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Merriel SWD, Hetherington L, Seggie A, Castle JT, Cross W, Roobol MJ, Gnanapragasam V, Moore CM. Best practice in active surveillance for men with prostate cancer: a Prostate Cancer UK consensus statement. BJU Int 2019; 124:47-54. [PMID: 30742733 PMCID: PMC6617751 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To develop a consensus statement on current best practice of active surveillance (AS) in the UK, informed by patients and clinical experts. Subjects and Methods A consensus statement was drafted on the basis of three sources of data: systematic literature search of national and international guidelines; data arising from a Freedom of Information Act request to UK urology departments regarding their current practice of AS; and survey and interview responses from men with localized prostate cancer regarding their experiences and views of AS. The Prostate Cancer UK Expert Reference Group (ERG) on AS was then convened to discuss and refine the statement. Results Guidelines and protocols for AS varied significantly in terms of risk stratification, criteria for offering AS, and protocols for AS between and within countries. Patients and healthcare professionals identified clinical, emotional and process needs for AS to be effective. Men with prostate cancer wanted more information and psychological support at the time of discussing AS with the treating team and in the first 2 years of AS, and a named healthcare professional to discuss any questions or concerns they had. The ERG agreed 30 consensus statements regarding best practice for AS. Statements were grouped under headings: ‘Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria’; ‘AS follow‐up protocol’ and ‘When to stop AS’. Conclusion Significant variation currently exists in the practice of AS in the UK and internationally. Men have clear views on the level of involvement in treatment decisions and support from their treating professionals when receiving AS. The Prostate Cancer UK AS ERG has developed a set of consensus statements for best practice in AS. Evidence for best practice in AS, and the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in AS, is still evolving, and further studies are needed to determine how to optimize AS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Giganti F, Stabile A, Moore CM. Magnetic resonance imaging and prostate cancer: Perspectives from the UK, Europe and USA. ARCH ESP UROL 2019; 72:135-141. [PMID: 30855014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is yet no international consensus on the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for prostate cancer diagnosis, with different uses in different health care systems around the world. In this report we will discuss the use of mpMRI in the United Kingdom, Europe and in the United States of America, comparing the most important guidelines and major papers over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology. University College London Hospital NHS. Foundation Trust, London. UK. Division of Surgery & Interventional Science. University College London. London. UK
| | - Armando Stabile
- Department of Urology. University College London Hospital NHS. Foundation Trust, London. UK. Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University. Milan. Italy
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science. University College London. London. UK. Department of Urology. University College London Hospital NHS. Foundation Trust, London. UK
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Kasivisvanathan V, Ambrosi A, Giganti F, Chau E, Kirkham A, Punwani S, Allen C, Emberton M, Moore CM. A Dedicated Prostate MRI Teaching Course Improves the Ability of the Urologist to Interpret Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer on Multiparametric MRI. Eur Urol 2019; 75:203-204. [PMID: 30327275 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Research Collaborative, UK.
| | | | - Francesco Giganti
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Edwin Chau
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Miah S, Eldred-Evans D, Simmons LAM, Shah TT, Kanthabalan A, Arya M, Winkler M, McCartan N, Freeman A, Punwani S, Moore CM, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. Patient Reported Outcome Measures for Transperineal Template Prostate Mapping Biopsies in the PICTURE Study. J Urol 2018; 200:1235-1240. [PMID: 29940251 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy is an increasingly used method of procuring tissue from men with suspected prostate cancer. We report patient related outcome measures and adverse events in men in the PICTURE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01492270) who underwent this diagnostic test. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 249 men underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging followed by transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy as a validation study. Functional outcomes before and after transperineal template prostate mapping were prospectively collected and recorded with questionnaires, including the I-PSS (International Prostate Symptom Score), the I-PSS-QoL (Quality of Life), the IIEF-15 (International Index of Erectile Function-15) and the EPIC (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite) urinary function. RESULTS Mean age was 62 years, median prostate specific antigen was 6.8 ng/ml and median gland size was 37 ml. At transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy a median of 49 cores (IQR 40-55) were taken. Mean time to complete the post-procedure patient related outcome measure questionnaires was 46 days. Adverse events included post-procedure acute urinary retention in 24% of patients, rectal pain in 26% and perineal pain in 41%. Transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy resulted in a statistically significant increase in scores on the I-PSS from 10.9 to 11.8 (p = 0.024) and the I-PSS-QoL from 1.57 to 1.76 (p = 0.03). The IIEF-15 erectile function score decreased by 23.2% from 47.7 to 38.7 (p <0.001). Significant deterioration was noted in all 5 of IIEF-15 functional domains, including erectile and orgasmic function, sexual desire, and intercourse and overall satisfaction (p <0.001). EPIC urinary scores showed no overall change from baseline. CONCLUSIONS Transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy causes a high urinary retention rate and a detrimental impact on genitourinary functional outcomes, including deterioration in urinary flow and sexual function. Our findings can be used to ensure adequate counseling about transperineal template prostate mapping biopsies. The results point to a need for strategies such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and targeted biopsies to minimize the harms of transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Miah
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - David Eldred-Evans
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A M Simmons
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taimur T Shah
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Kanthabalan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Simmons LAM, Kanthabalan A, Arya M, Briggs T, Barratt D, Charman SC, Freeman A, Hawkes D, Hu Y, Jameson C, McCartan N, Moore CM, Punwani S, van der Muelen J, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. Accuracy of Transperineal Targeted Prostate Biopsies, Visual Estimation and Image Fusion in Men Needing Repeat Biopsy in the PICTURE Trial. J Urol 2018; 200:1227-1234. [PMID: 30017964 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsies and compared visual estimation to image fusion targeting in patients requiring repeat prostate biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prospective, ethics committee approved PICTURE trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01492270) enrolled 249 consecutive patients from January 11, 2012 to January 29, 2014. Men underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and were blinded to the results. All underwent transperineal template prostate mapping biopsies. In 200 men with a lesion this was preceded by visual estimation and image fusion targeted biopsies. As the primary study end point clinically significant prostate cancer was defined as Gleason 4 + 3 or greater and/or any grade of cancer with a length of 6 mm or greater. Other definitions of clinically significant prostate cancer were also evaluated. RESULTS Mean ± SD patient age was 62.6 ± 7 years, median prostate specific antigen was 7.17 ng/ml (IQR 5.25-10.09), mean primary lesion size was 0.37 ± 1.52 cc with a mean of 4.3 ± 2.3 targeted cores per lesion on visual estimation and image fusion combined, and a mean of 48.7 ± 12.3 transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy cores. Transperineal template prostate mapping biopsies detected 97 clinically significant prostate cancers (48.5%) and 85 insignificant cancers (42.5%). Overall multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsies detected 81 clinically significant prostate cancers (40.5%) and 63 insignificant cancers (31.5%). In the 18 cases (9%) of clinically significant prostate cancer on magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsies were benign or clinically insignificant on transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy. Clinically significant prostate cancer was detected in 34 cases (17%) on transperineal template prostate mapping biopsy but not on magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsies and approximately half was present in nontargeted areas. Clinically significant prostate cancer was found on visual estimation and image fusion in 53 (31.3%) and 48 (28.4%) of the 169 patients (McNemar test p = 0.5322). Visual estimation missed 23 clinically significant prostate cancers (13.6%) detected by image fusion. Image fusion missed 18 clinically significant prostate cancers (10.8%) detected by visual estimation. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsies are accurate for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer and reducing the over diagnosis of insignificant cancers. To maximize detection visual estimation as well as image fusion targeted biopsies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A M Simmons
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abi Kanthabalan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Briggs
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Barratt
- Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Charman
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom; Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Hawkes
- Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yipeng Hu
- Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan van der Muelen
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Moore CM. A picture is worth a thousand words… but does it add utility to a nomogram to predict extraprostatic extension? BJU Int 2018; 122:915-916. [PMID: 30460790 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giganti F, Moore CM, Punwani S, Allen C, Emberton M, Kirkham A. The natural history of prostate cancer on MRI: lessons from an active surveillance cohort. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 21:556-563. [PMID: 30038388 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is being used increasingly in the setting of active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer. We investigated changes in the mpMRI appearance of lesions on AS, to show the variability of volume measurements in visible lesions and assess change in lesion size according to grade. METHODS We retrospectively retrieved 86 men on AS (NICE guidelines) with more than one mpMRI (the first before 2013). Two radiologists, in consensus, were blinded to patient demographics and date of scan. The scans were randomly reported to reduce any bias. For visible lesions, we measured volume by planimetry on the sequence best showing the most conspicuous (index) tumour and attributed a 5-point Likert score. RESULTS 43/86 men did not have a visible lesion on the initial mpMRI (≤2/5). Of these, 5/43 had developed a lesion scoring ≥3/5 at a median of 3.6 years of follow up. 40/86 had a lesion scoring ≥3/5 on two or more scans. There was a significant increase in volume over 3.6 years by a median of 10% (p < 0.01)-by a median of 6% for Gleason 3+3 and 18% for 3+4 (p = 0.058). Thirty-five men had a visible lesion on two scans separated by <2 years; of these, 21/35 showed a 78% median increase in tumour size between the two scans and 11/35 showed an apparent 25% median decrease in lesion size. CONCLUSIONS A total of 17% of men with no visible lesion developed a visible lesion at a median follow up of 3.6 years. It is possible to show significant growth in patients with a visible lesion, but variability in volume measurements between scans means that it is difficult to reliably detect increases of this order. This variability may inform the design of mpMRI protocols in AS and the time between follow up scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Bass EJ, Freeman A, Jameson C, Punwani S, Moore CM, Arya M, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. Prostate cancer diagnostic pathway: Is a one-stop cognitive MRI targeted biopsy service a realistic goal in everyday practice? A pilot cohort in a tertiary referral centre in the UK. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024941. [PMID: 30361408 PMCID: PMC6224764 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of a novel multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and cognitive fusion transperineal targeted biopsy (MRTB) led prostate cancer (PCa) diagnostic service with regard to cancer detection and reducing time to diagnosis and treatment. DESIGN Consecutive men being investigated for possible PCa under the UK 2-week wait guidelines. SETTING Tertiary referral centre for PCa in the UK. PARTICIPANTS Men referred with a raised prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal digital rectal examination between February 2015 and March 2016 under the UK 2-week rule guideline. INTERVENTIONS An mpMRI was performed prior to patients attending clinic, on the same day. If required, MRTB was offered. Results were available within 48 hours and discussed at a specialist multidisciplinary team meeting. Patients returned for counselling within 7 days PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures in this regard included the time to diagnosis and treatment of patients referred with a suspicion of PCa. Quality control outcome measures included clinically significant and total cancer detection rates. RESULTS 112 men were referred to the service. 111 (99.1%) underwent mpMRI. Median PSA was 9.4 ng/mL (IQR 5.6-21.0). 87 patients had a target on mpMRI with 25 scoring Likert 3/5 for likelihood of disease, 26 4/5 and 36 5/5.57 (51%) patients received a local anaesthetic, Magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy (MRTB). Cancer was detected in 45 (79%). 43 (96%) had University College London definition 2 disease or greater. The times to diagnosis and treatment were a median of 8 and 20 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This approach greatly reduces the time to diagnosis and treatment. Detection rates of significant cancer are high. Similar services may be valuable to patients with a potential diagnosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward James Bass
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Histopathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hashim Uddin Ahmed
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Hu Y, Modat M, Gibson E, Li W, Ghavami N, Bonmati E, Wang G, Bandula S, Moore CM, Emberton M, Ourselin S, Noble JA, Barratt DC, Vercauteren T. Weakly-supervised convolutional neural networks for multimodal image registration. Med Image Anal 2018; 49:1-13. [PMID: 30007253 PMCID: PMC6742510 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the fundamental challenges in supervised learning for multimodal image registration is the lack of ground-truth for voxel-level spatial correspondence. This work describes a method to infer voxel-level transformation from higher-level correspondence information contained in anatomical labels. We argue that such labels are more reliable and practical to obtain for reference sets of image pairs than voxel-level correspondence. Typical anatomical labels of interest may include solid organs, vessels, ducts, structure boundaries and other subject-specific ad hoc landmarks. The proposed end-to-end convolutional neural network approach aims to predict displacement fields to align multiple labelled corresponding structures for individual image pairs during the training, while only unlabelled image pairs are used as the network input for inference. We highlight the versatility of the proposed strategy, for training, utilising diverse types of anatomical labels, which need not to be identifiable over all training image pairs. At inference, the resulting 3D deformable image registration algorithm runs in real-time and is fully-automated without requiring any anatomical labels or initialisation. Several network architecture variants are compared for registering T2-weighted magnetic resonance images and 3D transrectal ultrasound images from prostate cancer patients. A median target registration error of 3.6 mm on landmark centroids and a median Dice of 0.87 on prostate glands are achieved from cross-validation experiments, in which 108 pairs of multimodal images from 76 patients were tested with high-quality anatomical labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Hu
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Marc Modat
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eli Gibson
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wenqi Li
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nooshin Ghavami
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ester Bonmati
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guotai Wang
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Bandula
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sébastien Ourselin
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Alison Noble
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dean C Barratt
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tom Vercauteren
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK; Wellcome / EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Moore
- Urology, University College London, University College London Hospitals Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Stavrinides V, Giganti F, Emberton M, Moore CM. MRI in active surveillance: a critical review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 22:5-15. [PMID: 30115960 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent technological advancements and the introduction of modern anatomical and functional sequences have led to a growing role for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the detection, risk assessment and monitoring of early prostate cancer. This includes men who have been diagnosed with lower-risk prostate cancer and are looking at the option of active surveillance (AS). The purpose of this paper is to review the recent evidence supporting the use of mpMRI at different time points in AS, as well as to discuss some of its potential pitfalls. METHODS A combination of electronic and manual searching methods were used to identify recent, important papers investigating the role of mpMRI in AS. RESULTS The high negative predictive value of mpMRI can be exploited for the selection of AS candidates. In addition, mpMRI can be efficiently used to detect higher risk disease in patients already on surveillance. CONCLUSION Although there is an ongoing debate regarding the precise nature of its optimal implementation, mpMRI is a promising risk stratification tool and should be considered for men on AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Stavrinides
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, W1W 7TS, London, UK.
| | - Francesco Giganti
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, W1W 7TS, London, UK.,Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, 235 Euston Road, NW1 2BU, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, W1W 7TS, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, 235 Euston Road, NW1 2BU, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Charles Bell House, 43-45 Foley Street, W1W 7TS, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, 235 Euston Road, NW1 2BU, London, UK
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Brizmohun Appayya M, Adshead J, Ahmed HU, Allen C, Bainbridge A, Barrett T, Giganti F, Graham J, Haslam P, Johnston EW, Kastner C, Kirkham AP, Lipton A, McNeill A, Moniz L, Moore CM, Nabi G, Padhani AR, Parker C, Patel A, Pursey J, Richenberg J, Staffurth J, van der Meulen J, Walls D, Punwani S. National implementation of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer detection - recommendations from a UK consensus meeting. BJU Int 2018; 122:13-25. [PMID: 29699001 PMCID: PMC6334741 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify areas of agreement and disagreement in the implementation of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate in the diagnostic pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen UK experts in prostate mpMRI and/or prostate cancer management across the UK (involving nine NHS centres to provide for geographical spread) participated in a consensus meeting following the Research and Development Corporation and University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA-RAND) Appropriateness Method, and were moderated by an independent chair. The experts considered 354 items pertaining to who can request an mpMRI, prostate mpMRI protocol, reporting guidelines, training, quality assurance (QA) and patient management based on mpMRI levels of suspicion for cancer. Each item was rated for agreement on a 9-point scale. A panel median score of ≥7 constituted 'agreement' for an item; for an item to reach 'consensus', a panel majority scoring was required. RESULTS Consensus was reached on 59% of items (208/354); these were used to provide recommendations for the implementation of prostate mpMRI in the UK. Key findings include prostate mpMRI requests should be made in consultation with the urological team; mpMRI scanners should undergo QA checks to guarantee consistently high diagnostic quality scans; scans should only be reported by trained and experienced radiologists to ensure that men with unsuspicious prostate mpMRI might consider avoiding an immediate biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Our consensus statements demonstrate a set of criteria that are required for the practical dissemination of consistently high-quality prostate mpMRI as a diagnostic test before biopsy in men at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrishta Brizmohun Appayya
- Centre for Medical ImagingUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jim Adshead
- Department of UrologyHertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer CentreLister HospitalStevenageHertfordshireUK
| | - Hashim U. Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceFaculty of Medical SciencesUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Division of SurgeryDepartment of Surgery and CancerImperial College London and Imperial UrologyImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of RadiologyUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alan Bainbridge
- Department of Medical PhysicsUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tristan Barrett
- Department of RadiologyAddenbrooke's Hospital and University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Francesco Giganti
- Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceFaculty of Medical SciencesUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of RadiologyUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - John Graham
- School of Health and Related ResearchUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Phil Haslam
- Department of RadiologyFreeman HospitalNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Edward W. Johnston
- Centre for Medical ImagingUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of RadiologyUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christof Kastner
- Department of UrologyAddenbrooke's Hospital and University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alexander P.S. Kirkham
- Department of RadiologyUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Alan McNeill
- Department of UrologyNHS LothianWestern General HospitalEdinburghUK
| | | | - Caroline M. Moore
- Division of SurgeryDepartment of Surgery and CancerImperial College London and Imperial UrologyImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of UrologyUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Division of Cancer ResearchNinewells HospitalDundeeUK
| | - Anwar R. Padhani
- Paul Strickland Scanner CentreMount Vernon HospitalNorthwoodMiddlesexUK
| | - Chris Parker
- Department of Academic UrologyRoyal Marsden HospitalSuttonSurreyUK
| | - Amit Patel
- Department of RadiologyLister HospitalStevenageHertfordshireUK
| | | | - Jonathan Richenberg
- Department of RadiologyRoyal Sussex County Hospital Brighton and Brighton and Sussex Medical SchoolBrightonSussexUK
| | - John Staffurth
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Darren Walls
- Division of Nuclear MedicineUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Centre for Medical ImagingUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of RadiologyUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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114
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Guillaumier S, Peters M, Arya M, Afzal N, Charman S, Dudderidge T, Hosking-Jervis F, Hindley RG, Lewi H, McCartan N, Moore CM, Nigam R, Ogden C, Persad R, Shah K, van der Meulen J, Virdi J, Winkler M, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. A Multicentre Study of 5-year Outcomes Following Focal Therapy in Treating Clinically Significant Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2018; 74:422-429. [PMID: 29960750 PMCID: PMC6156573 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinically significant nonmetastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is currently treated using whole-gland therapy. This approach is effective but can have urinary, sexual, and rectal side effects. Objective To report on 5-yr PCa control following focal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy to treat individual areas of cancer within the prostate. Design, setting, and participants This was a prospective study of 625 consecutive patients with nonmetastatic clinically significant PCa undergoing focal HIFU therapy (Sonablate) in secondary care centres between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015. A minimum of 6-mo follow-up was available for599 patients. Intermediate- or high-risk PCa was found in 505 patients (84%). Intervention Disease was localised using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) combined with targeted and systematic biopsies, or transperineal mapping biopsies. Areas of significant disease were treated. Follow-up included prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement, mpMRI, and biopsies. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary endpoint, failure-free survival (FFS), was defined as freedom from radical or systemic therapy, metastases, and cancer-specific mortality. Results and limitations The median follow-up was 56 mo (interquartile range [IQR] 35–70). The median age was 65 yr (IQR 61–71) and median preoperative PSA was 7.2 ng/ml (IQR 5.2–10.0). FFS was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI] 98–100%) at 1 yr, 92% (95% CI 90–95%) at 3 yr, and 88% (95% 85–91%) at 5 yr. For the whole patient cohort, metastasis-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival at 5 yr was 98% (95% CI 97–99%), 100%, and 99% (95% CI 97–100%), respectively. Among patients who returned validated questionnaires, 241/247 (98%) achieved complete pad-free urinary continence and none required more than 1 pad/d. Limitations include the lack of long-term follow-up. Conclusions Focal therapy for select patients with clinically significant nonmetastatic prostate cancer is effective in the medium term and has a low probability of side effects. Patient summary In this multicentre study of 625 patients undergoing focal therapy using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), failure-free survival, metastasis-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were 88%, 98%, 100%, and 99%, respectively. Urinary incontinence (any pad use) was 2%. Focal HIFU therapy for patients with clinically significant prostate cancer that has not spread has a low probability of side effects and is effective at 5 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guillaumier
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Max Peters
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Urology, The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK
| | - Naveed Afzal
- Department of Urology, Dorset County Hospital NHS Trust, Dorset, UK
| | - Susan Charman
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Dudderidge
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Feargus Hosking-Jervis
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard G Hindley
- Department of Urology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | | | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Raj Nigam
- Department of Urology, Royal County Surrey Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, UK
| | - Chris Ogden
- Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Raj Persad
- Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Karishma Shah
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jaspal Virdi
- Department of Urology, The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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115
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Warlick C, Futterer J, Maruf M, George AK, Rastinehad AR, Pinto PA, Bosaily AES, Villers A, Moore CM, Mendhiratta N, Taneja SS, Ukimura O, Konety BR. Beyond transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies: available techniques and approaches. World J Urol 2018; 37:419-427. [PMID: 29943220 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent advances have led to the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone or with fusion to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images for guiding biopsy of the prostate. Our group sought to develop consensus recommendations regarding MRI-guided prostate biopsy based on currently available literature and expert opinion. METHODS The published literature on the subject of MRI-guided prostate biopsy was reviewed using standard search terms and synthesized and analyzed by four different subgroups from among the authors. The literature was grouped into four categories-MRI-guided biopsy platforms, robotic MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy, template mapping biopsy and transrectal MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy. Consensus recommendations were developed using the Oxford Center for Evidence Based Medicine criteria. RESULTS There is limited high level evidence available on the subject of MRI-guided prostate biopsy. MRI guidance with or without TRUS fusion can lead to fewer unnecessary biopsies, help identify high-risk (Gleason ≥ 3 + 4) cancers that might have been missed on standard TRUS biopsy and identify cancers in the anterior prostate. There is no apparent significant difference between MRI biopsy platforms. Template mapping biopsy is perhaps the most accurate method of assessing volume and grade of tumor but is accompanied by higher incidence of side effects compared to TRUS biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsies are feasible and better than traditional ultrasound-guided biopsies for detecting high-risk prostate cancer and anterior lesions. Judicious use of MRI-guided biopsy could enhance diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer while limiting diagnosis of insignificant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jurgen Futterer
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mahir Maruf
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvin K George
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter A Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Shater Bosaily
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arnauld Villers
- Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Mendhiratta
- School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samir S Taneja
- School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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116
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Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M, Moore CM. "Don't Let the Perfect Be the Enemy of the Good": Time to Embrace Magnetic Resonance Imaging Before First Prostate Biopsy. Eur Urol 2018; 74:411-412. [PMID: 29937197 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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117
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Schoots IG, Nieboer D, Giganti F, Moore CM, Bangma CH, Roobol MJ. Is magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy a useful addition to systematic confirmatory biopsy in men on active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 2018; 122:946-958. [PMID: 29679430 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review and meta-analyse evidence regarding the additional value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI-targeted biopsies to confirmatory systematic biopsies in identifying high-grade prostate cancer in men with low-risk disease on transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) biopsy, as active surveillance (AS) of prostate cancer is recommended for men with Gleason 3 + 3 on standard TRUS-guided biopsy. Confirmatory assessment can include repeat standard TRUS-guided biopsy, and/or MRI with targeted biopsy when indicated. METHODS A systematic review of the Embase, Medline, Web-of-science, Google scholar, and Cochrane library was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Identified reports were critically appraised according to the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2 criteria. Studies reporting men with Gleason 3 + 3 prostate cancer who had chosen AS based on transrectal systematic biopsy findings and had undergone MRI with systematic ± targeted biopsy at confirmatory assessment were included. The primary outcome was detection of any Gleason pattern ≥4. RESULTS Included reports (six) of men on AS (n = 1 159) showed cancer upgrading (Gleason ≥3 + 4) in 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22-34%) using a combined approach of MRI-targeted biopsies and confirmatory systematic biopsies. MRI-targeted biopsies alone would have missed cancer upgrading in 10% (95% CI 8-14%) and standard biopsies alone would have missed cancer upgrading in 7% (95% CI 5-10%). No pathway was more favourable than the other (relative risk [RR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.79-1.06). In all, 35% (95% CI 27-43%) of men with a positive MRI were upgraded, compared to 12% (95% CI 8-18%) of men with a negative MRI being upgraded (RR 2.77, 95% CI 1.76-4.38). CONCLUSIONS A pre-biopsy MRI should be performed before confirmatory systematic TRUS-guided biopsies in men on AS, together with MRI-targeted biopsies when indicated. A combined approach maximises cancer detection, although other factors within multivariate risk prediction can be used to aid the decision to biopsy in these men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo G Schoots
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chris H Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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118
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Kasivisvanathan V, Rannikko AS, Borghi M, Panebianco V, Mynderse LA, Vaarala MH, Briganti A, Budäus L, Hellawell G, Hindley RG, Roobol MJ, Eggener S, Ghei M, Villers A, Bladou F, Villeirs GM, Virdi J, Boxler S, Robert G, Singh PB, Venderink W, Hadaschik BA, Ruffion A, Hu JC, Margolis D, Crouzet S, Klotz L, Taneja SS, Pinto P, Gill I, Allen C, Giganti F, Freeman A, Morris S, Punwani S, Williams NR, Brew-Graves C, Deeks J, Takwoingi Y, Emberton M, Moore CM. MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1767-1777. [PMID: 29552975 PMCID: PMC9084630 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1801993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1817] [Impact Index Per Article: 302.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with or without targeted biopsy, is an alternative to standard transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy for prostate-cancer detection in men with a raised prostate-specific antigen level who have not undergone biopsy. However, comparative evidence is limited. METHODS In a multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial, we assigned men with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer who had not undergone biopsy previously to undergo MRI, with or without targeted biopsy, or standard transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy. Men in the MRI-targeted biopsy group underwent a targeted biopsy (without standard biopsy cores) if the MRI was suggestive of prostate cancer; men whose MRI results were not suggestive of prostate cancer were not offered biopsy. Standard biopsy was a 10-to-12-core, transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy. The primary outcome was the proportion of men who received a diagnosis of clinically significant cancer. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of men who received a diagnosis of clinically insignificant cancer. RESULTS A total of 500 men underwent randomization. In the MRI-targeted biopsy group, 71 of 252 men (28%) had MRI results that were not suggestive of prostate cancer, so they did not undergo biopsy. Clinically significant cancer was detected in 95 men (38%) in the MRI-targeted biopsy group, as compared with 64 of 248 (26%) in the standard-biopsy group (adjusted difference, 12 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4 to 20; P=0.005). MRI, with or without targeted biopsy, was noninferior to standard biopsy, and the 95% confidence interval indicated the superiority of this strategy over standard biopsy. Fewer men in the MRI-targeted biopsy group than in the standard-biopsy group received a diagnosis of clinically insignificant cancer (adjusted difference, -13 percentage points; 95% CI, -19 to -7; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of risk assessment with MRI before biopsy and MRI-targeted biopsy was superior to standard transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy in men at clinical risk for prostate cancer who had not undergone biopsy previously. (Funded by the National Institute for Health Research and the European Association of Urology Research Foundation; PRECISION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02380027 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Antti S Rannikko
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Marcelo Borghi
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Valeria Panebianco
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Lance A Mynderse
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Markku H Vaarala
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Alberto Briganti
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Lars Budäus
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Giles Hellawell
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Richard G Hindley
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Monique J Roobol
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Scott Eggener
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Maneesh Ghei
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Arnauld Villers
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Franck Bladou
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Geert M Villeirs
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Jaspal Virdi
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Silvan Boxler
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Grégoire Robert
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Paras B Singh
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Wulphert Venderink
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Boris A Hadaschik
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Alain Ruffion
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Jim C Hu
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Daniel Margolis
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Sébastien Crouzet
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Laurence Klotz
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Samir S Taneja
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Peter Pinto
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Inderbir Gill
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Clare Allen
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Francesco Giganti
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Alex Freeman
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Stephen Morris
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Shonit Punwani
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Norman R Williams
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Jonathan Deeks
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Mark Emberton
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
| | - Caroline M Moore
- From University College London (UCL) and UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (V.K., C.A., F.G., A.F., S.M., S.P., M.E., C.M.M.), London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (G.H.), Whittington Health NHS Trust (M.G.), Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (P.B.S.), and UCL Surgical and Interventional Trials Unit (N.R.W., C.B.-G.), London, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (R.G.H.), Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow (J.V.), and the Institute of Applied Health Research and the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (J.D., Y.T.) - all in the United Kingdom; Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (A.S.R.), and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.H.V.) - all in Finland; Centro de Urología, Buenos Aires (M.B.); Sapienza University, Rome (V.P.), and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (A.B.) - all in Italy; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (L.A.M.); Martini Klinik, Hamburg (L.B.), University Hospital Essen, Essen (B.A.H.), and University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg (B.A.H.) - all in Germany; Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam (M.J.R.), and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen (W.V.) - both in the Netherlands; University of Chicago, Chicago (S.E.); Université de Lille and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille (A.V.), Université de Bordeaux and Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux (G.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud (A.R.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon of the Hôpital Edouard Herriot (S.C.), Lyon - all in France; Jewish General Hospital, Montreal (F.B.), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto (L.K.) - both in Canada; Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (G.M.V.); University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (S.B.); Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (J.C.H., D.M.), and New York University Langone Medical Center (S.S.T.), New York; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (P.P.); and the University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles (I.G.)
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Shah TT, Peters M, Guillaumier S, Arya M, Afzal N, Hosking-Jervis F, Dudderidge T, Hindley R, Lewi H, McCartan N, Moore CM, Nigam R, Ogden C, Persad R, Shah K, Virdi J, Winkler M, Emberton M, Ahmed HU, Minhas S. MP30-11 PREDICTORS OF POOR FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES AFTER FOCAL HIGH INTENSITY FOCUSSED ULTRASOUND (HIFU). J Urol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Huber PM, Afzal N, Arya M, Boxler S, Charman S, Cornaby A, Dudderidge T, Emberton M, Guillaumier S, Hindley RJ, Leemann L, Lewi H, McCartan N, Moore CM, Nigam R, Ogden C, Persad R, Shah K, Thalmann GN, Virdi J, Winkler M, Ahmed HU. MP30-10 HIFU DOSE ESCALATION LEADS TO FEWER RECURRENCES IN FOLLOWING FOCAL HIFU IN PROSTATE CANCER. J Urol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huber PM, Afzal N, Arya M, Boxler S, Charman S, Cornaby A, Dudderidge T, Emberton M, Guillaumier S, Hindley RJ, Leemann L, Lewi H, McCartan N, Moore CM, Nigam R, Ogden C, Persad R, Shah K, Thalmann GN, Virdi J, Winkler M, Ahmed HU. PD34-07 PSA FAILS TO PREDICT TREATMENT FAILURE IN FOCAL HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND THERAPY IN PROSTATE CANCER. J Urol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bonmati E, Hu Y, Villarini B, Rodell R, Martin P, Han L, Donaldson I, Ahmed HU, Moore CM, Emberton M, Barratt DC. Technical Note: Error metrics for estimating the accuracy of needle/instrument placement during transperineal magnetic resonance/ultrasound-guided prostate interventions. Med Phys 2018; 45:1408-1414. [PMID: 29443386 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Image-guided systems that fuse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) images for performing targeted prostate needle biopsy and minimally invasive treatments for prostate cancer are of increasing clinical interest. To date, a wide range of different accuracy estimation procedures and error metrics have been reported, which makes comparing the performance of different systems difficult. METHODS A set of nine measures are presented to assess the accuracy of MRI-US image registration, needle positioning, needle guidance, and overall system error, with the aim of providing a methodology for estimating the accuracy of instrument placement using a MR/US-guided transperineal approach. RESULTS Using the SmartTarget fusion system, an MRI-US image alignment error was determined to be 2.0 ± 1.0 mm (mean ± SD), and an overall system instrument targeting error of 3.0 ± 1.2 mm. Three needle deployments for each target phantom lesion was found to result in a 100% lesion hit rate and a median predicted cancer core length of 5.2 mm. CONCLUSIONS The application of a comprehensive, unbiased validation assessment for MR/US guided systems can provide useful information on system performance for quality assurance and system comparison. Furthermore, such an analysis can be helpful in identifying relationships between these errors, providing insight into the technical behavior of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Bonmati
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yipeng Hu
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Barbara Villarini
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Rachael Rodell
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lianghao Han
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.,School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Donaldson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UCL Medical School Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UCL Medical School Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.,Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.,Imperial Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UCL Medical School Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, UCL Medical School Building, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Dean C Barratt
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
In recent years, active surveillance has been increasingly adopted as a conservative management approach to low and sometimes intermediate risk prostate cancer, to avoid or delay treatment until there is evidence of higher risk disease. A number of studies have investigated the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in this setting. MpMRI refers to the use of multiple MRI sequences (T2-weighted anatomical and functional imaging which can include diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast enhanced imaging, spectroscopy). Each of the parameters investigates different aspects of the prostate gland (anatomy, cellularity, vascularity, etc.). In addition to a qualitative assessment, the radiologist can also extrapolate quantitative imaging biomarkers from these sequences, for example the apparent diffusion coefficient from diffusion-weighted imaging. There are many different types of articles (e.g., reviews, commentaries, consensus meetings, etc.) that address the use of mpMRI in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. In this paper, we compare original articles that investigate the role of the different mpMRI sequences in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer, in order to discuss the relative utility of the different sequences, and combinations of sequences. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed for manuscripts published from inception to 1st December 2017. The search terms used were (prostate cancer or prostate adenocarcinoma or prostatic carcinoma or prostate carcinoma or prostatic adenocarcinoma) and (MRI or NMR or magnetic resonance imaging or mpMRI or multiparametric MRI) and active surveillance. Overall, 425 publications were found. All abstracts were reviewed to identify papers with original data. Twenty-five papers were analysed and summarised. Some papers based their analysis only on one mpMRI sequence, while others assessed two or more. The evidence from this review suggests that qualitative assessments and quantitative data from different mpMRI sequences hold promise in the management of men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches should be considered when assessing mpMRI of the prostate. There is a need for robust studies assessing the relative utility of different combinations of sequences in a systematic manner to determine the most efficient use of mpMRI in men on active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Polyviou D, Baylay AJ, Hitchcock A, Robidart J, Moore CM, Bibby TS. Desert Dust as a Source of Iron to the Globally Important Diazotroph Trichodesmium. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2683. [PMID: 29387046 PMCID: PMC5776111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. accounts for approximately half of the annual ‘new’ nitrogen introduced to the global ocean but its biogeography and activity is often limited by the availability of iron (Fe). A major source of Fe to the open ocean is Aeolian dust deposition in which Fe is largely comprised of particles with reduced bioavailability over soluble forms of Fe. We report that Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 has improved growth rate and photosynthetic physiology and down-regulates Fe-stress biomarker genes when cells are grown in the direct vicinity of, rather than physically separated from, Saharan dust particles as the sole source of Fe. These findings suggest that availability of non-soluble forms of dust-associated Fe may depend on cell contact. Transcriptomic analysis further reveals unique profiles of gene expression in all tested conditions, implying that Trichodesmium has distinct molecular signatures related to acquisition of Fe from different sources. Trichodesmium thus appears to be capable of employing specific mechanisms to access Fe from complex sources in oceanic systems, helping to explain its role as a key microbe in global biogeochemical cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despo Polyviou
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J Baylay
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Robidart
- Ocean Technology and Engineering Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C M Moore
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S Bibby
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Faure Walker NA, Norris JM, Shah TT, Yap T, Cathcart P, Moore CM, Ahmed HU, Emberton M, Minhas S. A comparison of time taken to return to baseline erectile function following focal and whole gland ablative therapies for localized prostate cancer: A systematic review. Urol Oncol 2017; 36:67-76. [PMID: 29277585 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review erectile function (EF) outcomes following primary whole gland (WG) and focal ablative therapies for localized prostate cancer to ascertain whether the treatment modality or intended treatment volume affects the time taken to recover baseline EF. METHOD AND MATERIALS A systematic review was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis statement. Inclusion criteria were men with localized prostate cancer treated with primary, ablative therapy. Primary outcome was the return to baseline EF measured with objective, validated symptoms scores. Secondary outcome was use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors or erectile aids. Meta-analysis was not performed owing to heterogenous outcome measures. RESULTS Of 222 articles identified in February 2017, 55 studies which reported EF after ablative therapy were identified but only 17 used validated outcome measures and met inclusion criteria. WG cryotherapy was used in 2 studies, WG high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in 5, focal cryotherapy in 2, focal HIFU in 3, focal phototherapy or laser therapy in 4, vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy in 3, and irreversible electroporation in 2. WG cryotherapy was associated with a significant decline in EF at 6 months with minimal improvement at 36 months. Baseline IIEF-15 of patients undergoing focal HIFU fell 30 points at 1 month but returned to baseline by 6 months. The remaining focal therapies demonstrated minimal or no effect on EF, but the men in these studies had small foci of disease. The review is limited by lack of randomized studies and heterogenous outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Most studies assessing the outcomes of focal therapy on sexual function were not of high quality, used heterogenous outcomes, and had relatively short follow up, highlighting the need for more robustly designed studies using validated patient reported outcome measures for comparison. However, FT in general resulted in less effect on EF than WG ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M Norris
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Taimur T Shah
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, Whittington Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tet Yap
- Department of Urology, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul Cathcart
- Department of Urology, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK; Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suks Minhas
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Evans SM, Millar JL, Moore CM, Lewis JD, Huland H, Sampurno F, Connor SE, Villanti P, Litwin MS. Cohort profile: the TrueNTH Global Registry - an international registry to monitor and improve localised prostate cancer health outcomes. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017006. [PMID: 29183925 PMCID: PMC5719323 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Globally, prostate cancer treatment and outcomes for men vary according to where they live, their race and the care they receive. The TrueNTH Global Registry project was established as an international registry monitoring care provided to men with localised prostate cancer (CaP). PARTICIPANTS Sites with existing CaP databases in Movember fundraising countries were invited to participate in the international registry. In total, 25 Local Data Centres (LDCs) representing 113 participating sites across 13 countries have nominated to contribute to the project. It will collect a dataset based on the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measures (ICHOM) standardised dataset for localised CaP. FINDINGS TO DATE A governance strategy has been developed to oversee registry operation, including transmission of reversibly anonymised data. LDCs are represented on the Project Steering Committee, reporting to an Executive Committee. A Project Coordination Centre and Data Coordination Centre (DCC) have been established. A project was undertaken to compare existing datasets, understand capacity at project commencement (baseline) to collect the ICHOM dataset and assist in determining the final data dictionary. 21/25 LDCs provided data dictionaries for review. Some ICHOM data fields were well collected (diagnosis, treatment start dates) and others poorly collected (complications, comorbidities). 17/94 (18%) ICHOM data fields were relegated to non-mandatory fields due to poor capture by most existing registries. Participating sites will transmit data through a web interface biannually to the DCC. FUTURE PLANS Recruitment to the TrueNTH Global Registry-PCOR project will commence in late 2017 with sites progressively contributing reversibly anonymised data following ethical review in local regions. Researchers will have capacity to source deidentified data after the establishment phase. Quality indicators are to be established through a modified Delphi approach in later 2017, and it is anticipated that reports on performance against quality indicators will be provided to LDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue M Evans
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy L Millar
- William Buckland Radiotherapy Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Department of Urology, Division of Surgical and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Universitatsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fanny Sampurno
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah E Connor
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul Villanti
- Movember Foundation, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark S Litwin
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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127
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Giganti F, Gambarota G, Moore CM, Robertson NL, McCartan N, Jameson C, Bott SRJ, Winkler M, Whitcher B, Castro-Santamaria R, Emberton M, Allen C, Kirkham A. Prostate cancer detection using quantitative T 2 and T 2 -weighted imaging: The effects of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors in men on active surveillance. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:1646-1653. [PMID: 29135073 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T2 -weighted imaging (T2 -WI) information has been used in a qualitative manner in the assessment of prostate cancer. Quantitative derivatives (T2 relaxation time) can be generated from T2 -WI. These outputs may be useful in helping to discriminate clinically significant prostate cancer from background signal. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS To investigate changes in quantitative T2 parameters in lesions and noncancerous tissue of men on active surveillance for prostate cancer taking dutasteride 0.5 mg or placebo daily for 6 months. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION/SUBJECTS Forty men randomized to 6 months of daily dutasteride (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Multiparametric 3T MRI at baseline and 6 months. This included a multiecho MR sequence for quantification of the T2 relaxation times, in three regions of interest (index lesion, noncancerous peripheral [PZ] and transitional [TZ] zones). A synthetic signal contrast (T2 Q contrast) between lesion and noncancerous tissue was assessed using quantitative T2 values. Signal contrast was calculated using the T2 -weighted sequence (T2 W contrast). ASSESSMENT Two radiologists reviewed the scans in consensus according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS v. 2) guidelines. STATISTICAL TESTS Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U-tests, Spearman's correlation. RESULTS When compared to noncancerous tissue, shorter T2 values were observed within lesions at baseline (83.5 and 80.5 msec) and 6 months (81.5 and 81.9 msec) in the placebo and dutasteride arm, respectively. No significant differences for T2 W contrast at baseline and after 6 months were observed, both in the placebo (0.40 [0.29-0.49] vs. 0.43 [0.25-0.49]; P = 0.881) and dutasteride arm (0.35 [0.24-0.47] vs. 0.37 [0.22-0.44]; P = 0.668). There was a significant, positive correlation between the T2 Q contrast and the T2 W contrast values (r = 0.786; P < 0.001). DATA CONCLUSION The exposure to antiandrogen therapy did not significantly influence the T2 contrast or the T2 relaxation values in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1646-1653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulio Gambarota
- INSERM, U1099, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes 1, LTSI, Rennes, France
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicola L Robertson
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon R J Bott
- Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, UK
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Brandon Whitcher
- Klarismo, London, UK.,Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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128
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Kasivisvanathan V, Jichi F, Klotz L, Villers A, Taneja SS, Punwani S, Freeman A, Emberton M, Moore CM. A multicentre randomised controlled trial assessing whether MRI-targeted biopsy is non-inferior to standard transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy for the diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer in men without prior biopsy: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017863. [PMID: 29025845 PMCID: PMC5706484 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The classical pathway for the diagnosis of prostate cancer is transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy of the prostate initiated on the basis of a raised prostate-specific antigen (PSA). An alternative pathway is to perform multi-parametricMRI (MPMRI) to localise cancer and to use this information to influence the decision for, and conduct of, a subsequent biopsy, known as an MPMRI-targeted biopsy. An MPMRI pathway has been shown to detect a similar or greater amount of clinically significant cancer as TRUS biopsy but has several advantages, including the potential to biopsy fewer men with fewer cores. METHODS This is a pragmatic, international, multicentre, parallel group randomised study in which men are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to an MPMRI or TRUS biopsy pathway. This study will assess whether an MPMRI-targeted biopsy approach is non-inferior to a standard TRUS biopsy approach in the diagnosis of clinically significant cancer.Men in the MRI arm will undergo targeted biopsy of suspicious areas only and no biopsy will be carried out if the MRI is non-suspicious. Men in the TRUS biopsy will undergo a standard 10-12-core TRUS biopsy. The main inclusion criteria are a serum PSA ≤20 ng/mL, a digital rectal examination finding of T2 or less and no prior prostate biopsy.The primary outcome is the proportion of men with clinically significant cancer detected. A sample size of at least 470 patients is required. Key secondary outcomes include the proportion of clinically insignificant cancer detected. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the National Research Ethics Committee East Midlands, Leicester (15/EM/0188). Results of this study will be disseminated through national and international papers. The participants and relevant patient support groups will be informed about the results of the study. REGISTRATION DETAILS NCT02380027; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fatima Jichi
- Biostatistics Group, Joint Research Office, University College London and University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laurence Klotz
- Department of Urology, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnauld Villers
- Department of Urology, CHU Lille, University Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Samir S Taneja
- Department of Urology, New York University Langone Medical Centre, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Centre for Medical Imaging,University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
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129
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Peters M, Kanthabalan A, Shah TT, McCartan N, Moore CM, Arya M, van der Voort van Zyp JR, Moerland MA, Hindley RG, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. Development and internal validation of prediction models for biochemical failure and composite failure after focal salvage high intensity focused ultrasound for local radiorecurrent prostate cancer: Presentation of risk scores for individual patient prognoses. Urol Oncol 2017; 36:13.e1-13.e10. [PMID: 28927782 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patient selection for focal salvage remains difficult. Therefore, we developed and internally validated prediction models for biochemical failure (BF) and a composite endpoint (CE) following focal salvage high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for radiorecurrent prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective HIFU registry identified 150 cases (November 2006-August 2015). Recurrence was assessed with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with template prostate mapping biopsies, targeted biopsies, or systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies. Metastatic disease was ruled out with a positron emission tomography-computed tomography and a bone scan. Focal salvage HIFU consisted of quadrant-ablation, hemi-ablation, or index-lesion ablation. Cox-regression was used for BF (Phoenix-definition) and CE (BF/MRI+/biopsies+/local or systemic treatment/metastases+/prostate cancer specific mortality+). Internal validation was performed using bootstrap resampling (500 datasets) after which C-statistic and hazard ratios were adjusted. Models were calibrated and risk scores created. RESULTS Median follow-up was 35 months (interquartile range: 22-52). Median biochemical disease-free survival (DFS) was 33 months (95% CI: 23-45). Median CE-free survival was 24 months (95% CI: 21-35). After multivariable analysis, DFS interval after primary radiotherapy, presalvage prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA-doubling time, prostatic volume, and T-stage (both MRI based) predicted BF. For the CE, PSA-doubling time was not predictive but additionally, primary Gleason score was. The adjusted C-statistics were 0.68 and 0.64 for BF and CE, respectively. Calibration was accurate until 48 months. The risk scores showed 3 groups, with biochemical DFS of 60%, 35%, and 7% and CE-free survival of 40%, 24%, and 0% at 4 years. CONCLUSION Our model, once externally validated, could allow for better selection of patients for focal salvage HIFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Abi Kanthabalan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Taimur T Shah
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Urology, Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK
| | | | - Marinus A Moerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G Hindley
- Department of Urology, Basingstoke Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; NIHR UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Center, London, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Imperial Urology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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130
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Abstract
MRI-targeted biopsy is a promising technique that offers an improved detection of clinically significant prostate cancer over standard non-targeted biopsy. It is established that prostate MRI is of use in both the primary and repeat biopsy setting for the detection of significant prostate cancer. There are three approaches to targeting biopsies to areas of interest seen on prostate MRI. They each rely on the acquisition and reporting of a diagnostic quality multi-parametric MRI scan used to identify areas of interest, and the subsequent use of those diagnostic quality images in combination with real-time images of the prostate during the biopsy procedure. The three techniques are: visual registration of the MRI images with a real-time ultrasound image; software-assisted fusion of the MRI images and the real-time ultrasound images, and in-bore biopsy, which requires registration of a diagnostic quality MRI scan with a real time interventional MRI image. In this paper we compare the three techniques and evaluate those studies where there is a direct comparison of more than one MRI-targeting technique. PubMed was searched from inception to November 2016 using the search terms (cognitive registration OR visual registration OR fusion biopsy OR in-bore biopsy OR targeted biopsy) AND (prostate cancer OR prostate adenocarcinoma OR prostate carcinoma OR prostatic carcinoma OR prostatic adenocarcinoma) AND (MRI OR NMR OR magnetic resonance imaging OR mpMRI OR multiparametric MRI). The initial search included 731 abstracts. Eleven full text papers directly compared two or more techniques of MRI-targeting, and were selected for inclusion. The detection of clinically significant prostate cancer varied from 0% to 93.3% for visual registration, 23.2% to 100% for software-assisted registration and 29% to 80% for in-bore biopsy. Detection rates for clinically significant cancer are dependent on the prevalence of cancer within the population biopsied, which in turn is determined by the selection criteria [biopsy naïve, previous negative biopsy, prostate specific antigen (PSA) selection criteria, presence of a lesion on MRI]. Cancer detection rates varied more between study populations than between biopsy approaches. Currently there is no consensus on which type of MRI-targeted biopsy performs better in a given setting. Although there have been studies supporting each of the three techniques, substantial differences in methodology and reporting the findings make it difficult to reliably compare their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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131
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Protopapa E, van der Meulen J, Moore CM, Smith SC. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires for men who have radical surgery for prostate cancer: a conceptual review of existing instruments. BJU Int 2017; 120:468-481. [PMID: 28437031 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To critically review conceptual frameworks for available patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires in men having radical prostatectomy (RP), psychometrically evaluate each questionnaire, and identify whether each is appropriate for use at the level of the individual patient. We searched PubMed, the Reports and Publications database of the University of Oxford Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Group and the website of the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) for psychometric reviews of prostate cancer-specific PRO questionnaires. From these we identified relevant questionnaires and critically appraised the conceptual content, guided by the Wilson and Cleary framework and psychometric properties, using well established criteria. The searches found four reviews and one recommendation paper. We identified seven prostate cancer-specific PROs: the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26 (EPIC-26), Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-50 (EPIC-50), University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Prostate Cancer Subscale (FACT-P PCS), European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire - prostate specific 25-item (EORTC QLQ-PR25), Prostate Cancer - Quality of Life (PC-QoL), and Symptom Tracking and Reporting (STAR). Six out of seven measures purported to measure health-related quality of life (HRQL), but items focused strongly on urinary and sexual symptoms/functioning. The remaining questionnaire (STAR) claimed to assess functional recovery after RP. The psychometric evidence for these questionnaires was incomplete and variable in quality; none had evidence that they were appropriate for use with individual patients. Several questionnaires provide the basis of measures of urinary and/or sexual symptoms/functioning. Further work should explore other aspects of HRQL that are important for men having RP. Further psychometric work is also needed to determine whether they can be used at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Protopapa
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah C Smith
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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132
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Giganti F, Moore CM, Robertson NL, McCartan N, Jameson C, Bott SRJ, Winkler M, Gambarota G, Whitcher B, Castro R, Emberton M, Allen C, Kirkham A. MRI findings in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer: does dutasteride make MRI visible lesions less conspicuous? Results from a placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial. Eur Radiol 2017; 27:4767-4774. [PMID: 28523355 PMCID: PMC5635085 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate changes in the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer taking dutasteride 0.5 mg or placebo. METHODS We analysed 37 men, randomised to 6 months of daily dutasteride (n = 18) or placebo (n = 19), undergoing 3T multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI) scans at baseline and 6 months. Images were reviewed blind to treatment allocation and clinical information. Mean ADC of peripheral (PZ) and transition (TZ) zones, and MR-suspicious lesions were compared between groups over 6 months. Conspicuity was defined as the PZ divided by tumour ADC, and its change over 6 months was assessed. RESULTS A decrease in mean conspicuity in the dutasteride group (but not the controls) was seen over 6 months (1.54 vs 1.38; p = 0.025). Absolute changes in ADC and conspicuity were significantly different between placebo and dutasteride groups at 6 months: (-0.03 vs 0.08, p = 0.033) and (0.11 vs -0.16, p = 0.012), as were percentage changes in the same parameters: (-2.27% vs 8.56% p = 0.048) and (9.25% vs -9.89% p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Dutasteride was associated with increased tumour ADC and reduced conspicuity. A lower threshold for triggering biopsy might be considered in men on dutasteride undergoing mpMRI for prostate cancer. KEY POINTS • Dutasteride increases ADC and reduces conspicuity in small mpMRI-visible prostate cancers. • Knowledge of dutasteride exposure is important in the interpretation of prostate mpMRI. • A lower threshold for triggering biopsy may be appropriate on dutasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK. .,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicola L Robertson
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon R J Bott
- Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, UK
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Giulio Gambarota
- INSERM, U1099, Rennes, F-35000, France.,Université de Rennes 1, LTSI, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Brandon Whitcher
- Klarismo, London, UK.,Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ramiro Castro
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BU, UK
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133
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Bruinsma SM, Roobol MJ, Carroll PR, Klotz L, Pickles T, Moore CM, Gnanapragasam VJ, Villers A, Rannikko A, Valdagni R, Frydenberg M, Kakehi Y, Filson CP, Bangma CH. Expert consensus document: Semantics in active surveillance for men with localized prostate cancer - results of a modified Delphi consensus procedure. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:312-322. [PMID: 28290462 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) is broadly described as a management option for men with low-risk prostate cancer, but semantic heterogeneity exists in both the literature and in guidelines. To address this issue, a panel of leading prostate cancer specialists in the field of AS participated in a consensus-forming project using a modified Delphi method to reach international consensus on definitions of terms related to this management option. An iterative three-round sequence of online questionnaires designed to address 61 individual items was completed by each panel member. Consensus was considered to be reached if ≥70% of the experts agreed on a definition. To facilitate a common understanding among all experts involved and resolve potential ambiguities, a face-to-face consensus meeting was held between Delphi survey rounds two and three. Convenience sampling was used to construct the panel of experts. In total, 12 experts from Australia, France, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Japan, the UK, Canada and the USA participated. By the end of the Delphi process, formal consensus was achieved for 100% (n = 61) of the terms and a glossary was then developed. Agreement between international experts has been reached on relevant terms and subsequent definitions regarding AS for patients with localized prostate cancer. This standard terminology could support multidisciplinary communication, reduce the extent of variations in clinical practice and optimize clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Bruinsma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique J Roobol
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter R Carroll
- University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Department of Urology, 6th Floor, Mailbox Code 1695, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Laurence Klotz
- University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, #MG 408, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Tom Pickles
- University of British Columbia, Department of Radiotherapy &Developmental Radiotherapeutics, Radiation Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue Vancouver, British Columbia, V6R 2T9, Canada
| | - Caroline M Moore
- University College London and University College London Hospitals Trust, 4th Floor, Rockefeller Building, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Vincent J Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Cambridge, Box 279 (S4), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Arnauld Villers
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Huriez, Place de Verdun, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Antti Rannikko
- Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Urology, PL340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Radiation Oncology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Urology, Monash Health; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, 322 Glenferrie Road, Malvern, Melbourne 3144, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yoshiyuki Kakehi
- Department of Urology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Christopher P Filson
- Department of Urology, Winship Cancer Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B1400, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chris H Bangma
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
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134
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Simmons LAM, Kanthabalan A, Arya M, Briggs T, Barratt D, Charman SC, Freeman A, Gelister J, Hawkes D, Hu Y, Jameson C, McCartan N, Moore CM, Punwani S, Ramachandran N, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. The PICTURE study: diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI in men requiring a repeat prostate biopsy. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1159-1165. [PMID: 28350785 PMCID: PMC5418442 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transrectal prostate biopsy has limited diagnostic accuracy. Prostate Imaging Compared to Transperineal Ultrasound-guided biopsy for significant prostate cancer Risk Evaluation (PICTURE) was a paired-cohort confirmatory study designed to assess diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in men requiring a repeat biopsy. METHODS All underwent 3 T mpMRI and transperineal template prostate mapping biopsies (TTPM biopsies). Multiparametric MRI was reported using Likert scores and radiologists were blinded to initial biopsies. Men were blinded to mpMRI results. Clinically significant prostate cancer was defined as Gleason ⩾4+3 and/or cancer core length ⩾6 mm. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-nine had both tests with mean (s.d.) age was 62 (7) years, median (IQR) PSA 6.8 ng ml (4.98-9.50), median (IQR) number of previous biopsies 1 (1-2) and mean (s.d.) gland size 37 ml (15.5). On TTPM biopsies, 103 (41%) had clinically significant prostate cancer. Two hundred and fourteen (86%) had a positive prostate mpMRI using Likert score ⩾3; sensitivity was 97.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 92-99), specificity 21.9% (15.5-29.5), negative predictive value (NPV) 91.4% (76.9-98.1) and positive predictive value (PPV) 46.7% (35.2-47.8). One hundred and twenty-nine (51.8%) had a positive mpMRI using Likert score ⩾4; sensitivity was 80.6% (71.6-87.7), specificity 68.5% (60.3-75.9), NPV 83.3% (75.4-89.5) and PPV 64.3% (55.4-72.6). CONCLUSIONS In men advised to have a repeat prostate biopsy, prostate mpMRI could be used to safely avoid a repeat biopsy with high sensitivity for clinically significant cancers. However, such a strategy can miss some significant cancers and overdiagnose insignificant cancers depending on the mpMRI score threshold used to define which men should be biopsied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A M Simmons
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 21 University Street, London WC1E 7PN, UK
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Abi Kanthabalan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 21 University Street, London WC1E 7PN, UK
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tim Briggs
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Urology, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dean Barratt
- Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan C Charman
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust London, UK
| | - James Gelister
- Department of Urology, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Hawkes
- Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yipeng Hu
- Centre for Medical Imaging and Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Jameson
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust London, UK
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 21 University Street, London WC1E 7PN, UK
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 21 University Street, London WC1E 7PN, UK
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- Department of Radiology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Imaging, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jan van der Meulen
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 21 University Street, London WC1E 7PN, UK
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 21 University Street, London WC1E 7PN, UK
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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135
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Kanthabalan A, Peters M, Van Vulpen M, McCartan N, Hindley RG, Emara A, Moore CM, Arya M, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. Focal salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound in radiorecurrent prostate cancer. BJU Int 2017; 120:246-256. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abi Kanthabalan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; London UK
- Department of Urology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Max Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marco Van Vulpen
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University Medical Centre Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; London UK
- Department of Urology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | | | - Amr Emara
- Department of Urology; Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Basingstoke UK
| | - Caroline M. Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; London UK
- Department of Urology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Manit Arya
- Department of Urology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; London UK
- Department of Urology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Hashim Uddin Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; London UK
- Department of Urology; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Division of Surgery; Department of Surgery and Cancer; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London UK
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136
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Moore CM, Robertson NL, Jichi F, Damola A, Ambler G, Giganti F, Ridout AJ, Bott SRJ, Winkler M, Ahmed HU, Arya M, Mitra AV, McCartan N, Freeman A, Jameson C, Castro R, Gambarota G, Whitcher BJ, Allen C, Kirkham A, Emberton M. The Effect of Dutasteride on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Defined Prostate Cancer: MAPPED-A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J Urol 2017; 197:1006-1013. [PMID: 27871928 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dutasteride, which is licensed for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, has been associated with a lower progression rate of low risk prostate cancer. We evaluated the effect of dutasteride on prostate cancer volume as assessed by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial, men with biopsy proven, low-intermediate risk prostate cancer (up to Gleason 3 + 4 and PSA up to 15 ng/ml) who had visible lesion of 0.2 ml or greater on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences were randomized to daily dutasteride 0.5 mg or placebo for 6 months. Lesion volume was assessed at baseline, and 3 and 6 months with image guided biopsy to the lesion at study exit. The primary end point was the percent reduction in lesion volume over 6 months. This trial was registered with the European Clinical Trials register (EudraCT 2009-102405-18). RESULTS A total of 42 men were recruited between June 2010 and January 2012. In the dutasteride group, the average volumes at baseline and 6 months were 0.55 and 0.38 ml, respectively and the average reduction was 36%. In the placebo group, the average volumes at baseline and 6 months were 0.65 and 0.76 ml, respectively, and the average reduction was -12%. The difference in percent reductions between the groups was 48% (95% CI 27.4-68.3, p <0.0001). The most common adverse event was deterioration in erectile function, which was 25% in men randomized to dutasteride and 16% in men randomized to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Dutasteride was associated with a significant reduction in prostate cancer volume on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France.
| | - Nicola L Robertson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Fatima Jichi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Adebiyi Damola
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Francesco Giganti
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Ashley J Ridout
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Simon R J Bott
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Manit Arya
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Anita V Mitra
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Alex Freeman
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Charles Jameson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Ramiro Castro
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Giulio Gambarota
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Brandon J Whitcher
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Clare Allen
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Alex Kirkham
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, ME), University College London, United Kingdom; Biostatistics Group, University College London Hospitals/University College London Research Support Centre (FJ, GA), University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust (CMM, NLR, AD, AJR, HUA, MA, NM, ME), United Kingdom; Department of Radiology (FG, CA), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology (AF, CJ), University College London Hospital Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College National Health Service Trust (MW), United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Oncology, University College Hospital London (AVM), United Kingdom; Klarismo (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London (BJW), United Kingdom; Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey (SRJB), United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development (RC), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1099 and Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes (GG), France
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Moore CM, Giganti F, Albertsen P, Allen C, Bangma C, Briganti A, Carroll P, Haider M, Kasivisvanathan V, Kirkham A, Klotz L, Ouzzane A, Padhani AR, Panebianco V, Pinto P, Puech P, Rannikko A, Renard-Penna R, Touijer K, Turkbey B, van Poppel H, Valdagni R, Walz J, Schoots I. Reporting Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Men on Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: The PRECISE Recommendations—A Report of a European School of Oncology Task Force. Eur Urol 2017; 71:648-655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hu Y, Kasivisvanathan V, Simmons LAM, Clarkson MJ, Thompson SA, Shah TT, Ahmed HU, Punwani S, Hawkes DJ, Emberton M, Moore CM, Barratt DC. Development and Phantom Validation of a 3-D-Ultrasound-Guided System for Targeting MRI-Visible Lesions During Transrectal Prostate Biopsy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:946-958. [PMID: 27337710 PMCID: PMC5053368 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2582734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three- and four-dimensional transrectal ultrasound transducers are now available from most major ultrasound equipment manufacturers, but currently are incorporated into only one commercial prostate biopsy guidance system. Such transducers offer the benefits of rapid volumetric imaging, but can cause substantial measurement distortion in electromagnetic tracking sensors, which are commonly used to enable 3-D navigation. In this paper, we describe the design, development, and validation of a 3-D-ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy system that employs high-accuracy optical tracking to localize the ultrasound probe and prostate targets in 3-D physical space. METHODS The accuracy of the system was validated by evaluating the targeted needle placement error after inserting a biopsy needle to sample planned targets in a phantom using standard 2-D ultrasound guidance versus real-time 3-D guidance provided by the new system. RESULTS The overall mean needle-segment-to-target distance error was 3.6 ± 4.0 mm and mean needle-to-target distance was 3.2 ± 2.4 mm. CONCLUSION A significant increase in needle placement accuracy was observed when using the 3-D guidance system compared with visual targeting of invisible (virtual) lesions using a standard B-mode ultrasound-guided biopsy technique.
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139
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Woodhams JH, Pye H, Hamoudi RA, Moore CM, MacRobert AJ. Efficacy of photochemical internalisation using disulfonated chlorin and porphyrin photosensitisers: An in vitro study in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models. Cancer Lett 2017; 393:68-75. [PMID: 28223166 PMCID: PMC5360193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study shows the therapeutic outcome of Photochemical Internalisation (PCI) in prostate cancer in vitro surpasses that of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and could improve prostate PDT in the clinic, whilst avoiding chemotherapeutics side effects. In addition, the study assesses the potential of PCI with two different photosensitisers (TPCS2a and TPPS2a) in prostate cancer cells (human PC3 and rat MatLyLu) using standard 2D monolayer culture and 3D biomimetic model. Photosensitisers were used alone for photodynamic therapy (PDT) or with the cytotoxin saporin (PCI). TPPS2a and TPCS2a were shown to be located in discrete cytoplasmic vesicles before light treatment and redistribute into the cytosol upon light excitation. PC3 cells exhibit a higher uptake than MatLyLu cells for both photosensitisers. In the 2D model, PCI resulted in greater cell death than PDT alone in both cell lines. In 3D model, morphological changes were also observed. Saporin-based toxicity was negligible in PC3 cells, but pronounced in MatLyLu cells (IC50 = 18 nM). In conclusion, the study showed that tumour features such as tumour cell growth rate or interaction with drugs determine therapeutic conditions for optimal photochemical treatment in metastatic prostate cancer. The efficacy of PCI surpasses that of PDT in vitro. PCI could improve prostate cancer treatment and minimise side effects. 3D model observations confirm findings in previous 2D PCI investigations. Tumour features (i.e. doubling rate, interaction with drugs) will determine conditions for optimal photochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Pye
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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140
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Fulop NJ, Ramsay AIG, Vindrola-Padros C, Aitchison M, Boaden RJ, Brinton V, Clarke CS, Hines J, Hunter RM, Levermore C, Maddineni SB, Melnychuk M, Moore CM, Mughal MM, Perry C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shackley DC, Vickers J, Morris S. Reorganising specialist cancer surgery for the twenty-first century: a mixed methods evaluation (RESPECT-21). Implement Sci 2016; 11:155. [PMID: 27884193 PMCID: PMC5123291 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-016-0520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are longstanding recommendations to centralise specialist healthcare services, citing the potential to reduce variations in care and improve patient outcomes. Current activity to centralise specialist cancer surgical services in two areas of England provides an opportunity to study the planning, implementation and outcomes of such changes. London Cancer and Manchester Cancer are centralising specialist surgical pathways for prostate, bladder, renal, and oesophago-gastric cancers, so that these services are provided in fewer hospitals. The centralisations in London were implemented between November 2015 and April 2016, while implementation in Manchester is anticipated in 2017. METHODS/DESIGN This mixed methods evaluation will analyse stakeholder preferences for centralisations; it will use qualitative methods to analyse planning, implementation and sustainability of the centralisations ('how and why?'); and it will use a controlled before and after design to study the impact of centralisation on clinical processes, clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness and patient experience ('what works and at what cost?'). The study will use a framework developed in previous research on major system change in acute stroke services. A discrete choice experiment will examine patient, public and professional preferences for centralisations of this kind. Qualitative methods will include documentary analysis, stakeholder interviews and non-participant observations of meetings. Quantitative methods will include analysis of local and national data on clinical processes, outcomes, costs and National Cancer Patient Experience Survey data. Finally, we will hold a workshop for those involved in centralisations of specialist services in other settings to discuss how these lessons might apply more widely. DISCUSSION This multi-site study will address gaps in the evidence on stakeholder preferences for centralisations of specialist cancer surgery and the processes, impact and cost-effectiveness of changes of this kind. With increasing drives to centralise specialist services, lessons from this study will be of value to those who commission, organise and manage cancer services, as well as services for other conditions and in other settings. The study will face challenges in terms of recruitment, the retrospective analysis of some of the changes, the distinction between primary and secondary outcome measures, and obtaining information on the resources spent on the reconfiguration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J. Fulop
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Angus I. G. Ramsay
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Cecilia Vindrola-Padros
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | | | - Ruth J. Boaden
- Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Caroline S. Clarke
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Hines
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael M. Hunter
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Levermore
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Mariya Melnychuk
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Caroline M. Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Muntzer M. Mughal
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Catherine Perry
- Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Morris
- Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
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141
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Huang C, Jiang D, Francisco D, Berman R, Wu Q, Ledford JG, Moore CM, Ito Y, Stevenson C, Munson D, Li L, Kraft M, Chu HW. Tollip SNP rs5743899 modulates human airway epithelial responses to rhinovirus infection. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:1549-1563. [PMID: 27513438 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (RV) infection in asthma induces varying degrees of airway inflammation (e.g. neutrophils), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The major goal was to determine the role of genetic variation [e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] of Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) in airway epithelial responses to RV in a type 2 cytokine milieu. METHODS DNA from blood of asthmatic and normal subjects was genotyped for Tollip SNP rs5743899 AA, AG and GG genotypes. Human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells from donors without lung disease were cultured to determine pro-inflammatory and antiviral responses to IL-13 and RV16. Tollip knockout and wild-type mice were challenged with house dust mite (HDM) and infected with RV1B to determine lung inflammation and antiviral response. RESULTS Asthmatic subjects carrying the AG or GG genotype (AG/GG) compared with the AA genotype demonstrated greater airflow limitation. HTBE cells with AG/GG expressed less Tollip. Upon IL-13 and RV16 treatment, cells with AG/GG (vs. AA) produced more IL-8 and expressed less antiviral genes, which was coupled with increased NF-κB activity and decreased expression of LC3, a hallmark of the autophagic pathway. Tollip co-localized and interacted with LC3. Inhibition of autophagy decreased antiviral genes in IL-13- and RV16-treated cells. Upon HDM and RV1B, Tollip knockout (vs. wild-type) mice demonstrated higher levels of lung neutrophilic inflammation and viral load, but lower levels of antiviral gene expression. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data suggest that Tollip SNP rs5743899 may predict varying airway response to RV infection in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - D Jiang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - D Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R Berman
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Q Wu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J G Ledford
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C M Moore
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Y Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - D Munson
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - M Kraft
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H W Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Shah TT, Peters M, Kanthabalan A, McCartan N, Fatola Y, van der Voort van Zyp J, van Vulpen M, Freeman A, Moore CM, Arya M, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. PSA nadir as a predictive factor for biochemical disease-free survival and overall survival following whole-gland salvage HIFU following radiotherapy failure. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:311-6. [PMID: 27431499 PMCID: PMC4983180 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Treatment options for radio-recurrent prostate cancer are either androgen-deprivation therapy or salvage prostatectomy. Whole-gland high-intensity focussed ultrasound (HIFU) might have a role in this setting. Methods: An independent HIFU registry collated consecutive cases of HIFU. Between 2005 and 2012, we identified 50 men who underwent whole-gland HIFU following histological confirmation of localised disease following prior external beam radiotherapy (2005–2012). No upper threshold was applied for risk category, PSA or Gleason grade either at presentation or at the time of failure. Progression was defined as a composite with biochemical failure (Phoenix criteria (PSA>nadir+2 ng ml−1)), start of systemic therapies or metastases. Results: Median age (interquartile range (IQR)), pretreatment PSA (IQR) and Gleason score (range) were 68 years (64–72), 5.9 ng ml−1 (2.2–11.3) and 7 (6–9), respectively. Median follow-up was 64 months (49–84). In all, 24/50 (48%) avoided androgen-deprivation therapies. Also, a total of 28/50 (56%) achieved a PSA nadir <0.5 ng ml−1, 15/50 (30%) had a nadir ⩾0.5 ng ml−1 and 7/50 (14%) did not nadir (PSA non-responders). Actuarial 1, 3 and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 72, 40 and 31%, respectively. Actuarial 1, 3 and 5-year overall survival (OS) was 100, 94 and 87%, respectively. When comparing patients with PSA nadir <0.5 ng ml−1, nadir ⩾0.5 and non-responders, a statistically significant difference in PFS was seen (P<0.0001). Three-year PFS in each group was 57, 20 and 0%, respectively. Five-year OS was 96, 100 and 38%, respectively. Early in the learning curve, between 2005 and 2007, 3/50 (6%) developed a fistula. Intervention for bladder outlet obstruction was needed in 27/50 (54%). Patient-reported outcome measure questionnaires showed incontinence (any pad-use) as 8/26 (31%). Conclusions: In our series of high-risk patients, in whom 30–50% may have micro-metastases, disease control rates were promising in PSA responders, however, with significant morbidity. Additionally, post-HIFU PSA nadir appears to be an important predictor for both progression and survival. Further research on focal salvage ablation in order to reduce toxicity while retaining disease control rates is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Shah
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Kanthabalan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Y Fatola
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J van der Voort van Zyp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M van Vulpen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Freeman
- Department of Histopathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Arya
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,NIHR UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - H U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Dickinson L, Arya M, Afzal N, Cathcart P, Charman SC, Cornaby A, Hindley RG, Lewi H, McCartan N, Moore CM, Nathan S, Ogden C, Persad R, van der Meulen J, Weir S, Emberton M, Ahmed HU. Medium-term Outcomes after Whole-gland High-intensity Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer from a Multicentre Registry Cohort. Eur Urol 2016; 70:668-674. [PMID: 26951947 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a minimally-invasive treatment for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE To report medium-term outcomes in men receiving primary whole-gland HIFU from a national multi-centre registry cohort. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Five-hundred and sixty-nine patients at eight hospitals were entered into an academic registry. INTERVENTION Whole-gland HIFU (Sonablate 500) for primary nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Redo-HIFU was permitted as part of the intervention. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Our primary failure-free survival outcome incorporated no transition to any of the following: (1) local salvage therapy (surgery or radiotherapy), (2) systemic therapy, (3) metastases, or (4) prostate cancer-specific mortality. Secondary outcomes included adverse events and genitourinary function. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Mean age was 65 yr (47-87 yr). Median prostate-specific antigen was 7.0 ng/ml (interquartile range 4.4-10.2). National Comprehensive Cancer Network low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease was 161 (28%), 321 (56%), and 81 (14%), respectively. One hundred and sixty three of 569 (29%) required a total of 185 redo-HIFU procedures. Median follow-up was 46 (interquartile range 23-61) mo. Failure-free survival at 5 yr after first HIFU was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64-74). This was 87% (95% CI: 78-93), 63% (95% CI: 56-70), and 58% (95% CI: 32-77) for National Comprehensive Cancer Network low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. Fifty eight of 754 (7.7%) had one urinary tract infection, 22/574 (2.9%) a recurrent urinary tract infection, 22/754 (3%) epididymo-orchitis, 227/754 (30%) endoscopic interventions, 1/754 (0.13%) recto-urethral fistula, and 1/754 (0.13%) osteitis pubis. Of 206 known to be pad-free pre-HIFU, 183/206 (88%) remained pad free, and of 236 with good baseline erectile function, 91/236 (39%) maintained good function. The main limitation is lack of long-term data. CONCLUSIONS Whole-gland HIFU is a repeatable day-case treatment that confers low rates of urinary incontinence. Disease control at a median of just under 5 yr of follow-up demonstrates its potential as a treatment for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Endoscopic interventions and erectile dysfunction rates are similar to other whole-gland treatments. PATIENT SUMMARY In this report we looked at the 5-yr outcomes following whole-gland high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for prostate cancer and found that cancer control was acceptable with a low risk of urine leakage. However, risk of erectile dysfunction and further operations was similar to other whole-gland treatments like surgery and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dickinson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manit Arya
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK
| | - Naveed Afzal
- Department of Urology, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK
| | - Paul Cathcart
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Susan C Charman
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Clinical Effectiveness Unit, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK
| | - Andrew Cornaby
- Department of Urology, Dorset County Hospital, Dorchester, UK
| | - Richard G Hindley
- Department of Urology, Basingstoke Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hampshire, UK
| | - Henry Lewi
- Department of Urology, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex NHS Trust, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Senthil Nathan
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chris Ogden
- Department of Academic Urology, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Raj Persad
- Department of Urology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shraddha Weir
- Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Hu Y, Gibson E, Ahmed HU, Moore CM, Emberton M, Barratt DC. Population-based prediction of subject-specific prostate deformation for MR-to-ultrasound image registration. Med Image Anal 2015; 26:332-44. [PMID: 26606458 PMCID: PMC4686007 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Statistical shape models of soft-tissue organ motion provide a useful means of imposing physical constraints on the displacements allowed during non-rigid image registration, and can be especially useful when registering sparse and/or noisy image data. In this paper, we describe a method for generating a subject-specific statistical shape model that captures prostate deformation for a new subject given independent population data on organ shape and deformation obtained from magnetic resonance (MR) images and biomechanical modelling of tissue deformation due to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) probe pressure. The characteristics of the models generated using this method are compared with corresponding models based on training data generated directly from subject-specific biomechanical simulations using a leave-one-out cross validation. The accuracy of registering MR and TRUS images of the prostate using the new prostate models was then estimated and compared with published results obtained in our earlier research. No statistically significant difference was found between the specificity and generalisation ability of prostate shape models generated using the two approaches. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was found between the landmark-based target registration errors (TREs) following registration using different models, with a median (95th percentile) TRE of 2.40 (6.19) mm versus 2.42 (7.15) mm using models generated with the new method versus a model built directly from patient-specific biomechanical simulation data, respectively (N = 800; 8 patient datasets; 100 registrations per patient). We conclude that the proposed method provides a computationally efficient and clinically practical alternative to existing complex methods for modelling and predicting subject-specific prostate deformation, such as biomechanical simulations, for new subjects. The method may also prove useful for generating shape models for other organs, for example, where only limited shape training data from dynamic imaging is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Hu
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Eli Gibson
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK; Diagnostic Image Analysis group, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hashim Uddin Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dean C Barratt
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgical and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, University College London Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Chris Parker
- Academic Urology Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK.
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146
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Watts S, Leydon G, Eyles C, Moore CM, Richardson A, Birch B, Prescott P, Powell C, Lewith G. A quantitative analysis of the prevalence of clinical depression and anxiety in patients with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006674. [PMID: 26002689 PMCID: PMC4442147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in men on active surveillance (AS). DESIGN Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. SETTING Secondary care prostate cancer (PCa) clinics across South, Central and Western England. PARTICIPANTS 313 men from a total sample of 426 with a histological diagnosis of PCa currently managed with AS were identified from seven UK urology departments. The mean age of respondents was 70 (51-86) years with the majority (76%) being married or in civil partnerships. 94% of responders were of white British ethnicity. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of clinically meaningful depression and anxiety as assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; score ≥8/21). SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Patient demographic data (age, employment, relationship, ethnic and educational status). Each demographic variable was cross-tabulated against patients identified as depressed or anxious to allow for the identification of variables that were significantly associated with depression and anxiety. In order to determine predictors for depression and anxiety among the demographic variables, logistic regression analyses were conducted, with p<0.05 considered as indicating statistical significance. RESULTS The prevalence of clinical anxiety and depression as determined via the HADS (HADS ≥8) was 23% (n=73) and 12.5% (n=39), respectively. Published data from men in the general population of similar age has shown prevalence rates of 8% and 6%, respectively, indicating a twofold increase in depression and a threefold increase in anxiety among AS patients. Our findings also suggest that AS patients experience substantially greater levels of anxiety than patients with PCa treated radically. The only demographic predictor for anxiety or depression was divorce. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PCa managed with AS experienced substantially higher rates of anxiety and depression than that expected in the general population. Strategies to address this are needed to improve the management of this population and their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Watts
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Geraldine Leydon
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Caroline Eyles
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London & Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alison Richardson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Brian Birch
- Department of Urology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip Prescott
- Department of Mathematics, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Catrin Powell
- Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Winchester, UK
| | - George Lewith
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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147
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Moore CM, Azzouzi AR, Barret E, Villers A, Muir GH, Barber NJ, Bott S, Trachtenberg J, Arumainayagam N, Gaillac B, Allen C, Schertz A, Emberton M. Determination of optimal drug dose and light dose index to achieve minimally invasive focal ablation of localised prostate cancer using WST11-vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy. BJU Int 2015; 116:888-96. [PMID: 24841929 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal drug and light dose for prostate ablation using WST11 (TOOKAD Soluble) for vascular-targeted photodynamic (VTP) therapy in men with low-risk prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 42 men with low-risk prostate cancer were enrolled in the study but two who underwent anaesthesia for the procedure did not receive the drug or light dose. Thus, 40 men received a single dose of 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg WST11 activated by 200 J/cm light at 753 nm. WST11 was given as a 10-min intravenous infusion. The light dose was delivered using cylindrical diffusing fibres within hollow plastic needles positioned in the prostate using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guidance and a brachytherapy template. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess treatment effect at 7 days, with assessment of urinary function (International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS]), sexual function (International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]) and adverse events at 7 days, 1, 3 and 6 months after VTP. TRUS-guided biopsies were taken at 6 months. RESULTS In all, 39 of the 40 treated men completed the follow-up. The Day-7 MRI showed maximal treatment effect (95% of the planned treatment volume) in men who had a WST11 dose of 4 mg/kg, light dose of 200 J/cm and light density index (LDI) of >1. In the 12 men treated with these parameters, the negative biopsy rate was 10/12 (83%) at 6 months, compared with 10/26 (45%) for the men who had either a different drug dose (10 men) or an LDI of <1 (16). Transient urinary symptoms were seen in most of the men, with no significant difference in IPSS score between baseline and 6 months after VTP. IIEF scores were not significantly different between baseline and 6 months after VTP. CONCLUSION Treatment with 4 mg/kg TOOKAD Soluble activated by 753 nm light at a dose of 200 J/cm and an LDI of >1 resulted in treatment effect in 95% of the planned treatment volume and a negative biopsy rate at 6 months of 10/12 men (83%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Bott
- Frimley Park and Basingstoke Hospitals, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Nimalan Arumainayagam
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Clare Allen
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Avigdor Schertz
- Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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148
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Arbisser A, Arbisser LB, Garcia CA, Akhtar M, Moore CM, Howell RR. Ocular findings in acid lipase deficiency. Monogr Hum Genet 2015; 9:193-7. [PMID: 732840 DOI: 10.1159/000401635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Donaldson IA, Alonzi R, Barratt D, Barret E, Berge V, Bott S, Bottomley D, Eggener S, Ehdaie B, Emberton M, Hindley R, Leslie T, Miners A, McCartan N, Moore CM, Pinto P, Polascik TJ, Simmons L, van der Meulen J, Villers A, Willis S, Ahmed HU. Focal therapy: patients, interventions, and outcomes--a report from a consensus meeting. Eur Urol 2015; 67:771-7. [PMID: 25281389 PMCID: PMC4410301 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal therapy as a treatment option for localized prostate cancer (PCa) is an increasingly popular and rapidly evolving field. OBJECTIVE To gather expert opinion on patient selection, interventions, and meaningful outcome measures for focal therapy in clinical practice and trial design. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Fifteen experts in focal therapy followed a modified two-stage RAND/University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Appropriateness Methodology process. All participants independently scored 246 statements prior to rescoring at a face-to-face meeting. The meeting occurred in June 2013 at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, supported by the Wellcome Trust and the UK Department of Health. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Agreement, disagreement, or uncertainty were calculated as the median panel score. Consensus was derived from the interpercentile range adjusted for symmetry level. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Of 246 statements, 154 (63%) reached consensus. Items of agreement included the following: patients with intermediate risk and patients with unifocal and multifocal PCa are eligible for focal treatment; magnetic resonance imaging-targeted or template-mapping biopsy should be used to plan treatment; planned treatment margins should be 5mm from the known tumor; prostate volume or age should not be a primary determinant of eligibility; foci of indolent cancer can be left untreated when treating the dominant index lesion; histologic outcomes should be defined by targeted biopsy at 1 yr; residual disease in the treated area of ≤3 mm of Gleason 3+3 did not need further treatment; and focal retreatment rates of ≤20% should be considered clinically acceptable but subsequent whole-gland therapy deemed a failure of focal therapy. All statements are expert opinion and therefore constitute level 5 evidence and may not reflect wider clinical consensus. CONCLUSIONS The landscape of PCa treatment is rapidly evolving with new treatment technologies. This consensus meeting provides guidance to clinicians on current expert thinking in the field of focal therapy. PATIENT SUMMARY In this report we present expert opinion on patient selection, interventions, and meaningful outcomes for clinicians working in focal therapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Donaldson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Roberto Alonzi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dean Barratt
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eric Barret
- Department of Urology, L'Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Viktor Berge
- Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Bott
- Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley, UK
| | - David Bottomley
- Institute of Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Scott Eggener
- Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Behfar Ehdaie
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Hindley
- Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Tom Leslie
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alec Miners
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Neil McCartan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Polascik
- Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lucy Simmons
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Arnauld Villers
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sarah Willis
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hashim U Ahmed
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Urology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Martinez de Pinillos Bayona A, Moore CM, Loizidou M, MacRobert AJ, Woodhams JH. Enhancing the efficacy of cytotoxic agents for cancer therapy using photochemical internalisation. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1049-57. [PMID: 25758607 PMCID: PMC4973841 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalisation (PCI) is a technique for improving cellular delivery of certain bioactive agents which are prone to sequestration within endolysosomes. There is a wide range of agents suitable for PCI‐based delivery including toxins, oligonucleotides, genes and immunoconjugates which demonstrates the versatility of this technique. The basic mechanism of PCI involves triggering release of the agent from endolysosomes within the target cells using a photosensitiser which is selectively retained with the endolysosomal membranes. Excitation of the photosensitiser by visible light leads to disruption of the membranes via photooxidative damage thereby releasing the agent into the cytosol. This treatment enables the drugs to reach their intended subcellular target more efficiently and improves their efficacy. In this review we summarise the applications of this technique with the main emphasis placed on cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline M Moore
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine H Woodhams
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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