Sensitive method for determination of ethinyl estradiol in presence of norethindrone

A sensitive spectrophotofluorometric procedure for the determination of microamounts of ethinyl estradiol is described. The method is useful for the determination of ethinyl estradiol in the presence of norethindrome and common tablet excipients, especially in dissolution media.

New spectrophotometric determination of inorganic bromide and chloride salts in aqueous solutions

A new method for the determination of inorganic salts of chloride and bromide is described. The method is based on the facts that iodine forms complexes with the anions and that these complexes absorb strongly in the UV region. The molar absorptivities of I2Br- at 265 nm and I2Cl- at 245 nm were calculated to be 3.27 X 10(4) and 2.3 X 10(4) M-1 cm-1, respectively.

Kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of 1-(2'-acetoxybenzoyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose, a novel aspirin prodrug

The formation rate of aspirin from the prodrug was determined as a function of the pH, temperature, and dielectric constant of the solvent spectrophotometrically and was confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Aspirin formation was first order with respect to the prodrug and zero order with respect to the hydroxide-ion concentrations. The hydrolysis rate was independent of buffer concentration but very sensitive to the dielectric constant of the solvents. The half-life for the formation of aspirin at 37 degrees was 7 min. The activation energy for the hydrolysis was 23.7 kcal/mole. The results suggest that the hydrolysis of the prodrug to aspirin proceeds by an SN1-type mechanism.

Cell mediated immunity to bovine rhinovirus type 1 in calves

Calves experimentally infected with bovine rhinovirus type 1 developed a mild respiratory disease and exhibited a cell mediated immune (CMI) response, as determined by leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) and lymphocyte blastogenesis tests. The CMI response to the virus was detected by day 3 post-inoculation using direct and indirect LMI tests. It persisted through day 28, with maximal responses occurring between days 4 and 14. Measurement of cellular immunity by blast transformation, however, was not evidenced until day 12. The humoral antibody response was minimal with serum neutralizing titers ranging from 1:4 to 1:16 and this response was not evident until 3 weeks after inoculation.

Effect of hydroxyl group substituents on pyran ring on hydrolysis rate of benzoates: 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate

The hydrolysis of 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate was followed spectrophotometrically at 240 nm and was first order with respect to the compound, independent of pH, and very sensitivie to solvent polarity and had an isotope effect (kD2O/kH2O) near unity. The pH-independent hydrolysis rate was about 1 X 10(6) times faster than that of the corresponding glucosly benzoate. The results suggest that the presence of hydroxyl groups on the pyran ring has tremendous effect on the hydrolysis rate of these compounds.

Prodrug approaches to enhancement of physicochemical properties of drugs IX: acetaminophen prodrug

The synthesis, hydrolysis rate, and bioavailability of 1-(p-acetaminophenoxy)-1-ethoxyethane, an acetaminophen prodrug, are described. The prodrug is less soluble than acetaminophen and stable at neutral pH. However, in an acidic environment, the compound cleaves rapidly, generating acetaminophen. When both the prodrug and acetaminophen were administered to dogs in equivalent amounts, the blood acetaminophen levels were comparable.

Precautionary note for use of bisulfite in pharmaceutical formulations

The effect of sodium bisulfite on aspirin hydrolysis was studied at 40 degrees in the pH range of 6.5-7.5. Significant catalytic activity by the sulfite ion was observed. Second-order rate constants were calculated for this catalysis and compared to other buffer species. The sulfite ion was a much more efficient catalyst than acetate, phosphate, or carbonate.

Prodrug approaches to enhancement of physicochemical properties of drugs IV: novel epinephrine prodrug

The synthesis and characterization of a prodrug that appears to overcome the problem of inefficient absorption of epinephrine through the lipoidal membranes of the eye are described. The enzymatic rate of regeneration of epinephrine from the prodrug was determined using a rabbit eye homogenate, rabbit plasma, and human plasma. The prodrug had no activity of its own when tested against a guinea pig smooth muscle preparation. Upon enzymatic regeneration of epinephrine from the prodrug, however, the reaction mixture exhibited alpha-adrenergic activity equivalent to that of epinephrine when tested in the same preparation.

Sugar, organic acid, phenolic acid and plant growth regulator content of extracts of honeydew of the aphid Myzus persicae and of its host plant, Raphanus sativus

The honeydew of Myzus persicae feeding on radish seedlings contains glucose, fructose, trehalose, melezitose and sucrose, of which glucose and fructose are present in radish seedlings. In addition, the honeydew contains eight organic acids, of which seven are present in uninfested seedlings and six are present in infested radish seedlings: of the eighteen phenolic acids in the honeydew, five are present in uninfested radish seedlings. Auxins, gibberellins, growth inhibitors and cytokinins are present in the honeydew. The presence of carbonate and bicarbonate previously recorded in honeydew of M. persicae could not be confirmed, but ammonia is present in fresh honeydew and accounts for its high pH.