101
|
Jiang Y, Yang W, Zhang J, Meng F, Zhong Z. Protein Toxin Chaperoned by LRP-1-Targeted Virus-Mimicking Vesicles Induces High-Efficiency Glioblastoma Therapy In Vivo. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1800316. [PMID: 29893017 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a most intractable and high-mortality malignancy because of its extremely low drug accessibility resulting from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, it is reported that angiopep-2-directed and redox-responsive virus-mimicking polymersomes (ANG-PS) (angiopep-2 is a peptide targeting to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1)) can efficiently and selectively chaperone saporin (SAP), a highly potent natural protein toxin, to orthotopic human glioblastoma xenografts in nude mice. Unlike chemotherapeutics, free SAP has a low cytotoxicity. SAP-loaded ANG-PS displays, however, a striking antitumor activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 30.2 × 10-9 m) toward U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells in vitro as well as high BBB transcytosis and glioblastoma accumulation in vivo. The systemic administration of SAP-loaded ANG-PS to U-87 MG orthotopic human-glioblastoma-bearing mice brings about little side effects, effective tumor inhibition, and significantly improved survival rate. The protein toxins chaperoned by LRP-1-targeted virus-mimicking vesicles emerge as a novel and highly promising treatment modality for glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Ruiz-Pérez L, Hurley C, Tomas S, Battaglia G. Separating Extreme pH Gradients Using Amphiphilic Copolymer Membranes. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1987-1989. [PMID: 29763524 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric vesicles, also called polymersomes, are highly efficient biomimetic systems. They can generate compartmentalized volumes at the nanoscale supported by synthetic amphiphilic membranes that closely mimic their biological counterparts. Membrane permeability and the ability to separate extreme pH gradients is a crucial condition a successful biomimetic system must meet. We show that polymersomes formed by non-ionic polybutadiene-b-polyethylene oxide (PBd-b-PEO) amphiphilic block copolymers engineer robust and stable membranes that are able to sustain pH gradients of 10 for a minimum of eight days. The cells' endo-lysomal compartments separate gradients between three and one, while we generated a pH gradient of threefold as great. This feature clearly is of great importance for applications as nanoreactors and drug-delivery systems where separating different aqueous volumes at the nanoscale level is an essential requirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| | - Claire Hurley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Salvador Tomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Abstract
Fluorescent polymersomes are interesting systems for cell/tissue imaging and in vivo study of drug distribution and delivery. We report on bright fluorescent polymersomes with aggregation-induced emission self-assembled by a series of tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-containing amphiphilic biodegradable block copolymers, where the hydrophilic block is a polyethylene glycol and hydrophobic block is a TPE-substituted trimethylenecarbonate polymer P(TPE-TMC). Their self-assemblies in water were prepared by nanoprecipitation using dioxane or tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent, and the self-assembling processes were studied in detail by cryo-electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and spectrofluorometer. The polymersomes are formed via the closure of bilayer lamellae self-assembled first by amphiphilic block copolymers. The polymersome membrane affords a nanosize bright fluorescent system with self-assembly induced emission in the thickness scale of 10-15 nm. The control of the whole size of polymersome is achieved by the choice of co-solvent for self-assembling and by the design of a suitable hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio of block copolymers. These polymersomes can be potentially used as a stable fluorescent tool to monitor the transportation and distribution of drugs and bioconjugates in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 15 North Third Ring Road , Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, and UMR8247 , 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Yujiao Fan
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, and UMR8247 , 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Lu Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 15 North Third Ring Road , Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, and CNRS UMR9187 , 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Jia Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 15 North Third Ring Road , Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 15 North Third Ring Road , Chaoyang District, 100029 Beijing , P. R. China
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University Paris, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, and UMR8247 , 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Simón-Gracia L, Scodeller P, Fuentes SS, Vallejo VG, Ríos X, San Sebastián E, Sidorenko V, Di Silvio D, Suck M, De Lorenzi F, Rizzo LY, von Stillfried S, Kilk K, Lammers T, Moya SE, Teesalu T. Application of polymersomes engineered to target p32 protein for detection of small breast tumors in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18682-18697. [PMID: 29721153 PMCID: PMC5922347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the deadliest form of breast cancer and its successful treatment critically depends on early diagnosis and therapy. The multi-compartment protein p32 is overexpressed and present at cell surfaces in a variety of tumors, including TNBC, specifically in the malignant cells and endothelial cells, and in macrophages localized in hypoxic areas of the tumor. Herein we used polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone polymersomes that were affinity targeted with the p32-binding tumor penetrating peptide LinTT1 (AKRGARSTA) for imaging of TNBC lesions. A tyrosine residue was added to the peptide to allow for 124I labeling and PET imaging. In a TNBC model in mice, systemic LinTT1-targeted polymersomes accumulated in early tumor lesions more than twice as efficiently as untargeted polymersomes with up to 20% ID/cc at 24 h after administration. The PET-imaging was very sensitive, allowing detection of tumors as small as ∼20 mm3. Confocal imaging of tumor tissue sections revealed a high degree of vascular exit and stromal penetration of LinTT1-targeted polymersomes and co-localization with tumor-associated macrophages. Our studies show that systemic LinTT1-targeted polymersomes can be potentially used for precision-guided tumor imaging and treatment of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Simón-Gracia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pablo Scodeller
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Xabier Ríos
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, CIC Biomagune, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | | | - Valeria Sidorenko
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Meina Suck
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Federica De Lorenzi
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Larissa Yokota Rizzo
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kalle Kilk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Soft Matter Laboratoy, CIC Biomagune, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.,Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92097, USA.,Center for Nanomedicine, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Zou Y, Xia Y, Meng F, Zhang J, Zhong Z. GE11-Directed Functional Polymersomal Doxorubicin as an Advanced Alternative to Clinical Liposomal Formulation for Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3664-3671. [PMID: 29570299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer as a recurrent disease is often refractory to treatment including pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride (Lipo-Dox). Here, GE11 peptide-modified reversibly cross-linked polymersomal doxorubicin (GE11-PS-Dox) was investigated as an advanced treatment for SKOV3 human ovarian tumors, which overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The in vitro experiments using SKOV3 cancer cells demonstrated that GE11-PS-Dox induced obviously higher cellular uptake, Dox delivery to the nuclei, and antitumor activity than the nontargeted PS-Dox and Lipo-Dox controls. In vivo biodistribution experiments displayed 2.5-fold higher tumor accumulation for GE11-PS-Dox as compared to Lipo-Dox. Notably, GE11-PS-Dox could effectively suppress the progression of SKOV3 tumors and cause little adverse effects at 12 mg of Dox equiv/kg, leading to a remarkably increased survival rate of 100% over 78 days. In contrast, continued tumor growth and body weight loss were discerned for Lipo-Dox treated mice at 6 mg of Dox equiv/kg. Moreover, a single dose of GE11-PS-Dox at 60 mg of Dox equiv/kg showed also effective treatment and low toxicity toward SKOV3-tumor bearing mice. GE11-directed reversibly cross-linked polymersomal doxorubicin has emerged as an advanced alternative to Lipo-Dox for treatment of EGFR-overexpressing ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China.,International Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences , Henan University , Jin Ming Avenue , Kaifeng , Henan 475004 , China
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Yang W, Xia Y, Fang Y, Meng F, Zhang J, Cheng R, Deng C, Zhong Z. Selective Cell Penetrating Peptide-Functionalized Polymersomes Mediate Efficient and Targeted Delivery of Methotrexate Disodium to Human Lung Cancer In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701135. [PMID: 29280317 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is a long challenge to develop nanomedicines that simultaneously possess tumor cell selectivity and penetration functions. Here, it is reported that selective cell penetrating peptide (RLWMRWYSPRTRAYGC)-functionalized polymersomes (SCPP-PS) mediate efficient and targeted delivery of methotrexate disodium (MTX) to human lung cancer in vivo. SCPP-PS with an SCPP density of 18.7% is self-crosslinked, has a small size (63-65 nm), and high MTX loading (up to 19.4 wt%), shows selective uptake and fast penetration into A549 lung cancer cells, and efficiently releases MTX intracellularly. Interestingly, MTX-loaded SCPP-PS (MTX-SCPP-PS) displays much lower IC50 than those of MTX-PS and free MTX. Installing SCPP to polymersomes has no detrimental effect to their long blood circulation time but significantly increases drug accumulation in A549 tumor (5.3% injected dose per gram at 8 h post injection). Remarkably, SCPP-PS exhibits deep penetration in to A549 tumors. MTX-SCPP-PS completely inhibits tumor progression and significantly improves survival rates in mice bearing A549 lung tumor xenografts as compared to MTX-PS and free MTX groups (median survival time: 75 vs 45 and 38 d, respectively), without causing noticeable adverse effects. These results highlight that functionalization of nanomedicines with SCPP is a feasible strategy to achieve efficient and targeted tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
De Martino MT, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM. Nanoreactors for green catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:716-733. [PMID: 29719570 PMCID: PMC5905268 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable and environmentally benign production are key drivers for developments in the chemical industrial sector, as protecting our planet has become a significant element that should be considered for every industrial breakthrough or technological advancement. As a result, the concept of green chemistry has been recently defined to guide chemists towards minimizing any harmful outcome of chemical processes in either industry or research. Towards greener reactions, scientists have developed various approaches in order to decrease environmental risks while attaining chemical sustainability and elegancy. Utilizing catalytic nanoreactors for greener reactions, for facilitating multistep synthetic pathways in one-pot procedures, is imperative with far-reaching implications in the field. This review is focused on the applications of some of the most used nanoreactors in catalysis, namely: (polymer) vesicles, micelles, dendrimers and nanogels. The ability and efficiency of catalytic nanoreactors to carry out organic reactions in water, to perform cascade reaction and their ability to be recycled will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa De Martino
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Zhu M, Wei K, Lin S, Chen X, Wu CC, Li G, Bian L. Bioadhesive Polymersome for Localized and Sustained Drug Delivery at Pathological Sites with Harsh Enzymatic and Fluidic Environment via Supramolecular Host-Guest Complexation. Small 2018; 14:1702288. [PMID: 29280278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted and sustained delivery of drugs to diseased tissues/organs, where body fluid exchange and catabolic activity are substantial, is challenging due to the fast cleansing and degradation of the drugs by these harsh environmental factors. Herein, a multifunctional and bioadhesive polycaprolactone-β-cyclodextrin (PCL-CD) polymersome is developed for localized and sustained co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules. This PCL-CD polymersome affords multivalent crosslinking action via surface CD-mediated host-guest interactions to generate a supramolecular hydrogel that exhibits evident shear thinning and efficient self-healing behavior. The co-delivery of small molecule and proteinaceous agents by the encapsulated PCL-CD polymersomes enhances the differentiation of stem cells seeded in the hydrogel. Furthermore, the PCL-CD polymersomes are capable of in situ grafting to biological tissues via host-guest complexation between surface CD and native guest groups in the tissue matrix both in vitro and in vivo, thereby effectively extending the retention of loaded cargo in the grafted tissue. It is further demonstrated that the co-delivery of small molecule and proteinaceous drugs via PCL-CD polymersomes averts cartilage degeneration in animal osteoarthritic (OA) knee joints, which are known for their biochemically harsh and fluidically dynamic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sien Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 704007, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Centre of Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518057, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), 310058, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Semkova S, Nikolova B, Zhelev Z, Tsoneva I, Zlateva G, Aoki I, Bakalova R. Loading Efficiency of Polymersomes with Contrast Agents and their Intracellular Delivery: Quantum Dots Versus Organic Dyes. Anticancer Res 2018; 38:825-831. [PMID: 29374708 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Contrast nanocarriers as drug-delivery systems, capable of selective delivery to cancer cells and solid tumors, are essential for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostic) strategies. The present study aimed to investigate the loading efficiency of chitosan-based polymersomes with fluorescent contrast substances [quantum dots (QDs) and conventional organic dyes] and the possibility to control their release from the polymer matrix into cells by chemical modifications and electroporation. MATERIALS AND METHODS All investigated fluorophores were retained within the polymer globule via electrostatic and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions, without conjugation with the polymer. The fluorophore-loaded polymersomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential titration, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The release of fluorophore from the polymersomes, passively or after electroporation, was detected by 5-step spin-ultrafiltration, combined with fluorescence spectroscopy of the upper phase (supernatant) of the filter unit. Passive intracellular delivery of the nanoparticles to HeLa cells was detected by fluorescence confocal microscopy. RESULTS The QDs were retained tightly and continuously in the polymer matrix, while the organic fluorophores [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), FITC-dextran10,000 and FITC-dextran70,000] were released rapidly from the polymersomes. The detergent Brij significantly increased the retention of FITC-dextran10,000 in the polymer globule. Electroporation up to 1000 V/cm did not induce release of QDs from the polymersomes, but accelerated the release of Brij-treated FITC-dextran10,000 B from the polymer matrix. High-voltage pulses (over 750 V/cm) induced also fragmentation or aggregation of the nanoparticles. QD_labeled polymersomes penetrated passively in cancer cells after 24-hour incubation. CONCLUSION The results suggest that QD-labeled polymersomes are appropriate fluorescent probes and a nano-drug delivery system with high tracing opportunities for in vitro and in vivo applications. Furthermore, loading polymersomes with organic dyes with different molecular weights (such as FITC-dextrans) is a simple model for visualizing and predicting the rate of release of small organic molecules (e.g. conventional drugs, other contrasts, stabilizers, and supplements) from the polymer matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Severina Semkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Biliana Nikolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Iana Tsoneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences (QST/NIRS), Inage, Japan.,Group of Quantum-state Controlled MRI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences (QST/NIRS), Inage, Japan
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria .,Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences (QST/NIRS), Inage, Japan.,Group of Quantum-state Controlled MRI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences (QST/NIRS), Inage, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Zhang Y, Wu K, Sun H, Zhang J, Yuan J, Zhong Z. Hyaluronic Acid-Shelled Disulfide-Cross-Linked Nano polymersomes for Ultrahigh-Efficiency Reactive Encapsulation and CD44-Targeted Delivery of Mertansine Toxin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:1597-1604. [PMID: 29272095 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It was and remains a big challenge for cancer nanomedicines to achieve high and stable drug loading with fast drug release in the target cells. Here, we report on novel hyaluronic acid-shelled disulfide-cross-linked biodegradable polymersomes (HA-XPS) self-assembled from hyaluronic acid-b-poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-dithiolane trimethylene carbonate) diblock copolymer for ultrahigh-efficiency reactive encapsulation and CD44-targeted delivery of mertansine (DM1) toxin, a highly potent warhead for clinically used antibody-drug conjugates. Remarkably, HA-XPS showed quantitative encapsulation of DM1 even with a high drug loading content of 16.7 wt %. DM1-loaded HA-XPS (HA-XPS-DM1) presented a small size of ∼80 nm, low drug leakage under physiological conditions, and fast glutathione-triggered drug release. MTT assays revealed that HA-XPS was noncytotoxic while HA-XPS-DM1 was highly potent to MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC50 comparable to that of free DM1. The in vitro and in vivo inhibition experiments indicated that HA-XPS could actively target MDA-MB-231 cells. Notably, HA-XPS-DM1 while causing little adverse effect could effectively inhibit tumor growth and significantly prolong survival time in MDA-MB-231 human breast tumor-bearing mice. HA-XPS-DM1 provides a novel and unique treatment for CD44-positive cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Wu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Huanli Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiandong Yuan
- BrightGene Bio-Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Piluso S, Soultan AH, Patterson J. Molecularly Engineered Polymer-Based Systems in Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:281-294. [PMID: 27774909 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161021104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymer-based systems are attractive in drug delivery and regenerative medicine due to the possibility of tailoring their properties and functions to a specific application. METHODS The present review provides several examples of molecularly engineered polymer systems, including stimuli responsive polymers and supramolecular polymers. RESULTS The advent of controlled polymerization techniques has enabled the preparation of polymers with controlled molecular weight and well-defined architecture. By using these techniques coupled to orthogonal chemical modification reactions, polymers can be molecularly engineered to incorporate functional groups able to respond to small changes in the local environment or to a specific biological signal. This review highlights the properties and applications of stimuli-responsive systems and polymer therapeutics, such as polymer-drug conjugates, polymer-protein conjugates, polymersomes, and hyperbranched systems. The applications of polymeric membranes in regenerative medicine are also discussed. CONCLUSION The examples presented in this review suggest that the combination of membranes with polymers that are molecularly engineered to respond to specific biological functions could be relevant in the field of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Piluso
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Li J, Li Y, Wang Y, Ke W, Chen W, Wang W, Ge Z. Polymer Prodrug-Based Nanoreactors Activated by Tumor Acidity for Orchestrated Oxidation/Chemotherapy. Nano Lett 2017; 17:6983-6990. [PMID: 28977746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoreactors have been proposed to treat cancers through in situ transformation of low-toxicity prodrugs into toxic therapeutics in the body. However, the in vivo applications are limited by low tissue-specificity and different tissue distributions between sequentially injected nanoreactors and prodrugs. Herein, we construct a block copolymer prodrug-based polymersome nanoreactor that can achieve novel orchestrated oxidation/chemotherapy of cancer via specific activation at tumor sites. The block copolymers composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and copolymerized monomers of camptothecin (CPT) and piperidine-modified methacrylate [P(CPTMA-co-PEMA)] were optimized to self-assemble into polymersomes in aqueous solution for encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOD) to obtain GOD-loaded polymersome nanoreactors (GOD@PCPT-NR). GOD@PCPT-NR maintained inactive in normal tissues upon systemic administration. After deposition in tumor tissues, tumor acidity-triggered protonation of PPEMA segments resulted in high permeability of the polymersome membranes and oxidation reaction of diffused glucose and O2 under the catalysis of GOD. The activation of the reaction generated H2O2, improving the oxidative stress in tumors. Simultaneously, a high level of H2O2 further activated PCPTMA prodrugs, releasing active CPT drugs. High tumor oxidative stress and released CPT drugs synergistically killed cancer cells and suppressed tumor growth via oxidation/chemotherapy. Our study provides a new strategy for engineering therapeutic nanoreactors in an orchestrated fashion for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wendong Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weijian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institutet Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhishen Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Kelly JM, Gross AL, Martin DR, Byrne ME. Polyethylene glycol-b-poly(lactic acid) polymersomes as vehicles for enzyme replacement therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2591-2606. [PMID: 29111890 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Polymersomes are created to deliver an enzyme-based therapy to the brain in lysosomal storage disease patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Polymersomes are formed via the injection method using poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) (PEGPLA) and bound to apolipoprotein E, to create a brain-targeted delivery vehicle. RESULTS Polymersomes have a smallest average diameter of 145 ± 21 nm and encapsulate β-galactosidase at 72.0 ± 12.2% efficiency. PEGPLA polymersomes demonstrate limited release at physiologic pH (7.4), with a burst release at the acidic pH (4.8) of the lysosome. PEGPLA polymersomes facilitate delivery of active β-galactosidase to an in vitro model of GM1 gangliosidosis. CONCLUSION The foundation has been laid for testing of PEGPLA polymersomes to deliver enzymatic treatments to the brain in lysosomal storage disorders for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Kelly
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,US Department of Education GAANN Graduate Fellowship Program in Biological & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Amanda L Gross
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Pharmacology, Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,US Department of Education GAANN Graduate Fellowship Program in Biological & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Pharmacology, Scott Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Mark E Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,US Department of Education GAANN Graduate Fellowship Program in Biological & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.,Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices, & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Gaitzsch J, Messager L, Morecroft E, Meier W. Vesicles in Multiple Shapes: Fine-Tuning Polymersomes' Shape and Stability by Setting Membrane Hydrophobicity. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E483. [PMID: 30965785 PMCID: PMC6418632 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic block-copolymers are known to self-assemble into micelles and vesicles. In this paper, we discuss the multiple options between and beyond these boundaries using amphiphilic AB diblock and ABC triblock copolymers. We adjust the final structure reached by the composition of the mixture, by the preparation temperature, and by varying the time-scale of formation. This leads to the formation of vesicles and micelles, but also internal micelles in larger sheets, lamellar vesicles, and closed tubes, thus broadening the amount of self-assembly structures available and deepening our understanding of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Gaitzsch
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Lea Messager
- LAGEP-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Bâtiment CPE-308G, M69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Eloise Morecroft
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Weber B, Kappel C, Scherer M, Helm M, Bros M, Grabbe S, Barz M. PeptoSomes for Vaccination: Combining Antigen and Adjuvant in Polypept(o)ide-Based Polymersomes. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28759159 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the first vaccine is reported based on a PeptoSome, which contains a model antigen (SIINFEKL) and adjuvant (CpG). PeptoSomes are polypept(o)ide-based polymersomes built of a block-copolymer with polysarcosine (PSar) as the hydrophilic block (X n = 111) and poly(benzyl-glutamic acid) (PGlu(OBn)) as the hydrophobic one (X n = 46). The polypept(o)ide is obtained with low dispersity index of 1.32 by controlled ring-opening polymerization. Vesicle formation by dual centrifugation technique allows for loading of vesicles up to 40 mol%. PeptoSomes are characterized by multiangle dynamic light scattering, static light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM). The PeptoSomes have a hydrodynamic radius of 39.2 nm with a low dispersity (µ 2 = 0.1). The ρ-ratio R g /R h of 0.95 already indicates that vesicles are formed, which can be confirmed by cryoTEM. Loaded PeptoSomes deliver the antigen (SIINFEKL) and an adjuvant (CpG) simultaneously into dendritic cells (DCs). Upon cellular uptake, dendritic cells are stimulated and activated, which leads to expression of cluster of differentiation CD80, CD86, and MHCII, but induces excretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα). Furthermore, DC-mediated antigen-specific T-cell proliferation is achieved, thus underlining the enormous potential of PeptoSomes as a versatile platform for vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cinja Kappel
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Scherer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Trantidou T, Friddin M, Elani Y, Brooks NJ, Law RV, Seddon JM, Ces O. Engineering Compartmentalized Biomimetic Micro- and Nanocontainers. ACS Nano 2017; 11:6549-6565. [PMID: 28658575 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of biological content and function is a key architectural feature in biology, where membrane bound micro- and nanocompartments are used for performing a host of highly specialized and tightly regulated biological functions. The benefit of compartmentalization as a design principle is behind its ubiquity in cells and has led to it being a central engineering theme in construction of artificial cell-like systems. In this review, we discuss the attractions of designing compartmentalized membrane-bound constructs and review a range of biomimetic membrane architectures that span length scales, focusing on lipid-based structures but also addressing polymer-based and hybrid approaches. These include nested vesicles, multicompartment vesicles, large-scale vesicle networks, as well as droplet interface bilayers, and double-emulsion multiphase systems (multisomes). We outline key examples of how such structures have been functionalized with biological and synthetic machinery, for example, to manufacture and deliver drugs and metabolic compounds, to replicate intracellular signaling cascades, and to demonstrate collective behaviors as minimal tissue constructs. Particular emphasis is placed on the applications of these architectures and the state-of-the-art microfluidic engineering required to fabricate, functionalize, and precisely assemble them. Finally, we outline the future directions of these technologies and highlight how they could be applied to engineer the next generation of cell models, therapeutic agents, and microreactors, together with the diverse applications in the emerging field of bottom-up synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Trantidou
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Friddin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert V Law
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John M Seddon
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Ces
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
You XR, Ju XJ, He F, Wang Y, Liu Z, Wang W, Xie R, Chu LY. Polymersomes with Rapid K +-Triggered Drug-Release Behaviors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:19258-19268. [PMID: 28514157 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of smart polymersomes with rapid K+-triggered drug-release properties is developed in this work. Block copolymers with biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the hydrophilic block and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-benzo-18-crown-6-acrylamide) (PNB) copolymer as the K+-responsive block are successfully synthesized. Because of the presence of 18-crown-6 units, the PEG-b-PNB block copolymers exhibit excellent K+-dependent phase-transition behaviors, which show a hydrophilic-hydrophobic state in simulated extracellular fluid and present a hydrophilic-hydrophilic state in simulated intracellular fluid. Polymersomes with regular spherical shape and good monodispersity are prepared by the self-assembly of the PEG-b-PNB block copolymers. Both hydrophilic fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and hydrophobic doxorubicin are selected as model drugs and are successfully encapsulated into the PEG-b-PNB polymersomes. After being placed in a simulated intracellular fluid with high K+ concentration, the PEG-b-PNB polymersomes immediately disassemble accompanied by the rapid and complete release of drugs. Such K+-responsive polymersomes with the desired drug-release properties provide a novel strategy for advanced intracellular drug delivery and release, which can enhance the safety and efficacy of cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ru You
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Fan He
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Wang M, Geilich BM, Keidar M, Webster TJ. Killing malignant melanoma cells with protoporphyrin IX-loaded polymersome-mediated photodynamic therapy and cold atmospheric plasma. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4117-4127. [PMID: 28615940 PMCID: PMC5459981 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s129266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cancer treatments contain several limitations such as incomplete ablation and multidrug resistance. It is known that photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for several tumor types especially melanoma cells. During the PDT process, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), an effective photosensitizer, can selectively kill cancer cells by activating a special light source. When tumor cells encapsulate a photosensitizer, they can be easily excited into an excited state by a light source. In this study, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) was used as a novel light source. Results of some studies have showed that cancer cells can be effectively killed by using either a light source or an individual treatment due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and electrons from a wide range of wavelengths, which suggest that CAP can act as a potential light source for anticancer applications compared with UV light sources. Results of the present in vitro study indicated for the first time that PpIX can be successfully loaded into polymersomes. Most importantly, cell viability studies revealed that PpIX-loaded polymersomes had a low toxicity to healthy fibroblasts (20% were killed) at a concentration of 400 µg/mL, but they showed a great potential to selectively kill melanoma cells (almost 50% were killed). With the application of CAP posttreatment, melanoma cell viability significantly decreased (80% were killed) compared to not using a light source (45% were killed) or using a UV light source (65% were killed). In summary, these results indicated for the first time that PpIX-loaded polymersomes together with CAP posttreatment could be a promising tool for skin cancer drug delivery with selective toxicity toward melanoma cells sparing healthy fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Keidar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering.,Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Zou Y, Wei Y, Wang G, Meng F, Gao M, Storm G, Zhong Z. Nano polymersomes with an Ultrahigh Iodine Content for High-Performance X-Ray Computed Tomography Imaging In Vivo. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1603997. [PMID: 28054400 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible and biodegradable nanopolymersomes with an unprecedented iodine content, low viscosity, and iso-osmolality achieve significantly enhanced CT imaging of blood pool and the reticuloendothelial system. Moreover, in subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models in mice, they show enhanced in vivo imaging when compared to iohexol, a clinically used small-molecule contrast agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yaohua Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guanglin Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Zhang N, Xia Y, Zou Y, Yang W, Zhang J, Zhong Z, Meng F. ATN-161 Peptide Functionalized Reversibly Cross-Linked Polymersomes Mediate Targeted Doxorubicin Delivery into Melanoma-Bearing C57BL/6 Mice. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2538-2547. [PMID: 28005375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PHSCN peptide (licensed as ATN-161) is an effective α5β1 integrin inhibitor that has advanced to phase II clinical trials to treat solid tumors. Here we developed ATN-161 functionalized self-cross-linkable and intracellularly de-cross-linkable polymersomes (ATN/SCID-Ps) for highly efficient and targeted delivery of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) into B16F10 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. ATN/SCID-Ps exhibited a high loading capacity of DOX·HCl. The size of DOX-loaded ATN/SCID-Ps (DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps) decreased from 150 to 88 nm with increasing ATN surface densities from 0 to 100% (mol/mol). DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps were robust with low drug leakage under physiological conditions while quickly releasing DOX with the addition of 10 mM glutathione. MTT assay results displayed that DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps induced ATN density-dependent antitumor activity to α5β1 integrin overexpressing B16F10 melanoma cells, in which 56% ATN-161 was optimal. Flow cytometry and CLSM studies revealed significantly more efficient internalization and cytoplasmic DOX release in B16F10 cells for DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps than for DOX-SCID-Ps (nontargeting control) as well as clinically used pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (DOX-LPs). DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps displayed a long blood circulation time (elimination half-life = 4.13 h) and 4 times higher DOX accumulation in B16F10 bearing C57BL/6 mice than DOX-LPs. Interestingly, DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps exhibited a superior maximum-tolerated dose of over 100 mg DOX·HCl/kg, 10 times higher than DOX-LPs. Remarkably, DOX-ATN/SCID-Ps could significantly inhibit the growth of aggressive B16F10 melanoma with little adverse effects via either multiple or single injection of total dosage of 100 mg DOX·HCl/kg, resulting in greatly improved survival rates as compared to DOX-LPs. ATN/SCID-Ps are appealing nanovehicles for targeted chemotherapy of α5β1 integrin positive solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Gutierrez MG, Jalali-Yazdi F, Peruzzi J, Riche CT, Roberts RW, Malmstadt N. G Protein-Coupled Receptors Incorporated into Rehydrated Diblock Copolymer Vesicles Retain Functionality. Small 2016; 12:5256-5260. [PMID: 27529518 PMCID: PMC5148614 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is incorporated into polymeric vesicles made up of diblock copolymer bilayers. Successfully incorporated GPCRs exhibit correct biased physiological orientation and respond to various ligands. After extended dehydrated storage via lyophilization and subsequent rehydration, diblock copolymer polymersomes retain their shape and incorporated GPCR retains its function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gertrude Gutierrez
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Farzad Jalali-Yazdi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Justin Peruzzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4741, USA
| | - Carson T Riche
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Richard W Roberts
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular & Computational Biology, and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Yang W, Zou Y, Meng F, Zhang J, Cheng R, Deng C, Zhong Z. Efficient and Targeted Suppression of Human Lung Tumor Xenografts in Mice with Methotrexate Sodium Encapsulated in All-Function-in-One Chimeric Polymersomes. Adv Mater 2016; 28:8234-8239. [PMID: 27383234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anisamide-functionalized reversibly crosslinked chimeric polymersomes emerge as an "all-function-in-one" nanoplatform for efficient loading and targeted delivery of methotrexate disodium, a potent water-soluble anticancer drug, to sigma receptor overexpressing H460 nonsmall lung cancer xenografts in vivo, leading to markedly improved tumor-growth inhibition and survival rate and depleted adverse effects as compared to the clinically used formulation (Trexall).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Messager L, Burns JR, Kim J, Cecchin D, Hindley J, Pyne ALB, Gaitzsch J, Battaglia G, Howorka S. Biomimetic Hybrid Nanocontainers with Selective Permeability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11106-9. [PMID: 27560310 PMCID: PMC5103200 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry plays a crucial role in creating synthetic analogues of biomacromolecular structures. Of particular scientific and technological interest are biomimetic vesicles that are inspired by natural membrane compartments and organelles but avoid their drawbacks, such as membrane instability and limited control over cargo transport across the boundaries. In this study, completely synthetic vesicles were developed from stable polymeric walls and easy-to-engineer membrane DNA nanopores. The hybrid nanocontainers feature selective permeability and permit the transport of organic molecules of 1.5 nm size. Larger enzymes (ca. 5 nm) can be encapsulated and retained within the vesicles yet remain catalytically active. The hybrid structures constitute a new type of enzymatic nanoreactor. The high tunability of the polymeric vesicles and DNA pores will be key in tailoring the nanocontainers for applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, biocatalysis, and cell mimicry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Messager
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - Jonathan R Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - Jungyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - Denis Cecchin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - James Hindley
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - Alice L B Pyne
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Jens Gaitzsch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK.
| | - Stefan Howorka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Jia T, Sun Z, Lu Y, Gao J, Zou H, Xie F, Zhang G, Xu H, Sun D, Yu Y, Zhong Y. A dual brain-targeting curcumin-loaded polymersomes ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in intrahippocampal amyloid-β1-42-injected mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3765-75. [PMID: 27540290 PMCID: PMC4981163 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s94622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the impermeability of the blood–brain barrier and the nonselective distribution of drugs in the brain, the therapeutic access to intractable neurological disorders is challenging. In this study, dual brain-targeting polymersomes (POs) functionalized by transferrin and Tet-1 peptide (Tf/Tet-1-POs) promoted the transportation of curcumin into the brain and provided neuroprotection. The modification of the ligands that bind to the surface of POs was revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The cell uptake of a coculture model of mouse brain capillary endothelial cells with neurons showed that the Tf/Tet-1-POs had significant transportation properties and possessed affinity for neurons. The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the blood–brain barrier permeability–surface efficiency of the Tf/Tet-1-POs was 0.28 mL/h/g and that the brain tissue uptake rate (% ID/g) was 0.08, which were significant compared with the controls (P<0.05). The curcumin-encapsulated Tf/Tet-1-POs provided neuroprotection and ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in intrahippocampal amyloid-β1–42-injected mice. These results suggest that the dual brain-targeting POs are more capable of drug delivery to the brain that can be exploited as a multiple noninvasive vehicle for targeting therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| | - Fangyuan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| | - Yanqiang Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Iyisan B, Janke A, Reichenbach P, Eng LM, Appelhans D, Voit B. Immobilized Multifunctional Polymersomes on Solid Surfaces: Infrared Light-Induced Selective Photochemical Reactions, pH Responsive Behavior, and Probing Mechanical Properties under Liquid Phase. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:15788-15801. [PMID: 27269188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fixing polymersomes onto surfaces is in high demand not only for the characterization with advanced microscopy techniques but also for designing specific compartments in microsystem devices in the scope of nanobiotechnology. For this purpose, this study reports the immobilization of multifunctional, responsive, and photo-cross-linked polymersomes on solid substrates by utilizing strong adamantane-β-cyclodextrin host-guest interactions. To reduce nonspecific binding and retain better spherical shape, the level of attractive forces acting on the immobilized polymersomes was tuned through poly(ethylene glycol) passivation as well as decreased β-cyclodextrin content on the corresponding substrates. One significant feature of this system is the pH responsivity of the polymersomes which has been demonstrated by swelling of the immobilized vesicles at acidic condition through in situ AFM measurements. Also, light responsivity has been provided by introducing nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) protected amine molecules as photocleavable groups to the polymersome surface before immobilization. The subsequent low-energy femtosecond pulsed laser irradiation resulted in the cleavage of NVOC groups on immobilized polymersomes which in turn led to free amino groups as an additional functionality. The freed amines were further conjugated with a fluorescent dye having an activated ester that illustrates the concept of bio/chemo recognition for a potential binding of biological compounds. In addition to the responsive nature, the mechanical stability of the analyzed polymersomes was supported by computing Young's modulus and bending modulus of the membrane through force curves obtained by atomic force microscopy measurements. Overall, polymersomes with a robust and pH-swellable membrane combined with effective light responsive behavior are promising tools to design smart and stable compartments on surfaces for the development of microsystem devices such as chemo/biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Iyisan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- International Helmholtz Research School for Nanoelectronic Networks, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Janke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Lukas M Eng
- Center for Advancing Electronic Devices Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden , Würzburger Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- International Helmholtz Research School for Nanoelectronic Networks, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronic Devices Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden , Würzburger Straße 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Vlakh E, Ananyan A, Zashikhina N, Hubina A, Pogodaev A, Volokitina M, Sharoyko V, Tennikova T. Preparation, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Poly(Glutamic Acid)-b-Polyphenylalanine Polymersomes. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E212. [PMID: 30979309 DOI: 10.3390/polym8060212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of amphiphilic macromolecular structures have been developed within recent decades to prepare the polymer particles considered as drug delivery systems. In the present research the series of amphiphilic block-copolymers containing poly(glutamatic acid) as hydrophilic, and polyphenylalanine as hydrophobic blocks was synthesized and characterized. Molecular weights for homo- and copolymers were determined by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and amino acid analysis, respectively. The copolymers obtained were applied for preparation of polymer particles. The specific morphology of prepared polymerosomes was proved using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The influence on particle size of polymer concentration and pH used for self-assembly, as well as on the length of hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks of applied copolymers, was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Depending on different experimental conditions, the formation of nanoparticles with sizes from 60 to 350 nm was observed. The surface of polymersomes was modified with model protein (enzyme). No loss in biocatalytic activity was detected. Additionally, the process of encapsulation of model dyes was developed and the possibility of intracellular delivery of the dye-loaded nanoparticles was proved. Thus, the nanoparticles discussed can be considered for the creation of modern drug delivery systems.
Collapse
|
127
|
Gaspard J, Casey LM, Rozin M, Munoz-Pinto DJ, Silas JA, Hahn MS. Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Vesicles Based on Linear Poly(Dimethylsiloxane-b-Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(Butadiene-b-Ethylene Oxide) Block Copolymers. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E390. [PMID: 26999148 PMCID: PMC4813965 DOI: 10.3390/s16030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO) and poly(butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PBd-PEO) are two block copolymers which separately form vesicles with disparate membrane permeabilities and fluidities. Thus, hybrid vesicles formed from both PDMS-PEO and PBd-PEO may ultimately allow for systematic, application-specific tuning of vesicle membrane fluidity and permeability. However, given the relatively low strength previously noted for comb-type PDMS-PEO vesicles, the mechanical robustness of the resulting hybrid vesicles must first be confirmed. Toward this end, we have characterized the mechanical behavior of vesicles formed from mixtures of linear PDMS-PEO and linear PBd-PEO using micropipette aspiration. Tension versus strain plots of pure PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles revealed a non-linear response in the high tension regime, in contrast to the approximately linear response of pure PBd33-PEO20 vesicles. Remarkably, the area expansion modulus, critical tension, and cohesive energy density of PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles were each significantly greater than for PBd33-PEO20 vesicles, although critical strain was not significantly different between these vesicle types. PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles generally displayed graded responses in between that of the pure component vesicles. Thus, the PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles retained or exceeded the strength and toughness characteristic of pure PBd-PEO vesicles, indicating that future assessment of the membrane permeability and fluidity of these hybrid vesicles may be warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Gaspard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3122 TAMU, College Station, 77840 TX, USA.
| | - Liam M Casey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003 MA, USA.
| | - Matt Rozin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 01003 MA, USA.
| | - Dany J Munoz-Pinto
- Engineering Science Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, 78212 TX, USA.
| | - James A Silas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3122 TAMU, College Station, 77840 TX, USA.
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Biotech 2434, Troy, 12180 NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Abstract
Lipidic nanoparticulate self-assembled structures are effective carriers for drug delivery. This chapter describes the most famous nanotechnological drug delivery systems that are already used in clinical practice and clinical evaluation or in academic research. Liposomes are nanocolloidal lyotropic liquid crystals that are able to deliver bioactive molecules. Their membrane biophysics and thermodynamic properties reflect to the creation of metastable phases that affect their functionality and physicochemical behavior. Thermo- and pH-responsive liposomes are innovative nanotechnological platforms for drug delivery and targeting. Polymeric micelles and polymersomes are nanostructures that are promising drug carriers, while dendrimeric structures are considered as real nanoparticulate systems that are used in drug delivery and as nonviral vectors as well as in prevention of serious infections leading to diseases. Vaccines based on nanoparticles such as liposomes are an emerging technology and liposomes seem to meet the requirement criteria of adjuvanicity.
Collapse
|
129
|
Einfalt T, Goers R, Dinu IA, Najer A, Spulber M, Onaca-Fischer O, Palivan CG. Stimuli-Triggered Activity of Nanoreactors by Biomimetic Engineering Polymer Membranes. Nano Lett 2015; 15:7596-7603. [PMID: 26428033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of advanced stimuli-responsive systems for medicine, catalysis, or technology requires compartmentalized reaction spaces with triggered activity. Only very few stimuli-responsive systems preserve the compartment architecture, and none allows a triggered activity in situ. We present here a biomimetic strategy to molecular transmembrane transport by engineering synthetic membranes equipped with channel proteins so that they are stimuli-responsive. Nanoreactors with triggered activity were designed by simultaneously encapsulating an enzyme inside polymer compartments, and inserting protein "gates" in the membrane. The outer membrane protein F (OmpF) porin was chemically modified with a pH-responsive molecular cap to serve as "gate" producing pH-driven molecular flow through the membrane and control the in situ enzymatic activity. This strategy provides complex reaction spaces necessary in "smart" medicine and for biomimetic engineering of artificial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Einfalt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Goers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ionel Adrian Dinu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Spulber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ozana Onaca-Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
El Zowalaty ME, Al Thani AA, Webster TJ, El Zowalaty AE, Schweizer HP, Nasrallah GK, Marei HE, Ashour HM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arsenal of resistance mechanisms, decades of changing resistance profiles, and future antimicrobial therapies. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1683-706. [PMID: 26439366 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious public health issues facing humans since the discovery of antimicrobial agents. The frequent, prolonged, and uncontrolled use of antimicrobial agents are major factors in the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains, including multidrug-resistant variants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of nosocomial infections. The abundant data on the increased resistance to antipseudomonal agents support the need for global action. There is a paucity of new classes of antibiotics active against P. aeruginosa. Here, we discuss recent antibacterial resistance profiles and mechanisms of resistance by P. aeruginosa. We also review future potential methods for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as phage therapy, nanotechnology and antipseudomonal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.,Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02018, USA.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar.,Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hany E Marei
- BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, PO Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Yassin MA, Appelhans D, Wiedemuth R, Formanek P, Boye S, Lederer A, Temme A, Voit B. Overcoming concealment effects of targeting moieties in the PEG corona: controlled permeable polymersomes decorated with folate-antennae for selective targeting of tumor cells. Small 2015; 11:1580-1591. [PMID: 25363281 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the context of diligent efforts to improve the tumor targeting efficiency of drug carriers, a shape-persistent polymersome which possess a pH-tunable membrane as well as folate targeting antennae is reported. The membrane of such polymersomes behaves as gate which undergoes "on" and "off" switches in response to pH stimuli. Thus, polymersomes can effectively prohibit the premature release of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin in physiological conditions, but promote drug release once they are triggered in the acidified endosomal compartment. Importantly, the folate moieties are installed on the surface of polymersomes as protruding antennae by doping the polymersomes with folate-terminated block copolymers designed to have longer PEG segments. Thereby, the folate moieties are freed from concealment and steric effects exerted by the dense PEG corona. The cellular uptake of the FA-antennae polymersomes by tumor cells is significantly enhanced facilitated by the freely accessible folate antennae; however, the normal cells record a low level of cellular uptake due to the stealth property of the PEG corona. Overall, the excellent biocompatibility, controlled permeability, targeted internalization, as well as selective cytotoxicity of such polymersomes set up the basis for properly smart carrier for targeted drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Yassin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany; Organic Chemistry of Polymers, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Wong CK, Laos AJ, Soeriyadi AH, Wiedenmann J, Curmi PMG, Gooding JJ, Marquis CP, Stenzel MH, Thordarson P. Polymersomes prepared from thermoresponsive fluorescent protein-polymer bioconjugates: capture of and report on drug and protein payloads. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5317-22. [PMID: 25736460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polymersomes provide a good platform for targeted drug delivery and the creation of complex (bio)catalytically active systems for research in synthetic biology. To realize these applications requires both spatial control over the encapsulation components in these polymersomes and a means to report where the components are in the polymersomes. To address these twin challenges, we synthesized the protein-polymer bioconjugate PNIPAM-b-amilFP497 composed of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and a green-fluorescent protein variant (amilFP497). Above 37 °C, this bioconjugate forms polymersomes that can (co-)encapsulate the fluorescent drug doxorubicin and the fluorescent light-harvesting protein phycoerythrin 545 (PE545). Using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET), we can distinguish the co-encapsulated PE545 protein inside the polymersome membrane while doxorubicin is found both in the polymersome core and membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Ken Wong
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, NSW (Australia); School of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, NSW (Australia)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Liao J, Li W, Peng J, Yang Q, Li H, Wei Y, Zhang X, Qian Z. Combined cancer photothermal-chemotherapy based on doxorubicin/gold nanorod-loaded polymersomes. Theranostics 2015; 5:345-56. [PMID: 25699095 PMCID: PMC4329499 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are well known in photothermal therapy based on near-infrared (NIR) laser absorption of the longitudinal plasmon band. Herein, we developed an effective stimulus system -- GNRs and doxorubicin co-loaded polymersomes (P-GNRs-DOX) -- to facilitate co-therapy of photothermal and chemotherapy. DOX can be triggered to release once the polymersomes are corrupted under local hyperthermic condition of GNRs induced by NIR laser irradiation. Also, the cytotoxicity of GNRs caused by the residual cetyltrimethylacmmonium bromide (CTAB) was reduced by shielding the polymersomes. The GNRs-loaded polymersomes (P-GNRs) can be efficiently taken up by the tumor cells. The distribution of the nanomaterial was imaged by IR-820 and quantitatively analyzed by ICP-AES. We studied the ablation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, and found that co-therapy offers significantly improved therapeutic efficacy (tumors were eliminated without regrowth.) compared with chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone. By TUNEL immunofluorescent staining of tumors after NIR laser irradiation, we found that the co-therapy showed more apoptotic tumor cells than the other groups. Furthermore, the toxicity study by pathologic examination of the heart tissues demonstrated a lower systematic toxicity of P-GNRs-DOX than free DOX. Thus, the chemo-photothermal treatment based on polymersomes loaded with DOX and GNRs is a useful strategy for maximizing the therapeutic efficacy and minimizing the dosage-related side effects in the treatment of solid tumors.
Collapse
|
134
|
Bakalova R, Lazarova D, Nikolova B, Atanasova S, Zlateva G, Zhelev Z, Aoki I. Delivery of size-controlled long-circulating polymersomes in solid tumours, visualized by quantum dots and optical imaging in vivo. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 29:175-180. [PMID: 26019630 PMCID: PMC4434099 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.984894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate whether poly-ion complex hollow vesicles (polymersomes), based on chemically modified chitosan, are appropriate for passive tumour targeting in the context of their application as drug carriers. The experiments were performed on colon cancer-grafted mice. The mice were subjected to anaesthesia and injected intravenously with water-soluble nanoparticles: (1) QD705-labelled polymersomes (average size ∼120 nm; size distribution ∼10%) or (2) native QD705. The optical imaging was carried out on Maestro EX 2.10 In Vivo Imaging System (excitation filter 435-480 nm; emission filter 700 nm, longpass). In the case of QD705, the fluorescence appeared in the tumour area within 1 min after injection and disappeared completely within 60 min. A strong fluorescent signal was detected in the liver on the 30th minute. The visualization of tumour using QD705 was based only on angiogenesis. In the case of QD705-labelled polymersomes, the fluorescence appeared in the tumour area immediately after injection with excellent visualization of blood vessels in the whole body. A strong fluorescent signal was detected in the tumour area within 16 hours. This indicated that QD705-labelled polymersomes were delivered predominantly into the tumour due to their long circulation in the bloodstream and enhanced permeability and retention effect. A very weak fluorescent signal was found in the liver area. The data suggest that size-controlled long-circulating polymersomes are very promising carriers for drug delivery in solid tumours, including delivery of small nanoparticles and contrast substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Bakalova
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa , Chiba , Japan ; Department of Physics, Biophysics and Roentgenology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski" , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Lazarova
- Department of Physics, Biophysics and Roentgenology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski" , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Biliana Nikolova
- Department of Electroinduced and Adhesive Properties, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Severina Atanasova
- Department of Electroinduced and Adhesive Properties, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Genoveva Zlateva
- Department of Physics, Biophysics and Roentgenology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski" , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa , Chiba , Japan ; Department of Electroinduced and Adhesive Properties, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University , Stara Zagora , Bulgaria
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa , Chiba , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Iatrou H, Dimas K, Gkikas M, Tsimblouli C, Sofianopoulou S. Polymersomes from polypeptide containing triblock Co- and terpolymers for drug delivery against pancreatic cancer: asymmetry of the external hydrophilic blocks. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:1222-38. [PMID: 24838730 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Well-defined amphiphilic polymers of the ABA and ABC type are synthesized, where A is poly(L-lysine hydrochloride) (PLL), B is poly(γ-benzyl-(d7) L-glutamate) (PBLG(-d7)), and C is poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The two polymers exhibit similar PBLG(-d7) composition, while in the ABC, the volume fraction of PEO block is higher than that of PLL. Both polymers form polymersomes in water. The polymersomes are loaded with doxorubicin or paclitaxel. It is found that in the ABC, due to asymmetry of the two hydrophilic blocks, PEO is always on the outer periphery and the dimensions of the vesicles are smaller. The release of the vesicles is temperature- and pH-dependent. In vivo toxicity tests of the empty vesicles show that they are not toxic. In vitro activity of the loaded vesicles against human pancreatic cancer cell lines reveals comparable activity to Myocet for the ABA loaded with doxorubicin, while lower activity is observed for the ABC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermis Iatrou
- University of Athens, Chemistry Department, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most commonly occurring malignant brain tumours which need proper treatment strategy. The current therapies for treating glioma like surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have failed in achieving satisfactory results and this forms a rationale for the development of novel drug delivery systems. Among them, polymersomes are superior novel carriers with diverse functions like enhanced stability, low permeability, tunable membrane properties, surface functionality, and long blood circulation time which make them suitable for cancer therapy. These are bilayered vesicles capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs used to target glioma effectively. In this review, we have discussed on general preparation, characterization, and targeting aspects of surface modified polymersomes for effective delivery of therapeutic agents to glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balakumar Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, PSG College of Pharmacy , Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu , India and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are highly fluorescent and stable probes for cellular and molecular imaging. However, poor intracellular delivery, stability, and toxicity of QDs in biological compartments hamper their use in cellular imaging. To overcome these limitations, we developed a simple and effective method to load QDs into polymersomes (Ps) made of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(2-methyloxazoline) (PDMS-PMOXA) diblock copolymers without compromising the characteristics of the QDs. These Ps showed no cellular toxicity and QDs were successfully incorporated into the aqueous compartment of the Ps as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Ps containing QDs showed colloidal stability over a period of 6 weeks if stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at physiological pH (7.4). Efficient intracellular delivery of Ps containing QDs was achieved in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) and was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Ps containing QDs showed a time- and concentration-dependent uptake in HepG2 cells and exhibited better intracellular stability than liposomes. Our results suggest that Ps containing QDs can be used as nanoprobes for cellular imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Camblin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helene Kettiger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dalin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Yildiz UH, De Hoog HPM, Fu Z, Tomczak N, Parikh AN, Nallani M, Liedberg B. Third-party ATP sensing in polymersomes: a label-free assay of enzyme reactions in vesicular compartments. Small 2014; 10:442-7, 441. [PMID: 23963775 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umit Hakan Yildiz
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 6375532
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Ge X, Zhang Q, Cai Y, Duan S, Chen S, Lv N, Jin T, Chen Y, Yuan W. PEG-PCL-DEX polymersome-protamine vector as an efficient gene delivery system via PEG-guided self-assembly. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:1193-207. [PMID: 24294982 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The nonviral carrier system based on the triblock copolymer PEG-PCL-DEX (PPD) and protamine was developed for nucleic acid delivery. MATERIALS & METHODS Self-assembly occurred in the PEG continuous phase to form 'dextran-interior' polymersomes. siRNA can be condensed by protamine and encapsulated into PPD polymersomes in order to form the PPD-protamine siRNA nanoparticles by thermodynamically preferential partition between the PEG continuous phase and the dextran cavity. RESULTS This system can package siRNA into PPD polymersomes to form 145.2 ± 8.02-nm (± standard deviation) nanoparticles, and the ζ-potential can be reduced to approximately 0 mV. PPD-protamine siRNA nanoparticles achieved cellular uptake of siRNA in SMMC-7721 cells with negligible cytotoxicity, and the GL3 gene expression can be reduced to 61.73 ± 6.25%. A biodistribution study of nanoparticles suggested that the PPD-protamine siRNA nanoparticles mainly accumulated in liver. CONCLUSION All of these results suggest that PPD-protamine carriers may offer a promising gene delivery strategy for the treatment of liver-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800, Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Danafar H, Rostamizadeh K, Davaran S, Hamidi M. PLA-PEG-PLA copolymer-based polymersomes as nanocarriers for delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs: preparation and evaluation with atorvastatin and lisinopril. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1411-20. [PMID: 23944838 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.828223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tri-block poly(lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (PLA-PEG-PLA) copolymers were synthesized and used to prepare polymersomes loaded separately by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic model drugs, atorvastatin and lisinopril, respectively. The resulting nanostructures were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, DSC, PCS and AFM. The polymersomes exhibited high encapsulation efficiencies of almost 78% and 70.8% for atorvastatin and lisinopril, respectively. Investigation on FTIR and DSC results revealed that such a high encapsulation efficiency is due to strong interaction between atorvastatin and the copolymer. The impact of drug/copolymer ratio and copolymer composition on drug-loading efficiency and drug release behavior were also studied. The results showed that in case of lisinopril, polymersomes exhibited a triphasic drug release, while for atorvastatin a biphasic release profile was obtained. Overall, the results indicated that PLA-PEG-PLA polymersomes can be considered as a promising carrier for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Danafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Kamat NP, Henry SJ, Lee D, Hammer DA. Single-vesicle patterning of uniform, giant polymersomes into microarrays. Small 2013; 9:2272-2276. [PMID: 23818399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Giant, cell-sized polymersomes are functionalized and patterned at the single vesicle level. Microfluidic methods are employed to generate uniform diameter vesicles with high loading efficiencies and microcontact printing is used to generate patterns of adhesive ligand. A simple sensory capability is demonstrated with the immobilized array of vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha P Kamat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Abstract
The field of biomimicry is embracing the construction of complex assemblies that imitate both biological structure and function. Advancements in the design of these mimetics have generated a growing vision for creating an artificial or proto- cell. Polymersomes are vesicles that can be made from synthetic, biological or hybrid polymers and can be used as a model template to build cell-like structures. In this perspective, we discuss various areas where polymersomes have been used to mimic cell functions as well as areas in which the synthetic flexibility of polymersomes would make them ideal candidates for a biomembrane mimetic. Designing a polymersome that comprehensively displays the behaviors discussed herein has the potential to lead to the development of an autonomous, responsive particle that resembles the intelligence of a biological cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha P. Kamat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Joshua S. Katz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia PA 19104
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 311A Towne Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Professor Daniel A. Hammer, 210 South 33 St. 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Phone: (215) 573-6761, Fax: (215) 573-2093,
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Kamat NP, Robbins GP, Rawson JS, Therien MJ, Dmochowski IJ, Hammer DA. A Generalized System for Photo-Responsive Membrane Rupture in Polymersomes. Adv Funct Mater 2010; 20:2588-2596. [PMID: 21709747 PMCID: PMC3120224 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polymersomes are vesicles whose membranes are comprised of self-assembled block co-polymers. We recently showed that co-encapsulating conjugated multi-porphyrin dyes in a polymersome membrane with ferritin protein in the aqueous lumen confers photo-lability to the polymersome. In the present study, we illustrate that the photo-lability can be extended to vesicles containing dextran, an inert and inexpensive polysaccharide, as the luminal solute. Here we explore how structural features of the polymersome/porphyrin/dextran composite affect its photo-response. Increasing dextran molecular weight, decreasing block copolymer molecular weight, and altering fluorophore-membrane interactions results in increasing the photo-responsiveness of the polymersomes. Amphiphilic interactions of the luminal encapsulant with the membrane coupled with localized heat production in the hydrophobic bilayer likely cause differential thermal expansion in the membrane and the subsequent membrane rupture. This study suggests a general approach to impart photo-responsiveness to any biomimetic vesicle system without chemical modification, as well as a simple, bio-inert method for constructing photo-sensitive carriers for controlled release of encapsulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha P. Kamat
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (USA)
| | - Gregory P. Robbins
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (USA)
| | | | | | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Cheng Z, Thorek DLJ, Tsourkas A. Porous Polymersomes with Encapsulated Gd-labeled Dendrimers as Highly Efficient MRI Contrast Agents. Adv Funct Mater 2009; 19:3753-3759. [PMID: 23293575 PMCID: PMC3536029 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200901253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanovesicles with encapsulated Gd as MR contrast agents has largely been ignored due to the detrimental effects of the slow water exchange rate through the vesicle bilayer on the relaxivity of encapsulated Gd. Here, we describe the facile synthesis of a composite MR contrast platform, consisting of dendrimer conjugates encapsulated in porous polymersomes. These nanoparticles exhibit improved permeability to water flux and a large capacity to store chelated Gd within the aqueous lumen, resulting in enhanced longitudinal relaxivity. The porous polymersomes, ~130 nm in diameter, were produced through the aqueous assembly of the polymers, polyethylene oxide-b-polybutadiene (PBdEO), and polyethylene oxide-b-polycaprolactone (PEOCL). Subsequent hydrolysis of the caprolactone (CL) block resulted in a highly permeable outer membrane. To prevent the leakage of small Gd-chelate through the pores, Gd was conjugated to PAMAM dendrimer via diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dianhydride (DTPA dianhydride) prior to encapsulation. As a result of the slower rotational correlation time of Gd-labeled dendrimers, the porous outer membrane of the nanovesicle, and the high Gd payload, these functional nanoparticles were found to exhibit a relaxivity (R1) of 292,109 mM(-1) s(-1) per particle. The polymersomes were also found to exhibit unique pharmacokinetics with a circulation half-life of >3.5 hrs and predominantly renal clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Christian DA, Tian A, Ellenbroek WG, Levental I, Rajagopal K, Janmey PA, Liu AJ, Baumgart T, Discher DE. Spotted vesicles, striped micelles and Janus assemblies induced by ligand binding. Nat Mater 2009; 8:843-9. [PMID: 19734886 PMCID: PMC2829438 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Selective binding of multivalent ligands within a mixture of polyvalent amphiphiles provides, in principle, a simple mechanism for driving domain formation in self-assemblies. Divalent cations are shown here to crossbridge polyanionic amphiphiles, which thereby demix from neutral amphiphiles and form spots or rafts within vesicles as well as stripes within cylindrical micelles. Calcium- and copper-crossbridged domains of synthetic block copolymers or natural lipid (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate) possess tunable sizes, shapes and/or spacings that can last for years. Lateral segregation in these 'ligand-responsive Janus assemblies' couples weakly to curvature and proves to be restricted within phase diagrams to narrow regimes of pH and cation concentration that are centred near the characteristic binding constants for polyacid interactions. Remixing at high pH is surprising, but a theory for strong lateral segregation shows that counterion entropy dominates electrostatic crossbridges, thus illustrating the insights gained into ligand-induced pattern formation within self-assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Christian
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Chemical & Biomolecular Eng’g., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Aiwei Tian
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Chemical & Biomolecular Eng’g., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Wouter G. Ellenbroek
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ilya Levental
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Bioeng’g Graduate Groups, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Karthikan Rajagopal
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Chemical & Biomolecular Eng’g., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Bioeng’g Graduate Groups, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andrea J. Liu
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Chemical & Biomolecular Eng’g., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Bioeng’g Graduate Groups, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Christian NA, Benencia F, Milone MC, Li G, Frail PR, Therien MJ, Coukos G, Hammer DA. In vivo dendritic cell tracking using fluorescence lifetime imaging and near-infrared-emissive polymersomes. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 11:167-77. [PMID: 19194761 PMCID: PMC2730463 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-008-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninvasive in vivo cell-tracking techniques are necessary to advance the field of cellular-based therapeutics as well as to elucidate mechanisms governing in vivo cell biology. Fluorescence is commonly used for in vitro and postmortem biomedical studies but has been limited by autofluorescence at the whole-animal level. PROCEDURES In this report, we demonstrate the ability of in vivo fluorescent lifetime imaging to remove autofluorescence and thereby enable in vivo dendritic cell tracking in naïve mice. Specifically, we track mature dendritic cells (DCs) labeled internally with near-infrared-emissive polymersomes (NIR-DCs). RESULTS We establish the ability to detect labeled cells in vivo and image NIR-DC trafficking after both intravenous and subcutaneous delivery. In addition, we demonstrate the longitudinal capacity of this method by characterizing NIR-DC migration kinetics in the popliteal lymph node. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a tool to evaluate dendritic-cell-based immunotherapy and generates novel opportunities for in vivo fluorescence imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Christian
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street Room 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Center for Research on Ovarian Cancer Early Detection and Cure, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Michael C. Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Guizhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Paul R. Frail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - George Coukos
- Center for Research on Ovarian Cancer Early Detection and Cure, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street Room 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|