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Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Grunberger G, Einhorn D, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bush MA, DeFronzo RA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Perreault L, Rosenblit PD, Samson S, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM - 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2020; 26:107-139. [PMID: 32022600 DOI: 10.4158/cs-2019-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bao YK, Yan Y, Gordon M, McGill JB, Kass M, Rajagopal R. Visual Field Loss in Patients With Diabetes in the Absence of Clinically-Detectable Vascular Retinopathy in a Nationally Representative Survey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4711-4716. [PMID: 31725170 PMCID: PMC6855391 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-28063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neuroretinopathy is increasingly being recognized as an independent cause of vision loss in diabetes. Visual field loss, as detected by frequency doubling technology (FDT)-based visual perimetry, is a sign of neuroretinopathy and occurs in early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Here, we hypothesized that FDT visual field testing could identify patients with diabetic neuroretinopathy in the absence of clinically detectable microvascular DR. Methods All National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2008 participants receiving fundus photography and visual field screening by FDT were included in this study. Participants with self-reported glaucoma, use of glaucoma medications, or determination of glaucoma based on disk features were excluded. Visual fields were screened using FDT protocol in which participants underwent a 19-subfield suprathreshold test. Results Patients with diabetes but no DR were more likely to have ≥1 subfield defects at 5%, 2%, and 1% probability levels than patients without diabetes (41.3% vs. 28.6%; 27.4% vs. 17.5%; 15.9% vs. 9.4%; all P < 0.0008). Multivariable regression showed that each additional glycated hemoglobin % (HbA1c) was associated with 19% greater odds of having ≥1 visual subfield defects in those with diabetes without DR (odds ratio: 1.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.07–1.33; P = 0.0020). Conclusions Patients with diabetes have visual field defects in the absence of clinically detectable DR, suggesting neuroretinopathy precedes classical microvascular disease. These defects become more frequent with the onset of visible retinopathy and worsen as the retinopathy becomes more severe. Longitudinal studies are required to understand the pathogenesis of diabetic neuroretinopathy in relation to classic DR.
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Herold KC, Bucktrout SL, Wang X, Bode BW, Gitelman SE, Gottlieb PA, Hughes J, Joh T, McGill JB, Pettus JH, Potluri S, Schatz D, Shannon M, Udata C, Wong G, Levisetti M, Ganguly BJ, Garzone PD. Immunomodulatory activity of humanized anti-IL-7R monoclonal antibody RN168 in subjects with type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126054. [PMID: 31852846 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine IL-7 is critical for T cell development and function. We performed a Phase Ib study in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to evaluate how blockade of IL-7 would affect immune cells and relevant clinical responses. METHODS Thirty-seven subjects with T1D received s.c. RN168, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the IL -7 receptor α (IL7Rα) in a dose-escalating study. RESULTS Between 90% and 100% IL-7R occupancy and near-complete inhibition of pSTAT5 was observed at doses of RN168 1 mg/kg every other week (Q2wk) and greater. There was a significant decline in CD4+ and CD8+ effector and central memory T cells and CD4+ naive cells, but there were fewer effects on CD8+ naive T cells. The ratios of Tregs to CD4+ or CD8+ effector and central memory T cells versus baseline were increased. RNA sequencing analysis showed downmodulation of genes associated with activation, survival, and differentiation of T cells. Expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 was reduced. The majority of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild and not treatment related. Four subjects became anti-EBV IgG+ after RN168, and 2 had symptoms of active infection. The immunologic response to tetanus toxoid was preserved at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg Q2wk but reduced at higher doses. CONCLUSIONS This trial shows that, at dosages of 1-3 mg/kg, RN168 selectively inhibits the survival and activity of memory T cells while preserving naive T cells and Tregs. These immunologic effects may serve to eliminate pathologic T cells in autoimmune diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02038764. FUNDING Pfizer Inc.
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McGill JB, Subramanian S. Safety of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors. Am J Cardiol 2019; 124 Suppl 1:S45-S52. [PMID: 31741440 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have a well-defined safety profile based on data obtained from numerous clinical trials, including cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) and postmarketing pharmacovigilance reporting. Adverse events including risk of genital mycotic infection and volume depletion-related events are consistent with the mechanism of action of this drug class. However, several emergent (albeit infrequent) serious safety issues have also been reported. In their respective CVOTs, the proportion of patients with reported diabetic ketoacidosis was similar in empagliflozin or canagliflozin compared with their placebo groups, but it was higher for dapagliflozin. Canagliflozin may be associated with an increased risk of bone fracture and lower limb amputation; however, data are inconclusive. There is no evidence linking SGLT2 inhibitors with an increased risk of cancer, but these agents, particularly dapagliflozin, should be used with caution in patients with hematuria or a history of bladder cancer. Postmarketing reports of acute kidney injury have occurred in patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, and cases identified in recent CVOTs occurred with similar frequency in SGLT2 inhibitor and placebo groups. Common adverse events associated with SGLT2 inhibitors (such as genital infections or volume depletion) are generally mild and manageable by patients or by primary care physicians, and the risk of rare events (such as ketoacidosis) can be minimized by appropriate patient selection and early recognition of symptoms. When selecting treatment, it is important that clinicians weigh the known risks of SGLT2 inhibitors against their proven benefits, including the reduction of adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes.
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Leahy JJL, Aleppo G, Fonseca VA, Garg SK, Hirsch IB, McCall AL, McGill JB, Polonsky WH. Optimizing Postprandial Glucose Management in Adults With Insulin-Requiring Diabetes: Report and Recommendations. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1942-1957. [PMID: 31608313 PMCID: PMC6781941 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Faster-acting insulins, new noninsulin drug classes, more flexible insulin-delivery systems, and improved continuous glucose monitoring devices offer unprecedented opportunities to improve postprandial glucose (PPG) management and overall care for adults with insulin-treated diabetes. These developments led the Endocrine Society to convene a working panel of diabetes experts in December 2018 to assess the current state of PPG management, identify innovative ways to improve self-management and quality of life, and align best practices to current and emerging treatment and monitoring options. Drawing on current research and collective clinical experience, we considered the following issues for the ∼200 million adults worldwide with type 1 and insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes: (i) the role of PPG management in reducing the risk of diabetes complications; (ii) barriers preventing effective PPG management; (iii) strategies to reduce PPG excursions and improve patient quality of life; and (iv) education and clinical tools to support endocrinologists in improving PPG management. We concluded that managing PPG to minimize or prevent diabetes-related complications will require elucidating fundamental questions about optimal ways to quantify and clinically assess the metabolic dysregulation and consequences of the abnormal postprandial state in diabetes and recommend research strategies to address these questions. We also identified practical strategies and tools that are already available to reduce barriers to effective PPG management, optimize use of new and emerging clinical tools, and improve patient self-management and quality of life.
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McGill JB, Wu M, Pop-Busui R, Mizokami-Stout K, Tamborlane WV, Aleppo G, Gubitosi-Klug RA, Haller MJ, Willi SM, Foster NC, Zimmerman C, Libman I, Polsky S, Rickels MR. Biologic and social factors predict incident kidney disease in type 1 diabetes: Results from the T1D exchange clinic network. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:107400. [PMID: 31279735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major complication of type 1 diabetes (T1D). To better understand the development of DKD in modern clinical practice, we evaluated risk factors in participants from the T1D Exchange Registry who completed 5-years of longitudinal follow-up. METHODS Participants had T1D duration ≥ 1 year, age ≥ 10 years, eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min and no albuminuria at enrollment, and at least two serum creatinine and urine albumin measurements recorded during follow-up. Adverse kidney outcomes were defined as eGFR ≪ 60 ml/min and/or albuminuria (ALB) defined by as two consecutive albumin/creatinine ratios or two out of the past three measurements ≫ 30 μg/mg at any follow-up data collection. Associations of baseline characteristics with adverse kidney outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Among 3940 participants (mean age 41 ± 15 yrs, T1D duration 21 ± 13 yrs), 653 (16.6%) experienced an adverse kidney outcome: 268 (6.8%) experienced incident ALB only, 322 (8.2%) had eGFR decline to ≪60 ml/min without ALB, and 63 (1.6%) experienced eGFR ≪ 60 ml/min with ALB. In a multivariable analysis, higher HbA1c, higher SBP, lower DBP, older age and lower education level were associated with the development of adverse kidney outcomes (all p values ≤ 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Improving modifiable risk factors, including glucose and blood pressure control, remain important to reduce the risk of DKD in T1D.
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Irl B H, Evert A, Fleming A, Gaudiani LM, Guggenmos KJ, Kaufer DI, McGill JB, Verderese CA, Martinez J. Culinary Medicine: Advancing a Framework for Healthier Eating to Improve Chronic Disease Management and Prevention. Clin Ther 2019; 41:2184-2198. [PMID: 31543284 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unsustainable increases in the prevalence and costs of chronic disease in the United States call for low-cost, high-impact interventions that can be readily incorporated into people's daily lives. Culinary medicine is one such intervention. As a practical discipline, culinary medicine integrates the art of preparing, cooking, and presenting food with the science of medicine to achieve desired health outcomes. This article describes how the underpinnings and components of culinary medicine enhance existing nutrition interventions. Evidence of improved well-being and reduced resource utilization as the result of culinary medicine interventions is compiled for easy reference by health care organizations, medical professionals, people living with or at risk for chronic disease, food industry specialists, and payers in both the public and private sectors. Suggestions for individual and organizational implementation of culinary medicine strategies are offered with a proposed lexicon for continued development of the field.
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Afkarian M, Polsky S, Parsa A, Aronson R, Caramori ML, Cherney DZ, Crandall JP, de Boer IH, Elliott TG, Galecki AT, Goldfine AB, Haw JS, Hirsch IB, Karger AB, Lingvay I, Maahs DM, McGill JB, Molitch ME, Perkins BA, Pop-Busui R, Pragnell M, Rosas SE, Rossing P, Senior P, Sigal RJ, Spino C, Tuttle KR, Umpierrez GE, Wallia A, Weinstock RS, Wu C, Mauer M, Doria A. Preventing Early Renal Loss in Diabetes (PERL) Study: A Randomized Double-Blinded Trial of Allopurinol-Rationale, Design, and Baseline Data. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1454-1463. [PMID: 31186299 PMCID: PMC6647051 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher serum uric acid (SUA) is associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Preventing Early Renal Loss in Diabetes (PERL) evaluates whether lowering SUA with allopurinol slows glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and mild to moderate DKD. We present the PERL rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial randomized 530 participants with T1D, estimated GFR (eGFR) of 40-99.9 mL/min/1.73 m2, SUA ≥4.5 m/dL, and micro- to macroalbuminuric DKD or normoalbuminuria with declining kidney function (NDKF) (defined as historical eGFR decline ≥3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) to allopurinol or placebo. The primary outcome is baseline-adjusted iohexol GFR (iGFR) after 3 years of treatment plus a 2-month washout period. RESULTS Participants are 66% male and 84% white. At baseline, median age was 52 years and diabetes duration was 35 years, 93% of participants had hypertension, and 90% were treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (median blood pressure 127/71 mmHg). Median HbA1c was 8%, SUA 5.9 mg/dL, iGFR 68 mL/min/1.73 m2, and historical eGFR slope -3.5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year. Compared with participants with albuminuria (n = 419), those with NDKF (n = 94) were significantly older (56 vs. 52 years), had lower HbA1c (7.7 vs. 8.1%) and SUA (5.4 vs. 6.0 mg/dL), and had higher eGFR (82 vs. 74 mL/min/1.73 m2) and historical eGFR loss (-4.7 vs. -2.5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year). These differences persisted when comparing groups with similar rates of historical eGFR loss. CONCLUSIONS PERL will determine the effect of allopurinol on mild to moderate DKD in T1D, with or without albuminuria. Participants with normoalbuminuria and rapid GFR loss manifested many DKD risk factors of those with albuminuria, but with less severity.
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Bao YK, Ma J, Ganesan VC, McGill JB. Mistaken Identity: Missed Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in an Older Adult. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2019; 7:1962. [PMID: 31930171 PMCID: PMC6953756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age from infancy to elderhood. Patients with hyperglycemia onset at older ages are presumed to have type 2 diabetes, but the misdiagnosis of type 2 diabetes as type 1 diabetes in adults has serious consequences. Medical error in this domain leads to significant patient harm that could be avoided with the correct diagnostic testing. Here, we discuss the case of a 58-year-old man who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at age 51 but was given the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. During two subsequent admissions for DKA, he suffered severe complications. After his third episode of DKA, antibodies and C-peptide were checked, prompting a change in diagnosis to T1DM. Following a correct diagnosis of T1DM, diabetes education and appropriate treatment, the patient remained free of DKA and had improved glucose control. Under-diagnosis of type 1 diabetes can lead to recurrence of life-threatening episodes of DKA. Anti-GAD antibody and C-peptide testing are under-utilized in the differential diagnosis of type 1 versus type 2 diabetes in adults. This case demonstrates the consequences of the mis-diagnosis of type 1 diabetes as type 2 diabetes. The correct diagnosis is necessary to prevent hospital readmissions, morbidity, mortality and medical errors.
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Charytan DM, Solomon SD, Ivanovich P, Remuzzi G, Cooper ME, McGill JB, Parving HH, Parfrey P, Singh AK, Burdmann EA, Levey AS, Eckardt KU, McMurray JJV, Weinrauch LA, Liu J, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Pfeffer MA. Metformin use and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:1199-1208. [PMID: 30672083 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin could have benefits on cardiovascular disease and kidney disease progression but is often withheld from individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) because of a concern that it may increase the risk of lactic acidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS All-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiovascular events (death, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke or myocardial ischemia), end stage renal disease (ESRD) and the kidney disease composite (ESRD or death) were compared in metformin users and non-users with diabetes and CKD enrolled in the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp (darbepoeitin-alfa) Therapy (TREAT) (NCT00093015). Outcomes were compared after propensity matching of users and non-users and in multivariable proportional hazards models. RESULTS There were 591 individuals who used metformin at baseline and 3447 non-users. Among propensity-matched users, the crude incidence rate for mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events and the combined endpoint was lower in metformin users than in non-users, but ESRD was marginally higher (4.0% vs 3.6%). Metformin use was independently associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.36-0.69), cardiovascular death (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.32-0.74), the cardiovascular composite (HR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.51-0.88) and the kidney disease composite (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.98). Associations with ESRD (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.65-1.55) were not significant. Results were qualitatively similar in adjusted analyses of the full population. Two cases of lactic acidosis were observed. CONCLUSIONS Metformin may be safer for use in CKD than previously considered and may lower the risk of death and cardiovascular events in individuals with stage 3 CKD.
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Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, Dagogo-Jack S, DeFronzo RA, Einhorn D, Fonseca VA, Garber JR, Garvey WT, Grunberger G, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jellinger PS, McGill JB, Mechanick JI, Rosenblit PD, Umpierrez GE. CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM - 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:69-100. [PMID: 30742570 DOI: 10.4158/cs-2018-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bao YK, Weide LG, Ganesan VC, Jakhar I, McGill JB, Sahil S, Cheng AL, Gaddis M, Drees BM. High prevalence of comorbid autoimmune diseases in adults with type 1 diabetes from the HealthFacts database. J Diabetes 2019; 11:273-279. [PMID: 30226016 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at risk for other autoimmune diseases (ie, polyautoimmunity). The prevalence and risk factors of this phenomenon have been underreported in adults and ethnic minorities, and data are lacking regarding non-endocrine autoimmune diseases. METHODS Study population data were gathered from HealthFacts, a deidentified patient database compiled from electronic medical records systems in the US. Patients with an International Classification of Diseases diagnosis code specifying T1D were included in the study, whereas those with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were excluded. RESULTS The cross-sectional study cohort comprised 158 865 adults with T1D (mean [±SD] age 51.4 ± 18.9 years, 52.5% female). The most common autoimmune diseases were thyroid disease (20.1%), systemic rheumatic diseases (3.4%), rheumatoid arthritis specifically (2.0%), and gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases (1.4%). Most of the autoimmune diseases were more common in women (eg hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren syndrome). Caucasians were more likely than other ethnicities to have an additional autoimmune disease. The prevalence of autoimmune diseases increased with increasing age, significantly in women, such that 38.5% of women over 80 years of age had an additional autoimmune disease, compared with 17.9% of women aged ≤29 years. CONCLUSIONS Additional autoimmunity represents a significant comorbidity in patients with T1D. Autoimmune diseases are more common in Caucasians and in women, and increase with age. Clinicians treating patients with T1D should be aware of the risk factors for additional autoimmune diseases.
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Hughes JW, Bao YK, Salam M, Joshi P, Kilpatrick CR, Juneja K, Nieves D, Bouhairie V, Jordan OJ, Blustein EC, Tobin GS, McGill JB. Late-Onset T1DM and Older Age Predict Risk of Additional Autoimmune Disease. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:32-38. [PMID: 30361208 PMCID: PMC6300704 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with other autoimmune diseases (AIDs), which may have serious health consequences. The epidemiology of AIDs in T1DM is not well defined in adults with T1DM. In this cross-sectional cohort study, we sought to characterize the incident ages and prevalence of AIDs in adults with T1DM across a wide age spectrum. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 1,212 adults seen at the Washington University Diabetes Center from 2011 to 2018 provided informed consent for the collection of their age, sex, race, and disease onset data. We performed paired association analyses based on age at onset of T1DM. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent effects of sex, race, T1DM age of onset, and T1DM duration on the prevalence of an additional AID. RESULTS Mean ± SD age of T1DM onset was 21.2 ± 14.4 years. AID incidence and prevalence increased with age. Female sex strongly predicted AID risk. The most prevalent T1DM-associated AIDs were thyroid disease, collagen vascular diseases, and pernicious anemia. T1DM age of onset and T1DM duration predicted AID risk. Patients with late-onset T1DM after 30 years of age had higher risks of developing additional AIDs compared with patients with younger T1DM onset. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of AIDs in patients with T1DM increases with age and female sex. Later onset of T1DM is an independent and significant risk factor for developing additional AIDs. Individuals who are diagnosed with T1DM at older ages, particularly women, should be monitored for other autoimmune conditions.
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McGill JB, Johnson M, Hurst S, Cade WT, Yarasheski KE, Ostlund RE, Schechtman KB, Razani B, Kastan MB, McClain DA, de las Fuentes L, Davila-Roman VG, Ory DS, Wickline SA, Semenkovich CF. Low dose chloroquine decreases insulin resistance in human metabolic syndrome but does not reduce carotid intima-media thickness. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:61. [PMID: 31384309 PMCID: PMC6664523 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome, an obesity-related condition associated with insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation, leads to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, osteoarthritis, and other disorders. Optimal therapy is unknown. The antimalarial drug chloroquine activates the kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), improves metabolic syndrome and reduces atherosclerosis in mice. To translate this observation to humans, we conducted two clinical trials of chloroquine in people with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Eligibility included adults with at least 3 criteria of metabolic syndrome but who did not have diabetes. Subjects were studied in the setting of a single academic health center. The specific hypothesis: chloroquine improves insulin sensitivity and decreases atherosclerosis. In Trial 1, the intervention was chloroquine dose escalations in 3-week intervals followed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. Trial 2 was a parallel design randomized clinical trial, and the intervention was chloroquine, 80 mg/day, or placebo for 1 year. The primary outcomes were clamp determined-insulin sensitivity for Trial 1, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) for Trial 2. For Trial 2, subjects were allocated based on a randomization sequence using a protocol in blocks of 8. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. RESULTS For Trial 1, 25 patients were studied. Chloroquine increased hepatic insulin sensitivity without affecting glucose disposal, and improved serum lipids. For Trial 2, 116 patients were randomized, 59 to chloroquine (56 analyzed) and 57 to placebo (51 analyzed). Chloroquine had no effect on CIMT or carotid contrast enhancement by MRI, a pre-specified secondary outcome. The pre-specified secondary outcomes of blood pressure, lipids, and activation of JNK (a stress kinase implicated in diabetes and atherosclerosis) were decreased by chloroquine. Adverse events were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that low dose chloroquine, which improves the metabolic syndrome through ATM-dependent mechanisms in mice, modestly improves components of the metabolic syndrome in humans but is unlikely to be clinically useful in this setting.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00455325, NCT00455403), both posted 03 April 2007.
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Mc Causland FR, Claggett B, Burdmann EA, Chertow GM, Cooper ME, Eckardt KU, Ivanovich P, Levey AS, Lewis EF, McGill JB, McMurray JJV, Parfrey P, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Singh AK, Solomon SD, Toto RD, Pfeffer MA. Treatment of Anemia With Darbepoetin Prior to Dialysis Initiation and Clinical Outcomes: Analyses From the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT). Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 73:309-315. [PMID: 30578152 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Evidence from clinical trials to guide patient preparation for maintenance dialysis therapy is limited. Although anemia is associated with mortality and cardiovascular (CV) disease in individuals initiating maintenance dialysis therapy, it is not known if treatment of anemia before dialysis therapy initiation with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents alters outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Participants with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease who progressed to dialysis therapy (n=590) in the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT). EXPOSURE Randomized treatment assignment (darbepoetin vs placebo). OUTCOMES All-cause mortality, CV mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke within the first 180 days of dialysis therapy initiation. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Overall, 590 of 4,038 (14.6%) participants initiated dialysis therapy during the trial (n=298 and 292 in the darbepoetin and placebo groups, respectively). Corresponding hemoglobin levels were 11.3±1.6 and 9.5±1.5g/dL (P<0.001). Death from any cause occurred in 31 (10.4%) participants assigned to darbepoetin and 28 (9.6%) assigned to placebo (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.69-1.93), while death from CV causes occurred in 15 (5.0%) and 13 (4.5%) participants, respectively (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.58-1.93). There were no differences in risk for nonfatal myocardial infarction or heart failure. Stroke occurred in 8 (2.8%) participants assigned to darbepoetin and 1 (0.3%) assigned to placebo (HR, 8.6; 95% CI, 1.1-68.7). LIMITATIONS Post hoc analyses of a subgroup of study participants. CONCLUSIONS Despite initiating dialysis therapy with a higher hemoglobin level, prior treatment with darbepoetin was not associated with a reduction in mortality, myocardial infarction, or heart failure in the first 180 days, but a higher frequency of stroke was observed. In the absence of more definitive data, this may inform decisions regarding the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to treat mild to moderate anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease nearing dialysis therapy initiation.
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Aleppo G, Kanapka LG, Foster NC, Wu M, Clements MA, Rickels MR, McGill JB, Beck RW. CHEIROARTHROPATHY: A COMMON DISORDER IN PATIENTS IN THE T1D EXCHANGE. Endocr Pract 2018; 25:138-143. [PMID: 30383489 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2018-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic cheiroarthropathy is a long-term complication of diabetes that causes significant morbidity and can impair functional abilities. It has not been well studied in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The T1D Exchange registry provided an opportunity to assess the frequency of cheiroarthropathy and related characteristics. METHODS An internet-based survey was sent to 6,199 registry participants ≥18 years old, with 1,911 (31%) responding (62% female, 90% non-Hispanic White, mean age 40 years, median diabetes duration 20 years, mean glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] 7.7% [61 mmol/mol]). RESULTS A total of 586 (31%) adults reported a diagnosis of ≥1 upper extremity disorder: 293 (15%) reported frozen shoulder, 293 (15%) trigger finger, 261 (14%) carpal tunnel, and 92 (5%) Dupuytren contracture, with 281 (15%) reporting ≥2 disorders. Those with upper extremity joint disorders were more likely older ( P<.001) and had longer duration of diabetes ( P<.001) than those without. HbA1c levels at the time of survey completion were 7.6% in participants with cheiroarthropathy versus 7.8% (62 mmol/mol) in participants without cheiroarthropathy. CONCLUSION Cheiroarthropathy is common in adults with T1D. Additional research is needed to understand the pathogenesis and risk factors for this disorder. Standards of care for early recognition and treatment of diabetic cheiroarthropathy are also needed, particularly for adults with long-term diabetes. Improved awareness of cheiroarthropathy signs and symptoms of is needed so that patients can be identified and seek treatment before the condition causes disability. ABBREVIATIONS BMI = body mass index; CGM = continuous glucose monitor; DCCT/EDIC = Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications; HbA1C = glycated hemoglobin; T1D = type 1 diabetes; T2D = type 2 diabetes.
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Mueller MJ, Sorensen CJ, McGill JB, Clark BR, Lang CE, Chen L, Bohnert KL, Hastings MK. Effect of a Shoulder Movement Intervention on Joint Mobility, Pain, and Disability in People With Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Phys Ther 2018; 98:745-753. [PMID: 29893977 PMCID: PMC6692706 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with diabetes are at high risk for shoulder pain, limited joint mobility, and adhesive capsulitis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a shoulder movement intervention (ShoMo) compared to a wellness intervention on the primary outcomes of active shoulder flexion and reported Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) measured after intervention and 9 months later. DESIGN The design was a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. SETTING The setting was a research center at an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two participants with type 2 diabetes and shoulder pain or limited motion were randomized to a group receiving ShoMo (N = 27; mean age = 59.3; SD = 7.0) or a group receiving wellness activities (N = 25; mean age = 57.9; SD = 7.7). INTERVENTION The ShoMo group received instruction in a progressive, active shoulder movement program. The wellness group received instruction in diabetes management. MEASUREMENTS Measurements were made at baseline, after 3 months of intervention, and at 6, 9, and 12 months after baseline. RESULTS After intervention, the ShoMo group had a 7.2-degree increase in active shoulder flexion compared with the wellness group (95% CI = 0.9-13.5°), but there was no difference at subsequent follow-ups. The ShoMo group showed a 12.7-point improvement in the SPADI score compared to the wellness group after intervention (95% CI = 1.1-24.3), which remained better than the wellness group 9 months later. LIMITATIONS The number of participants and duration of follow-up were inadequate to determine if intervention can help to prevent future severe shoulder problems. CONCLUSIONS A progressive shoulder movement program can have meaningful effects on active motion and symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes and mild-to-moderate shoulder symptoms, with symptom improvement lasting at least 9 months.
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Bao YK, Salam M, Parks D, McGill JB, Hughes J. High prevalence of systemic rheumatic diseases in women with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:737-739. [PMID: 29958774 PMCID: PMC6056016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of systemic rheumatic diseases (SRDs) in T1DM has not been described. METHOD This observational study compares SRD prevalence across age, race, and gender in 1,212 adults with T1DM. FINDINGS There is an age-dependent enrichment of SRDs in women with T1DM: 9.2% prevalence in women overall and 14% in women over age 50. CONCLUSION Clinicians taking care of older women with T1DM should monitor for these SRDs.
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Hughes JW, Muegge BD, Tobin GS, Litvin M, Sun L, Saenz JB, Gyawali CP, McGill JB. HIGH-RISK GASTRIC PATHOLOGY AND PREVALENT AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH PERNICIOUS ANEMIA. Endocr Pract 2018; 23:1297-1303. [PMID: 29190137 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2017-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pernicious anemia (PA) develops from atrophic gastritis due to autoimmune destruction of parietal cells and results in achlorhydria, vitamin B12 and iron deficiencies, anemia, neurologic deficits, and premalignant and malignant stomach lesions. We report the presentation, diagnosis and gastric complications of PA in patients from an endocrinology practice. METHODS Thirty-four patients (31 female, 3 male) with PA who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) or gastrectomy were identified. Pertinent clinical, laboratory, and pathology findings were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 58.6 ± 14.2 years; the onset of PA was age 50.2 ± 15.3 years. Anemia reflected vitamin B12 and/or iron deficiencies. Parietal cell antibodies (PCA) were detected in 97% of patients, and intrinsic factor blocking antibody (IFBA) was found in 52%. Fasting gastrin and chromogranin A levels were elevated (1,518.0 ± 1,588.3 pg/mL, and 504.9.1 ± 1,524.9 ng/mL respectively). Autoimmune or immunologic diseases (AIDs) were present in 32/34 patients. Stomach pathology showed premalignant or malignant lesions in 26 patients, including gastric neuroendocrine tumors (GNETs) in 6 and adenocarcinoma in 1. One patient presented with neurologic symptoms and subacute combined degeneration of the posterior column of the spinal cord. CONCLUSION PA should be suspected in patients with unexplained anemia or neurologic symptoms. The diagnosis of PA relies on fasting gastrin and gastric auto-antibody testing, in addition to hematologic evaluation. EGD with measurement of gastric pH and biopsies of the fundus and antrum identifies patients with achlorhydria, atrophic gastritis, and premalignant and malignant stomach lesions. EGD surveillance of patients with high-risk stomach lesions is recommended. ABBREVIATIONS AID = autoimmune or immunologic disease; EGD = esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GNET = gastric neuroendocrine tumor; IFBA = intrinsic factor blocking antibody; PA = pernicious anemia; PCA = parietal cell antibody; T1D = type 1 diabetes.
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Beck RW, Riddlesworth TD, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Haller S, Kruger D, McGill JB, Polonsky W, Price D, Aronoff S, Aronson R, Toschi E, Kollman C, Bergenstal R. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Usual Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Multiple Daily Insulin Injections: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167:365-374. [PMID: 28828487 DOI: 10.7326/m16-2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which studies have shown is beneficial for adults with type 1 diabetes, has not been well-evaluated in those with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of CGM in adults with type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily injections of insulin. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. (The protocol also included a type 1 diabetes cohort in a parallel trial and subsequent second trial.) (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02282397). SETTING 25 endocrinology practices in North America. PATIENTS 158 adults who had had type 2 diabetes for a median of 17 years (interquartile range, 11 to 23 years). Participants were aged 35 to 79 years (mean, 60 years [SD, 10]), were receiving multiple daily injections of insulin, and had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of 7.5% to 9.9% (mean, 8.5%). INTERVENTION Random assignment to CGM (n = 79) or usual care (control group, n = 79). MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was HbA1c reduction at 24 weeks. RESULTS Mean HbA1c levels decreased to 7.7% in the CGM group and 8.0% in the control group at 24 weeks (adjusted difference in mean change, -0.3% [95% CI, -0.5% to 0.0%]; P = 0.022). The groups did not differ meaningfully in CGM-measured hypoglycemia or quality-of-life outcomes. The CGM group averaged 6.7 days (SD, 0.9) of CGM use per week. LIMITATION 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION A high percentage of adults who received multiple daily insulin injections for type 2 diabetes used CGM on a daily or near-daily basis for 24 weeks and had improved glycemic control. Because few insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes currently use CGM, these results support an additional management method that may benefit these patients. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Dexcom.
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Beck RW, Riddlesworth TD, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Ahmann AJ, Bergenstal RM, Bhargava A, Bode BW, Haller S, Kruger DF, McGill JB, Polonsky W, Price D, Toschi E. Effect of initiating use of an insulin pump in adults with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily insulin injections and continuous glucose monitoring (DIAMOND): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5:700-708. [PMID: 28711468 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of initiation of insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; CSII) in patients with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has not been studied. We aimed to assess glycaemic outcomes when switching from multiple daily injections (MDI) to CSII in adults with type 1 diabetes using CGM. METHODS In this multicentre, randomised controlled trial, 75 adults with type 1 diabetes in the CGM group of the DIAMOND trial were randomly assigned via the study website using a computer-generated sequence to continue MDI or switch to CSII, with continuation of CGM, for 28 weeks. The primary outcome was CGM-measured time in the glucose concentration range of 70-180 mg/dL (3·9-10·0 mmol/L). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02282397. FINDINGS Between April 14, 2015, and May 5, 2016, 37 participants were randomly assigned to the CGM plus CSII group and 38 participants were randomly assigned to the CGM plus MDI group. The study was completed by 36 (97%) of 37 participants in the CGM plus CSII group and 35 (92%) of 38 participants in the CGM plus MDI group. Mean CGM use was 6·7 days per week (SD 0·8) in the CGM plus CSII group and 6·9 days per week (0·3) in the CGM plus MDI group (p=0·86). No participants in the CGM plus CSII group who completed the trial discontinued CSII. Over the follow-up period, mean time in the glucose concentration range of 70-180 mg/dL (3·9-10·0 mmol/L) was 791 min per day (SD 157) in the CGM plus CSII group and 741 min per day (225) in the CGM plus MDI group (adjusted mean treatment group difference: 83 min, 95% CI 17-149; p=0·01). Participants in the CGM plus CSII group had a greater reduction in CGM-measured mean glucose (p=0·005) and hyperglycaemia (on four metrics: p=0·007 for >180 mg/dL [>10·0 mmol/L], p=0·02 for >250 mg/dL [>13·9 mmol/L], p=0·04 for >300 mg/dL [>16·6 mmol/L], and p=0·02 for the area under the curve for 180 mg/dL [10·0 mmol/L]), but also an increase in CGM-measured hypoglycaemia (p=0·0001 for <70 mg/dL [<3·9 mmol/L], p=0·0002 for <60 mg/dL [<3·3 mmol/L], p=0·0009 for <50 mg/dL [<2·8 mmol/L], p=0·0002 for the area over the curve for 70 mg/dL [3·9 mmol/L]). Mean HbA1c change from baseline to 28 weeks was 0·3% (SD 0·9; 3·3 mmol/mol [SD 9·8]) in the CGM plus CSII group and 0·1% (0·4; 1·1 mmol/mol [4·4]) in the CGM plus MDI group (p=0·32). Severe hypoglycaemia occurred in one participant in the CGM plus MDI group, and diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hyperglycaemia occurred in one participant each in the CGM plus CSII group. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that glycaemic control measured by time in the glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL (3·9-10·0 mmol/L) is improved by initiation of CSII in adults with type 1 diabetes. However, biochemical hypoglycaemia also was increased in the study, which will be important to consider when incorporating these results into clinical practice. FUNDING Dexcom.
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Charytan DM, Solomon SD, Ivanovich P, Remuzzi G, Cooper ME, McGill JB, Parving HH, Parfrey P, Singh AK, Burdmann EA, Levey AS, de Zeeuw D, Eckardt KU, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, Lewis EF, Pfeffer MA. ESRD After Heart Failure, Myocardial Infarction, or Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 70:522-531. [PMID: 28599901 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How cardiovascular (CV) events affect progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), particularly in the setting of type 2 diabetes, remains uncertain. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 4,022 patients with type 2 diabetes, anemia, and chronic kidney disease from the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events With Aranesp Therapy (TREAT). PREDICTOR Postrandomization CV events. OUTCOMES ESRD (defined as initiation of dialysis for >30 days, kidney transplantation, or refusal or nonavailability of renal replacement therapy) and post-ESRD mortality within 30 days and during overall follow-up after an intercurrent CV event. LIMITATIONS Population limited to clinical trial participants with diabetes and anemia. RESULTS 155 of 652 (23.8%) ESRD cases occurred after an intercurrent CV event; 110 (16.9%) cases followed heart failure, 28 (4.3%) followed myocardial infarction, 12 (1.84%) followed stroke, and 5 (0.77%) followed multiple CV events. ESRD rate was higher within 30 days in individuals with an intercurrent CV event compared with those without an intercurrent event (HR, 22.2; 95% CI, 17.0-29.0). Compared to no intercurrent CV events, relative risks for ESRD were higher after the occurrence of heart failure overall (HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.7-4.2) and at 30 days (HR, 20.1; 95% CI, 14.5-27.9) than after myocardial infarction or stroke (P<0.001). Compared with individuals without pre-ESRD events, those with ESRD following intercurrent CV events were older, were more likely to have prior CV disease, and had higher (24.4 vs 23.1mL/min/1.73m2; P=0.01) baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) and higher eGFRs at last measurement before ESRD (18.6 vs 15.2mL/min/1.73m2; P<0.001), whereas race, sex, and medication use were similar. Post-ESRD mortality was similar (P=0.3) with and without preceding CV events. CONCLUSIONS Most ESRD cases occurred in individuals without intercurrent CV events who had lower eGFRs than individuals with intercurrent CV events, but similar post-ESRD mortality. Nevertheless, intercurrent CV events, particularly heart failure, are strongly associated with risk for ESRD. These findings underscore the need for kidney-specific therapies in addition to treatment of CV risk factors to lower ESRD incidence in diabetes.
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Sorensen CJ, Hastings MK, Lang CE, McGill JB, Clark BR, Bohnert KL, Mueller MJ. Relationship of shoulder activity and skin intrinsic fluorescence with low level shoulder pain and disability in people with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:983-987. [PMID: 28392042 PMCID: PMC5438882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM People with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a high incidence of musculoskeletal disorders thought to be influenced by high non-enzymatic advanced glycated end-products (AGEs). The goals of this study were to determine differences in shoulder activity level and AGEs in people with T2DM compared to matched controls, and to determine factors associated with shoulder pain and disability. METHODS Eighty-one participants, T2DM (n=52) and controls (n=29), were examined for magnitude and duration of shoulder activity (measured using accelerometers), skin intrinsic florescence (SIF) as a surrogate measure of AGE level, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) as a self-report of shoulder pain and disability. RESULTS Compared with controls, T2DM participants had 23% less shoulder activity (p=0.01), greater SIF level (3.6±1.7 vs 2.7±0.6AU, p=0.01), less shoulder strength (p<0.05), and the duration of their shoulder activity was moderately associated (r=0.40; p<0.01) with reported shoulder pain and disability. Shoulder pain and disability were not related to SIF level. CONCLUSIONS Persons with T2DM have higher SIF levels and shoulder symptoms and disability indices than controls. Research is needed to determine if a shoulder mobility intervention to increase strength and mobility can help decrease shoulder pain and disability.
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Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is developing into an increasingly useful tool for glucose monitoring and therapeutic guidance in the treatment of diabetes. Multiple daily doses of insulin (MDI) is the most common method for intensive insulin treatment of type 1 diabetes and is also becoming more common in the treatment of type 2 diabetes as an increasing population with type 2 diabetes experiences progressive beta cell loss. The clinical evidence demonstrating the benefit of CGM in the outcomes of patients treated with MDI is becoming clearer, particularly with the recent completion of several randomized clinical trials addressing both type 1 and 2 diabetes. This evidence is reviewed.
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Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Bergenstal R, Haller S, Kollman C, Kruger D, McGill JB, Polonsky W, Toschi E, Wolpert H, Price D. Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Injections: The DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 317:371-378. [PMID: 28118453 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.19975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Previous clinical trials showing the benefit of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of type 1 diabetes predominantly have included adults using insulin pumps, even though the majority of adults with type 1 diabetes administer insulin by injection. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of CGM in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin injections. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial conducted between October 2014 and May 2016 at 24 endocrinology practices in the United States that included 158 adults with type 1 diabetes who were using multiple daily insulin injections and had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of 7.5% to 9.9%. INTERVENTIONS Random assignment 2:1 to CGM (n = 105) or usual care (control group; n = 53). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome measure was the difference in change in central-laboratory-measured HbA1c level from baseline to 24 weeks. There were 18 secondary or exploratory end points, of which 15 are reported in this article, including duration of hypoglycemia at less than 70 mg/dL, measured with CGM for 7 days at 12 and 24 weeks. RESULTS Among the 158 randomized participants (mean age, 48 years [SD, 13]; 44% women; mean baseline HbA1c level, 8.6% [SD, 0.6%]; and median diabetes duration, 19 years [interquartile range, 10-31 years]), 155 (98%) completed the study. In the CGM group, 93% used CGM 6 d/wk or more in month 6. Mean HbA1c reduction from baseline was 1.1% at 12 weeks and 1.0% at 24 weeks in the CGM group and 0.5% and 0.4%, respectively, in the control group (repeated-measures model P < .001). At 24 weeks, the adjusted treatment-group difference in mean change in HbA1c level from baseline was -0.6% (95% CI, -0.8% to -0.3%; P < .001). Median duration of hypoglycemia at less than <70 mg/dL was 43 min/d (IQR, 27-69) in the CGM group vs 80 min/d (IQR, 36-111) in the control group (P = .002). Severe hypoglycemia events occurred in 2 participants in each group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among adults with type 1 diabetes who used multiple daily insulin injections, the use of CGM compared with usual care resulted in a greater decrease in HbA1c level during 24 weeks. Further research is needed to assess longer-term effectiveness, as well as clinical outcomes and adverse effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02282397.
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