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Green DE. Universality of energy-coupling principle: relevance to evolution of cellular organelles. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981; 361:1-7. [PMID: 6941713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb46507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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102
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Fry M, Green DE. Energized cation transport by complex III (ubiquinone-cytochrome C reductase). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 97:852-9. [PMID: 6258602 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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103
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Fry M, Green DE. Ion-transport chain of cytochrome oxidase: the two chain-direct coupling principle of energy coupling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:6391-5. [PMID: 6256734 PMCID: PMC350290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome oxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) couples the aerobic oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to the cyclical transport of monovalent cations or to the active transport of monovalent and divalent cations. This transport capability is mediated by an intracomplex ion-transport chain of two protein-bound molecules of cardiolipin per molecule of cytochrome oxidase. Cardiolipin in a two-phase system shows the identical ionophoric pattern as does the cytochrome oxidase coupled system. A molecular model of the cardiolipin chain suggests the possibility of a cage-like structure through which cations can be transferred from phosphate group to phosphate group. The ion-transport chain and the electron-transport chain are anchored to the same set of subunits (I+IV); the close proximity of the two chains argues for the direct coupling of electron and cation flow. The ion-transport chain of cytochrome oxidase provides an introduction to the molecular mechanisms by which ions are moved across membranes in energy-coupling systems.
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104
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Cambre RC, Green DE, Smith EE, Montali RJ, Bush M. Salmonellosis and arizonosis in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980; 177:800-3. [PMID: 7451315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of Salmonella and Arizona organisms in the reptile collection at the National Zoological Park was investigated. Culture of specimens from 311 reptiles, while live or at necropsy, yielded yielded 117 positive results, for an overall infection rate of 37%. Snakes had the highest rate, 55% (69 of 125); lizards had an intermediate rate, 36% (46 of 129); and turtles and tortoises had the lowest rate, 3% (2 of 63). Twenty-four serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis, 1 of S choleraesuis, and 39 of Arizona hinshawii were represented. While clinical illness was never directly attributed to infection with these organisms, pure cultures of Salmonella and Arizona were recovered at necropsy from some reptiles with gross and/or histologic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, and blood vessels. However, numerous other concurrent diseases and management problems were often considered the immediate cause of death, with Salmonella and Arizona being ready and significant opportunistic pathogens contributing to the demise of the reptiles.
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105
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Fry M, Blondin GA, Green DE. The localization of tightly bound cardiolipin in cytochrome oxidase. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:9967-70. [PMID: 6253460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One to two molecules of tightly bound cardiolipin are associated with resolved fractions of cytochrome oxidase containing subunits I to III or I to IV. Large scale isolation of subunits I to IV indicates the presence of approximately 0.5 molecule of cardiolipin per molecule of subunit I. Lipoprotein staining of sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea/acrylamide gels of cytochrome oxidase support the findings that subunit I is a lipoprotein. The resistance of this tightly bound cardiolipin to organic solvent extraction suggests a specific association of some tenacity with the protein.
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Adler B, Faine S, Muller HK, Green DE. Maturation of humoral immune response determines the susceptibility of guinea-pigs to leptospirosis. Pathology 1980; 12:529-38. [PMID: 6970358 DOI: 10.3109/00313028009086806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Baby guinea-pigs were susceptible to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, but rapidly became resistant as they matured. Increased resistance with increasing weight of guinea-pigs was correlated with the development of ability to produce agglutinating antibodies to leptospires and with maturation of B-cell dependent (but not T-cell dependent) areas in lymphoid organs. These observations can explain the basis of species-resistance of adult guinea-pigs to infection with serovar pomona.
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107
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Fry M, Blondin GA, Green DE. Relation between enzymic catalysis and energy coupling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5703-5. [PMID: 6934504 PMCID: PMC350137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The principles that underlie enzyme catalysis also apply to energy coupling processes. A comparison is made between a kinase system that mediates the phosphorylation of glucose by ATP (hexokinase), as the prototype for enzymic catalysis, and the mitochondrial electron-transfer complexes, as the prototypes for energy coupling systems. Induced polarization of chemical bonds and charge separation and elimination are common component events of both enzyme catalysis and energy coupling. Thus, definite limits can be imposed on models of energy coupling; they must comply with the basic principles of enzymic catalysis.
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108
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109
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Fry M, Green DE. Cardiolipin requirement by cytochrome oxidase and the catalytic role of phospholipid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 93:1238-46. [PMID: 6249285 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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110
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Green DE, Fry M. On reagents that convert cytochrome oxidase from an inactive to an active coupling state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:1951-5. [PMID: 6246516 PMCID: PMC348627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome oxidase (ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) of beef heart mitochondria, prepared by a standard method and brought to the highest purity level, is essentially inactive when tested in the aerobic assay involving oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by molecular oxygen. Three reagents (lysolecithin, Tween 20, and exogenous phospholipids) can convert cytochrome oxidase from an inactive to an active coupling state. These conversions are reversible: i.e., removal of the inducing agent leads to loss of activity. The evidence for the intrinsic coupling capability is that cytochrome oxidase in the active state invariably generates a proton gradient during respiration, and such gradient formation is demonstrable even when cytochrome oxidase is not inserted into a liposome.
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111
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Green DE. Schizophrenia: some problems for the nurse. THE NEW ZEALAND NURSING JOURNAL. KAI TIAKI 1980; 73:11-34. [PMID: 6928552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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112
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Green DE, Fry M, Blondin GA. Phospholipids as the molecular instruments of ion and solute transport in biological membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:257-61. [PMID: 6928617 PMCID: PMC348248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.1.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Partition studies have established that phospholipids generally have the capabilities to mediate the transmembrane transport of the full range of ions and solutes that physiologically cross biological membranes. The list of transportable species includes cations, anions, amino acids, citric acid cycle intermediates, nucleotides, and sugars. Phospholipid-mediated transport can be readily modulated by altering the phospholipid mixture or by addition of detergents, nucleotides, divalent metals, proteins, peptides, or ring compounds. Containment of phospholipid within channels in protein appears to be the precondition for the formation of the micellar structure requisite for solute transport. Phospholipid-mediated transport is postulated to be a central feature of energy coupling, membrane-spanning systems, and membrane-bound, phospholipid-requiring enzymes.
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113
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Fry M, Blondin GA, Green DE. The polypeptide composition of subunit I of beef heart cytochrome oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 91:192-9. [PMID: 229840 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)90602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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114
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Green DE. The psychology of pregnancy and childbirth: the nurse's role. THE NEW ZEALAND NURSING JOURNAL. KAI TIAKI 1979; 72:8-10, 28. [PMID: 292892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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115
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Green DE, Taylor AJ. Mental handicap and the nurse's role. THE NEW ZEALAND NURSING JOURNAL. KAI TIAKI 1979; 72:11-2. [PMID: 289915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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116
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Abstract
Cytochrome oxidase is resolvable into an electron transfer complex and an ion transfer complex. The ion transfer complex has been shown to have the capability for inducing nonspecific ion transport into liposomes. Subunit I of cytochrome oxidase has been identified as an ion-channel-forming protein.
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117
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Green DE. The hospitalisation of children. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 1979; 89:352-4. [PMID: 287953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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118
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Green DE. Patterns of tobacco use in the United States. NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 1979:44-55. [PMID: 111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overall, then, the picture of decrease in cigarette smoking is an encouraging one, with the exception of the increased rate of smoking among teenage girls. However, this change probably reflects the tenor of the times and an alteration in the concept of what has traditionally been considered "feminine" behavior.
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119
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Green DE. Aspects of infantile autism. THE NEW ZEALAND NURSING JOURNAL. KAI TIAKI 1979; 72:18-22. [PMID: 284235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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120
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Fry M, Vande Zande H, Green DE. Resolution of cytochrome oxidase into two component complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:5908-11. [PMID: 216000 PMCID: PMC393085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.12.5908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) has been resolved into a pair of complexes of unequal molecular weight. The larger complex (electron transfer complex) contains exclusively the oxidation-reduction proteins characteristic of cytochrome oxidase; the smaller complex (ion transfer complex) shows exclusively the capability for cation-dependent induction of the fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid--a capability demonstrable in preparations of cytochrome oxidase. The duplex nature of cytochrome oxidase has important implications for the mechanism of energy coupling.
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121
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Abstract
A simple method of evaluating actual patient dependency is presented and a suggestion made as to how this dependency can be correlated with nursing staff levels. It is proposed that each ICU work out the trends in its work load according to this system.
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122
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Fry M, Green DE. Resolution of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain into two component complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:5377-80. [PMID: 281687 PMCID: PMC392966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.11.5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex III can be resolved into an electron transfer complex and an ion transfer complex. The electron transfer complex contains exclusively the oxidation-reduction proteins of complex III, and the ion transfer complex the capability for augmenting cation-induced fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. This finding has important implications for the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial energy coupling.
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123
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Green DE. Pain and the hospitalised patient. Part 2. THE NEW ZEALAND NURSING JOURNAL. KAI TIAKI 1978; 71:3-6. [PMID: 279865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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124
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Green DE. Some factors in nursing recruitment. THE NEW ZEALAND NURSING JOURNAL. KAI TIAKI 1978; 71:11-3. [PMID: 278911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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125
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Green DE. Alcoholism and the nurse. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 1978; 87:287-8. [PMID: 275661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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126
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Green DE, Blondin GA. Molecular mechanism of mitochondrial energy coupling. Bioscience 1978; 28:18-24. [PMID: 340294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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127
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Green DE. Psychological factors in smoking. NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 1977:149-56. [PMID: 417251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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128
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Blondin GA, Kessler RJ, Green DE. Isolation of an electrogenic K+/Ca2+ ionophore from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3667-71. [PMID: 269422 PMCID: PMC431682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A K+/Ca2+ electrogenic ionophore has been isolated from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria and identified as a neutral peptide of molecular weight 1600. The amino acid composition and cationic specificity of the ionophore have been determined. The free ionophore was released from the ionophoroprotein as a consequence of tryptic digestion. The ionophoroprotein can be converted to an ionophoro peptide (molecular weight 5,100) by proteolysis without release of the free ionophore. The isolation of a K+/Ca2+ ionophore thus provides an introduction to the general technology of extracting ionophoro proteins and ofreleasing ionophores from these proteins by proteolytic digestion.
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129
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Kessler RJ, Blondin GA, Vande Zander H, Haworth RA, Green DE. Coupling in cytochrome c oxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3662-6. [PMID: 198794 PMCID: PMC431680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (ferrocytochrome c: oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.9.3.1) can be resolved into an electron transfer complex (ETC) and an ionophore transfer complex (ITC). Coupling requires an interaction between the moving electron in the ETC and a moving, positively charged ionophore-cation adduct in the ITC. The duplex character of cytochrome oxidase facilitates this interaction. The ITC mediates cyclical cation transport. It can be replaced as the coupling partner by the combination of valinomycin and nigericin in the presence of K(+) when cytochrome oxidase is incorporated into liposomes containing acidic phospholipids or by the combination of lipid cytochrome c and bile acids in an ITC-resolved preparation of the ETC. Respiratory control can be induced by incorporating cytochrome oxidase into vesicles of unfractionated whole mitochondrial lipid. The activity of the ITC is suppressed by such incorporation and this suppression leads to the emergence of respiratory control. The ionophoroproteins of the ITC can be extracted into organic solvents; some 50% of the total protein of cytochrome oxidase is extractable. The release of free ionophore is achieved by tryptic digestion of the ionophoroprotein. Preliminary to this release the ionophoroprotein is degraded to an ionophoropeptide. Electrogenic ionophores, as well as uncoupler, are liberated by such proteolysis. The ITC contains a set of ionophoroproteins imbedded in a matrix of phospholipid.
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Kessler RJ, Vande Zande H, Tyson CA, Blondin GA, Fairfield J, Glasser P, Green DE. Uncouplers and the molecular mechanism of uncoupling in mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:2241-5. [PMID: 142250 PMCID: PMC432145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncouplers are molecules with protonophoric and ionophoric capabilities that mediate coupled cyclical transport of cations--a transport that takes precedence over all other coupled processes. Uncouplers form cation-containing complexes with electrogenic ionophores that potentiate cyclical transport of cations. The molecular mechanism of uncoupling sheds strong light on the mechanism of coupling.
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131
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Green DE. The structure of biological membranes in relation to the principle of energy coupling. J Theor Biol 1976; 62:271-85. [PMID: 994523 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(76)90120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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132
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Chao FC, Green DE, Forrest IS, Kaplan JN, Winship-Ball A, Braude M. The passage of 14C-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol into the milk of lactating squirrel monkeys. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1976; 15:303-17. [PMID: 824699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactating squirrel monkeys chronically receiving 2 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) orally either two or five times weekly were given a tracer dose of 14C-delta-9-THC mixed with the delta-9-THC. This permitted radioquantitation of the THC in milk specimens collected 1 to 24 hr after administration of the labeled dose. Correlated specimens of urine and feces were also collected individually from mothers and infants and were subjected to radioquantitation and exploratory TLC. During the 24-hr observation period, approximately 0.2% of the labeled delta-9-THC appeared in the milk, whereas 42% and 1% were excreted in the feces and urine, respectively. Infants that suckled during the 6 hr immediately after their mothers were administered the labeled compound excreted an average of 0.01% and 0.12% of the mother's dose in the urine and feces, respectively, during the 18 hr after suckling.
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133
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Kessler RJ, Tyson CA, Green DE. Mechanism of uncoupling in mitochondria: uncouplers as ionophores for cycling cations and protons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:3141-5. [PMID: 9641 PMCID: PMC430958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol have been shown to be ionophores with the capability for transporting monovalent or divalent cations with equal efficiency. The conditions appropriate for the maximal expression of this ionophoric capability have been explored. Two critical factors are the polarity of the organic phase and the pH of the aqueous phase that is equilibrated with the organic phase. The demonstrated cationic ionophoric capability of uncouplers, taken in conjunction with the known ability of uncouplers to cycle protons across a membrane phase, provides the experimental basis for the thesis that uncoupling of electron flow from ATP synthesis via classical uncouplers involves the substitution of one coupled process by another. Uncoupling thus reduces to the replacement of one driven reaction (ATP synthesis) by the driven reaction (cyclical transport) mediated by the uncoupler.
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Green DE. Bioenergetics:
Electron Transfer Chains and Oxidative Phosphorylation
. Proceedings of a symposium, Selva di Fasano, Italy, Sept. 1975. E. Quagliariello, S. Papa, F. Palmieri, E. C. Slater, and N. Siliprandi, Eds. North-Holland, Amsterdam, and Elsevier, New York, 1975. x, 452 pp., illus. $35.95. Science 1976; 193:224-5. [PMID: 17796149 DOI: 10.1126/science.193.4249.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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135
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Green DE. Quantitation of cannabinoids in biological specimens using probability based matching GC/MS. NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 1976:70-87. [PMID: 823439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The results from these urine studies and a few other isolated extracts we have run may be generalized as follows: The hexane fractions showed low levels of delta9-THC (ca. 10 ng/ml) with marginal Confidence Indices (25-30), but both the quantities and the K-scores were well above the values seen in extracts of control urines; the hexane fractions showed similar levels of CBN (ca. 12-25 ng/ml) with significant K-scores (60-80); the ether-extractable neutral fraction contained 8alpha, 11-dihydroxy-delta9-THC (25-150 ng/ml) with low conficdence and sometimes a suggestion of 8beta-hydroxy-delta9-THC (15 ng/ml) with a marginal identification; and the E-II fraction (ether-extractable, weak acids) usually contained a strong indication (CONF 60-95) of delta9-THC-11-oic acid (100-200 ng/ml.
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136
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Komai H, Hunter DR, Southard JH, Haworth RA, Green DE. Energy coupling in lysolecithin-treated submitochondrial particles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 69:695-704. [PMID: 5087 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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137
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Tyson CA, Vande Zande H, Green DE. Phospholipids as ionophores. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:1326-32. [PMID: 1254569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionophoretic capabilities of phospholipids have been examined by direct measurement in a Pressman cell of the phospholipid-mediated translocation of cations across an organic phase separating two aqueous phases. Cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid were the most active inonophores among the phospholipids tested, with activities comparable to that of X537A in respect to the translocation of divalent cations. Cardiolipin translocates both divalent and monovalent cations at approximately equal rates. The ionophoretic activity of cardiolipin could be modulated by other phospholipids (inhibition), by butacaine (stimulation), by complexation with cytochrome c (inhibition), and by ruthenium red and lanthanum (inhibition). The rate of translocation of cations mediated by cardiolipin was independent of pH over a wide pH range (5.4 to 8.3). The same general pattern of properties observed for cardiolipin applied to phosphatidic acid except for stimulation by butacaine. Complexation of phospholipid mixtures, such as asolectin or mitochondrial lipid, with reduced cytochrome c, enhanced the ionophoretic capability of these phospholipids by 1 order of magnitude. The complex thus formed has the properties of a polyionophore. The possible physiological significance of this enormous ionophoretic potential of phospholipids is examined.
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139
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MacLeod WD, Green DE, Seet E. Automated analysis of phencyclidine in urine by probability based matching GC/MS. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1976; 9:561-72. [PMID: 975752 DOI: 10.3109/15563657608988158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel form of selected ion recording mass spectrometry using a microcomputer-managed mass spectrometer was employed to automatically identify and quantitate phencyclidine (PCP) in cyclohexane extracts of urine by Probability Based Matching. Seventy urine samples from known abusers were assayed for PCP content. The positively identified PCP concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 10.5 mug/ml for 65 samples, 26% of which fell in the 0.35-1.0 mug/ml range and 30% in the 1.0-3.4 mug/ml range. Five specimens had no detectable PCP (less than 10 mug/ml). Cyclohexane extraction efficiency for PCP in urine exceeded 95%. Selected ion monitoring was found to be necessary in order to avoid gas chromatographic interferences produced by co-elution of contaminants at the same retention time as PCP.
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Abstract
If, as we deem inevitable, the principles of energy coupling are universal, then the necessity for charge-separating devices will apply across the board to all bioenergetic systems. Since, apart from the elctron transfer chain, ionophores are the only charge-separating devices available in bioenergetic systems, model of energy coupling that does not feature this central role of ionophores can be taken seriously. The ionophore approach thus opens the royal highway to the ultimate solution of all bioenergetic problems.
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141
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Maina G, Kessler RJ, Green DE. Metal ion- and phosphate-mediated transport of glucose by insulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 67:1567-74. [PMID: 1201102 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Green DE, Blondin G, Kessler R, Southard JH. Paired moving charge model of energy coupling. III. Intrinsic ionophores in energy coupling systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:896-900. [PMID: 1055388 PMCID: PMC432428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental basis for the postulated role of intrinsic ionophores in mitochondrial ion transport and energy coupling is summarized. Intrinsic ionophores appear to be linked to, or contained within, specific ionophoroproteins localized in the inner membrane, and the isolation of these ionophores requires their release from the ionophoroproteins. At least ten different species of ionophores have been isolated from the mitochondrion, five of which have been wholly or in part chemically identified. Intrinsic ionophores have been implicated in the activation of inorganic phosphate in ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, and in the contol of the coupling modes. The presence of ionophores in soluble proteins such as troponin and in ATP-energized kinases has been demonstrated.
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143
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Green DE. Family practice and problems of aging: biochemical basis of aging. Postgrad Med 1975; 57:147-9, 152. [PMID: 1118431 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.1975.11713993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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144
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Demartini JC, Green DE, Monath TP. Lassa virus infection in Mastomys natalensis in Sierra Leone. Gross and microscopic findings in infected and uninfected animals. Bull World Health Organ 1975; 52:651-63. [PMID: 1085221 PMCID: PMC2366654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological examinations of 28 wild-caught Mastomys natalensis from Sierra Leone, 14 of which were positive for Lassa virus by tissue culture, are reported. The high frequency of neoplastic and degenerative diseases observed among older animals in closed colonies of M. natalensis were not observed in the wild animals studied. This is probably a reflection of the age distribution of the study population, since the life expectancy of wild Mastomys is less than a year. Inflammatory lesions were nonetheless identified, some of which were similar to those described in laboratory colonies. Frequent lesions were myocarditis (54%), myositis (32%), interstitial pneumonitis (50%), intercapillary glomerulosclerosis (36%), and acute nephrosis (14%). Follicular and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia were evident in the spleen (74%) and Peyer's patches (64%). Lymphoid cell accumulations were prominent in the salivary glands (36%), periportal hepatic region (25%), lungs (32%), perivascular regions (36%), and kidney (21%). Cytomegalic inclusion body sialoadenitis was common (25%). Coccidiosis was evident in the intestinal tract (25%), kidney (25%), and muscle (21%). One neoplasm, a parahepatic haemangioma, was observed histologically.Mean body weights and lengths for virus-positive animals (33 g and 9.2 cm) and virus-negative animals (54 g and 12.2 cm) showed that virus-positive animals were smaller in weight and shorter in length. Since the age of the animals could not be determined, these differences remain unexplained.In comparison with virus-negative animals, virus-positive Mastomys had higher frequencies of splenic follicular hyperplasia (82% against 50%), myocarditis (79% against 29%), perivascular lymphoid cell accumulation (57% against 7%), myositis (50% against 14%), and cytomegalic inclusion body sialoadenitis (36% against 14%). The frequency of lymphoid hyperplasia of Peyer's patches was high in both groups of animals (71% and 57%).The presence of Lassa virus, small size, myocarditis, and lymphoid perivasculitis appeared to be interrelated, but larger and better controlled studies are required to elucidate the relationship.
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145
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Southard JH, Green DE. Control of the energy coupling modes in mitochondria by mercurials. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 61:1310-6. [PMID: 4477015 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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146
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Abstract
A model of mitochondrial energy coupling has been proposed based on the principles of paired charge separation and vectorial paired charge flow. The unique role of the electron transfer chain and ionophores in mediating charge separation is emphasized.
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147
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Kanter SL, Hollister LE, Moore F, Green DE. Marihuana metabolites in urine of man. IV. Extraction procedures using diethyl ether. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1974; 9:205-13. [PMID: 4438828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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148
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Hollister LE, Kanter SL, Board RD, Green DE. Marihuana metabolites in urine of man. III. Unchanged delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1974; 8:579-84. [PMID: 4420916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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149
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Southard JH, Green DE. High affinity binding of Ca++ in mitochondria: a reappraisal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 59:30-7. [PMID: 4858265 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(74)80169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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150
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Green DE. The electromechanochemical model for energy coupling in mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 346:27-78. [PMID: 4151654 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(74)90011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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