Quantification of mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography

The present study was undertaken to evaluate a new non-invasive approach to the quantification of mitral regurgitation. Doppler echocardiography and left ventriculography were performed in 20 patients without valvular heart disease (group A), and in 30 patients with pure mitral regurgitation (group B). Volumetric flows through the aortic and mitral valve orifices were determined by Doppler technique. The aortic flow (AF) was calculated as the product of the aortic orifice area by the systolic velocity integral. The mitral flow (MF) was computed as the product of the corrected mitral orifice area by the diastolic velocity integral. The mitral regurgitant fraction (RF) was calculated as: RF = 1 - AF/MF. In group A, there was a close agreement between aortic and mitral flows (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001), and there was no significant difference between the two measurements. In group B, the mitral flow was significantly higher than the aortic flow. The regurgitant fraction assessed by Doppler echocardiography correlated well with the grades of severity of regurgitation obtained at left ventriculography. We conclude that combined measurement of both aortic and mitral flows by Doppler echocardiography provides a new and promising approach to the noninvasive quantification of mitral regurgitation.

An immunocytochemical study of type I muscle fibres in developing human skeletal muscles

An immunocytochemical study was done on the skeletal muscles of human fetuses (19-36 weeks gestation), infants and adults using a new monoclonal antibody (McAb) ALD-47. The antibody was generated against slow myosin of chicken and is specific for myosin heavy chain (MHC). In human infants and adults the type I muscle fibres are strongly reactive with this McAb and the type II fibres uniformly non-reactive. In the fetuses from 19-20 weeks gestation (in whom the fibre types are not distinguishable by the histochemical myosin ATPase test) a proportion of muscle fibres react specifically with ALD-47. Other muscle fibres at this stage react positively with a fast specific MHC McAb HM-1.2 or are negative to both ALD-47 and HM-1.2 antibodies. These McAbs, thus, identify three distinct fibre populations in the early fetal muscle which by histochemical staining appears homogeneous. The percentage of ALD-47 positive fibres increases in fetuses at later gestational periods; at all stages these fibres lack reactivity with the HM-1.2 antibody. Because of its selective fibre type reactivity in differentiating muscles, the McAb ALD-47 in conjunction with HM-1.2 should be useful in immunoaffinity fractionation and biochemical studies of myosin isoforms in developing human muscles.

Species characteristics of the hepatic xenobiotic and steroid biotransformation systems of two teleost fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Groups of Atlantic cod and rainbow trout were treated (ip) with beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), phenobarbital, or peanut oil (controls), and properties of the hepatic xenobiotic and steroid metabolizing enzyme systems were evaluated. In both species, BNF treatment resulted in significant induction of microsomal 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, biphenyl 4-hydroxylase, and phenanthrene oxidation, especially at the 1,2-position. Immunochemical studies with rabbit IgG prepared against the major BNF-inducible cytochrome P-450 in cod, P-450c, revealed increased amounts of immunoreactive protein in liver slices from both species after BNF treatment. The molecular weight of the induced protein was approximately 58,000 Da, as shown by Western blotting. When titrating biphenyl 4-hydroxylation, however, the antibodies distinguished between the two species, inhibiting the activity of BNF-induced cod 90% and that of rainbow trout 40% at 10 mg IgG/nmol P-450. Furthermore, cytochrome b5 content and UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity were significantly induced only in rainbow trout, whereas the specific content of cytochrome P-450 was significantly increased only in cod. Differences between the two species were observed in the levels of constitutive activities, the amount of induction, and in the regioselectivity of phenanthrene oxidation and androstenedione metabolism. Treatment with phenobarbital showed no effect on any of the parameters investigated in either species. The results show that although there are many common features of the hepatic xenobiotic and steroid biotransformation systems of the two teleosts, certain species characteristics exist in constitutive properties and induction responses.

Malaria: an intra-erythrocytic neoplasm?

Drug resistance is a serious problem in malaria, and prospects for new drugs are not optimistic. In 1963, the US Army began a huge programme to develop new antimalarials; they screened over 235 000 compounds, but very few were sufficiently active and safe for use in humans. Part of the problem is that not enough is known about the biochemical properties of malaria parasites, especially the metabolic differences between them and their host cells which could offer targets for specific chemotherapy. An important characteristic of malaria infection is the rapid growth of the parasite population, and changes in host metabolism that result from this. A similar effect occurs in many cancers. In this article, Ya Zhang argues that malaria parasites also have metabolic similarities with tumour cells, and suggests that careful comparison of these two could provide insight for new drug development.

A simple and rapid solid-phase RNA sequencing method

A simple and rapid solid-phase RNA sequencing method has been developed based on Peattie's direct chemical method. 3'-Terminally labeled RNA was immobilized on DEAE-cellulose sheets and followed by specific modification with dimethyl sulfate, diethylpyrocarbonate, hydroxylamine (at pH 10 for the uridine and pH 5.5 for the cytidine reaction), and cleavage reaction with aniline. RNA fragments were washed from the DEAE-cellulose sheets using salt solutions, precipitated with ethanol, and separated by 15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Due to the complete removal of the impurities normally present in the solution method, the higher resolution of the sequencing bands and lower background on the autoradiograph make this solid-phase technique more efficient. This solid-phase technique is much faster and more convenient than the original method.

On the mechanism of the reconstitution of F1-depleted ATPase complex with purified F1: possible conformational effects

The membrane sector (F0) of H+-ATPase was prepared by trypsin and urea treatment of F1-F0 and reconstituted with purified F1. The oligomycin sensitivity of the reconstituted F1-F0 complex obtained by treating F1 or F0 with Mg2+ before binding is much higher than that obtained without Mg2+ treatment. The greater change in the intrinsic fluorescence of the reconstituted F1-F0 complex obtained by Mg2+ treatment suggests that conformational changes may occur during the reconstitution. We deduce that Mg2+ binds to membrane lipids, thus decreasing membrane fluidity and changing the physical state of the lipids to provide a suitable microenvironment for conformational changes in F0. The data also suggest that the conformational change in the F0 portion of the F1-F0 complex can be transmitted to the F1 portion, the conformation of which is in turn altered, resulting in the formation of an F1-F0 complex with high oligomycin sensitivity. On the other hand, Mg2+ may act on F1 directly to induce a suitable conformational change which is then transmitted to F0, resulting in the formation of an H+-ATPase with greater sensitivity to oligomycin.

Lysis of malarial parasites and erythrocytes by ferriprotoporphyrin IX-chloroquine and the inhibition of this effect by proteins

Ferriprotoporphyrin IX(FP) lysed both erythrocytes and isolated Plasmodium falciparum as judged by decrease in turbidity of erythrocyte and parasite suspensions. The lytic effect of FP on erythrocytes was enhanced by chloroquine (CQ). In the presence of 2.5-20 microM CQ, 5 microM FP led to complete hemolysis within 45 min. However, the lytic effect of FP or FP-CQ on both erythrocytes and parasites was inhibited completely by proteins. The protein inhibition was non-specific. This finding, the failure of FP and FP--CQ to cause hemolysis and lysis of malarial parasites in a protein-containing medium, does not support the "FP--CQ complex hypothesis" for the antimalarial action of chloroquine.

Stage-dependent inhibition of chloroquine on Plasmodium falciparum in vitro

Morphological observation of the life cycle of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in highly synchronous cultures after an exposure to therapeutic concentrations of chloroquine in ring, trophozoite and schizont stages, respectively, were carried out in order to determine the influence of chloroquine on the growth of the different stages of the malarial parasites. It was found that chloroquine could not affect merozoite invasion of the erythrocytes; the ring stage was more sensitive to chloroquine than the trophozoite and schizont stages; and chloroquine in therapeutic concentrations prevented only the transformation of rings to trophozoites and could not affect the transformations of trophozoites to schizonts and schizonts to new rings. The determination of the IC50 of chloroquine showed that the IC50 of trophozoites was about 6 times as high as that of rings.

Analysis of methodology for quantifying mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography

It is generally agreed that Doppler echocardiography is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of mitral regurgitation. There is more confusion about its ability to quantitate the degree of mitral regurgitation. Studies of the intensity of the Doppler signals, as well as cross sectional Doppler studies apparently can provide a straightforward, but rough estimate of the degree of regurgitation in term of atrial extent of the disturbed flow. The methods are also sensitive to methodological errors as beam direction, movement of the heart, signal/noise relationship and the size of the left atrium. Another approach to the non-invasive measurement of mitral regurgitation includes the use of Doppler echocardiography for the determination of both aortic and mitral volumetric flow. In a study of patients with mitral regurgitation, we found a close correlation between the regurgitant fraction determined by Doppler echocardiography, and the regurgitant severity determined by left ventriculography. This technique can only be used in pure mitral regurgitation, while associated atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, and combined aortic and mitral regurgitation make correct measurements difficult.

Detection of a ventricular-specific myosin heavy chain in adult and developing chicken heart

In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (McAb), ALD19, generated against myosin of slow tonic muscle, was shown to react with the heavy chain of ventricular myosin in the adult chicken heart. With this antibody, it was possible to detect a ventricular-specific myosin during myocardial differentiation and to show that the epitope recognized by ALD19 was present from the earliest stages of ventricular differentiation and maintained throughout development only in the ventricle. A second McAb, specific for atrial myosin heavy chain (MHC) (Gonzalez-Sanchez, A., and D. Bader, 1984, Dev. Biol., 103:151-158), was used as a control to detect an atrial-specific myosin in the caudal portion of the developing heart at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 15. It was found that the appearance of ventricular MHC predated the expression of atrial MHC by approximately 1 d in ovo and that specific MHCs were always differentially distributed. While a common primordial MHC may be present in the early heart, this study showed the tissue-specific expression of a ventricular MHC during the initial stages of heart development and its differential accumulation throughout development.

Estimation of the peak-to-peak pressure gradient in aortic stenosis by Doppler echocardiography

The present study was designed to develop a new Doppler method to estimate noninvasively the peak-to-peak pressure gradient in patients with aortic stenosis. It was carried out in two steps. In the first study, left heart catheterization data were analysed in 58 patients with aortic stenosis. The peak pressure gradient correlated highly with (r = 0.98) but overestimated significantly the peak-to-peak pressure gradient. The averaged pressure gradient (average of the peak gradient and the gradient at the peak aortic pressure) was found to approximate closely the peak-to-peak pressure gradient (r = 0.99) with a good separation between significant and insignificant aortic stenosis. The ratio of the left ventricular ejection time over the aortic pressure descending time was studied and the beginning of the late one-third systole was chosen as the point for determining the late systolic gradient by the Doppler technique. In the second study, Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization were performed in 35 patients with aortic stenosis. The Doppler-determined peak pressure gradient correlated highly with catheterization-measured peak pressure gradient (r = 0.95) but overestimated significantly the peak-to-peak pressure gradient. The Doppler-determined averaged pressure gradient (average of the peak and the late systolic gradients) estimated accurately the peak-to-peak gradient (r = 0.97) with a good separation between significant and insignificant aortic stenosis. These results demonstrate the limitations of the peak pressure gradient measurement and the reliability of the Doppler-determined averaged pressure gradient for estimation of the peak-to-peak pressure gradient.

Measurement of aortic regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography

In an attempt to develop a new approach to the non-invasive measurement of aortic regurgitation, transmitral volumetric flow (MF) and left ventricular total stroke volume (SV) were measured by Doppler and cross sectional echocardiography in 23 patients without aortic valve disease (group A) and in 26 patients with aortic regurgitation (group B). The transmitral volumetric flow was obtained by multiplying the corrected mitral orifice area by the diastolic velocity integral, and the left ventricular total stroke volume was derived by subtracting the left ventricular end systolic volume from the end diastolic volume. The aortic regurgitant fraction (RF) was calculated as: RF = 1 - MF/SV. In group A there was a close agreement between the transmitral volumetric flow and the left ventricular total stroke volume, and the difference between the two measurements did not differ significantly from zero. In group B the left ventricular total stroke volume was significantly larger than the transmitral volumetric flow, and there was good agreement between the regurgitant fractions determined by Doppler echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography. Discrepancies between the two techniques were found in patients with combined aortic and mitral regurgitation or a low angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (less than 35%). The effective cardiac output measured by Doppler echocardiography accorded well with that measured by the Fick method. Doppler echocardiography provides a new and promising approach to the non-invasive measurement of aortic regurgitation.

Determination of the mean pressure gradient in aortic stenosis by Doppler echocardiography

Measurement of the mean pressure gradient across the stenotic aortic valve provides important information about the severity of aortic stenosis. However, determination of the mean pressure gradient by Doppler echocardiography has been difficult due to the squared relation between instantaneous velocities pressure gradients. In this study, the velocity curves in aortic stenosis were analysed mathematically to develop a new and simple method for calculating the mean pressure gradient (delta Pm) from Doppler velocity tracings. The new formula is: delta Pm = 8 V2m[Vp/(Vp + Vm)] where Vp is the peak systolic velocity and Vm the mean systolic velocity. Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation were performed in 41 patients with aortic stenosis to evaluate the accuracy of this mathematical method. There was a high correlation between the peak pressure gradients determined by Doppler technique using a modified Bernoulli equation and by catheterisation (r = 0.95, SEE = 8.58 mmHg), and the difference between the two measurements was not significant. The comparison between the mean pressure gradients determined by Doppler echocardiography using the new formula and by catheterisation yielded a high correlation (r = 0.95, SEE = 5.60 mmHg), and there was no significant difference between the two means. These results demonstrate the reliability of Doppler echocardiography for determining the mean pressure gradient in aortic stenosis using our mathematical method. Measurement of the mean pressure gradient will further enhance the usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in the non-invasive evaluation of patients with aortic stenosis.

Noninvasive quantification of the aortic valve area in aortic stenosis by Doppler echocardiography

To develop a noninvasive approach to the quantification of the stenotic aortic valve area, Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation were performed in 24 patients with pure aortic stenosis. The transmitral volumetric flow was measured by Doppler echocardiography and calculated as the product of the corrected mitral orifice area (CMA) and the diastolic velocity integral (DVI). The maximal aortic jet velocities were recorded by Doppler technique and integrated to obtain the systolic velocity integral (SVI). Assuming that the aortic and mitral volumetric flows are equal, the aortic valve area (AVA) was calculated as: AVA = CMA X DVI/SVI. Mean pressure gradient and cardiac output were measured during catheterisation and the aortic valve area was calculated by the Gorlin formula. Comparison between the aortic valve area determined by Doppler technique and catheterisation yielded a close correlation (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001), and there was no significant difference between the two measurements. Good correlations of the instantaneous pressure gradient and the stroke volume were also obtained between the two techniques (r = 0.91 and r = 0.90, respectively, P less than 0.001). These results demonstrate that our Doppler echocardiographic method provides a promising approach to the noninvasive quantification of the aortic valve area in aortic stenosis.

Determination of the mean pressure gradient in mitral stenosis by Doppler echocardiography

Measurement of the mean pressure gradient provides an important estimation of the severity of mitral stenosis. However, determination of the mean pressure gradient from Doppler recordings has been unsatisfactory using previously described methods. In this study, a new method calculating the mean pressure gradient, the integral method is described. It was developed from mathematical analysis of Doppler velocity curves. Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterisation were performed in 23 patients with mitral stenosis to evaluate the accuracy of three current mathematical methods of determining the mean pressure gradient. The mean pressure gradients calculated by the three methods correlated highly with that measured by catheterisation (r = 0.93). However, the mean pressure gradients calculated by the previously described mean velocity square method and the arithmetical average method underestimated significantly that measured by cardiac catheterisation. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the mean pressure gradients calculated by the integral method and measured by cardiac catheterisation. These results confirm the usefulness of Doppler echocardiography for determining the mean pressure gradient in mitral stenosis and demonstrate that among current methods, the integral method provides the most accurate calculations of the mean pressure gradient.

Measurement of mitral regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography

In an attempt to develop a new approach to the non-invasive measurement of mitral regurgitation, Doppler echocardiography and left ventriculography were performed in 20 patients without valvar heart disease (group A) and in 30 patients with pure mitral regurgitation (group B). Volumetric flows through the aortic and the mitral orifices were determined by Doppler echocardiography. Aortic flow (AF) was calculated as the product of the aortic orifice area and the systolic velocity integral. The mitral flow (MF) was calculated as the product of the corrected mitral orifice area and the diastolic velocity integral. The mitral regurgitant fraction (RF) was calculated as RF = 1 - AF/MF. In group A aortic and mitral flow were very similar and the difference between the two did not differ significantly from zero. In group B the mitral flow was significantly larger than the aortic flow. There was a good correlation (r = 0.82) between the regurgitant fraction determined by Doppler echocardiography and the regurgitant grades determined by left ventriculography. The regurgitant fraction increased significantly with each grade of severity. These results show that Doppler echocardiography can be used to give a reliable measure of both aortic and mitral flow. This technique is a new and promising approach to the non-invasive measurement of mitral regurgitation.

Avian adductor profundus muscle: characterization of a pure slow tonic region by histochemical, monoclonal antibody and peptide mapping studies

The fibre type composition of the avian adductor profundus (AP) muscle which is composed of a thick white posterior part (Post. AP) and a thin red anterior part (Ant. AP) was investigated. Using the histochemical ATPase technique, monoclonal antibody analysis of myosin and C-protein isoforms, and electrophoretic and peptide mapping analyses of myosin, we have established that the Post. AP is composed of essentially pure slow tonic fibres similar to those of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD). The Ant. AP, on the other hand, is shown to contain a mixture of slow and fast fibres, the latter giving immunocytochemical reactions atypical of the fast fibres. The larger size of the Post. AP in comparison with the ALD muscle should provide significantly more tissue for biochemical studies of tonic fibres than was previously available.

Doppler echocardiographic measurement of cardiac output using the mitral orifice method

Cardiac output was determined in 20 patients with various cardiac conditions by measuring the cross sectional area of the mitral orifice by echocardiography and the transmitral flow by the Doppler technique. Cardiac output was calculated by multiplying the corrected mitral orifice area by the maximum diastolic velocity integral recorded by the pulsed mode. The results were compared with that obtained by the Fick method. The correlation for cardiac output by the two techniques was high in the whole group, particularly in patients without mitral regurgitation. There was also a good correlation for stroke volume determined by the two methods. Cardiac output was significantly overestimated by the continuous mode and in patients with mitral regurgitation. These results show that the mitral orifice method provides a new and reliable approach to the non-invasive measurement of cardiac output.

A freeze-fracture study of postembryonic differentiation of latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken

The differentiation of fiber type characteristics in the anterior (ALD) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles is examined by the freeze-fracture technique in 1-, 7- and 30-day-old chicks. Several characteristics of plasma membrane (caveolae, rectilinear arrays, intramembranous particles) and sarcoplasmic reticulum which show fiber type differences in the adult ALD and PLD muscles are compared in the developmental stages. The caveolar density in the ALD fibers is about 20/microns2 at 1 day increasing to about 37/microns2 at 30 days, whereas in the PLD fibers it remains at about 20/microns2 during this period. The distribution of the caveolae in the two muscles is different from the beginning; in the ALD fibers the caveolae are distributed throughout the plasma membrane and in PLD fibers they are patterned into clusters overlying the I band regions. The density of intramembranous particles of 1-day ALD and PLD plasma membranes appears similar, but by 7 days the particle counts in the sarcolemma of the ALD muscle are about twice as numerous as those in the PLD muscle. The rectilinear arrays are virtually absent in the ALD muscle, whereas in the PLD muscle their density is about 10/microns2 at 1 day and about 20/microns2 at 7 days. Already at 1 day posthatching the SR in ALD and PLD fibers has the adult configuration, i.e., an open irregular network in ALD fibers and periodically arranged tubules with triadic expansions in the PLD fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

On the solution of equations for renal counterflow models

The results of a comparative study of three discretization techniques and the solution of the resulting algebraic equations by three methods is given. For this study, a four-tube central core model with diffusion in the core was selected and equations were derived for a coherent and efficient implementation. The results of this study show that sparse matrix techniques that take the physiological connectivity of the kidney lead to significant savings in computer storage, running time and overall cost.

Ocular abnormalities in terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome seven

Patients with distal deletions of the long arm of chromosome 7q have been reported with a variety of non-specific findings. Ocular findings have been limited to hypertelorism, palpebral fissure abnormalities, strabismus and speckled irides and no intraocular pathology with the exception of one case with unilateral optic nerve coloboma. We report a patient with terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 with marked ocular abnormalities including severe microphthalmus and large retinal colobomas.