Arcobacter spp. isolated from untreated domestic effluent

Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus were isolated from samples of raw untreated domestic sewage influent from nine separate wastewater treatment facilities in Cheshire, UK. This is the first report of Arcobacter spp. from sewage in the UK and suggests that Arcobacter spp. may be present in the human community.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Studies have shown Arcobacter spp. to be present in domestic sewage in several European countries. This study supports previous findings with the first report of Arcobacter spp. in domestic sewage in the UK. This study suggests that Arcobacter spp. is present amongst local human populations, implicating it as an underestimated gastrointestinal pathogen in the UK and contributing to our understanding of this emerging pathogen and its presence within the UK. Providing a confirmation of the presence of Arcobacter in sewage, which supports previous studies, this paper will appeal to fellow researchers of Arcobacter, as well as healthcare and water treatment professionals concerned with microbiology, water safety and gastroenterology, potentially having a wide impact.

Study of Pathway to Care among Patients with Epilepsy

Objective: To assess the pathway to care among patients with epilepsy up to the tertiary care centre Methods: It is a hospital based, cross-sectional descriptive study of 47 patients visiting BPKIHS psychiatry OPD. Written informed consent was taken from the patients and the primary caretaker. A semi structured Performa was used to record the basic sociodemographic details. Pathway Interview Schedule developed by WHO was used to collect the data. Results Majority (66.0%) of subjects were male. Generalized Seizures were most common (76.6%) type of seizure followed by complex-partial seizure (10.6%). More than half (51.1%) first contacted dhami-jhakri for treatment of their illness. About sixty two percent of patients had the first contact with the treatment provider less than 4 yrs ago. Thirty eight percent subjects sought treatment as per advice from the family members while only 2.1% sought treatment as per advice from the healthcare worker. The most common presenting complaints were sudden loss of consciousness in 89.4%of patients. In majority of patients (57.4%), problem arised ≤ 4yrs back. Significant high numbers of patients (51.1%) were prescribed alternative forms of treatment like herbal medications, talisman, offerings and sacrifices and jhadphook for their presenting problem. About eighty seven percent patients had to travel ≤12 hours for the treatment while 10.7% had to travel a distance of >24 hrs for treatment. The mean duration that one had to travel for seeking treatment was 7.95±14.58 hours. It was found that the mean duration that one patient spend before coming to a hospital for modern treatment was 5.64 months. Conclusions People suffering from epilepsy are still using the traditional healing practices leading to delay in the patient care. These findings call for a comprehensive educational program that can remove the misconcepts regarding the illness. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i1.8418   Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2013:  20-25

Chitosan-transition metal ions complexes for selective arsenic(V) preconcentration

Chitosan is naturally occurring bio-polymer having strong affinity towards transition metal ions. Chitosan complexed with transition metal ions takes up inorganic arsenic anions from aqueous medium. In present work, As(V) sorption in the chitosan complexed with different metal ions like Cu(II), Fe(III), La(III), Mo(VI) and Zr(IV) were studied. Sorptions of As(V) in CuS embedded chitosan, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS) embedded chitosan, epichlorohydrin (ECH) crosslinked chitosan and pristine chitosan were also studied. (74)As radiotracer was prepared specifically for As(V) sorption studies by irradiation of natural germanium target with 18 MeV proton beam. The sorption studies indicated that Fe(III) and La(III) complexed with chitosan sorbed 95 ± 2% As(V) from aqueous samples in the pH range of 3-9. However, Fe(III)-chitosan showed better sorption efficiency (91 ± 2%) for As(V) from seawater than La(III)-chitosan (80 ± 2%). Therefore, Fe(III)-chitosan was selected to prepare the self-supported membrane and poly(propylene) fibrous matrix supported sorbent. The experimental As(V) sorption capacities of the fibrous and self-supported Fe(III)-chitosan sorbents were found to be 51 and 109 mg g(-1), respectively. These materials were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDXRF, and used for preconcentration of As(V) in aqueous media like tap water, ground water and seawater. To quantify the As(V) preconcentrated in Fe(III)-chitosan, the samples were subjected to instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using reactor neutrons. As(V) separations were carried out using a two compartments permeation cell for the self-supported membrane and flow cell using the fibrous sorbent. The total preconcentration of arsenic content was also explored by converting As(III) to As(V).

Impacts of increasing ozone on Indian plants

Increasing anthropogenic and biogenic emissions of precursor compounds have led to high tropospheric ozone concentrations in India particularly in Indo-Gangetic Plains, which is the most fertile and cultivated area of this rapidly developing country. Current ozone risk models, based on European and North American data, provide inaccurate estimations for crop losses in India. During the past decade, several ozone experiments have been conducted with the most important Indian crop species (e.g. wheat, rice, mustard, mung bean). Experimental work started in natural field conditions around Varanasi area in early 2000's, and the use of open top chambers and EDU (ethylene diurea) applications has now facilitated more advanced studies e.g. for intra-species sensitivity screening and mechanisms of tolerance. In this review, we identify and discuss the most important gaps of knowledge and future needs of action, e.g. more systematic nationwide monitoring for precursor and ozone formation over Indian region.

A Strategic Application of Fast Fourier Transform as a Novel Tool to Evaluate the Extent of Neuronal Insult in Rat Model of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

The present work envisages mathematical modeling of induced focal cerebral ischemia in animal model using EEG data with the help of Fast Fourier Transformation method. Amongst several analysis methods, spectral analysis methods are important because it detects the frequencies and characteristics changes of brain waveforms depending on the brain function affected from disorders and physiological state. There are many applications of FFT, and the most important being that it is one of the basic conventional spectral analysis methods. However, it has some limitations, for instance, it adds contributions in the low frequency region which are not present in the original signal, and necessitates the use of windowing for decreasing the error rate. The present analysis was undertaken to ensure actual correlation of the different mathematical paradigms. EEG data were obtained from different regions of rat brain and were processed by FFT modeling in MATLAB platform. The assessment of long lasting functional outcome and to prevalent classical approach to study stroke was necessitated and therefore highly recommended to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic strategies in relation to EEG in animal model of brain stroke. This mathematical modeling specifically Power Spectrum Density analysis was done to correlate the different prevalent condition of rat brain function. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmp.v5i1.14666 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Physics Vol.5 No.1 2012 29-36

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in caprine calpastatin gene

The calpains and calpastatin (CAST) make up a major cytosolic proteolytic system, the calpain-calpastatin system, found in mammalian tissues. The relative levels of the components of the calpain-calpastatin system determine the extent of meat tenderization during postmortem storage. Calpastatin (CAST) is a protein inhibitor of the ubiquitous calcium-dependent proteases-micro-calpain and m-calpain. Polymorphisms in the bovine, ovine and pig CAST gene have been associated with meat tenderness but little is known about how caprine CAST gene may affect goat meat quality traits. In this study we selected different parts of the CAST gene: 1) that have been previously reported to be polymorphic, intron 5 and 12 and 3'UTR; 2) first time explored (exon 3, 7 and 8 and part of intron 7 and 8) to investigate polymorphic status of caprine CAST gene. Using comparative sequencing ten novel SN Ps located in exon 3 and intron 5, 7 and 8 were identified. Previously reported SNPs in intron 5, 3'UTR and intron 12 were absent. Sequence analysis revealed a non synonymous amino acid variation in exon 3, which would result in Lys/Arg substitution in the corresponding protein sequence. Considerable variation was detected in intronic regions. Twenty-four InDel were also recognized in intronic regions (15) and 3'UTR (9). All the sequences shared high homology with published bovine and ovine sequences. Three PCR-RFLP loci have been established for further analyzing genetic polymorphism in indigenous goats.

Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala

Plant—based antimicrobials and antioxidants represent a vast untapped source for medicines and food supplements and hence have enormous therapeutic potential. Present work reports the fungicidal potential of Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm (Lauraceae) leaf oil against five food spoilage and pathogenic fungi. In addition antioxidant efficacy of seven different solvent extracts derived from leaf was also evaluated using in vitro models. The oil demonstrated potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium spp. in agar diffusion assay. Zone of inhibition ranged from 17-25 mm. The MFC values of oil against all the test fungi were found to be 230μg/ml. Phytochemicals present in C. tamala leaf were extracted in several solvents for assessing their effect in oxidative defense. The extracts exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity in β-carotene bleaching assay and reducing power assay. The antioxidative activities of extracts were compared with the activities of standard antioxidant compounds BHA and ascorbic acid. Petroleum ether, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts exhibited about 30-67% antioxidant activity in β-carotene bleaching assay. Aqueous and ethanol extracts exhibited better reducing power which increased gradually with increasing amount of the extract concentration showing dose dependent response. Results indicated that natural phytochemicals present in C. tamala leaf extracts have potential to prevent growth of food spoilage/pathogenic fungi. In addition they also have capability to mitigate the oxidative stress by antioxidant response.

Extracellular xylanase production by Pleurotus species on lignocellulosic wastes under in vivo condition using novel pretreatment

The production of extracellular xylanase by three species of Pleurotus species i.e. P. florida, P. flabellatus and P. sajor caju was studied under in vivo condition during their cultivation on pretreated lignocellulosic wastes. Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and ashoka (Saraca indica) leaves extract were used for pretreatment of paddy straw and wheat straw. Between these two wastes, paddy straw pretreated with neem oil, supported better xylanase production than wheat straw. Initially, xylanase production was low but it increased in subsequent days and reached at peak on 25th day of cultivation of Pleurotus species. Thereafter, there was decrease in the activity of the enzyme. On 25th day of incubation P. florida produced maximum xylanase on neem oil pretreated paddy straw i.e. 10.59 Uh—1ml—1. Among the three species, P. florida showed maximum enzyme activity followed by P. flabellatus and P. sajor caju.

Protective efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum root extracts against free radical damage: phytochemical analysis and antioxidant effect

Free radicals have been implicated in many diseases. They attack biological macromolecules in healthy human cells and cause protein and DNA damage along with lipid peroxidation. Present study reports the phytochemical analysis as well as free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of Solanum xanthocarpum root extracts. Tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were present in different extracts. Total flavonoid content in extracts was quantified and maximum contents were found in ethyl acetate fraction followed by chloroform and ethyl alcohol fractions, respectively. Dose dependent response was observed in metal ion chelating activity of extracts. Comparatively better chelating activity was found in polar extracts. Most of the extracts exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts accounted for about 40—50% lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPOI) in rat liver homogenate. Antioxidant activity did not show direct correlation with the amount of flavonoid contents in the extracts. However, direct correlation was observed between DPPH free radical scavenging activity and LPOI. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidants. The differential activity observed in extracts could be attributed to the presence of other phytochemicals such as tannins and terpenoids in addition to flavonoids. The study demonstrated appreciable protective efficacy in S. xanthocarpum root extracts against free radical damage.

Estimation of Embelin in Embelia tsjeriam-cottam Fruits by HPLC to Standardize Harvesting Time

Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-benzoquinone) is a phenolic compound found in the fruits of Embelia tsjeriam-cottam and is responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant Thus the fruits are harvested at a large scale before maturity leading to depletion of population. Since the chemical constituents of medicinal plants are directly associated with the harvesting time, a study was conducted in different forest areas of Chhattisgarh, India, to standardize the harvesting time of Baividang fruits on the basis of their embelin content during 2005-08. The embelin content was determined by RP-HPLC and varied from 1.09 to 5.21% (w/w). The immature fruits collected in October contain an average of 1.67% embelin whereas mature fruits collected in December on an average contain 4.64% embelin. On the basis of our findings it can be concluded that fruits should be harvested after attaining maturity to get better quality produce and also to maintain the sustainability of plant.

A case of double right coronary artery with bifurcation stenosis in association with complete heart block

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are present at birth, but most anomalies are discovered as incidental findings during coronary angiography or at autopsy. Double right coronary artery (RCA) is a rare coronary anomaly. Double RCA with bifurcation stenosis in association with degenerative complete heart block (CHB) have never been reported in literature to the best of our knowledge. We therefore report an interesting case of a patient with double RCA and degenerative CHB.

Psychiatric symptomatology, scholastics, and phenytoin

Phenytoin is a commonly used antiepileptic medication because of its easy accessibility as well as affordability. However, scientific literature shows various types of side effects of phenytoin. We report a patient who was showing toxicity symptoms in the form of mood, behavior and cognitive symptoms along with scholastic problems and personality change on long term treatment with phenytoin. The patient's serum phenytoin was found to be quite high (>32.8 ng/ml).The symptoms were attributed to phenytoin toxicity which responded within twelve weeks by reducing the dose of phenytoin (with resultant fall in levels of serum phenytoin) and the addition of folic acid. While the mood and behavior symptoms recovered early, the cognitive symptoms responded slowly showing 80% -90 % improvement over a period of fifteen weeks.

Physiological effects of arsenate on transplant thalli of the lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl

INTRODUCTION

The changes in photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence, protein content, and antioxidant enzymes were investigated in a foliose lichen Pyxine cocoes, which was subjected to increasing concentrations of arsenate.

METHODS

The arsenate concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 μM were sprayed every alternate day on the lichen thallus. The thalli were then harvested on 10, 20, 30, and 45 days.

RESULTS

The quantity of photosynthetic pigments exhibited a decreasing trend till 20 days but increased from 30 days onwards. Concomitantly, chlorophyll fluorescence also showed a decreasing trend with increasing arsenic treatment duration as well as concentration. The higher concentration of arsenate was found to be deleterious to the photosynthesis of lichen as the chlorophyll fluorescence and the amount of pigments decreased significantly. The protein content of lichen increased uninterruptedly as the concentration of arsenate as well as duration of treatment increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxide increased initially at lower concentration of arsenate but declined at higher concentrations and longer duration of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The catalase activity was found to be most susceptible to arsenate stress as its activity started declining from very beginning of the experiment. P. cocoes also proved to be an excellent accumulator of arsenate whose concentration increased in the thallus corresponding to its increase in the treatment and duration. Thus, it can be utilized for active biomonitoring of arsenic pollution.

Differentiation of four Indian aboriginal cattle populations revealed by STR markers

Cattle are the most important livestock in India and play a pivotal role in agrarian economy. There are 34 recognized breeds of cattle and number of unexplored lesser known populations. The present study is a contribution towards determining genetic variation and understanding the relationship among four lesser known populations. A total of 194 unrelated DNA samples from three cattle populations of Orissa (Binjharpuri, Ghumsuri, Motu) and Hill cattle of Kumaun (Kumauni) were collected from respective breeding tracts. Genotyping was done with 23 bovine microsatellite markers as suggested by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) and FAO (DAD-IS) on automated sequencer. The average observed heterozygosity in the four populations lie within the narrow range of 0.623 +/- 0.04 in Binjharpuri to 0.664 +/- 0.03 in Kumauni. Mean estimates of observed and expected heterozygosity over all loci and breeds were 0.651 +/- 0.02 and 0.720 +/- 0.01, respectively. In the overall population, the homozygote excess (F(IT)) of 0.132 +/- 0.03, was partly due to the genetic differentiation among breeds (F(ST) = 0.044 +/- 0.01) and, to a larger extent, to a significant homozygote excess within breeds (F(IS) = 0.094 +/- 0.03). The phylogenetic reconstruction from a UPGMA clustering based on Nei's Standard genetic distance yielded a tree with Binjharpuri and Ghumsuri on a single node and Motu and Kumauni on separate nodes. The most probable clustering detected by STRUCTURE in population was three. Binjharpuri and Ghumsuri animals were assigned to one cluster with high proportion of membership.

Clinico-demographic profile, sexual dysfunction and readiness to change in male alcohol dependence syndrome inpatients in a tertiary hospital

Persons with prolonged and heavy alcohol use generally suffer from alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) and develop physical, sexual as well as psychiatric co-morbidity. Successful recovery to normalcy depends on multiple factors including patient's motivation. To study clinico-demographic profile, reasons for initiating alcohol use, sexual and psychiatric disorders and eagerness for treatment and quitting alcohol in ADS inpatients. Fifty consecutive ADS inpatients with matching controls were enrolled. Clinico-demographic profile, factors for initiating alcohol use, psychiatric and sexual co-morbidity and want for treatment and being abstinent was studied applying relevant scales. All subjects were males with a mean age of 37.5 years, 80% were married, majority were Hindu (88%) and from nuclear families (56%). Fifty two percent had an education level of Graduation or more and 68% of patients reported peer pressure to be the initiating factor for alcohol use. Seventy six percent had psychiatric co-morbidity including personality Problems and other Psychiatric disorders 19(38%), delirium tremens 14 (28.00%) and Mood disorders 12(24%).Depression being most common mood disorder (14%). Nicotine was the most common other substance of use 32 (64%). Sixty eight percent of the patient reported one or another sexual dysfunction. 68% of ADS inpatients acknowledged of having problems related to their drinking, expressed desire for change and were eager to avail treatment and to remain abstinent. ADS patients commonly suffer from psychiatric co-morbidity and sexual dysfunctions. They also wish to have effective treatment and to quit alcohol.

Neurocognitive deficits in male alcoholics: an ERP/sLORETA analysis of the N2 component in an equal probability Go/NoGo task

In alcoholism research, studies concerning time-locked electrophysiological aspects of response inhibition have concentrated mainly on the P3 component of the event-related potential (ERP). The objective of the present study was to investigate the N2 component of the ERP to elucidate possible brain dysfunction related to the motor response and its inhibition using a Go/NoGo task in alcoholics. The sample consisted of 78 abstinent alcoholic males and 58 healthy male controls. The N2 peak was compared across group and task conditions. Alcoholics showed significantly reduced N2 peak amplitudes compared to normal controls for Go as well as NoGo task conditions. Control subjects showed significantly larger NoGo than Go N2 amplitudes at frontal regions, whereas alcoholics did not show any differences between task conditions at frontal regions. Standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis (sLORETA) indicated that alcoholics had significantly lower current density at the source than control subjects for the NoGo condition at bilateral anterior prefrontal regions, whereas the differences between groups during the Go trials were not statistically significant. Furthermore, NoGo current density across both groups revealed significantly more activation in bilateral anterior cingulate cortical (ACC) areas, with the maximum activation in the right cingulate regions. However, the magnitude of this difference was much less in alcoholics compared to control subjects. These findings suggest that alcoholics may have deficits in effortful processing during the motor response and its inhibition, suggestive of possible frontal lobe dysfunction.

Type IV Dual Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery:A Rare Anomaly

Type IV dual left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery is a rare anomaly and was detected incidentally during a routine coronary angiogram. The article discusses the types of dual LAD and their clinical implications.

Seasonal variations in abundance of nitrifying bacteria in fish pond ecosystem

Seasonal changes in abundance of nitrifiers (ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria) in surface and bottom water of freshwater ponds were examined with respect to temperature, DO, pH as well as concentration of ammonia and nitrite. The most probable number (MPN) of ammonia-oxidizers in different ponds varied from 1297 +/- 3.6 to 1673.23 +/- 0.36 ml(-1) in bottom and 720.5 +/- 8.1 to 955.3 +/- 10.8 ml(-1) in surface water during the rainy season while the MPN ranged from 1074 +/- 1.07 to 1372.17 +/- 4.6 ml(-1) in bottom and 515 +/- 10.1 to 678 +/- 11.8 ml(-1) in surface water in winter. However, the MPN were greatly reduced in summer and ranged from 435.05 +/- 15.7 to 547.54 +/- 2.12 ml(-1) in bottom and 218.7 +/- 7.3 to 368.4 +/- 9.32 ml(-1) in surface water. Similar seasonal trends were also observed in MPN of nitrite-oxidizers. Among all the physico-chemical parameters, abundance of nitrifiers was more positively correlated with ammonia and nitrite concentration in all the seasons. The abundance of nitrifiers in surface and bottom water was highest in rainy season followed by winter and modest in summer. The potential nitrification activities and oxidation rates were shown to be linear and activity of ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was highest during rainy season.

Studies on in vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of some important medicinal plants

Oxidative stress is initiated by free radicals, which seek stability through electron pairing with biological macromolecules in healthy human cells and cause protein and DNA damage along with lipid peroxidation. Many phytochemicals have been found to play as potential antioxidants and antimicrobials. In the present study antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of Bauhinia variegata, Tinospora cardifolia and Piper longum have been determined. Total phenolic contents in plant extracts were estimated and different amounts of phenolic contents were found in B. variegata, T. cardifolia and P. longum extracts. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidants such as, BHA, BHT, quercetin, ascorbic acid and propyl gallate. The % scavenging activity gradually increased with increasing concentrations of the test extracts in DPPH radical scavenging assay. Dose dependent antioxidant activity pattern was also observed in phosphomolybdate assay. Antioxidant activity was directly correlated with the amount of total phenolic contents in the extracts. As compared to B. variegata, the extracts from other two plants exhibited higher antioxidant activity. In disc diffusion assays several solvent extracts derived from test plants inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Maximum inhibitory efficacy was observed in T. cardifolia extracts. However, the lowest minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) (0.43 mg/ml) was recorded for ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. longum. This study demonstrates notable antioxidant and anti-staphylococcal roles assigned to some plant extracts tested.

Optimization for the production of cellulase enzyme from municipal solid waste residue by two novel cellulolytic fungi

The main purpose of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by optimizing the production medium and using an alternative carbon source such as municipal solid waste residue. In the present investigation, we aim to isolate the two novel cellulase producing fungi (Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp.) from municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste residue (4-5% (w/v)) and peptone and yeast extract (1.0% (w/v)) were found to be the best combination of carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of cellulase by A. niger and Trichoderma sp. Optimum temperature and pH of the medium for the cellulase production by A. niger were 40°C and 6-7, whereas those for the production of cellulase by Trichoderma sp. were 45°C and 6.5. Cellulase production from A. niger and Trichoderma sp. can be an advantage as the enzyme production rate is normally higher as compared to other fungi.

Histopathological alterations in hepatopancreas of Gafrarium divaricatum exposed to xylene, benzene and gear oil-WSF

Gafrarium divaricatum were exposed to xylene (4.25 and 8.50 mg l(-1)), benzene (4.35 and 8.70 mg l(-1)) and gear oil-WSF (1 and 2%) for 30 days. Chronic exposure of clams to the pollutants resulted in loss of bubbling epithelium, reduction in cytoplasm volume and density, fusion of cell membranes and nuclei forming darkly stained area at basal part of the cells. Disintegration of basement membrane due to damaged epithelial cells, disruption of inner lining of tubule, formation of necrotic spaces, separation of epithelial cells from basement membrane, increase in internal luminar area, complete necrosis of epithelial cells as well as occurrence of cell debris in between the tissue were also observed in the clams due to chronic exposure of the toxicants.

Bipolaron formation in organic solar cells observed by pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance

We report the observation of a spin-dependent dark transport current, exhibiting spin coherence at room temperature, in a π-conjugated polymer-fullerene blend using pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance. The resonance at g = 2.0028(3) is due to polarons in the polymer, and exhibits spin locking at high microwave fields. The presence of an excess of fullerene, and the operating voltage (1 V) used, suppresses negative polaron formation in the polymer. It is concluded that spin-dependent transport is due to the formation of positive bipolarons.

Self Injurious Behavior in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) or self-mutilating behavior (SMB) is rare but can occur in temporal lobe epilepsy. Such a behavior during seizures is not usually recalled by patient. Here is a case with self mutilating behavior in left temporal lobe epilepsy, presented because of its rare manifestation and diagnostic dilemma. A 19 year old unmarried Muslim student presented to emergency with SMB, guilty rumination and a persecutory delusion. The patient was intermittently confused about place and time. In subsequent assessments, he was found harboring death wishes and suicidal ideation. He transiently had auditory hallucination and thought broadcasting. He episodically tried to harm himself by severely biting only his left ring finger. It was difficult to influence him during such episodes. EEG revealed left temporal lobe seizure. Diagnosis of 'Epilepsy and Organic Psychosis' was made. The patient responded well to Antiepileptic and Antipsychotic medications. Keywords: seizure, self injurious behavior, suicide, temporal epilepsy.

Self injurious behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) or self-mutilating behavior (SMB) is rare but can occur in temporal lobe epilepsy. Such a behavior during seizures is not usually recalled by patient. Here is a case with self mutilating behavior in left temporal lobe epilepsy, presented because of its rare manifestation and diagnostic dilemma. A 19 year old unmarried Muslim student presented to emergency with SMB, guilty rumination and a persecutory delusion. The patient was intermittently confused about place and time. In subsequent assessments, he was found harboring death wishes and suicidal ideation. He transiently had auditory hallucination and thought broadcasting. He episodically tried to harm himself by severely biting only his left ring finger. It was difficult to influence him during such episodes. EEG revealed left temporal lobe seizure. Diagnosis of 'Epilepsy and Organic Psychosis' was made. The patient responded well to Antiepileptic and Antipsychotic medications.

Radiographic study of carrying angle and morphometry of skeletal elements of human elbow

Lateral obliquity of the forearm from the arm when the forearm is supinated and extended is called carrying angle. In this study carrying angle was measured using radiographs of adult individuals and morphometry was done on dry bones taking part in formation of human elbow (on lower end of humerus-trochlear angle and inclination angle of olecranon fossa, on upper end of ulna-olecranon-coronoid angle and length and width of inferior medial trochlear notch). On radiographs, the difference between male and female carrying angle and difference between carrying angle of right and left limbs (in both sexes together as well as in same sex) was statistically not significant. All the morphometric parameters measured in this study did not show any significant sexual dimorphism or difference between right and left side except the inclination angle of olecranon fossa, which was significantly more on right side. Different findings of carrying angle as reported by various authors could be due to racial difference or due to different methods used to measure carrying angle. Morphometric parameters were similar to findings of radiographic method of measuring carrying angle. These factors should also be considered in construction of elbow prosthesis as well as use of carrying angle in identification of skeletal remains.

Variation of 18 STR loci in Shahabadi sheep of India

Shahabadi sheep represent an important but uninvestigated source of genetic diversity. Eighteen microsatellite markers were employed to analyze the genetic diversity of Shahabadi sheep population found in Bihar, India with fifty samples. Microsatellites were highly polymorphic with a mean allelic number 5.56 +/- 1.79. The observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and observed and effective number of alleles were used to estimate the genetic variation of this breed. The observed heterozygosity in the population varied from 0.279-0.739 with the mean of 0.501 +/- 0.151, reflecting substantial genetic variation in this population. Population was observed to be heterozygote deficient (21.5%). The results of this study indicated that conservation of genetic variation in Shahabadi population should be considered by breeders, in the interest of long term future of the breed in its native tract.

Membrane optode for uranium(VI) ions preconcentration and quantification based on a synergistic combination of 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol with 8-hydroxyquinaldine

A membrane optode was developed utilizing the 8-hydroxyquinaldine (HQ) facilitated preconcentration of UO(2)(2+) ions and subsequent colored complex formation of UO(2)(2+) with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol (TAR) in optode matrix. The composition of the membrane optode was optimized by scanning several extractants immobilized in different plasticized polymer matrices. It was observed that the chelating agent HQ along with an indicator TAR immobilized in the tri-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP) plasticized cellulose triacetate matrix (CTA) was best suited as an optode for the UO(2)(2+) ions in aqueous samples. On sorption of UO(2)(2+) in the optode matrix, TAR changes color of the optode from yellow to magenta having a maximum absorbance (lambda(max)) at 546 nm. The uptake of UO(2)(2+) ions in the optode was found to be pH dependent and was maximum (>90%) at pH above 3. The acetate buffer (0.1 mol L(-1) sodium acetate + 0.1 mol L(-1) acetic acid) was found to be necessary for the stable response. The optimum equilibration time for the optode (2 cm x 1 cm) was found to be 30 min in 10 mL aqueous sample containing acetate buffer (pH 4.75). The equilibration time was found to increase with increase in aqueous sample volume. The optode response was found to be linear in the UO(2)(2+) ions concentration range of 0.01-0.11 micromol L(-1) in tap water as well as aqueous solutions containing 0.1 mol L(-1) NaCl or NaNO(3). The tolerance to the presence of several cations and anions in the determination of UO(2)(2+) ion was studied. It was observed that the optode in the presence of buffer can tolerate presence of large amounts of interfering cations (Ce(4+), V(4+), Eu(3+), Al(3+), Fe(3+), Ni(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), Pb(2+), Hg(2+), Cu(2+) and Th(4+) ions) without hindering the sorption of UO(2)(2+) ions in the optode matrix. The present work indicated that 50 ppb UO(2)(2+) ions in 100 mL sample can easily be quantified using this optode. The optode was found to be fully reversible, can readily be regenerated by equilibrating it with 0.1 mol L(-1) HNO(3) and reusable up to three cycles. The applicability of the developed optode in real samples was studied by determining uranium in the ground water samples spiked with a known quantity of UO(2)(2+) ions.

Effects of sub-lethal heroin administration on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid gland of Mus norvegicus

Serum TSH level of control Mus norvegicus fluctuated between 498.20 +/- 21.92 and 506.80 +/- 22.35 ng ml(-1), thyroxine (T4) between 68.17 +/- 3.46 and 69.03 +/- 4.12 microg dl(-1) and triiodothyronine (T3) between 4.76 +/- 0.52 and 5.00 +/- 0.66 microg dl(-1). Sub-lethal heroin administration induced a significant decline in the levels of all the three hormones at 24 hr and 15 days post-administration. Decline in the levels of these hormones registered the lowest values (p<0.001) by day 30 of the treatment. Thyroid gland of control rat consisted of spherical, round follicles lined with low cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells and lumina filled with eosinophilic colloid. Ultrastructurally, the thyroid follicular cells showed the presence of round nuclei, polymorphic mitochondria, Golgi complex as well as lysosomes located on the apical side of the nucleus and cytoplasm with different sizes of lipid droplets and smooth along with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Basal lamina of the follicular cells was often in association with the endothelium of the capillaries. Sub-lethal heroin administration for 30 days elicited degenerative changes in the follicular epithelial cells as evident by the vacuolization of cytoplasm, pycnotic nuclei and reduced colloidal content. Ultrastructurally, the thyroid follicular cells showed indented nuclei with heavy deposition of chromatin material on the inner membrane of nucleus and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Along with RBC infiltration, vesiculated mitochondria owing to the loss of cristae were also seen. Diffused electron-dense material was seen at the periphery of the cell body. Heroin treatment caused cellular necrosis as revealed by the fragmentation of cytoplasmic materials in follicular epithelial cells of the gland.

Responses of parathyroid gland, C cells, and plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate levels in rat to sub-lethal heroin administration

In order to record the effects of heroin on plasma calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels as well as parathyroid gland and C cells, two sub-lethal doses (0.50 LD50 and 0.75 LD50) of the drug were administered intramuscularly in Rattus norvegicus for 30 days. Plasma Ca level of control rats ranged between 9.53 +/- 0.32 - 9.88 +/- 0.22 mg 100 ml(-1) while plasma Pi concentration fluctuated between 4.55 +/- 0.18 - 4.71 +/- 0.24 mg 100 ml(-1). Sub-lethal heroin administration induced progressive increase in plasma Ca level during the first seven days (p < 0.001), thereafter the level declined on day 15 and 30. However plasma Pi level of the heroin-treated rats registered increase with the peak value (p < 0.001) on day 30. The treatment elicited degenerative changes in parathyroid gland as evident by cytoplamic vacuolization, presence of more pycnotic nuclei and occurrence of patchy areas among the chief cells. Degenerative changes were also noticed in cristae of mitochondria, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. There was decrease in chromatin material in the nucleus and loss of hormone granules in the cytoplasm. Oxyphil cells of the heroin-treated rat depicted dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and damaged cristae. Sub-lethal heroin administration in the rat for 30 days induced dilation in endoplasmic reticulum and loss of secretory granules in C cells.

Membrane optode for mercury(II) determination in aqueous samples

A color changeable optode for Hg(II) was prepared by the immobilization of a dye 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) and a liquid ion-exchanger trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336) in the tri-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate plasticized cellulose triacetate matrix. Hg(II) and CH(3)Hg(+) from aqueous samples could be quantitatively preconcentrated in this transparent optode producing a distinct color change (lambda(max)=520 nm) within 5 min equilibration time in bicarbonate aqueous medium or 30 min in natural water. Whereas optode sample without Aliquat-336 did not change its color corresponding to Hg-PAR complex on equilibrium with the same aqueous solution containing Hg(II) ions. The uptake of Hg(II) was found to be pH dependent with a maximum (>90%) at a pH 7.5. The uptake of ions like Cu(II), Fe(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) was negligible in the optode where as the uptake of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions was 10-15% at pH 7.5. The optode developed in the present work was studied for its analytical application for Hg(II) in the aqueous samples by spectrophotometry, radiotracer ((203)Hg), Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) analyses and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The minimum amount of Hg(II) required to produce detectable response by spectrophotometry, INAA and EDXRF were found to be 5.5, 1 and 12 microg, respectively. This optode showed a linear increase in the absorbance at lambda(max)=520 nm over a concentration range of 0.22-1.32 microg/mL of Hg(II) ions in aqueous solution for 5 min. The preconcentration of Hg(II) from large volume of aqueous solution was used to extend the lower limit of concentration range that can be quantified by the spectrophotometry of optode. It was observed that preconcentration of 11 microg Hg(II) in 100mL (0.11 microg/mL) in aqueous samples gives a distinct color change and absorbance above 3 sigma of the blank absorbance. The optode developed in the present work was found to be reusable.

Levels of plasma sodium and potassium as well as alterations in adrenal cortex of Rattus norvegicus in response to sublethal heroin administration

In order to record the effects of sublethal heroin administration on plasma mineral metabolism, the drug was administered intramuscularly (16.4 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1); 0.75 LD50 dose) in Rattus norvegicus for 30 days. Plasma sodium and potassium levels of the control rats fluctuated between 153.14 +/- 2.88 - 157.23 +/- 2.16 meq l(-1) and 5.04 +/- 0.32 - 5.63 +/- 0.41 meq l(-1), respectively. Plasma sodium level of the treated rats registered a progressive decline (p<0.01) at 24 hr with the minimum value (126.53 +/- 2.68 meq l(-1)) on day 30 whereas plasma potassium level registered a progressive increase during entire period of the treatment with peak (8.78 +/- 0.23 meq l(-1)) on day 30. Though sublethal herion administration for 30 days elcited cytoplasmic vacuolation in all the three zones of adrenal cortex, much of cytological alterations were observed in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata cells. In zona glomerulosa cells, degenerative changes in the organelles were more pronounced as evident by the loss of typical cristae in the mitochondria and hormone granules were rarely seen in these cells. Though rough endoplasmic reticula were scanty, many lipid granules encountered in zona glomerulosa cells of the treated rats.

Estimation of genetic diversity in Siri cattle from India

Siri cattle, a dual purpose breed of India is currently showing declining population trend. Siri animals have been developing through natural selection and show high adaptation to wide range of hilly terrain (altitudes 150-2500 m). The present work evaluated the genetic diversity of 23 FAO recommended microsatellite loci in a sample of 50 animals. The allele and genotype frequencies, heterozygosities and gene diversity were estimated. A total of 141 alleles were detected by the 23 microsatellite markers investigated. Microsatellites were highly polymorphic with mean allelic number 6.13 +/- 1.63 (ranging from 3-10 per locus). The observed heterozygosity in the population varied from 0.26-0.80 with the mean of 0.53 +/- 0.16, indicating substantial genetic variation in this population. Heterozygote deficiency and mutation-drift equilibrium hypothesis were also examined. Population exhibited heterozygote deficit to the tune of 22.1%. Population was found to be in mutation-drift equilibrium. Substantial genetic variability verified in Siri cattle despite its reducing population size suggests that this breed has a rich reservoir of genetic diversity. This fact and its marked environmental adaptation reinforce the importance of its preservation as a pure breed, and/or its use in agricultural exploitation.

Effect of sublethal exposure of Cartap on hypothalamo-neurosecretory system of the freshwater spotted murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch)

In order to record the effect of carbamate pesticide on hypothalamus of Channa punctatus, fish were exposed to sublethal concentration (0.18 mg l(-1), 30% LC50 for 96 hr) of Cartap for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr under static bioassay condition. Hypothalamo-neurosecretory complex of the murrel consisted mainly of nucleus preopticus (NPO), nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) and their axonal tracts. NPO is a paired structure situtated on either side of the third ventricle anterodorsal to the optic chiasma and looked inverted L-shape in the sagittal section. NPO is morphologically divisible into a dorsal pars magnocellularis (PMC) consisting of large neurons and ventral pars parvocellularis (PPC) formed of smaller neurosecretory cells. NLT cells are distributed in the infundibular floor adjacent to the pituitary stalk. Sublethal Cartap treatment induced an initial hypertrophy of the neurosecretory cells of NPO and NLT followed by loss of staining affinity as well as varying degrees of cytoplasmic vacuolization and necrosis. Herring bodies (HB) were also encountered in the neurohypophysis of the treated fishes.

Experience with plaque excision and dermal grafting in the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease

INTRODUCTION

Peyronie's disease is a common cause of sexual dysfunction. We assess the technique of plaque excision and dermal grafting for the treatment of Peyronie's disease.

METHODS

A total of 11 patients, aged 38-55 years, were operated for Peyronie's disease. All patients had stable plaque on the dorsum or dorsolateral aspect of the penile shaft. All patients had penile curvature, nine (81.8 percent) had painful erections, six (54.5 percent) had penile pain and three (27.3 percent) had erectile dysfunction. All suffered difficulty in intercourse. We performed plaque excision and dermal grafting. Main outcome measures were relief of penile pain, relief of painful erection, performance of satisfactory coitus and straight penis while erection.

RESULTS

All patients had relief of penile pain and painful erection. Nine (81.8 percent) patients had straight penis and had satisfactory coitus. Two (18.2 percent) patients suffered postoperative erectile dysfunction which was mild and responded to Sildenafil tabs.

CONCLUSION

Although experience with this technique is limited, the initial results are encouraging. We found this technique feasible with satisfactory results.

Histopathological manifestations in kidney of Clarias batrachus induced by experimental Procamallanus infection

Kidney of Clarias batrachus infected with Procamallanus showed varying degrees of histopathological alterations on 15, 30, 45 and 60 days post-infection. The infected kidney showed variable sized glomeruli, cloudy swelling in tubules, vacuolar/atrophic degeneration, fibrosis, mild degenerative changes in distal convoluted tubules, enlarged Bowmen's capsule, necrotic changes as well as increased granulation and hyperplasia in proximal convoluted tubules after 15 days. After 30 days of infection, the changes were rupture of Bowmen's capsule wall, degenerative changes, edema, necrosis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis in proximal and distal convoluted tubules, fibrosis, cloudy swelling and inflammatory lymphocytes, proliferation and shrinkage in glomeruli, and vacuolization in proximal convoluted tubules as well as cloudy swelling. After 45 days, the infected kidney showed cloudy swelling in glomeruli as well as variation in their size, infiltration of RBCs in intralobular vein and necrosis in proximal convoluted tubules, cloudy swelling in interstitium, vacuolization in the epithelial lining cells, necrosis in haemopoietic tissue and inflammatory edema. After 60 days post-infection, the changes were rupture of intralobular vein, cloudy swelling, necrosis in few proximal convoluted tubules, atrophy and shrinkage in glomeruli, distinct inflammatory edema, pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis, aggregation of lymphocytes and dilation in blood vessels.

Magnetic resonance imaging of a case of monomelic macrodystrophia lipomatosa

Macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a rare form of non-hereditary congenital localized gigantism. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging of one such case in a 3-year-old girl is presented in which the entire right-lower limb was affected. Radiographs revealed excessive soft tissue hypertrophy and exostoses-like bony overgrowth from the metatarsals. Magnetic resonance images showed excess unencapsulated fatty proliferation and fatty infiltration of the involved muscles.

Genetic diversity and bottleneck analysis of Indian bellary sheep by microsatellite markers

Bellary sheep population variability and structure was investigated genetically utilizing FAO recommended microsatellite markers. Genetic variation at 20 microsatellite loci, population structure, and genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined. Estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities revealed substantial genetic variation frequently displayed by microsatellite markers. A total of 133 alleles were detected. Average polymorphism across the studied loci and expected gene diversity in the population were 1.419 +/- 0.405 and 0.684 +/- 0.140, respectively. No significant genotypic linkage disequilibrium was detected across population, suggesting no evidence of linkage between loci. The population was observed to be significantly differentiated into different groups, showed fairly high level of inbreeding (f = 0.253 +/- 0.050) and global heterozygote deficit. Population structure analysis indicated the intermixing/introduction of unique/rare alleles in these migrating flocks. A normal L-shaped distribution of mode-shift test, non-significant heterozygosity excess on the basis of different models, as revealed from Sign, Standardized differences and Wilcoxon sign rank tests suggested that there was no recent bottleneck. The study revealed that even breed with increasing population trend needs genetic management for the conservation and improvement.

Responses of serum calcium and inorganic phosphate levels as well as parathyroid gland and calcitonin producing C cells of Rattus norvegicus to Mipcin administration

Serum calcium (Ca) level of Rattus norvegicus ranged between 13.08 +/- 0.41 - 13.25 +/- 0.39 mg/100 ml whereas serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration varied between 4.21 +/- 0.28 - 4.33 +/- 0.26 mg/100 ml. Sublethal (0.50 LD50 and 0.75 LD50) administration of Mipcin induced a progressive dose-dependent decline in serum Ca level in the rat which was statistically significant at 7 and 14 days. Serum inorganic phosphate level of the treated rats did not exhibit significant fluctuation during the entire course of investigation. Parathyroid chief cells of the experimental rats exhibited degranulation, vacuolation, loss of secretory (hormone) granules and lipid droplets, decreased chromatin in nuclei and damages in the endoplasmic reticulum as well as cristae of mitochondria at 14 days of the treatment. Not much of changes could be seen in the oxyphil cells of parathyroid as well as thyroid C cells of the Mipcin-treated rats.

Horseshoe kidney--a case report

The congenital anomalies of kidney are important as they may cause renal failure in middle age group. Horseshoe kidney is the most common fusion anomaly. It has been said to occur in every 400 births and is seen in approximately 1 out of 300 pyelographies. A horseshoe kidney was observed in a thirty-two year old male in the archives of the Department of Anatomy, PGIMER, Chandigarh. The kidney was placed at lower level as compared to its normal position. The lower poles were fused to form the isthmus opposite to the L4 vertebra. There was no extra renal anomaly. Relation of structures in hilum was normal on right side while on left side pelvis was anterior to vein and artery. The right and left renal arteries arose as usual as lateral branches of the aorta just below the level of superior mesenteric artery. Two accessory renal arteries originated from the ventral aspect of aorta just above the isthmus. Right kidney was drained by three renal veins directly into the inferior vena cava while the left kidney was drained by a renal vein which had three tributaries outside the hilum. The right kidney appeared normal under the light microscope while in the left kidney, glomeruli were decreased and glomerular space appeared more. Some of the glomeruli appeared atrophied and filled with eosinophilic material. The horseshoe kidney has been estimated to be occurring in 0.25% of the general population and is more common in men.

Hydrochemical characteristics of ground water at Makrana, Nagaur, Rajasthan (India): a case study

An investigation was carried out to find out the subsurface water quality at eighteen different sites at Makrana, Nagaur, Rajasthan (India) keeping in view its utilization for portability and domestic use. Various physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, free CO2, TDS, hardness, total alkalinity, chlorides, electric conductivity, calcium, total dissolved solids, magnesium, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate were examined through the water analysis. The results were compared with the standard values prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization(WHO). The results indicate that the water of tube wells and hand pumps of the city as well as nearby industrial areas has higher concentrations for all physico-chemical parameters. Therefore, proper disposal of marble slurry after treatment, and recycling of wastewater along with periodical monitoring of sub-surface water are very important as a part of management strategies for the Makrana area. Such aspects have been discussed in this paper.

Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in Poly(perfluorosulfonic) Acid Membrane

The formation of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction of Ag+-loaded Nafion-117 membrane with NaBH4 was studied using radioactivity tagged ions. The counterion-exchange method (Ag(m)+ <--> Na(s)+) was used to obtain a membrane sample with a varying proportion of Ag+ ions. The X-ray elemental mapping across the thickness of the membrane by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached to the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM/EDAX) indicated that Na+ and Ag+ were uniformly distributed in the membrane samples before reduction. The average size of nanoparticles formed after reduction was found to be 15 +/- 3 nm, irrespective of the concentration of silver ions present in the membrane before reduction. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analyses of the membrane samples, carried out before and after reduction, indicated that the Ag concentration on the membrane surface was considerably increased after reduction. EDXRF measurements of the membrane samples, obtained from reduction carried out in a dead end cell, indicated that Ag nanoparticles were formed only on the membrane surface exposed to NaBH4 solution. Reduction carried out with NaBH4 tagged with 22Na showed that the formation of Ag nanoparticles involved exchange of Ag+ ions from ion-exchange sites in the interior of the membrane with Na+ ions, followed by reduction of Ag+ ions with BH4- ions at the surface of membrane. The study of self-diffusion of water, Na+, and Cs+ ions in the membrane loaded with Ag nanoparticles indicated that formation of Ag nanoparticles did not affect the diffusional transport properties of the membrane. The ion-exchange capacity and water uptake capacity were also not affected by the formation of Ag nanoparticles in the membrane. The spatial distribution of Ag nanoparticles across the thickness of the membrane obtained by ESEM/EDAX showed that Ag nanoparticles were confined to a few-micrometer surface layer of the membrane. Based on these observations, an attempt has been made to explain the mechanism of the formation of Ag nanoparticles in the membrane.

Genetic diversity studies of Kherigarh cattle based on microsatellite markers

We report a genetic diversity study of Kherigarh cattle, a utility draught-purpose breed of India, currently declining at a startling rate, by use of microsatellite markers recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Microsatellite genotypes were derived, and allelic and genotypic frequencies, heterozygosities and gene diversity were estimated. A total of 131 alleles were distinguished by the 21 microsatellite markers used. All the microsatellites were highly polymorphic, with mean (+/- s.e.) allelic number of 6.24 +/- 1.7, ranging 4-10 per locus. The observed heterozygosity in the population ranged between 0.261 and 0.809, with mean (+/- s.e.) of 0.574 +/- 0.131, indicating considerable genetic variation in this population. Genetic bottleneck hypotheses were also explored. Our data suggest that the Kherigarh breed has not experienced a genetic bottleneck in the recent past.

Seasonal changes in plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate levels in relation to parathyroid structure of the grey quail, Coturnix coturnix coturnix Linnaeus

Plasma Ca concentration (annual mean) in males Coturnix cotumix coturnix was 10.27 +/- 0.14 mg/100 ml while it was slightly higher (11.85 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml) among females. Plasma Pi levels (annual mean) in males and females were 5.62 +/- 0.12 mg/100 ml and 6.52 +/- 0.20 mg/100 ml, respectively. While the males did not exhibit marked fluctuation in plasma Ca and Pi levels either in winter or summer, the females did record significant elevation in the levels of both these electrolytes during breeding season. The peak values of plasma Ca (17.66 +/- 0.38 mg/100 ml) and Pi (8.64 +/- 0.22 mg/100 ml) in females were observed during June. Parathyroid gland of the grey quail exhibited hyperactivity (hypertrophy and hyperplasia) during breeding season, however, the activity was more conspicuous among females than in males. The maximum increase in cell and nuclear diameters were observed in females during May-July. The follicles were also filled with AF- and PAS-positive materials during these months. The glands depicted signs of hypoactivity and degeneration during peak winter season (November-December) as evident by decrease in cell and nuclear diameters as well as vacuolation in the chief cells.

The auxin-inducible GH3 homologue Pp-GH3.16 is downregulated in Pinus pinaster root systems on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment

In an attempt to determine whether auxin-regulated plant genes play a role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis establishment, we screened a Pinus pinaster root cDNA library for auxin-upregulated genes. This allowed the identification of a cDNA, Pp-GH3.16, which encodes a polypeptide sharing extensive homologies with GH3 proteins of different plants. Pp-GH3.16 was specifically upregulated by auxins and was not affected by cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid or ethylene, or by heat shock, water stress or anoxia. Pp-GH3.16 mRNAs were quantified in pine roots inoculated with two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Rhizopogon roseolus. Surprisingly, Pp-GH3.16 was downregulated following inoculation with both fungal species. The downregulation was most rapid on establishment of symbiosis with an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-overproducing mutant of H. cylindrosporum, which overproduced mycorrhizas characterized by a hypertrophic Hartig net. This indicates that, despite being auxin-inducible, Pp-GH3.16 can be downregulated on establishment of symbiosis with a fungus that releases auxin. By contrast, Pp-GH3.16 was not downregulated in pine root systems inoculated with a nonmycorrhizal mutant of H. cylindrosporum, suggesting that the downregulation we observed in mycorrhizal root systems was a component of the molecular cross-talk between symbiotic partners at the origin of differentiation of symbiotic structures.

Effects of diazinon on serum calcium and inorganic phosphate levels as well as ultrastructures of parathyroid and calcitonin cells of Rattus norvegicus

Daily intramuscular administration of two doses--0.50 LD550 (150 mg/kg b w) and 0.75 LD50 (225 mg/kg b w) of diazinon for 14 days induced progressive hypocalcemia without altering serum inorganic phosphate value in Rattus norvegicus. Hypocalcemic response of the pesticide was dose- as well as time-dependent. Parathyroid chief cells of the experimental rats exhibited degranulation, vacuolation, loss of secretory granules and lipid droplets, decreased chromatin, and degenerative changes in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex as well as cristae of the mitochondria. Not much of ultrastructural changes could be seen in the C cells of the rats treated with diazinon.