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Siegle GJ, Granholm E, Ingram RE, Matt GE. Pupillary and reaction time measures of sustained processing of negative information in depression. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49:624-36. [PMID: 11297720 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions of emotional information processing (i.e., attention to, memory for, and interpretation of emotional information) have been implicated in the onset and maintenance of depression. The research presented here investigated cognitive and psychophysiological features of a particularly promising correlate of depression: sustained processing of negative information 4--5 sec after an emotional stimulus. METHODS Pupil dilation data and reaction times were collected from 24 unmedicated depressed and 25 nondepressed adults in response to emotional processing tasks (lexical decision and valence identification) that employed idiosyncratically generated personally relevant and normed stimuli. Pupil dilation was used to index sustained cognitive processing devoted to stimuli. RESULTS Consistent with predictions, depressed individuals were especially slow to name the emotionality of positive information, and displayed greater sustained processing (pupil dilation) than nondepressed individuals when their attention was directed toward emotional aspects of information. Contrary to predictions, depressed participants did not dilate more to negative than positive stimuli, compared to nondepressed participants. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest depressed individuals may not initially attend to emotional aspects of information but may continue to process them seconds after they have reacted to the information.
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Matt GE, Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Bernert JT, Pirkle JL, Hammond SK. Measuring secondhand smoke exposure in babies: the reliability and validity of mother reports in a sample of low-income families. Health Psychol 2000. [PMID: 10868767 DOI: 10.1037//0278-6133.19.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reliability and validity of mother's reports of their infants' exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of low-income, low-education families (N = 141 mothers). At baseline and posttest, smoking mothers reported about their infants' SHS exposure at different locations and by different sources during the previous week. Findings show that mothers can give reliable accounts of the degree to which they contribute to their babies' SHS exposure. Mothers are able to differentiate between their own smoking behavior and the extent to which they expose their infants. Consistent with the overall exposure pattern, exposure caused by the mother and exposure occurring at home showed the strongest associations with biological and environmental measures. These findings suggest that smoking mothers can provide reliable and valid reports of the degree to which their infants are exposed to SHS.
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103
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Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Wahlgren DR, Matt GE, Emmons KM. Reported measures of environmental tobacco smoke exposure: trials and tribulations. Tob Control 2000; 9 Suppl 3:III22-8. [PMID: 10982901 PMCID: PMC1766315 DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.suppl_3.iii22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report extends previous summaries of reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure measures, reviews the empirical evidence of their validity for children's exposure, and discusses future research. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified by computer search and from the authors' research. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for inclusion of nicotine and/or cotinine and quantitative reported measures of ETS exposure. DATA SYNTHESIS Five studies found significant associations between reported quantitative exposure of children to ETS and either environmental nicotine or urine cotinine assays. Correlation coefficients between parent reports and nicotine ranged from 0.22 to 0.75. Coefficients for cotinine ranged from 0.28 to 0.71. Correlations increased over time and were stronger for parents' reports of their own smoking as a source of children's exposure than for reports of exposure from others. CONCLUSIONS Empirical studies show general concordance of reported and either environmental or biological measures of ETS exposure. Relationships were moderate, and suggest sufficient validity to be employed in research and service programs. Future studies need to identify the differences in types of reported or objective measures, population characteristics, etc, contributing to observed variability in order to understand better the conditions under which more valid reported ETS exposure and other measures can be obtained. Reported and either environmental or biological measures should be used in combination, and existing measures should be directed to interventions that may reduce ETS exposure among children.
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Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Matt GE, Hofstetter CR, Bernert JT, Pirkle J. Decreasing environmental tobacco smoke exposure among low income children: preliminary findings. Tob Control 2000; 9 Suppl 3:III70-1. [PMID: 10982913 PMCID: PMC1766307 DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.suppl_3.iii70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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105
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Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Matt GE, Hofstetter CR, Bernert JT, Pirkle J. Effect of counselling mothers on their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 321:337-42. [PMID: 10926589 PMCID: PMC27449 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of behavioural counselling for smoking mothers in reducing young children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. DESIGN Randomised double blind controlled trial. SETTING Low income homes in San Diego county, California. PARTICIPANTS 108 ethnically diverse mothers who exposed their children (aged <4 years) to tobacco smoke in the home. INTERVENTION Mothers were given seven counselling sessions over three months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Children's reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke from mothers in the home and from all sources; children's cotinine concentrations in urine. RESULTS Mothers' reports of children's exposure to their smoke in the home declined in the counselled group from 27.30 cigarettes/week at baseline, to 4.47 at three months, to 3.66 at 12 months and in the controls from 24.56, to 12.08, to 8.38. The differences between the groups by time were significant (P=0.002). Reported exposure to smoke from all sources showed similar declines, with significant differences between groups by time (P=0.008). At 12 months, the reported exposure in the counselled group was 41.2% that of controls for mothers' smoke (95% confidence interval 34.2% to 48.3%) and was 45.7% (38.4% to 53.0%) that of controls for all sources of smoke. Children's mean urine cotinine concentrations decreased slightly in the counselled group from 10.93 ng/ml at baseline to 10.47 ng/ml at 12 months but increased in the controls from 9.43 ng/ml to 17.47 ng/ml (differences between groups by time P=0.008). At 12 months the cotinine concentration in the counselled group was 55.6% (48.2% to 63.0%) that of controls. CONCLUSIONS Counselling was effective in reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Similar counselling in medical and social services might protect millions of children from environmental tobacco smoke in their homes.
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106
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Shadish WR, Matt GE, Navarro AM, Phillips G. The effects of psychological therapies under clinically representative conditions: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2000; 126:512-29. [PMID: 10900994 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, concern has arisen that meta-analyses overestimate the effects of psychological therapies and that those therapies may not work under clinically representative conditions. This meta-analysis of 90 studies found that therapies are effective over a range of clinical representativeness. The projected effects of an ideal study of clinically representative therapy are similar to effect sizes in past meta-analyses. Effects increase with larger dose and when outcome measures are specific to treatment. Some clinically representative studies used self-selected treatment clients who were more distressed than available controls, and these quasi-experiments underestimated therapy effects. This study illustrates the joint use of fixed and random effects models, use of pretest effect sizes to study selection bias in quasi-experiments, and use of regression analysis to project results to an ideal study in the spirit of response surface modeling.
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107
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Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Wahlgren DR, Matt GE. Reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: the empirical evidence and directions for future research. Tob Control 2000; 9 Suppl 2:II40-7. [PMID: 10841590 PMCID: PMC1766288 DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.suppl_2.ii40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise the issues and empirical evidence for reduction of children's residential environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. DATA SOURCES Literature was obtained by computer search, with emphasis on studies that included quantitative measures of ETS exposure in children's residences and interventions based on social learning theory. STUDY SELECTION Review and empirical articles concerning ETS exposure were included and inferences were drawn based on a synthesis of these studies as contrasted with a quantitative meta-analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS Interventions designed for residential/child ETS exposure control have included policy/legal regulations, minimal clinical services, and counselling services. Divorce court and adoption services have limited custody to protect children from ETS exposure. Controlled trials of clinicians' one time counselling services have shown null results. One controlled trial found that repeated physician ETS counselling increased parent cessation. Three trials found that repeated counselling/shaping procedures reduced quantitative estimates of ETS exposure in asthmatic children. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient controlled studies of repeated session counselling procedures have been completed to determine efficacy for ETS exposure reduction, but evidence is promising. One time minimal interventions appear ineffective, but large scale studies may be warranted. No studies have been conducted to assess court or adoption agency regulations; no community ordinances for regulating residential ETS exposure have been invoked. Ethical and enforcement issues are discussed.
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108
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Matt GE, Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Bernert JT, Pirkle JL, Hammond SK. Measuring secondhand smoke exposure in babies: the reliability and validity of mother reports in a sample of low-income families. Health Psychol 2000; 19:232-41. [PMID: 10868767 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.19.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reliability and validity of mother's reports of their infants' exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of low-income, low-education families (N = 141 mothers). At baseline and posttest, smoking mothers reported about their infants' SHS exposure at different locations and by different sources during the previous week. Findings show that mothers can give reliable accounts of the degree to which they contribute to their babies' SHS exposure. Mothers are able to differentiate between their own smoking behavior and the extent to which they expose their infants. Consistent with the overall exposure pattern, exposure caused by the mother and exposure occurring at home showed the strongest associations with biological and environmental measures. These findings suggest that smoking mothers can provide reliable and valid reports of the degree to which their infants are exposed to SHS.
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109
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Matt GE, Wahlgren DR, Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Bernert JT, Meltzer SB, Pirkle JL, Caudill S. Measuring environmental tobacco smoke exposure in infants and young children through urine cotinine and memory-based parental reports: empirical findings and discussion. Tob Control 1999; 8:282-9. [PMID: 10599573 PMCID: PMC1763950 DOI: 10.1136/tc.8.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the reliability and potential biases of two urine collection methods from which cotinine measures were obtained and the validity of memory-based parental reports of their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). DESIGN Structured interviews were conducted with mothers of infants and young children to obtain memory-based estimates of recent ETS exposure. Urine samples were collected through standard and cotton roll collection methods for cotinine analysis. SETTING All interviews took place at an off-campus research facility. Urine samples were collected at the study office or the subjects' homes. PARTICIPANTS Mothers were recruited from San Diego county sites of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Supplemental Food and Nutrition Program. Sample 1 (infants) consisted of eight boys and eight girls aged 1-44 months (mean = 12.6 months). Sample 2 (children) included 10 boys and 10 girls aged 3-8 years (mean = 61.2 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Urine cotinine and memory-based parent reports of ETS exposure from structured interviews. RESULTS There was overall high reliability for urine cotinine measures and no effect of collection method on urine cotinine levels. Memory-based reports obtained from smoking mothers showed moderately strong and consistent linear relationships with urine cotinine measures of their infants and children (r = 0.50 to r = 0.63), but not for reports obtained from non-smoking mothers. CONCLUSIONS Memory-based parental reports of short-term ETS exposure can play an important role in quantifying ETS exposure in infants and children.
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110
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Matt GE, Garcia M, Primicias WW, Frericks L, De Faria F. Exploring biases in self-reported exercising behavior heuristics based on recency, frequency, and preference. Percept Mot Skills 1999; 88:126-8. [PMID: 10214638 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1999.88.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated biases in the recall of frequency and duration of physical exercise. Following an initial computer-administered self-report interview, 77 subjects maintained diaries for four weeks, in which they recorded the day, time, duration, and type of each exercising bout. Then the interview was administered again, and subjects recalled they exercised more often and for shorter durations than they recorded in their diaries. While social desirability may explain the overestimation of the number of days exercised, the underestimation of exercise duration poses a puzzle. The heuristic of frequency, recency, or prototype could not account for this underestimation. Alternative explanations are explored. Self-reported estimates of exercising duration and frequency should not be taken at face-value until the processes and heuristics used to record and recall exercising behaviors are better understood.
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Shadish WR, Matt GE, Navarro AM, Siegle G, Crits-Christoph P, Hazelrigg MD, Jorm AF, Lyons LC, Nietzel MT, Prout HT, Robinson L, Smith ML, Svartberg M, Weiss B. Evidence that therapy works in clinically representative conditions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65:355-65. [PMID: 9170759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a secondary analysis of past therapy outcome meta-analysis. Fifteen meta-analysis provided effect sizes from 56 studies in previous reviews that met 1 of 3 increasingly stringent levels of criteria for clinical representativeness. The effect sizes were synthesized and compared with results from the original meta-analyses. Effect sizes from more clinically representative studies are the same size at all 3 criteria levels as in past meta-analyses. Almost no studies exist that meet the most stringent level of criteria. Results are interpreted cautiously because of controversy about what criteria best capture the notion of clinical representativeness, because so few experiments have tested therapy in clinical conditions, and because other models for exploring the generalizability of therapy outcome research to clinical conditions might yield different results.
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112
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Wahlgren DR, Hovell MF, Matt GE, Meltzer SB, Zakarian JM, Meltzer EO. Toward a simplified measure of asthma severity for applied research. J Asthma 1997; 34:291-303. [PMID: 9250253 DOI: 10.3109/02770909709067219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is no universally accepted and validated measure of asthma severity. For community research, clinical tests are too costly, and epidemiological assessments provide inadequate data on severity. Symptom measures may offer a practical alternative. This study assessed psychometric properties of symptom ratings of 91 asthmatic children. Reliability and validity of scales created from these items were examined. A sum scale of symptom ratings was internally consistent, reliable across time, and associated with concurrent health indices. This scale may be a practical measure of severity for use in community-based research.
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113
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Shadish WR, Matt GE, Navarro AM, Siegle G, Crits-Christoph P, Hazelrigg MD, Jorm AF, Lyons LC, Nietzel MT, Robinson L, Prout HT, Smith ML, Svartberg M, Weiss B. Evidence that therapy works in clincally representative conditions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.65.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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114
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Matt GE, Navarro AM. What meta-analyses have and have not taught us about psychotherapy effects: a review and future directions. Clin Psychol Rev 1997; 17:1-32. [PMID: 9125365 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(96)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-three meta-analyses of psychotherapeutic interventions are reviewed to examine what we have learned from them about the causal nature, magnitude, and generalizability of psychotherapy effects. Despite the large number of meta-analyses demonstrating specific and nonspecific causal effects of psychotherapeutic interventions, limitations in outcome studies and in meta-analytic reviews currently prevent us from drawing strong generalized inferences about the magnitude of effects, conditions that moderate their size, and variables that mediate therapy effects. There is mounting evidence suggesting that biases associated with individual studies do not cancel each other out when studies are combined meta-analytically, leading to inflated mean effect estimates for some interventions, diagnoses, and outcomes, and deflated estimates for others. There is currently little agreement in the reviewed meta-analyses concerning the limits of the apparent robustness of intervention effects, and variables considered as potential moderators of psychotherapy effects are frequently confounded with other study characteristics. Moreover, generalizability of psychotherapy effects to major target universes (e.g., clinical practice settings, African-American and Latino populations) is compromised by the predominance of efficacy studies conducted in controlled research settings on Anglo populations. Future directions for meta-analyses of psychotherapy outcome studies are discussed.
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115
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Matt GE. Drawing generalized causal inferences based on meta-analysis. NIDA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 1997; 170:165-82. [PMID: 9154257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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116
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Matt GE, Dean A. Social support from friends and psychological distress among elderly persons: moderator effects of age. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 1993; 34:187-200. [PMID: 7989664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the relationships among age, sex, friend support, and psychological distress are examined among elderly persons. Structural equation modeling and a longitudinal design are used to examine direct, indirect, and moderator (interaction) effects over a 22-month interval. Findings suggest that different causal processes operate among persons over the age of 70 (old-old) and those 50 to 70 years (young-old); the cross-lagged effects of friend support on distress and of distress on friend support are only observed in the older group. Compared to the young-old, the old-old receive less friend support at time 2 (T2) if they experienced psychological distress at time 1 (T1), and the old-old are more distressed at T2 if they received low levels of support at T1. As a result of this age interaction, the total effects of sex on distress and support at T2 are twice as large in the sample of old-old persons as in the sample of young-old persons. Such findings suggest that the old-old in general and old-old men in particular are especially vulnerable to psychological distress when losing friend support, and to lose friend support when experiencing psychological distress. Implications of these and other findings are discussed.
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117
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Matt GE, Vázquez C, Campbell W. Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0272-7358(92)90116-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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118
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Matt GE, Dean A, Wang B, Wood P. Identifying clinical syndromes in a community sample of elderly persons. Psychol Assess 1992. [DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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119
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Matt GE. Decision rules for selecting effect sizes in meta-analysis: a review and reanalysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. Psychol Bull 1989; 105:106-15. [PMID: 2648436 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with some of the judgmental factors involved in selecting effect sizes from within the studies that enter a meta-analysis. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual redundancy rule that Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) used in their study of the effectiveness of psychotherapy for deciding which effect sizes should and should not be counted in determining an overall effect size. Data from a random sample of 25 studies from Smith et al.'s (1980) population of psychotherapy outcome studies were first recoded and then reanalyzed meta-analytically. Using the conceptual redundancy rule, three coders independently coded effect sizes and identified more than twice as many of them per study as did Smith et al. Moreover, the treatment effect estimates associated with this larger sample of effects ranged between .30 and .50, about half the size claimed by Smith et al. Analyses of other rules for selecting effect sizes showed that average effect estimates also varied with these rules. Such results indicate that the average effect estimates derived from meta-analyses may depend heavily on judgmental factors that enter into how effect sizes are selected within each of the individual studies considered relevant to a meta-analysis.
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