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Basso N, Soricelli E, Castagneto-Gissey L, Casella G, Albanese D, Fava F, Donati C, Tuohy K, Angelini G, La Neve F, Severino A, Kamvissi-Lorenz V, Birkenfeld AL, Bornstein S, Manco M, Mingrone G. Insulin Resistance, Microbiota, and Fat Distribution Changes by a New Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy in Obese Rats. Diabetes 2016; 65:2990-3001. [PMID: 27431457 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic surgery improves insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes possibly because of weight loss. We performed a novel sleeve gastrectomy in rats that resects ∼80% of the glandular portion, leaving the forestomach almost intact (glandular gastrectomy [GG]) and compared subsequent metabolic remodeling with a sham operation. GG did not affect body weight, at least after 10 weeks; improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity likely through increased Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3, and AMPK phosphorylation; and reduced ectopic fat deposition and hepatic glycogen overaccumulation. Body adipose tissue was redistributed, with reduction of intraabdominal fat. We found a reduction of circulating ghrelin levels, increased GLP-1 plasma concentration, and remodeling of gut microbiome diversity characterized by a lower relative abundance of Ruminococcus and a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Collinsella These data suggest that at least in rat, the glandular stomach plays a central role in the improvement of insulin resistance, even if obesity persists. GG provides a new model of the metabolically healthy obese phenotype.
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Marchesi JR, Adams DH, Fava F, Hermes GDA, Hirschfield GM, Hold G, Quraishi MN, Kinross J, Smidt H, Tuohy KM, Thomas LV, Zoetendal EG, Hart A. The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier. Gut 2016; 65:330-9. [PMID: 26338727 PMCID: PMC4752653 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1378] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10-15 years, our understanding of the composition and functions of the human gut microbiota has increased exponentially. To a large extent, this has been due to new 'omic' technologies that have facilitated large-scale analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community, revealing it to be comparable in influence to a new organ in the body and offering the possibility of a new route for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, it might be more accurate to think of it like an immune system: a collection of cells that work in unison with the host and that can promote health but sometimes initiate disease. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of gut disorders, in particular metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disease, liver disease, IBD and colorectal cancer. The potential of manipulating the gut microbiota in these disorders is assessed, with an examination of the latest and most relevant evidence relating to antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and faecal microbiota transplantation.
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Lamichhane S, Yde CC, Forssten S, Ouwehand AC, Saarinen M, Jensen HM, Gibson GR, Rastall R, Fava F, Bertram HC. Impact of dietary polydextrose fiber on the human gut metabolome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:9944-9951. [PMID: 25231382 DOI: 10.1021/jf5031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the impact of polydextrose PDX an soluble fiber, on the human fecal metabolome by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics in a dietary intervention study (n = 12). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a strong effect of PDX consumption on the fecal metabolome, which could be mainly ascribed to the presence of undigested fiber and oligosaccharides formed from partial degradation of PDX. Our results demonstrate that NMR-based metabolomics is a useful technique for metabolite profiling of feces and for testing compliance to dietary fiber intake in such trials. In addition, novel associations between PDX and the levels of the fecal metabolites acetate and propionate could be identified. The establishment of a correlation between the fecal metabolome and levels of Bifidobacterium (R(2) = 0.66) and Bacteroides (R(2) = 0.46) demonstrates the potential of NMR-based metabolomics to elucidate metabolic activity of bacteria in the gut.
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Anderson K, Rossini M, Pacheco-Labrador J, Balzarolo M, Mac Arthur A, Fava F, Julitta T, Vescovo L. Inter-comparison of hemispherical conical reflectance factors (HCRF) measured with four fibre-based spectrometers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:605-617. [PMID: 23388953 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the results of an experiment designed to compare the radiometric performance of four different spectroradiometers in ideal field conditions. A carefully designed experiment where instruments were simultaneously triggered was used to measure the Hemispherical Conical Reflectance Factors (HCRF) of four targets of varying reflectance. The experiment was in two parts. Stage 1 covered a 2 hour period finishing at solar noon, where 50 measurements of the targets were collected in sequence. Stage 2 comprised 10 rapid sequential measurements over each target. We applied a method for normalising full width half maximum (FWHM) differences between the instruments, which was a source of variability in the raw data. The work allowed us to determine data reproducibility, and we found that lower-cost instruments (Ocean Optics and PP Systems) produced data of similar radiometric quality to those manufactured by Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD -here we used the ASD FieldSpec Pro) in the spectral range 400-850 nm, which is the most significant region for research communities interested in measuring vegetation dynamics. Over the longer time-series there were changes in HCRF caused by the structural and spectral characteristics of some targets.
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Conterno L, Fava F, Viola R, Tuohy KM. Obesity and the gut microbiota: does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease? GENES & NUTRITION 2011; 6:241-60. [PMID: 21559992 PMCID: PMC3145060 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now considered a major public health concern globally as it predisposes to a number of chronic human diseases. Most developed countries have experienced a dramatic and significant rise in obesity since the 1980s, with obesity apparently accompanying, hand in hand, the adoption of "Western"-style diets and low-energy expenditure lifestyles around the world. Recent studies report an aberrant gut microbiota in obese subjects and that gut microbial metabolic activities, especially carbohydrate fermentation and bile acid metabolism, can impact on a number of mammalian physiological functions linked to obesity. The aim of this review is to present the evidence for a characteristic "obese-type" gut microbiota and to discuss studies linking microbial metabolic activities with mammalian regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, satiety, and chronic systemic inflammation. We focus in particular on short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced upon fiber fermentation in the colon. Although SCFA are reported to be elevated in the feces of obese individuals, they are also, in contradiction, identified as key metabolic regulators of the physiological checks and controls mammals rely upon to regulate energy metabolism. Most studies suggest that the gut microbiota differs in composition between lean and obese individuals and that diet, especially the high-fat low-fiber Western-style diet, dramatically impacts on the gut microbiota. There is currently no consensus as to whether the gut microbiota plays a causative role in obesity or is modulated in response to the obese state itself or the diet in obesity. Further studies, especially on the regulatory role of SCFA in human energy homeostasis, are needed to clarify the physiological consequences of an "obese-style" microbiota and any putative dietary modulation of associated disease risk.
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Fava F, Danese S. Intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: Friend of foe? World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:557-66. [PMID: 21350704 PMCID: PMC3040327 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) arises from disruption of immune tolerance to the gut commensal microbiota, leading to chronic intestinal inflammation and mucosal damage in genetically predisposed hosts. In healthy individuals the intestinal microbiota have a symbiotic relationship with the host organism and possess important and unique functions, including a metabolic function (i.e. digestion of dietary compounds and xenobiotics, fermentation of undigestible carbohydrates with production of short chain fatty acids), a mucosal barrier function (i.e. by inhibiting pathogen invasion and strengthening epithelial barrier integrity), and an immune modulatory function (i.e. mucosal immune system priming and maintenance of intestinal epithelium homeostasis). A fine balance regulates the mechanism that allows coexistence of mammals with their commensal bacteria. In IBD this mechanism of immune tolerance is impaired because of several potential causative factors. The gut microbiota composition and activity of IBD patients are abnormal, with a decreased prevalence of dominant members of the human commensal microbiota (i.e. Clostridium IXa and IV groups, Bacteroides, bifidobacteria) and a concomitant increase in detrimental bacteria (i.e. sulphate-reducing bacteria, Escherichia coli). The observed dysbiosis is concomitant with defective innate immunity and bacterial killing (i.e. reduced mucosal defensins and IgA, malfunctioning phagocytosis) and overaggressive adaptive immune response (due to ineffective regulatory T cells and antigen presenting cells), which are considered the basis of IBD pathogenesis. However, we still do not know how the interplay between these parameters causes the disease. Studies looking at gut microbial composition, epithelial integrity and mucosal immune markers in genotyped IBD populations are therefore warranted to shed light on this obscure pathogenesis.
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Zanaroli G, Balloi A, Negroni A, Daffonchio D, Fava F. A Dehaloccoides-like bacterium and a new reductive dehalogenase are responsible for PCB dechlorination in marine sediments under in situ biogeochemical conditions. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Negroni A, Zanaroli G, Calisti C, Ruzzi M, Fava F. Use of hydrolytic enzymes to prevent marine biofouling. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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59
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Breton-Deval L, Moreno-Medina C, Fava F, Rios-Leal E, Poggi-Varaldo H. Effect of Tween 80 on Solubilization of Perchloroethylene. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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60
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Sciubba L, Di Gioia D, Fava F, Gostoli C. Recovery of vanillin obtained via microbial bioconversion using membrane contactors. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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61
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Bettini C, Fava F, Bertin L. Obtainment of a microbial consortium able to perform the biomethanization of a mechanically-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste through a repeated short-time batch approach. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Di Matteo P, Ficca A, Luziatelli F, Di Gioia D, Fava F, Ruzzi M. Biological production of vanillin using enzyme and whole-cell biocatalysts. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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63
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Bertin L, Scoma A, Bettini C, Marchetti L, Fava F. Anaerobic acidogenic digestion of a dephenolized olive mill wastewater in a biofilm reactor packed with ceramic filters. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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64
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Bettini C, Fava F, Bertin L. Development of an effective continuous anaerobic digestion process for the biomethanization of a mechanically-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.08.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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65
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Fava F, Goswami P. New advances on the formulation of new foods and feeds from fruit and cereal processing by-products generated in India and Europe: the joint NAMASTE projects. J Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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66
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Fava F, Bavestrello G, Valisano L, Cerrano C. Survival, growth and regeneration in explants of four temperate gorgonian species in the Mediterranean Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000902769680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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67
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Fava F, Di Gioia D, Luigi S, Maurizio R, Giulio Z. Production of vanillin from wheat bran hydrolyzates via microbial bioconversion. N Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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68
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Fava F, Zanaroli G, Balloi A, Negroni A, Daffonchio D. Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments: evidence for the involvement of a dehaloccoides-like bacterium in the process. N Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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69
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Likotrafiti E, Manderson KS, Fava F, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Molecular identification and anti-pathogenic activities of putative probiotic bacteria isolated from faeces of healthy elderly individuals. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600410032376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tuohy K, Gougoulias C, Shen Q, Walton G, Fava F, Ramnani P. Studying the Human Gut Microbiota in the Trans-Omics Era - Focus on Metagenomics and Metabonomics. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15:1415-27. [DOI: 10.2174/138161209788168182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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71
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Fava F, Lovegrove JA, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR. The potential role of the intestinal gut microbiota in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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72
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Pinelli D, Fava F, Nocentini M, Pasquali G. Bioremediation of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil by using different aerobic batch bioreactor systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15320389709383563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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73
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Bertin L, Todaro D, Bettini C, Fava F. Anaerobic codigestion of the mechanically sorted organic fraction of a municipal solid waste with cattle manure in packed microcosms under batch conditions. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2008; 58:1735-1742. [PMID: 19029713 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Packed microcosms, consisting of 0.6 L-flask filled with tire chips (TC, a non-cost-recyclable non-biodegradable material) or ceramic cubes, were employed in the wet batch mesophilic anaerobic codigestion of a mechanically sorted organic fraction of a municipal solid waste with cattle manure. Two different waste mixtures were digested within four successive batch experiments, performed by collecting the digested waste and by refilling each microcosm with the same experimental mixture. Methane production yields related to the first experiment were comparable to those of non-packed identically developed microcosms, while they significantly grew during all the following experiences. No CH4-production lag-phase was observed since the second batch experiment. Similar results were obtained for both packing materials: however, the highest methane yields were achieved within bioreactors packed with TC in the presence of a mixture in which the volatile suspended solids (VSS) provided by the municipal waste represented the 55% of the total ones. Under such condition, a methane yield corresponding to the biochemical methane potential (BMP) calculated through a 6-month experiment with non-packed microcosms (176 ml/gVS) was attained in about 1/4 of the time. Importantly, the BMP can significantly grow up as a consequence of the approach described in this study.
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Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, Knauf C, Burcelin RG, Tuohy KM, Gibson GR, Delzenne NM. Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2374-83. [PMID: 17823788 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1212] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent evidence suggests that a particular gut microbial community may favour occurrence of the metabolic diseases. Recently, we reported that high-fat (HF) feeding was associated with higher endotoxaemia and lower Bifidobacterium species (spp.) caecal content in mice. We therefore tested whether restoration of the quantity of caecal Bifidobacterium spp. could modulate metabolic endotoxaemia, the inflammatory tone and the development of diabetes. METHODS Since bifidobacteria have been reported to reduce intestinal endotoxin levels and improve mucosal barrier function, we specifically increased the gut bifidobacterial content of HF-diet-fed mice through the use of a prebiotic (oligofructose [OFS]). RESULTS Compared with normal chow-fed control mice, HF feeding significantly reduced intestinal Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including levels of bifidobacteria, a dominant member of the intestinal microbiota, which is seen as physiologically positive. As expected, HF-OFS-fed mice had totally restored quantities of bifidobacteria. HF-feeding significantly increased endotoxaemia, which was normalised to control levels in HF-OFS-treated mice. Multiple-correlation analyses showed that endotoxaemia significantly and negatively correlated with Bifidobacterium spp., but no relationship was seen between endotoxaemia and any other bacterial group. Finally, in HF-OFS-treated-mice, Bifidobacterium spp. significantly and positively correlated with improved glucose tolerance, glucose-induced insulin secretion and normalised inflammatory tone (decreased endotoxaemia, plasma and adipose tissue proinflammatory cytokines). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these findings suggest that the gut microbiota contribute towards the pathophysiological regulation of endotoxaemia and set the tone of inflammation for occurrence of diabetes and/or obesity. Thus, it would be useful to develop specific strategies for modifying gut microbiota in favour of bifidobacteria to prevent the deleterious effect of HF-diet-induced metabolic diseases.
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Di Gioia D, Michelles A, Pierini M, Bogialli S, Fava F, Barberio C. Selection and characterization of aerobic bacteria capable of degrading commercial mixtures of low-ethoxylated nonylphenols. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 104:231-42. [PMID: 17850311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Isolation and characterization of new bacterial strains capable of degrading nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEO) with a low ethoxylation degree, which are particularly recalcitrant to biodegradation. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven aerobic bacterial strains were isolated from activated sludges derived from an Italian plant receiving NPnEO-contaminated wastewaters after enrichment with a low-ethoxylated NPnEO mixture. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequence, the strains were positioned into five genera: Ochrobactrum, Castellaniella, Variovorax, Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter. Their degradation capabilities have been evaluated on two commercial mixtures, i.e. Igepal CO-210 and Igepal CO-520, the former rich in low ethoxylated congeners and the latter containing a broader spectrum of NPnEO, and on 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). The strains degraded Igepal CO-210, Igepal CO-520 and 4-n-NP all applied at the initial concentration of 100 mg l(-1), by 35-75%, 35-90% and 15-25%, respectively, after 25 days of incubation. CONCLUSIONS Some of the isolated strains, in particular the Pseudomonas strains BCb12/1 and BCb12/3, showed interesting degradation capabilities towards low ethoxylated NPnEO congeners maintaining high cell vitality. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Increased knowledge of bacteria involved in NPnEO degradation and the possibility of using the isolated strains in tailored process for a tertiary biological treatment of effluents of wastewater treatment plants.
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