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Kaestli M, Grist EPM, Ward L, Hill A, Mayo M, Currie BJ. The association of melioidosis with climatic factors in Darwin, Australia: A 23-year time-series analysis. J Infect 2016; 72:687-697. [PMID: 26945846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Melioidosis is an often fatal disease in humans and animals and endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. It is caused by the environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. We analysed weather and climate factors preceding new melioidosis cases in Darwin and compared the time between weather event and admission to hospital for severe and average wet season rainfall. METHODS In a time-series analysis from 1990 to 2013 we applied a boosted regression tree and a negative binomial model to investigate the association between melioidosis cases and weather events. Fitted Fourier terms controlled for long-term seasonal trends. RESULTS We found a rise in the dew point, cloud cover, rainfall, maximum temperature and groundwater to be associated with an increased risk to acquire melioidosis. A shorter 'putative' incubation period was evident after severe rainfall events. Rainfall occurring early in the wet season was linked to more cases as was an increase in the local sea surface temperature reflecting local weather dynamics and precipitation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a statistical association between frequency of recorded melioidosis cases and the nature and timing of rainfall related events and suggest a future rise in the sea surface and ambient temperature may lead to increased melioidosis.
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Sarovich DS, Garin B, De Smet B, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Vandamme P, Jacobs J, Lompo P, Tahita MC, Tinto H, Djaomalaza I, Currie BJ, Price EP. Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals an Asian Origin for African Burkholderia pseudomallei and Further Supports Melioidosis Endemicity in Africa. mSphere 2016; 1:e00089-15. [PMID: 27303718 PMCID: PMC4863585 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00089-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, an environmental bacterium that causes the deadly disease melioidosis, is endemic in northern Australia and Southeast Asia. An increasing number of melioidosis cases are being reported in other tropical regions, including Africa and the Indian Ocean islands. B. pseudomallei first emerged in Australia, with subsequent rare dissemination event(s) to Southeast Asia; however, its dispersal to other regions is not yet well understood. We used large-scale comparative genomics to investigate the origins of three B. pseudomallei isolates from Madagascar and two from Burkina Faso. Phylogenomic reconstruction demonstrates that these African B. pseudomallei isolates group into a single novel clade that resides within the more ancestral Asian clade. Intriguingly, South American strains reside within the African clade, suggesting more recent dissemination from West Africa to the Americas. Anthropogenic factors likely assisted in B. pseudomallei dissemination to Africa, possibly during migration of the Austronesian peoples from Indonesian Borneo to Madagascar ~2,000 years ago, with subsequent genetic diversity driven by mutation and recombination. Our study provides new insights into global patterns of B. pseudomallei dissemination and adds to the growing body of evidence of melioidosis endemicity in Africa. Our findings have important implications for melioidosis diagnosis and management in Africa. IMPORTANCE Sporadic melioidosis cases have been reported in the African mainland and Indian Ocean islands, but until recently, these regions were not considered areas where B. pseudomallei is endemic. Given the high mortality rate of melioidosis, it is crucial that this disease be recognized and suspected in all regions of endemicity. Previous work has shown that B. pseudomallei originated in Australia, with subsequent introduction into Asia; however, the precise origin of B. pseudomallei in other tropical regions remains poorly understood. Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized B. pseudomallei isolates from Madagascar and Burkina Faso. Next, we compared these strains to a global collection of B. pseudomallei isolates to identify their evolutionary origins. We found that African B. pseudomallei strains likely originated from Asia and were closely related to South American strains, reflecting a relatively recent shared evolutionary history. We also identified substantial genetic diversity among African strains, suggesting long-term B. pseudomallei endemicity in this region.
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Yip TW, Hewagama S, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Bastian I, Baird RW, Spratt BG, Currie BJ. Endemic melioidosis in residents of desert region after atypically intense rainfall in central Australia, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1038-40. [PMID: 25988301 PMCID: PMC4451904 DOI: 10.3201/eid2106.141908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After heavy rains and flooding during early 2011 in the normally arid interior of Australia, melioidosis was diagnosed in 6 persons over a 4-month period. Although the precise global distribution of the causal bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei remains to be determined, this organism can clearly survive in harsh and even desert environments outside the wet tropics.
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Chapple SNJ, Price EP, Sarovich DS, McRobb E, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Spratt BG, Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei Genotype Distribution in the Northern Territory, Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:68-72. [PMID: 26526925 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a tropical disease of high mortality caused by the environmental bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. We have collected clinical isolates from the highly endemic Northern Territory of Australia routinely since 1989, and animal and environmental B. pseudomallei isolates since 1991. Here we provide a complete record of all B. pseudomallei multilocus sequence types (STs) found in the Northern Territory to date, and distribution maps of the eight most common environmental STs. We observed surprisingly restricted geographic distributions of STs, which is contrary to previous reports suggesting widespread environmental dissemination of this bacterium. Our data suggest that B. pseudomallei from soil and water does not frequently disperse long distances following severe weather events or by migration of infected animals.
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Spring-Pearson SM, Stone JK, Doyle A, Allender CJ, Okinaka RT, Mayo M, Broomall SM, Hill JM, Karavis MA, Hubbard KS, Insalaco JM, McNew LA, Rosenzweig CN, Gibbons HS, Currie BJ, Wagner DM, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Pangenome Analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei: Genome Evolution Preserves Gene Order despite High Recombination Rates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140274. [PMID: 26484663 PMCID: PMC4613141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pangenomic diversity in Burkholderia pseudomallei is high, with approximately 5.8% of the genome consisting of genomic islands. Genomic islands are known hotspots for recombination driven primarily by site-specific recombination associated with tRNAs. However, recombination rates in other portions of the genome are also high, a feature we expected to disrupt gene order. We analyzed the pangenome of 37 isolates of B. pseudomallei and demonstrate that the pangenome is ‘open’, with approximately 136 new genes identified with each new genome sequenced, and that the global core genome consists of 4568±16 homologs. Genes associated with metabolism were statistically overrepresented in the core genome, and genes associated with mobile elements, disease, and motility were primarily associated with accessory portions of the pangenome. The frequency distribution of genes present in between 1 and 37 of the genomes analyzed matches well with a model of genome evolution in which 96% of the genome has very low recombination rates but 4% of the genome recombines readily. Using homologous genes among pairs of genomes, we found that gene order was highly conserved among strains, despite the high recombination rates previously observed. High rates of gene transfer and recombination are incompatible with retaining gene order unless these processes are either highly localized to specific sites within the genome, or are characterized by symmetrical gene gain and loss. Our results demonstrate that both processes occur: localized recombination introduces many new genes at relatively few sites, and recombination throughout the genome generates the novel multi-locus sequence types previously observed while preserving gene order.
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Morris J, Fane A, Rush C, Govan B, Mayo M, Currie BJ, Ketheesan N. Neurotropic threat characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei strains. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:58-63. [PMID: 25530166 PMCID: PMC4285271 DOI: 10.3201/eid2101.131570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique virulence factors of certain strains facilitate central nervous system invasion, regardless of infection route. The death rate for neurologic melioidosis is high. Whether certain Burkholderia pseudomallei strains are more likely than other strains to cause central nervous system infection and whether route of infection influences the neurotropic threat remain unclear. Therefore, we compared the virulence and dissemination of Australian clinical isolates collected during October 1989–October 2012 from patients with neurologic and nonneurologic melioidosis after intranasal and subcutaneous infection of mice in an experimental model. We did not observe neurotropism as a unique characteristic of isolates from patients with neurologic melioidosis. Rather, a distinct subset of B. pseudomallei strains appear to have heightened pathogenic potential for rapid dissemination to multiple tissues, including the central nervous system, irrespective of the infection route. This finding has valuable public health ramifications for initiating appropriate and timely therapy after exposure to systemically invasive B. pseudomallei strains. Increasing understanding of B. pseudomallei pathology and its influencing factors will further reduce illness and death from this disease.
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Mayo M, Shor S, Yahel E, Makov G. Short range order in elemental liquids of column IV. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:194501. [PMID: 26001463 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The short range order (SRO) in liquid elements of column IV is analysed within the quasi-crystalline model across a wide range of temperatures. It is found that l-Si, Ge, and Sn are well described with a beta-tin like SRO. In contrast, Pb retains a bcc-like SRO similar to other simple elemental liquids. However, a distinction is found between the SRO in Si and Ge and that in Sn, where the latter has a more rigid structure. This difference persists across the entire temperature range examined but is overcome in Si at pressures above 8 GPa, where the liquid structure evolves towards that of Sn.
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Ginther JL, Mayo M, Warrington SD, Kaestli M, Mullins T, Wagner DM, Currie BJ, Tuanyok A, Keim P. Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei Near-Neighbor Species in the Northern Territory of Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003892. [PMID: 26121041 PMCID: PMC4486726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and characterization of near-neighbor species are critical to the development of robust molecular diagnostic tools for biothreat agents. One such agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis, is lacking in this area because of its genomic diversity and widespread geographic distribution. The Burkholderia genus contains over 60 species and occupies a large range of environments including soil, plants, rhizospheres, water, animals and humans. The identification of novel species in new locations necessitates the need to identify the true global distribution of Burkholderia species, especially the members that are closely related to B. pseudomallei. In our current study, we used the Burkholderia-specific recA sequencing assay to analyze environmental samples from the Darwin region in the Northern Territory of Australia where melioidosis is endemic. Burkholderia recA PCR negative samples were further characterized using 16s rRNA sequencing for species identification. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that over 70% of the bacterial isolates were identified as B. ubonensis indicating that this species is common in the soil where B. pseudomallei is endemic. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis reveals many novel branches within the B. cepacia complex, one novel B. oklahomensis-like species, and one novel branch containing one isolate that is distinct from all other samples on the phylogenetic tree. During the analysis with recA sequencing, we discovered 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the reverse priming region of B. oklahomensis. A degenerate primer was developed and is proposed for future use. We conclude that the recA sequencing technique is an effective tool to classify Burkholderia and identify soil organisms in a melioidosis endemic area. Burkholderia is a widespread genus of bacteria that contains over 60 species. The species within Burkholderia range from environmentally important, such as isolates that breakdown pollutants, to human pathogens. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic to Northern Australia and is a major public health concern in that region. We characterized 152 unknown environmental isolates using recA sequencing to identify the presence of Burkholderia bacteria in the region. The majority of bacteria identified in this study belonged to the B. ubonensis species and various species were found to inhabit the same environmental sample as the human pathogen, B. pseudomallei. The role of B. ubonensis and other Burkholderia species identified in this endemic region and how they interact with B. pseudomallei are important questions to address in order to understand the evolution of this important human pathogen. While they are occupying a similar geographic range, they must be exist in different niche in order to remain distinct species.
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Garin B, Djaomazala I, Dubois-Cauwelaert N, Raharimanga V, Ralison F, Herindrainy P, Andriamalala NC, Sarovich DS, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Currie BJ. Autochthonous melioidosis in humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1739-41. [PMID: 25272365 PMCID: PMC4193270 DOI: 10.3201/eid2010.131524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an often fatal infectious disease affecting humans and animals in the tropics. Only sporadic cases have been reported from Africa and the Indian Ocean region. We describe 2 confirmed autochthonous cases of human melioidosis in Madagascar, both from novel genotypes of Burkholderia pseudomallei.
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McCall WV, Benca RM, Rosenquist PB, Riley MA, Hodges C, Gubosh B, McCloud L, Newman JC, Case D, Rumble M, Mayo M, White KH, Phillips M, Krystal AD. A multi-site randomized clinical trial to reduce suicidal ideation in suicidal adult outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder: Development of a methodology to enhance safety. Clin Trials 2015; 12:189-98. [PMID: 25733676 PMCID: PMC4424155 DOI: 10.1177/1740774515573958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Suicide is a major public health concern, yet there are very few randomized clinical trials that have been conducted to reduce suicidal ideation in patients at risk of suicide. We describe the rationale and refinements of such a trial that is designed to assess the effect of a hypnotic medication on suicidal ideation in adult outpatients currently experiencing suicidal ideation. METHODS "Reducing Suicidal Ideation Through Insomnia Treatment" is a multi-site randomized clinical trial that includes three recruiting sites and one data management site. This 4-year study is in its second year of recruitment. The purpose of the study is to compare hypnotic medication versus placebo as an add-on treatment to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor as a means of reducing suicidal ideation in depressed adult outpatients with insomnia and suicidal ideation. The safety features of the study follow the 2001 National Institutes of Health guidelines for studies that include patients at risk of suicide. RESULTS In total, 584 potential participants have undergone telephone screening; 67% of these failed the phone screen, most often due to an absence of expressed suicidal ideation (26% of the telephone screen fails). A total of 115 people appeared for a face-to-face baseline assessment, and 40 of these had completed a taper off of their ineffective psychotropic medications before the baseline assessments. In all, 64% of those who completed baseline assessments failed to proceed to randomization, most commonly because of no clinically significant suicidal ideation (51% of those excluded at baseline). One participant was offered and accepted voluntary psychiatric hospitalization in lieu of study participation. Thus far, 40 participants have been randomized into the study and 88.7% of scheduled visits have been attended, with 93.8% adherence to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and 91.6% adherence to the randomized hypnotic versus placebo. None of the randomized participants have required hospitalization or had a suicide attempt. CONCLUSION By carefully considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria and other safety features, the safe conduct of randomized clinical trials in suicidal adult patients is possible, including the inclusion of participants who have undergone a prescribed tapering off of psychotropic medications prior to baseline assessment.
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De Smet B, Mayo M, Peeters C, Zlosnik JEA, Spilker T, Hird TJ, LiPuma JJ, Kidd TJ, Kaestli M, Ginther JL, Wagner DM, Keim P, Bell SC, Jacobs JA, Currie BJ, Vandamme P. Burkholderia stagnalis sp. nov. and Burkholderia territorii sp. nov., two novel Burkholderia cepacia complex species from environmental and human sources. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:2265-2271. [PMID: 25872960 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) bacteria were isolated during environmental surveys for the ecological niche of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the aetiological agent of melioidosis, in the Northern Territory of Australia. They represented two multi-locus sequence analysis-based clusters, referred to as Bcc B and Bcc L. Three additional environmental and clinical Bcc B isolates were identified upon deposition of the sequences in the PubMLST database. Analysis of the concatenated nucleotide sequence divergence levels within both groups (1.4 and 1.9%, respectively) and towards established Bcc species (4.0 and 3.9%, respectively) demonstrated that the two taxa represented novel Bcc species. All 12 isolates were further characterized using 16S rRNA and recA gene sequence analysis, RAPD analysis, DNA base content determination, fatty acid methyl ester analysis and biochemical profiling. Analysis of recA gene sequences revealed a remarkable diversity within each of these taxa, but, together, the results supported the affiliation of the two taxa to the Bcc. Bcc B strains can be differentiated from most other Bcc members by the assimilation of maltose. Bcc L strains can be differentiated from other Bcc members by the absence of assimilation of N-acetylglucosamine. The names Burkholderia stagnalis sp. nov. with type strain LMG 28156(T) ( = CCUG 65686(T)) and Burkholderia territorii sp. nov. with type strain LMG 28158(T) ( = CCUG 65687(T)) are proposed for Bcc B and Bcc L bacteria, respectively.
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Kaestli M, Harrington G, Mayo M, Chatfield MD, Harrington I, Hill A, Munksgaard N, Gibb K, Currie BJ. What drives the occurrence of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in domestic gardens? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003635. [PMID: 25803046 PMCID: PMC4372393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an often fatal infectious disease affecting humans and animals in tropical regions and is caused by the saprophytic environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Domestic gardens are not only a common source of exposure to soil and thus to B. pseudomallei, but they also have been found to contain more B. pseudomallei than other environments. In this study we addressed whether anthropogenic manipulations common to gardens such as irrigation or fertilizers change the occurrence of B. pseudomallei. We conducted a soil microcosm experiment with a range of fertilizers and soil types as well as a longitudinal interventional study over three years on an experimental fertilized field site in an area naturally positive for B. pseudomallei. Irrigation was the only consistent treatment to increase B. pseudomallei occurrence over time. The effects of fertilizers upon these bacteria depended on soil texture, physicochemical soil properties and biotic factors. Nitrates and urea increased B. pseudomallei load in sand while phosphates had a positive effect in clay. The high buffering and cation exchange capacities of organic material found in a commercial potting mix led to a marked increase in soil salinity with no survival of B. pseudomallei after four weeks in the potting mix sampled. Imported grasses were also associated with B. pseudomallei occurrence in a multivariate model. With increasing population density in endemic areas these findings inform the identification of areas in the anthropogenic environment with increased risk of exposure to B. pseudomallei.
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Grivas R, Barklay S, Ruane A, Mayo M, Theobald V, Freeman K, Norton R, Baird RW, Currie BJ. A prospective study of melioidosis after environmental exposure of healthy participants to Burkholderia pseudomallei during a muddy endurance challenge. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:773-5. [PMID: 25624406 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In a prospective study of 123 healthy adults competing in a mud-exposing endurance challenge in the melioidosis-endemic tropical north of the Northern Territory of Australia, there were no asymptomatic seroconversions to Burkholderia pseudomallei using indirect hemagglutination assay. However, one competitor developed melioidosis attributable to infection acquired during the event.
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Mayo M, Seijas R, Álvarez P. Calentamiento neuromuscular estructurado como prevención de lesiones en futbolistas profesionales jóvenes. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2014; 58:336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Houghton RL, Reed DE, Hubbard MA, Dillon MJ, Chen H, Currie BJ, Mayo M, Sarovich DS, Theobald V, Limmathurotsakul D, Wongsuvan G, Chantratita N, Peacock SJ, Hoffmaster AR, Duval B, Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, AuCoin DP. Development of a prototype lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) for the rapid diagnosis of melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2727. [PMID: 24651568 PMCID: PMC3961207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil-dwelling bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis. Isolation of B. pseudomallei from clinical samples is the “gold standard” for the diagnosis of melioidosis; results can take 3–7 days to produce. Alternatively, antibody-based tests have low specificity due to a high percentage of seropositive individuals in endemic areas. There is a clear need to develop a rapid point-of-care antigen detection assay for the diagnosis of melioidosis. Previously, we employed In vivo Microbial Antigen Discovery (InMAD) to identify potential B. pseudomallei diagnostic biomarkers. The B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and numerous protein antigens were identified as potential candidates. Here, we describe the development of a diagnostic immunoassay based on the detection of CPS. Following production of a CPS-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), an antigen-capture immunoassay was developed to determine the concentration of CPS within a panel of melioidosis patient serum and urine samples. The same mAb was used to produce a prototype Active Melioidosis Detect Lateral Flow Immunoassay (AMD LFI); the limit of detection of the LFI for CPS is comparable to the antigen-capture immunoassay (∼0.2 ng/ml). The analytical reactivity (inclusivity) of the AMD LFI was 98.7% (76/77) when tested against a large panel of B. pseudomallei isolates. Analytical specificity (cross-reactivity) testing determined that 97.2% of B. pseudomallei near neighbor species (35/36) were not reactive. The non-reactive B. pseudomallei strain and the reactive near neighbor strain can be explained through genetic sequence analysis. Importantly, we show the AMD LFI is capable of detecting CPS in a variety of patient samples. The LFI is currently being evaluated in Thailand and Australia; the focus is to optimize and validate testing procedures on melioidosis patient samples prior to initiation of a large, multisite pre-clinical evaluation. Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental bacterium and the cause of melioidosis. Culture of patient samples is the “gold standard” diagnostic test, but may take up to 7 days to complete. Melioidosis has a 10–40% case fatality rate depending on the geographic location. Delays in diagnosis could lead to administration of ineffective antimicrobial therapy, since B. pseudomallei is resistant to empiric antibiotic regimens. Therefore, we have developed a lateral flow immunoassay that can be used in the clinical setting to diagnose melioidosis in 15 minutes. The test promises to provide improved management of patients with melioidosis.
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Fine ML, Lahiri S, Sullivan ADH, Mayo M, Newton SH, Sismour EN. REDUCTION OF THE PECTORAL SPINE AND GIRDLE IN DOMESTICATED CHANNEL CATFISH IS LIKELY CAUSED BY CHANGES IN SELECTION PRESSURE. Evolution 2014; 68:2102-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sarovich DS, Price EP, Webb JR, Ward LM, Voutsinos MY, Tuanyok A, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Currie BJ. Variable virulence factors in Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) associated with human disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91682. [PMID: 24618705 PMCID: PMC3950250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium that causes melioidosis, a potentially life-threatening infectious disease affecting mammals, including humans. Melioidosis symptoms are both protean and diverse, ranging from mild, localized skin infections to more severe and often fatal presentations including pneumonia, septic shock with multiple internal abscesses and occasionally neurological involvement. Several ubiquitous virulence determinants in B. pseudomallei have already been discovered. However, the molecular basis for differential pathogenesis has, until now, remained elusive. Using clinical data from 556 Australian melioidosis cases spanning more than 20 years, we identified a Burkholderia mallei-like actin polymerization bimA(Bm) gene that is strongly associated with neurological disease. We also report that a filamentous hemagglutinin gene, fhaB3, is associated with positive blood cultures but is negatively correlated with localized skin lesions without sepsis. We show, for the first time, that variably present virulence factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of melioidosis. Collectively, our study provides a framework for assessing other non-ubiquitous bacterial virulence factors and their association with disease, such as candidate loci identified from large-scale microbial genome-wide association studies.
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Emuna M, Mayo M, Greenberg Y, Caspi EN, Beuneu B, Yahel E, Makov G. Liquid structure and temperature invariance of sound velocity in supercooled Bi melt. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:094502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4867098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mayo M, Yahel E, Greenberg Y, Makov G. Short range order in liquid pnictides. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:505102. [PMID: 24219904 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/50/505102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Liquid pnictides have anomalous physical properties and complex radial distribution functions. The quasi-crystalline model of liquid structure is applied to interpret the three-dimensional structure of liquid pnictides. It is shown that all the column V elements can be characterized by a short range order lattice symmetry similar to that of the underlying solid, the A7 structure, which originates from a Peierls distorted simple cubic lattice. The evolution of the liquid structure down the column as well as its temperature and pressure dependence is interpreted by means of the effect of thermodynamic parameters on the Peierls distortion. Surprisingly, it is found that the Peierls effect increases with temperature and the nearest neighbour distances exhibit negative thermal expansion.
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Price EP, Sarovich DS, Webb JR, Ginther JL, Mayo M, Cook JM, Seymour ML, Kaestli M, Theobald V, Hall CM, Busch JD, Foster JT, Keim P, Wagner DM, Tuanyok A, Pearson T, Currie BJ. Accurate and rapid identification of the Burkholderia pseudomallei near-neighbour, Burkholderia ubonensis, using real-time PCR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71647. [PMID: 23967229 PMCID: PMC3742511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia ubonensis is an environmental bacterium belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of genetically related organisms that are associated with opportunistic but generally nonfatal infections in healthy individuals. In contrast, the near-neighbour species Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a disease that can be fatal in up to 95% of cases if left untreated. B. ubonensis is frequently misidentified as B. pseudomallei from soil samples using selective culturing on Ashdown’s medium, reflecting both the shared environmental niche and morphological similarities of these species. Additionally, B. ubonensis shows potential as an important biocontrol agent in B. pseudomallei-endemic regions as certain strains possess antagonistic properties towards B. pseudomallei. Current methods for characterising B. ubonensis are laborious, time-consuming and costly, and as such this bacterium remains poorly studied. The aim of our study was to develop a rapid and inexpensive real-time PCR-based assay specific for B. ubonensis. We demonstrate that a novel B. ubonensis-specific assay, Bu550, accurately differentiates B. ubonensis from B. pseudomallei and other species that grow on selective Ashdown’s agar. We anticipate that Bu550 will catalyse research on B. ubonensis by enabling rapid identification of this organism from Ashdown’s-positive colonies that are not B. pseudomallei.
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McRobb E, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ. Melioidosis from contaminated bore water and successful UV sterilization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:367-8. [PMID: 23751401 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two cases of melioidosis at a residence in rural northern Australia were linked to the unchlorinated domestic bore (automated well) water supply, which was found to have a high concentration of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Using multilocus sequence typing, clinical B. pseudomallei isolates from both cases were identical to an isolate from the bore water supply. A simple UV sterilizer reduced B. pseudomallei from the domestic water supply to undetectable levels. We have shown that UV treatment is highly effective for remediation of water contaminated with B. pseudomallei and recommend its consideration in households where individuals may be at heightened risk of contracting melioidosis.
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Hill AA, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Price EP, Richardson LJ, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ. Melioidosis as a consequence of sporting activity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:365-6. [PMID: 23732257 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tropical city of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, dry season soil sampling cultured Burkholderia pseudomallei from 7 (70%) of 10 sports fields. However, during the 23 years of the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study, only 5 (0.6%) of 785 melioidosis cases have been attributed to infection from sports fields. In one soccer player with cutaneous melioidosis, B. pseudomallei cultured from the player was identical by multilocus sequence typing and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis with an isolate recovered from soil at the location on the sports field where he was injured. Melioidosis is uncommon in otherwise healthy sports persons in melioidosis-endemic regions but still needs consideration in persons with abrasion injuries that involve contact with soil.
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Mikhail A, Kaplan M, Macdougall I, Schmidt RJ, Rastogi A, Wang W, Tong S, Mayo M, Oestreicher N, Schiller B, Green JM, Verma R, Leu K, Mortensen RB, Young PR, Schatz P, Wojchowski DM, Shimonaka Y, Sasaki Y, Yorozu K, Sasaki MN, Ikuta K, Kohgo Y, Shimonaka Y, Sasaki Y, Omori YM, Yorozu K, Hiramatsu M, Momoki N, Kakio Y, Shibuto N, Takeuchi H, Fukumoto M, Maruyama K, Matsuo Y, Sasaki Y, Omori Y, Yorozu K, Shimonaka Y, Robinson BM, Larkina M, Goodkin DA, Li Y, Locatelli F, Nolen J, Kleophas W, Pisoni RL, Sibbel S, Brunelli S, Krishnan M, Horie M, Hasegawa E, Minoshima KI, Shimonaka Y, Ambrus C, Kerkovits L, Szegedi J, Benke A, Toth E, Nagy L, Borbas B, Rozinka A, Nemeth J, Varga G, Kulcsar I, Gergely L, Szakony S, Kiss I, Danielson K, Qureshi AR, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Hylander-Rossner B, Germanis G, Hansson M, Beshara S, Barany P, Dueymes JM, Kolko A, Couchoud C, Combe C, Covic A, Goldsmith D, Zaoui P, Gesualdo L, London G, Dellanna F, Mann J, Turner M, Muenzberg M, MacDonald K, Denhaerynck K, Abraham I, Sanchez MB, Casero RC, Ortiz RV, Carmelo IG, Munoz SC, Gomez ER, Rodriguez CS, Kuji T, Fujikawa T, Kakimoto-Shino M, Shibata K, Toya Y, Umemura S, Topuzovic N, Mihaljevic I, Rupcic V, Sterner G, Clyne N, Mann J, Dellanna F, London G, Combe C, Covic A, Gesualdo L, Goldsmith D, Zaoui P, Turner M, Muenzberg M, MacDonald K, Denhaerynck K, Abraham I, Toblli J, Di Gennaro F, Chmielewski M, Jagodzinski P, Lichodziejewska-Niemierko M, Rutkowski B, Takasawa K, Takaeda C, Ueda H, Higuchi M, Maeda T, Tomosugi N, Moghazy TF, Jakic M, Zibar L, Romei Longhena G, Beck W, Liebchen A, Teatini U, Rottembourg JB, Guerin A, Diaconita M, Dansaert A, Koike K, Fukami K, Shimamatsu K, Kawaguchi A, Okuda S. Anaemia in CKD 5D. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stone JK, Mayo M, Grasso SA, Ginther JL, Warrington SD, Allender CJ, Doyle A, Georgia S, Kaestli M, Broomall SM, Karavis MA, Insalaco JM, Hubbard KS, McNew LA, Gibbons HS, Currie BJ, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei O-antigen serotypes in near-neighbor species. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:250. [PMID: 23126230 PMCID: PMC3541218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis and a CDC category B select agent with no available effective vaccine. Previous immunizations in mice have utilized the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a potential vaccine target because it is known as one of the most important antigenic epitopes in B. pseudomallei. Complicating this strategy are the four different B. pseudomallei LPS O-antigen types: A, B, B2, and rough. Sero-crossreactivity is common among O-antigens of Burkholderia species. Here, we identified the presence of multiple B. pseudomallei O-antigen types and sero-crossreactivity in its near-neighbor species. Results PCR screening of O-antigen biosynthesis genes, phenotypic characterization using SDS-PAGE, and immunoblot analysis showed that majority of B. mallei and B. thailandensis strains contained the typical O-antigen type A. In contrast, most of B. ubonensis and B. thailandensis-like strains expressed the atypical O-antigen types B and B2, respectively. Most B. oklahomensis strains expressed a distinct and non-seroreactive O-antigen type, except strain E0147 which expressed O-antigen type A. O-antigen type B2 was also detected in B. thailandensis 82172, B. ubonensis MSMB108, and Burkholderia sp. MSMB175. Interestingly, B. thailandensis-like MSMB43 contained a novel serotype B positive O-antigen. Conclusions This study expands the number of species which express B. pseudomallei O-antigen types. Further work is required to elucidate the full structures and how closely these are to the B. pseudomallei O-antigens, which will ultimately determine the efficacy of the near-neighbor B serotypes for vaccine development.
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