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Schubert T, Rapp B, McCloskey M. Recognition of Oral Spelling is Diagnostic of the Integrity of the Central Reading Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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53
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Kim JG, Gregory E, Landau B, McCloskey M, Kastner S, Turk-Browne NB. Ventral visual selectivity and adaptation in amnesia. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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54
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Ma Z, Nino J, Flombaum J, McCloskey M. Shared mechanisms for representing the sides of the visual world and the sides of objects: Evidence from a localization deficit following parietal brain damage. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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55
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Chaisilprungraung T, Rothlein D, McCloskey M. A comparison between mental object and viewer rotation reveals a substantial difficulty for viewer rotations greater than 90. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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56
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Schubert T, Rothlein D, Brothers T, LeDoux K, Gordon B, McCloskey M. High-level visual processing despite lack of awareness: Evidence from event-related potentials in a case of selective metamorphopsia. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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57
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Ma Z, Niño J, Hock H, McCloskey M, Flombaum J. A taxonomy of directional motion judgement based on informational content: Evidence from a deficit following bilateral parietal brain damage. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.844964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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58
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McCloskey M, Macaruso P, Rapp B. Grapheme-to-lexeme feedback in the spelling system: Evidence from a dysgraphic patient. Cogn Neuropsychol 2012; 23:278-307. [PMID: 21049332 DOI: 10.1080/02643290442000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an argument for grapheme-to-lexeme feedback in the cognitive spelling system, based on the impaired spelling performance of dysgraphic patient CM. The argument relates two features of CM's spelling. First, letters from prior spelling responses intrude into subsequent responses at rates far greater than expected by chance. This letter persistence effect arises at a level of abstract grapheme representations, and apparently results from abnormal persistence of activation. Second, CM makes many formal lexical errors (e.g., carpet → compute). Analyses revealed that a large proportion of these errors are "true" lexical errors originating in lexical selection, rather than "chance" lexical errors that happen by chance to take the form of words. Additional analyses demonstrated that CM's true lexical errors exhibit the letter persistence effect. We argue that this finding can be understood only within a functional architecture in which activation from the grapheme level feeds back to the lexeme level, thereby influencing lexical selection.
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McCloskey M, Schubert T, Rothlein D, Rapp B, Brandt J, Sheng X. Feedback from Domain-Specific Visual Recognition Processes: Evidence from Selective Digit Metamorphopsia. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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60
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Gregory E, Landau B, McCloskey M. Representation of Object Orientation in Children: Evidence from Mirror-Image Confusions. VISUAL COGNITION 2011; 19:1035-1062. [PMID: 22162941 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2011.610764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many cognitive functions require information about the orientations of objects, little is known about representation or processing of object orientation. Mirror-image confusion provides a potential clue. This phenomenon is typically characterized as a tendency to confuse images related by left-right reflection (reflection across an extrinsic vertical axis). However, in most previous studies the stimuli were inadequate for identifying a specific mirror-image (or other) relationship as the cause of the observed confusions. Using stimuli constructed to resolve this problem, Gregory and McCloskey (2010) found that adults' errors were primarily reflections across an object axis, and not left-right reflections. The present study demonstrates that young children's orientation errors include both object-axis reflections and left-right reflections. We argue that children and adults represent object orientation in the same coordinate-system format (McCloskey, 2009), with orientation errors resulting from difficulty encoding or retaining one (adults) or two (children) specific components of the posited representations.
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61
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Gollan JK, McCloskey M, Hoxha D, Coccaro EF. How do depressed and healthy adults interpret nuanced facial expressions? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 119:804-10. [PMID: 20939654 DOI: 10.1037/a0020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the discrimination accuracy of emotional stimuli in subjects with major depression compared with healthy controls using photographs of facial expressions of varying emotional intensities. The sample included 88 unmedicated male and female subjects, aged 18-56 years, with major depressive disorder (n = 44) or no psychiatric illness (n = 44), who judged the emotion of 200 facial pictures displaying an expression between 10% (90% neutral) and 80% (nuanced) emotion. Stimuli were presented in 10% increments to generate a range of intensities, each presented for a 500-ms duration. Compared with healthy volunteers, depressed subjects showed very good recognition accuracy for sad faces but impaired recognition accuracy for other emotions (e.g., harsh, surprise, and sad expressions) of subtle emotional intensity. Recognition accuracy improved for both groups as a function of increased intensity on all emotions. Finally, as depressive symptoms increased, recognition accuracy increased for sad faces, but decreased for surprised faces. Moreover, depressed subjects showed an impaired ability to accurately identify subtle facial expressions, indicating that depressive symptoms influence accuracy of emotional recognition.
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62
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Rothlein D, McCloskey M. The role of visual orientation representation in the mental rotation of objects. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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63
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Gregory E, McCloskey M. Perceiving and representing the orientation of objects: Evidence from a developmental deficit in visual orientation perception. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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64
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McCloskey M, Gregory E. Persistence of Visual Mislocalizations across Eye Movements in a Case of Impaired Visual Location Perception: Implications for Visual Updating and Visual Awareness. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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65
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Fischer-Baum S, McCloskey M, Rapp B. Representation of letter position in spelling: evidence from acquired dysgraphia. Cognition 2010; 115:466-90. [PMID: 20378104 PMCID: PMC2953246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The graphemic representations that underlie spelling performance must encode not only the identities of the letters in a word, but also the positions of the letters. This study investigates how letter position information is represented. We present evidence from two dysgraphic individuals, CM and LSS, who perseverate letters when spelling: that is, letters from previous spelling responses intrude into subsequent responses. The perseverated letters appear more often than expected by chance in the same position in the previous and subsequent responses. We used these errors to address the question of how letter position is represented in spelling. In a series of analyses we determined how often the perseveration errors produced maintain position as defined by a number of alternative theories of letter position encoding proposed in the literature. The analyses provide strong evidence that the grapheme representations used in spelling encode letter position such that position is represented in a graded manner based on distance from both-edges of the word.
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66
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Gregory E, McCloskey M, Landau B. The representation of the orientation of objects in children. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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67
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McCloskey M, Palmer AA, de Wit H. Are attention lapses related to d-amphetamine liking? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 208:201-9. [PMID: 19936714 PMCID: PMC4004179 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A rich literature suggests that both impulsiveness and drug-induced euphoria are risk factors for drug abuse. However, few studies have examined whether sensitivity to the euphoric effects of stimulants is related to attention lapses, a behavioral measure of inattention sometimes associated with impulsivity. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine ratings of d-amphetamine drug liking among individuals with high, moderate, and low attention lapses. METHODS Ninety-nine healthy volunteers were divided into three equal-sized groups based on their performance on a measure of lapses of attention. The groups, who exhibited low, medium, and high attention lapses (i.e., long reaction times) on a simple reaction time task, were compared on their subjective responses (i.e., ratings of liking and wanting more drug) after acute doses of d-amphetamine (0, 5, 10, and 20 mg). RESULTS Subjects who exhibited high lapses liked 20 mg d-amphetamine less than subjects who exhibited low lapses. These subjects also tended to report smaller increases in "wanting more drug" after d-amphetamine. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that participants who exhibit impaired attention may be less sensitive to stimulant-induced euphoria.
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69
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Gollan JK, Pane H, McCloskey M, Coccaro EF. Identifying differences in biased affective information processing in major depression. Psychiatry Res 2008; 159:18-24. [PMID: 18342954 PMCID: PMC2571942 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the extent to which participants with major depression differ from healthy comparison participants in the irregularities in affective information processing, characterized by deficits in facial expression recognition, intensity categorization, and reaction time to identifying emotionally salient and neutral information. Data on diagnoses, symptom severity, and affective information processing using a facial recognition task were collected from 66 participants, male and female between ages 18 and 54 years, grouped by major depressive disorder (N=37) or healthy non-psychiatric (N=29) status. Findings from MANCOVAs revealed that major depression was associated with a significantly longer reaction time to sad facial expressions compared with healthy status. Also, depressed participants demonstrated a negative bias towards interpreting neutral facial expressions as sad significantly more often than healthy participants. In turn, healthy participants interpreted neutral faces as happy significantly more often than depressed participants. No group differences were observed for facial expression recognition and intensity categorization. The observed effects suggest that depression has significant effects on the perception of the intensity of negative affective stimuli, delayed speed of processing sad affective information, and biases towards interpreting neutral faces as sad.
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70
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Valtonen J, Dilks DD, McCloskey M. Cognitive representation of orientation: a case study. Cortex 2007; 44:1171-87. [PMID: 18761131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although object orientation in the human brain has been discussed extensively in the literature, the nature of the underlying cognitive representation(s) remains uncertain. We investigated orientation perception in BC, a patient with bilateral occipital and parietal damage from a herpes encephalitis infection. Our results show that in addition to general inaccuracy in discriminating and reproducing line orientations, her errors take the form of left-right mirror reflections across a vertical coordinate axis. We propose that in BC, the cognitive impairment is in failing to represent the direction of tilt for line orientations. Our results suggest that there exists a level of representation in the human brain at which line orientations are represented compositionally, such that the direction of a line orientation's tilt from a vertical mental reference meridian is coded independently of the magnitude of its angular displacement. Reflection errors across a vertical axis were observed both in visual and tactile line orientation tasks, demonstrating that these errors arise at a supra-modal level of representation not restricted to vision, or, alternatively, that visual-like representations are being constructed from the tactile input.
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71
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Dilks DD, Serences JT, Rosenau BJ, Yantis S, McCloskey M. Human adult cortical reorganization and consequent visual distortion. J Neurosci 2007; 27:9585-94. [PMID: 17804619 PMCID: PMC2695877 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2650-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural and behavioral evidence for cortical reorganization in the adult somatosensory system after loss of sensory input (e.g., amputation) has been well documented. In contrast, evidence for reorganization in the adult visual system is far less clear: neural evidence is the subject of controversy, behavioral evidence is sparse, and studies combining neural and behavioral evidence have not previously been reported. Here, we report converging behavioral and neuroimaging evidence from a stroke patient (B.L.) in support of cortical reorganization in the adult human visual system. B.L.'s stroke spared the primary visual cortex (V1), but destroyed fibers that normally provide input to V1 from the upper left visual field (LVF). As a consequence, B.L. is blind in the upper LVF, and exhibits distorted perception in the lower LVF: stimuli appear vertically elongated, toward and into the blind upper LVF. For example, a square presented in the lower LVF is perceived as a rectangle extending upward. We hypothesized that the perceptual distortion was a consequence of cortical reorganization in V1. Extensive behavioral testing supported our hypothesis, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) confirmed V1 reorganization. Together, the behavioral and fMRI data show that loss of input to V1 after a stroke leads to cortical reorganization in the adult human visual system, and provide the first evidence that reorganization of the adult visual system affects visual perception. These findings contribute to our understanding of the human adult brain's capacity to change and has implications for topics ranging from learning to recovery from brain damage.
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72
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McCloskey M, Badecker W, Goodman-schulman RA, Aliminosa D. The structure of graphemic representations in spelling: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cogn Neuropsychol 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/02643299408251979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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73
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de Wit H, Flory JD, Acheson A, McCloskey M, Manuck SB. IQ and nonplanning impulsivity are independently associated with delay discounting in middle-aged adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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74
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McCloskey M, Valtonen J, Sherman JC. Representing orientation: A coordinate-system hypothesis and evidence from developmental deficits. Cogn Neuropsychol 2006; 23:680-713. [PMID: 21049350 DOI: 10.1080/02643290500538356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article concerns how the orientations of objects are represented in the human brain. We propose a coordinate-system hypothesis of orientation representation (COR) and show that the hypothesis provides an explicit basis for interpreting orientation errors. Next, we report results from three studies of individuals with developmental deficits in the processing of orientation information, demonstrating that the COR hypothesis can interpret the error patterns in each study. We conclude by discussing several issues concerning the interpretation of our results, the COR hypothesis, and the use of developmental deficits as a basis for inferences about normal cognition.
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75
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Li HW, McCloskey M, He Y, Yeung ES. Real-time dynamics of label-free single mast cell granules revealed by differential interference contrast microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:63-9. [PMID: 16633786 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the capability of differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy as a simple and useful tool for studying cellular events without fluorescence labeling. By coupling an advanced DIC microscope to a computer-controlled motorized vertical stage and a high-speed, high-resolution CCD camera, real-time three-dimensional monitoring is possible in a high-throughput manner. The performance among three modes of microscopy, bright-field, dark-field and DIC, in terms of horizontal resolving power and vertical sectioning was investigated. As a model, exocytosis of rat peritoneal mast cells was recorded on the subsecond time scale. Three-dimensional tracking of granules during degranulation was achieved and granule-granule fusion before plasma membrane fusion was recorded.
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