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Gamble SA, Roberts JE. Adolescents’ Perceptions of Primary Caregivers and Cognitive Style: The Roles of Attachment Security and Gender. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-3160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. Trait and State Curiosity in the Genesis of Intimacy: Differentiation From Related Constructs. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.23.6.792.54800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bolin DC, Donahue JM, Vickers ML, Giles RC, Harrison L, Jackson C, Poonacha KB, Roberts JE, Sebastian MM, Sells SE, Tramontin R, Williams NM. Equine abortion and premature birth associated with Cellulosimicrobium cellulans infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004; 16:333-6. [PMID: 15305747 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2002 and 2003 foaling seasons, Cellulosimicrobium (Cellumonas) cellulans (formerly Oerskovia xanthineolytica) was the principal microorganism isolated from fetal tissues or placentas from cases of equine abortion, premature birth, and term pregnancies. Significant pathologic findings included chronic placentitis and pyogranulomatous pneumonia. In addition, microscopic and macroscopic alterations in the allantochorion from 4 of 7 cases of placentitis were similar to those caused by Crossiella equi and other nocardioform bacteria. This report confirms a causative role of C. cellulans infection in equine abortion.
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Fasouliotis SJ, Spandorfer SD, Witkin SS, Schattman G, Liu HC, Roberts JE, Rosenwaks Z. Maternal serum levels of interferon- and interleukin-2 soluble receptor- predict the outcome of early IVF pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:1357-63. [PMID: 15105393 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated maternal serum levels of interleukin-2 soluble receptor-alpha (IL-2 sRalpha), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) have been associated with pregnancy loss. The aim of our study was to evaluate the predictive value of these cytokines in the outcome of early IVF pregnancies. METHODS One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive IVF patients who were subsequently diagnosed to have a biochemical pregnancy (n = 23), a first-trimester miscarriage (n = 19) or a normal term delivery (n = 117) were included in this study. Serum was collected from the initial pregnancy test, 11 days after a day 3 embryo transfer, and all samples were analysed for IL-2 sRalpha, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS IL-2 sRalpha levels were significantly higher in patients with an early pregnancy loss compared with patients with a normal term delivery (849.5 +/- 69.6 versus 693.5 +/- 31.2 pg/ml, P = 0.02), and a cut-off point of IL-2 sRalpha >1000 pg/ml predicted a poor pregnancy outcome (44.4 versus 22.7% pregnancy loss, IL-2 sRalpha >or=1000 versus IL-2 sRalpha <1000 pg/ml; P = 0.02). IFN-gamma-positive patients had twice the risk for poor IVF pregnancy outcome compared with IFN-gamma-negative subjects (40.8 versus 20.0%, respectively; P < 0.02), including a significantly lower implantation rate (37.6 +/- 0.05 versus 50.0 +/- 0.03%, respectively; P = 0.02). There was no difference in pregnancy outcome based upon serum levels, or the ability to detect the presence of TNF-alpha. No differences in levels of these cytokines were found based on the aetiology of the patients' infertility. CONCLUSIONS Elevated maternal serum levels of IL-2 sRalpha and IFN-gamma as early as 11 days after embryo transfer are associated with poor IVF pregnancy outcome.
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Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. Social Anxiety's Impact on Affect, Curiosity, and Social Self-Efficacy During a High Self-Focus Social Threat Situation. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:cotr.0000016934.20981.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ciesla JA, Roberts JE, Hewitt RG. Adult Attachment and High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among HIV-Positive Patients. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wahlman J, Hirst M, Roberts JE, Prickett CD, Trevithick JR. Focal length variability and protein leakage as tools for measuring photooxidative damage to the lens. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:88-92. [PMID: 12929754 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0088:flvapl>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin is the ingredient used to standardize the popular over-the-counter antidepressant medication St. John's Wort. Because hypericin readily produces singlet oxygen and other excited state intermediates, it is a very efficient phototoxic agent in the eye that can potentially induce the development of the cataract photooxidative mechanism. Hypericin absorbs in the UV and visible ranges, binds to the lens crystallins (alpha, beta and gamma) and damages these proteins through a photooxidative mechanism. Effects were measured previously using fluorescence, UV and mass spectrometry. We report here two additional methods to monitor lens damage: (1) measuring focal length variability using a ScanTox instrument and (2) measuring protein leakage from the damaged lens. Because nonenzymic glycation results in free radical production, we chose to use elevated glucose concentrations as a convenient model for studying oxidative stress. To compare and contrast photooxidative damage against oxidative damage to the lens, we also measured the focal length variability and protein leakage induced by the presence of elevated glucose concentrations. We found that the total accumulated protein leakage was positively correlated (r = 0.9) with variability in focal length. Lenses treated with hypericin and irradiated with UVB had an increase in focal length variability as compared with the lenses that were only UVB-irradiated. Lenses without UVB irradiation had much lower focal length variability than irradiated lenses. For non-hypericin-treated lenses, UVB-irradiated lenses had a larger variability (4.58 mm) than the unirradiated lenses (1.78 mm). The lenses incubated in elevated glucose concentrations had a focal length variability (3.23 mm) equivalent to that of the unirradiated hypericin-treated lenses (3.54 mm). We conclude that photooxidative damage by hypericin results in changes in the optical properties of the lens, protein leakage and finally cataract formation. In contrast to this, high concentrations of glucose induced protein leakage but not changes in optical properties or the opacity associated with a cataract. This work provides further evidence that people should protect their eyes from intense sunlight when taking St. John's Wort.
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Chronis AM, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Roberts JE, Aronoff HR. The impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing for children with ADHD on parent and parent-child domains. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2003; 32:118-26. [PMID: 12573937 DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3201_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Examined the impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing on parent and parent-child domains. Twenty-one children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled medication assessment comparing varying doses of methylphenidate (MPH) and Adderall in the context of an intensive treatment program. Children received varying doses of stimulant medication, including active medication or placebo at 3:30 p.m. daily. Parent ratings of their mood, pleasantness of parent-child interactions, and perceived parenting effectiveness and successfulness were obtained each evening. Effective medication doses had a beneficial impact on parent-child domains (e.g., parent-child interactions) but did not significantly affect non-child-related parent variables (e.g., negative affect [NA]). Findings suggested that doses with beneficial effects lasting into the evening improved parent reports of the pleasantness of parent-child interactions but were insufficient to produce positive changes in parent functioning.
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Ciesla JA, Roberts JE. Self-Directed Thought and Response to Treatment for Depression: A Preliminary Investigation. J Cogn Psychother 2002. [DOI: 10.1891/jcop.16.4.435.52528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study this article is based on investigated the role of self-directed attention in the maintenance of depressive episodes. Measures of rumination and self-consciousness were used to predict response to treatment for depression. Further, the study investigated the potential interplay between self-directed attention and negative cognition. Thirty-two participants completed measures of rumination, private self-consciousness, and negative cognition prior to receiving group psychoeducational treatment for depression. Analyses revealed that although the main effects of measures of self-directed attention and negative cognition were not statistically significant, the interaction between self-directed thought (particularly rumination) and negative cognitive style predicted change in severity of depressive symptoms over the course of the treatment program. These findings suggest that the degree to which heightened self-directed attention contributes to poor treatment outcome for depression varies as a function of cognitive style.
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Roberts JE, Cady GH. The Reaction of Peroxydisulfuryl Difluoride with Sulfur Dioxide and with Fluorine. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01525a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roberts JE, Cady GH. The Preparation of Mercury(II), Nitrosyl and Nitronium Fluorosulfonates from Peroxydisulfuryl Difluoride. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01487a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roberts JE, Cady GH. Some Reactions of Fluorine Fluorosulfonate; Iodine Trifluoride Bisfluorosulfonate. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01487a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Therefore the eye is exposed to UV-B (295-320 nm), UV-A (320-400 nm), and visible light (400-700 nm). Light is transmitted through the eye and then signals the brain directing both sight and circadian rhythm. Therefore light absorbed by the eye must be benign. Damage to the young and adult eye by intense ambient light is avoided because the eye is protected by a very efficient antioxidant system. In addition, there are protective pigments such as the kynurenines, located in the human lens, and melanin, in the uvea and retina, which absorb ambient radiation and dissipate its energy without causing damage. After middle age there is a decrease in the production of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. At the same time, the protective pigments are chemically modified (lenticular 3-hydroxy kynurenine pigment is enzymatically converted into the phototoxic chromophore xanthurenic acid; melanin is altered from an antioxidant to pro-oxidant) and fluorescent chromophores (lipofuscin) accumulate to concentrations high enough to produce reactive oxygen species. We have known for some time that exposure to intense artificial light and sunlight either causes or exacerbates age-related ocular diseases. We now know many of the reasons for these effects, and with this knowledge methods are being developed to interfere with these damaging processes.
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Roberts JE, Finley EL, Patat SA, Schey KL. Photooxidation of lens proteins with xanthurenic acid: a putative chromophore for cataractogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:740-4. [PMID: 11723804 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0740:polpwx>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan metabolite, xanthurenic acid (Xan), is produced through a transamination reaction in high concentrations in human lenses with age and has been isolated from aged human cataractous lenses. It has appreciable absorption between 300 and 400 nm (lambda max = 334 nm), the range absorbed by the human lens. Our recent studies have shown that unlike most tryptophan metabolites in the eye, Xan is photochemically active, producing both superoxide and singlet oxygen. To determine if Xan could act as a photosensitizer and photooxidize cytosolic lens proteins, alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallins were irradiated (lambda > 300 nm, 12 mW/cm2) in the presence and absence of Xan. Upon irradiation and in the presence of Xan, lens proteins polymerized in the order alpha > beta > gamma as assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further analysis of the photolyzed alpha-crystallin by mass spectrometry indicated that histidine, tryptophan and methionine residues were oxidized at specific positions in a dose-dependent (irradiation time) manner. In alpha A-crystallin two forms of oxidized histidine 154 were observed, 2-imidazolone and 2-oxohistidine. Our results suggest that naturally occurring Xan is a chromophore capable of photosensitization and photooxidation of lens proteins. Furthermore, this compound could play a role in age-related cataractogenesis.
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Jackson SC, Roberts JE. Complex syntax production of African American preschoolers. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2001; 44:1083-1096. [PMID: 11708529 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/086)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined changes in the complex syntax production of 85 3- and 4-year-old African American children and the role of child (i.e., gender, age, African American English) and family (i.e., home environment) factors. The mean percentage of utterances containing one or more complex syntax forms was 6.2% at 3 years and 11.7% at 4 years. Girls produced more complex syntax forms than did boys. Complex syntax production increased significantly between age 3 and age 4 and correlated positively with mean length of utterance in words. Children from more responsive and stimulating home environments produced more complex syntax at 4 years. African American English was not related to the amount of complex syntax used.
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Roberts JE, Boccia ML, Bailey DB, Hatton DD, Skinner M. Cardiovascular indices of physiological arousal in boys with fragile X syndrome. Dev Psychobiol 2001; 39:107-23. [PMID: 11568881 DOI: 10.1002/dev.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between physiological arousal, as indexed by heart rate variability, was examined in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and typically developing boys matched on chronological age. In addition, the relationship of heart activity to clinical and molecular factors in the group of boys with FXS was examined. Results suggest that boys with FXS have higher levels of heart activity during the passive phases, as reflected in shorter heart periods. This high level of heart activity appears to be due to increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic activity. Boys with FXS did not display the expected patterns of heart activity in response to phases of increasing challenge, and sympathetic and parasympathetic systems did not appear coordinated in these boys with FXS. Clinical factors may be related to neural regulation of heart activity while molecular factors do not appear to be.
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Roberts JE, Mirrett P, Burchinal M. Receptive and expressive communication development of young males with fragile X syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL RETARDATION : AJMR 2001; 106:216-30. [PMID: 11389664 DOI: 10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106<0216:raecdo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We prospectively examined the developmental trajectories of receptive and expressive communication skills of 39 young males, 20 to 86 months of age, with fragile X syndrome. Eight showed features characteristic of autism. Children were tested one to three times using a standardized language test. They showed marked delays in language development, but substantial individual variability. Participants acquired expressive language skills more slowly than receptive language over time, gaining receptive language at about half the rate expected for typically developing children and expressive language at one third the rate. Both cognitive skills and autistic characteristics of the young males with fragile X syndrome related to receptive and expressive communication development, but neither predicted the discrepancies between expressive and receptive language acquisition over time.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Each of 10 published studies investigating the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders concluded that HIV-positive individuals are at no greater risk for depression than comparable HIV-negative individuals. This study used meta-analytic techniques to further examine the relationship between depressive disorders and HIV infection. METHOD Meta-analytic techniques were used to aggregate and reanalyze the data from 10 studies that compared HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals for rates of major depressive disorder (N=2,596) or dysthymic disorder (N=1,822). RESULTS The frequency of major depressive disorder was nearly two times higher in HIV-positive subjects than in HIV-negative comparison subjects. On the other hand, findings were inconclusive with regard to dysthymic disorder. Rates of depression do not appear to be related to the sexual orientation or disease stage of infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of HIV-positive individuals appear to be psychologically resilient, this meta-analysis provides strong evidence that HIV infection is associated with a greater risk for major depressive disorder. Future research should focus on identifying pathways of risk and resilience for depression within this population.
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Minter KR, Roberts JE, Hooper SR, Burchinal MR, Zeisel SA. Early childhood otitis media in relation to children's attention-related behavior in the first six years of life. Pediatrics 2001; 107:1037-42. [PMID: 11331683 DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.5.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether otitis media with effusion (OME) and associated hearing loss during the first 4 years of life were related to the ratings of parents, teachers, and clinicians of children's attention and behavior in the first 6 years of life. METHODS In a prospective study, 85 black children were recruited from community-based child care programs when they were between 6 and 12 months old. OME and hearing status were monitored repeatedly from 6 months to 4 years old. Measures of attention and behavior were collected from parents, teachers, and clinicians when the children were infants, preschoolers, and first graders. RESULTS On average, children experienced either bilateral or unilateral OME 30% of the time and hearing loss 19.9% of the time between 6 months and 4 years old. Descriptive and inferential analyses revealed no significant associations between OME or hearing loss and the measures of attention or behavior completed by parents, teachers, and clinicians. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of children, there was no relationship between amount of early childhood OME or hearing loss and measures of attention or behavior in the first 6 years of life as reported by parents, teachers, and clinicians.otitis media, hearing, attention, behavior.
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Roberts JE, Mirrett P, Burchinal M. Receptive and expressive communication development of young males with fragile X syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL RETARDATION : AJMR 2001; 106:216-230. [PMID: 11389664 DOI: 10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106%3c0216:raecdo%3e2.0.co;2s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We prospectively examined the developmental trajectories of receptive and expressive communication skills of 39 young males, 20 to 86 months of age, with fragile X syndrome. Eight showed features characteristic of autism. Children were tested one to three times using a standardized language test. They showed marked delays in language development, but substantial individual variability. Participants acquired expressive language skills more slowly than receptive language over time, gaining receptive language at about half the rate expected for typically developing children and expressive language at one third the rate. Both cognitive skills and autistic characteristics of the young males with fragile X syndrome related to receptive and expressive communication development, but neither predicted the discrepancies between expressive and receptive language acquisition over time.
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Abstract
The immune system is susceptible to a variety of stresses. Recent work in neuroimmunology has begun to define how mood alteration, stress, the seasons, and daily rhythms can have a profound effect on immune response through hormonal modifications. Central to these factors may be light through an eye-brain hormonal modulation. In adult primates, only visible light (400-700 nm) is received by the retina. This photic energy is then transduced and delivered to the visual cortex and, by an alternative pathway, to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the hypothalamic region that directs circadian rhythm. Visible light exposure also modulates the pituitary and pineal glands, leading to neuroendocrine changes. Melatonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine decrease with light activation, whereas cortisol, serotonin, GABA, and dopamine levels increase. The synthesis of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rat SCN has been shown to be modified by light. These induced neuroendocrine changes can lead to alterations in mood and circadian rhythm as well as immune modulation. An alternative pathway for immune modulation by light is through the skin. Visible light (400-700 nm) can penetrate epidermal and dermal layers of the skin and may directly interact with circulating lymphocytes to modulate immune function. In contrast to visible light, in vivo exposure to UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-A (320-400 nm) radiation can alter normal human immune function only by a skin-mediated response. It is therefore important, when reporting neuroendocrine immune findings, to control the intensity, timing and wavelength of ambient light.
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