to prevent respiratory infections.

Angiotensin II activates pp60c-src in vascular smooth muscle cells

The angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, lacks intrinsic kinase activity. However, recent data show that angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1), Stat91 (one of the signal transducers and activators of transcription), and paxillin in vascular smooth muscle cells. The tyrosine kinases responsible for these phosphorylation events are unknown. Src family kinases have been shown to phosphorylate PLC-gamma 1 and to be activated by G protein-coupled receptors. We hypothesized that pp60c-src associates with the AT1 receptor and is activated after Ang II stimulation of smooth muscle cells. We immunoprecipitated pp60c-src from Ang II-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells and measured pp60c-src activity by autophosphorylation and by phosphorylation of enolase. Both assays demonstrated an approximately threefold increase in pp60c-src activity within 1 minute. A similar increase in Ang II-stimulated pp60c-src activity was observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the AT1 receptor but not in untransfected cells. These data are the first to show that pp60c-src is activated by Ang II. To determine if pp60c-src associated with the AT1 receptor, the AT1 receptor was immunoprecipitated (with two different antibodies), and Western blots were performed with two different anti-pp60c-src antibodies. No pp60c-src was detected. In addition, direct interaction between the AT1 receptor and pp60c-src could not be demonstrated by using a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-AT1 fusion protein to bind proteins from cell lysates stimulated by Ang II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Resistibility to Theileria sergenti infection in Holstein and Japanese Black cattle

To clarify the resistibility against Theileria sergenti infection in Holstein and Japanese Black cattle under controlled conditions in artificial environmental chambers, those breeds of calves were infected with T. sergenti by infestation with the same number of infected ticks. No apparent differences between the two breeds were observed in the feeding numbers and feeding periods of ticks infested. The level and duration of parasitemia were clearly less and shorter in Japanese Black than those in Holstein calves. With progress of parasitemia, packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte number decreased in both breeds. However, the minimum PCV and erythrocyte number recorded in Japanese Black were higher than those in Holstein calves. These results suggest that the Japanese Black shows solider resistance to T. sergenti infection than the Holstein breed does under experimentally controlled condition without external factors.

Super-early iodine-123-iodoamphetamine SPECT imaging of human primary motor cortex

This study was designed to visualize the motor function area related to finger movements in normal human brain using super-early (first 640 sec of acquisition) [123l]iodoamphetamine ([123I]IMP) SPECT.

METHODS

Seven healthy male volunteers performed paired, isolated baseline and task sessions. The task was a right thumb-to-fingers opposition task, which was loaded for the initial 11 min of the session. A high-performance, four-head SPECT camera was used. At each session, administration of 222 MBq [123I]IMP was followed by 16 serial 160-sec dynamic SPECT acquisitions. To obtain matched brain anatomical images, MRI was also performed using the same slice formation as in the SPECT study. After image reconstruction, ROIs were set on bilateral sensorimotor hand areas (SMHA), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes and the cerebellar hemispheres. The percent increase of ROI activity (%INC) in the task session compared with that in the baseline session was calculated in each ROI after normalization to the global brain radioactivity.

RESULTS

There was significant activation of the left SMHA by the task, the amplitude of which was maximal in the initial phase of dynamic images (the super-early phase). This area was located in the left peri-central area identified on the analogous slice in the MR image. The left SMHA showed gradual and statistically significant decrease of %INC during the three phases.

CONCLUSION

Super-early [123I]IMP may be used to identify the primary motor cortex and to evaluate its function in some pathological conditions.

The relationship between serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels and hypertension: common in drinkers and nondrinkers

A significant association between elevations of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) levels and those of blood pressure and hypertension has been reported separately in drinkers and nondrinkers. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether the relationship between serum gamma-GTP and the prevalence of hypertension is the same or similar in both drinkers and nondrinkers. The study subjects comprised 4,920 male nondrinkers, 9,390 male daily drinkers, 8,081 female nondrinkers, and 278 female daily drinkers, who were aged 40 to 59 years. The prevalence of hypertension in the male and female daily drinkers was 1.5 and 1.3 times, respectively, higher than in the nondrinkers. Mean systolic blood pressure in the male and female drinkers was 4.4 and 3.1 mmHg, respectively, higher than in the nondrinkers. After adjusting for age, body mass index, and serum gamma-GTP levels, the differences in the prevalence of hypertension and the mean systolic blood pressure level between the drinkers and nondrinkers decreased to 1.2 times and 2.7 mmHg, respectively. Although these small differences remained statistically significant, the association between serum gamma-GTP and hypertension appears to be quite similar in both drinkers and nondrinkers, suggesting that hepatic steatosis may play a common, pathogenetic role in the development of hypertension.

Dietary salt decreases cytosolic calcium in platelets from Dahl salt-sensitive rats

To determine whether abnormal cellular Ca2+ handling is involved in salt-induced hypertension of Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DS), we investigated Ca2+ handling in fura 2-loaded platelets of DS and Dahl salt-resistant rats (DR) fed a high-NaCl (8%) or a low-NacL (0.3%) diet for 4 wk from 5 wk of age. At 5 wk of age, blood pressure, resting cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), the thrombin-evoked increase in [Ca2+]i and the size of internal Ca2+ stores of DS were comparable with those of DR. After 4 wk on the diets, resting [Ca2+]i of DS on high-NaCl diet was lower than that of DS on low-NaCl diet, and there was no effect of high salt intake on resting [Ca2+]i in DR. In DS, high salt intake attenuated the [Ca2+]i response to thrombin in the presence of external Ca2+. In contrast, the [Ca2+]i response to thrombin in the absence of external Ca2+ was enhanced by high salt intake in DS. The size of internal Ca2+ stores was increased by high salt intake in DS but not in DR. These data suggest that it is not obligatory for hypertension to be accompanied by an increase in platelet [Ca2+]i.

Serum levels of six pancreatic enzymes as related to the degree of renal dysfunction

OBJECTIVES

Currently, serum total amylase, pancreatic isoamylase (P-amylase), lipase, trypsin(ogen), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and elastase I are advocated to be useful in diagnosing pancreatic diseases. However, the most useful among the above six enzymes in patients with impaired renal function has not been fully clarified. We, therefore, studied the relation of the serum levels of the above enzymes and creatinine clearance (CrCl) in normal controls and patients with chronic renal insufficiency or failure.

METHODS

PLA2 and elastase I were assayed by RIA, trypsin(ogen) by EIA and others by activity. Subjects were 24 healthy controls and 47 patients with impaired renal function and no apparent pancreatic diseases.

RESULTS

1) Elastase I was significantly elevated only in patients with a CrCl of 10 ml/min or less, whereas others were elevated already in patients with a CrCl below 40 ml/min; 2) in 12 patients with a CrCl between 13 and 39 ml/min, lipase tended to be less frequently raised than others, except elastase I, although the difference was statistically insignificant; 3) in 28 patients with a CrCl between 40 and 74 ml/min, lipase was less frequently elevated than others, except elastase I and PLA2; 4) in seven patients with a CrCl of 10 ml/min or below, elastase I tended to be less frequently elevated than others, although the difference was statistically insignificant; and 5) the degree of elevation was within 2.5 times the upper limits of reference values in all enzymes, except trypsin(ogen) (within 4.8 times).

CONCLUSIONS

Elastase I was least vulnerable to impaired renal function followed by lipase. We, therefore, recommend combined assays of elastase I and lipase for detecting pancreatic diseases in patients with renal insufficiency. When cut-off levels are set at 2.5 times the upper limit of reference values, P-amylase or PLA2 can replace lipase.

The pegs on the decorated tubules of the contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium are proton pumps

Our previous study has shown that the decorated tubules (collectively known as the decorated spongiome) of the contractile vacuole complex (CVC) in Paramecium are the site of fluid segregation, as the binding of microinjected monoclonal antibody (mAb) DS-1 to the tubules reduced the CVC's fluid output. In this study, we showed by immunogold labeling on cryosections that the antigenic sites for mAb DS-1 were located on the 15 nm ‘pegs’ protruding from the cytosolic surface of the decorated tubules. In immunofluorescence studies, both polyclonal antibodies against the subunits of the V-ATPase of Dictyostelium discoideum and against the 57 kDa B-subunit of the V-ATPase of chromaffin granules gave identical labeling patterns to that produced by mAb DS-1. On cryosections, all three antigens were located most consistently near or on the pegs of the decorated tubules. These data support the notion that the pegs on the membrane of the decorated tubules represent the V1 complex of a proton pump. Concanamycin B, a potent inhibitor of V-ATPase activity and of acidification of lysosomes and endosomes, strongly and reversibly inhibited fluid output from the CVC but had minimal effect on the integrity of the decorated spongiome as observed by immunofluorescence. Such inhibition suggests that a V-ATPase is intimately involved in fluid segregation. Exposing Paramecium to 12 degrees C or 1 degrees C for 30 minutes resulted in the dissociation of the decorated tubules from the smooth spongiome that borders the collecting canals; thus the DS-1-reactive A4 antigen, the 75 kDa and 66 kDa antigens were all found dispersed in the cytosol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of various factors on steady state plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine

Effects of various factors on steady state plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) were studied in 43 depressed patients (19 males, 24 females) receiving trazodone 150 mg at bedtime for 1-3 weeks. Sixteen cases were smokers, and 19 cases were also receiving various benzodiazepines. The means (and ranges) of plasma concentrations of trazodone and mCPP, and the mCPP/trazodone ratio were 619 (251-1059) ng/ml, 59 (32-139) ng/ml and 0.100 (0.044-0.219), respectively. Smokers had significantly (p < 0.05) lower plasma concentrations of trazodone and higher mCPP/trazodone ratios than non-smokers. Age, sex and co-administration of benzodiazepines did not affect any plasma concentrations or the mCPP/trazodone ratio. In 11 cases where the dose was increased to 300 mg, neither plasma concentration/dose ratios nor the mCPP/trazodone ratio changed significantly. The present study thus suggests that: (1) there is a large Interindividual variation in the metabolism of trazodone; (2) smoking enhances the metabolism, but age, sex and co-administration of benzodiazepines do not affect it; (3) trazodone and mCPP have linear kinetics.

Neurotoxicity of acromelic acid in cultured neurons from rat spinal cord

Acromelic acid A, which contains the kainic acid structure in its molecule, is known to cause selective damage of interneurons in the rat lower spinal cord. In the present study, the potent neurotoxicity of acromelic acid A was demonstrated in cultured rat spinal neurons in terms of the activity of lactate dehydrogenase that was released from degenerated neurons into the culture medium. Acromelic acid A increased the lactate dehydrogenase activity in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and its EC50 was about 2.5 microM, which was much lower than that of kainic acid (70 microM) and (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (EC50; 11 microM). The maximum level of lactate dehydrogenase released by acromelic acid A was quite similar to that by kainic acid, but was about twice the level produced by (RS)-alpha-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid. Exposure to acromelic acid A caused release of L-glutamate from the cells into the medium; however, the concentration of L-glutamate released was far below the level for inducing the neurotoxic effects. The neurotoxicity of 10 microM acromelic acid A was almost completely inhibited by 30 microM 6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline-2,3-dione and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, potent antagonists for non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but was partly (35%) reduced by 30 microM dizocilpine maleate. In cultured hippocampal neurons, the toxicity of acromelic acid A was significantly less effective (EC50: 18 microM) than that in spinal neurons, whereas the toxicity of kainic acid was almost the same in both neurons. These results suggest that acromelic acid A directly activates non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on the cultured spinal neurons to induce neuronal death. A new type of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors which is specific to acromelic acid A is suggested to be present at least in spinal neurons.

Inhibition of trazodone metabolism by thioridazine in humans

To clarify the involvement of cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6) in the metabolism of trazodone, the effects of coadministration of thioridazine, which is an inhibitor of this isozyme, on plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) were studied. The subjects were 11 depressed patients receiving trazodone at bedtime for 1-18 weeks. The dose was 150 mg in 10 patients and 300 mg in one. Thioridazine 40 mg/day was coadministered for 1 week, and blood samplings were performed before and after the coadministration. Thioridazine significantly (p < 0.001) increased plasma concentrations of both trazodone (713 +/- 252 vs. 969 +/- 370 ng/ml) and m-CPP (61 +/- 22 vs. 94 +/- 34 ng/ml). The present study thus suggests that CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of trazodone.

Novel agonists for metabotropic glutamate receptors: trans- and cis-2-(2-carboxy-3-methoxymethylcyclopropyl)glycine (trans- and cis-MCG-I)

New derivatives of 2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (CCG), (2S,1'S,2'R,3'S)- and (2S,1'S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2-carboxy-3-methoxymethylcyclopropyl) glycine (trans- and cis-MCG-I), effectively inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in a concentration dependent manner in cultured spinal neurones of rats. They effectively depressed monosynaptic excitation in the spinal reflex of newborn rats with IC50 values of 0.3 and 3 microM, respectively, which was sensitive to (+)-MCPG. They did not cause any depolarization even when the concentration was increased up to 0.3 mM. However, after treatment with quisqualate, cis-MCG-I caused a depolarization of motoneurones in the newborn rat spinal cord in a concentration dependent manner with a threshold concentration of 1 microM (quisqualate effect). The depolarizing activity developed after quisqualate treatment gradually decreased but lasted for more than 2 hr. The depolarization induced by cis-MCG-I seemed pharmacologically similar to that of phosphonate-containing analogues of glutamate such as L-AP4 or L-AP6 under the "quisqualate effect". These novel CCG derivatives would be expected to provide useful probes for elucidating the physiological function of mGluRs.

Trazodone treatment increases plasma prolactin concentrations in depressed patients

m-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), which is a metabolite of trazodone, is a serotonin agonist. To examine for the possibility that m-CPP is involved in biochemical effects during treatment with the parent compound, prolactin response to trazodone treatment (150 mg at bedtime for 3 weeks) was studied in 12 depressed patients. The means +/- S.D. of plasma prolactin concentrations before treatment, 12 h, and 1, 2 and 3 weeks after initiation of treatment were 9.1 +/- 5.6, 14.7 +/- 9.1, 15.3 +/- 8.5, 13.2 +/- 7.0 and 13.0 +/- 7.0 ng/ml, respectively. The mean prolactin concentrations at 12 h (p < 0.01), 1 week (p < 0.001) and 2 weeks (p < 0.05) were significantly higher than that before treatment. The present study thus shows that trazodone treatment increases prolactin concentrations, suggesting that m-CPP is involved in biochemical effects during treatment with the parent compound.

Two kinds of neutral serine proteinases in salted muscle of anchovy, Engraulis japonica

Two kinds of proteinases, type-I and type-II, were purified or partially purified from salted muscle of anchovy, Engraulis japonica. Mol. wts. of type-I and type-II proteinases were estimated to 25,000 and 37,000, respectively, on electrophoretic analysis. Both proteinases strongly hydrolyzed synthetic tri or tetrapeptide substrates specific to trypsin, alpha-thrombin, and an activated protein C, while they hardly hydrolyzed Arg-MCA and benzoyl Arg-MCA derivatives. The proteinases were inhibited by common trypsin inhibitors. Optimal pH for the proteinase activities were pH 6.8 (type-I) and pH 7.0 to 7.5 (type-II), and the proteinases showed the highest activities at 45 degrees C (type-I) and 50 degrees C (type-II). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of type-I proteinase, 1I-2V-3G-4G ... (29 residues were identified), was significantly similar to sequences of trypsins and tryptases. Based on these findings, both proteinases were presumed to be kinds of tryptases in E. japonica muscle.