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Czartolomna J, Voelkel NF, Chang SW. Permeability characteristics of isolated perfused rat lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1991; 70:1854-60. [PMID: 2055864 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.4.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the factors that influence the permeability characteristics of isolated perfused rat lungs and compared the ex vivo permeability-surface area product (PS) with that obtained in vivo. In lungs perfused for 20 min with homologous blood or a physiological salt solution (PSS) containing 4 g/100 ml albumin, mean PS values, obtained by the single-sample method of Kern et al. [Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 14): H229-H236, 1983], were 9.9 +/- 0.6 (SE) and 6.8 +/- 0.3 cm3.min-1.g wet lung-1.10(-2), respectively. These values were similar to lung PS obtained in intact rats (7.7 +/- 0.4 cm3.min-1.g wet lung-1.10(-2). In perfused lungs, PS values were influenced by the perfusate albumin concentration, the length of perfusion time, and the degree of vascular recruitment. Twenty minutes after lung isolation, PS was 126% higher in lungs perfused with albumin-free PSS containing Ficoll than in lungs perfused with albumin-PSS. Moreover, PS in Ficoll-PSS-perfused lungs increased even higher after 2 h of perfusion, and this time-dependent increase in PS was attenuated by addition of 0.1 g/100 ml albumin to the perfusate. Two hours of ex vivo ventilation with hypoxic (0 or 3% 0(2)) or hyperoxic (95% 0(2)) gas mixture did not affect PS values in perfused lungs. However, PS was elevated in lungs perfused ex vivo with protamine, which causes endothelial cell injury, or in lungs from rats exposed in vivo to human recombinant tumor necrosis factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
We previously reported that Fischer (F) rat lungs developed more extensive injury when challenged with oxidants than age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat lungs. We now describe a reduced pulmonary vascular response to alveolar hypoxia and angiotensin II (ANG II) in F compared with SD rats. The comparative studies were performed with isolated lungs perfused with salt solution or blood, catheter-implanted awake rats, and isolated main pulmonary arterial rings. Isolated lungs from F rats perfused with either blood or salt solution had reduced vasoconstriction in comparison with lungs from SD rats when exposed to alveolar hypoxia or challenged with ANG II. Instrumented awake F rats had a smaller mean increase in total pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) than SD rats (35 vs. 94 mmHg.min.l-1, P less than 0.05) when challenged with 8% oxygen. The contractile response of isolated pulmonary artery but not thoracic aortic rings to KCl and ANG II was reduced in F compared with SD rats. In addition, F rats exposed to 4 wk of hypobaric hypoxia developed less pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy (when corrected for the hematocrit) than SD rats. We conclude that the oxidant stress-sensitive inbred F rat strain is characterized by a lung vascular bed that is relatively unresponsive to vasoconstricting stimuli. The mechanism underlying this genetic difference in lung vascular control remains to be defined.
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Longaker MT, Golbus MS, Filly RA, Rosen MA, Chang SW, Harrison MR. Maternal outcome after open fetal surgery. A review of the first 17 human cases. JAMA 1991; 265:737-41. [PMID: 1990189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A few fetal diseases may benefit from surgical treatment before birth, but hysterotomy and subsequent delivery by cesarean section pose a risk to the otherwise unaffected mother. To assess maternal risk of mortality, morbidity, and reproductive potential after fetal surgery, we reviewed our experience with 17 highly selected women who underwent fetal surgery. Fifteen of these procedures were performed for one of two congenital anomalies: severe bilateral hydronephrosis and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. There were no deaths or serious maternal injuries. In the 14 women who continued pregnancy after hysterotomy, uterine irritability and preterm labor were frequent complications, requiring early confinement in most cases. There has been no detectable effect on future fertility, as indicated by eight subsequent normal pregnancies. We conclude that hysterotomy for fetal surgery can be accomplished without unduly endangering the mother's life or her future reproductive potential. However, morbidity related to premature labor remains a serious problem, and our ability to control uterine contractions after hysterotomy remains the limiting factor in human fetal surgery.
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He LS, Chang SW, Ortiz de Montellano P, Burke TJ, Voelkel NF. Lung injury in Fischer but not Sprague-Dawley rats after short-term hyperoxia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 259:L451-8. [PMID: 2260676 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1990.259.6.l451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Fischer rat is known for its susceptibility to develop liver necrosis when challenged with paraquat (Smith et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 235: 172-177, 1985). We postulated that other organs, specifically the lung, may also be more susceptible to injury and examined whether lungs from Fischer (F) rats were injured more easily when challenged with active oxygen species than Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat lungs. We aimed to investigate whether increased susceptibility to oxidant injury was related to differences in lung antioxidant defenses. Perfused lungs from both rat strains were challenged by addition of H2O2 to the perfusate or by short-term hyperoxic ventilation. To assess nonoxidant modes of lung injury, we examined lung responses after exposure to protamine sulfate or neutrophil elastase. Intravascular H2O2 or 3 h in vitro hyperoxia caused lung edema in F but not SD rats, and elastase injured F rat lungs more than the lungs from SD rats. Protamine, however, injured the lungs from both strains to a similar degree. Catalase, but not superoxide dismutase or allopurinol, protected F rat lungs against edema, resulting from 3 h in vitro hyperoxia. The lung homogenate levels for reduced glutathione or conjugated dienes and the activities of lung tissue catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and cytochrome P-450 were not different between the two strains. Lung tissue ATP levels, however, were lower in F than in SD rats. Although the F rat strain appears to have an altered oxidant-antioxidant defense balance, the exact cause of the greater susceptibility to oxidant stress of the F rat strain remains elusive.
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Ohtsubo T, Chang SW, Tsuji K, Picha P, Saito H, Kano E. Effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and cis-diammine (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate) platinum (CBDCA) on thermotolerance development and thermosensitivity of the thermotolerant cells. Int J Hyperthermia 1990; 6:1031-9. [PMID: 2286792 DOI: 10.3109/02656739009140986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactive effects of combined treatment with heat and CDDP (0.5 micrograms/ml) or CBDCA (10 micrograms/ml) were examined on the surviving fractions of V-79 cells. Both CDDP and CBDCA treatment induced a slight enhancement in thermosensitivity of thermotolerant cells. The development of thermotolerance during step-up heating was partially inhibited by simultaneous treatment with CDDP or CBDCA throughout the heating process. Simultaneous heat treatment at 42 degrees C with either drug showed marked interactive effect and inhibited the thermotolerance developed during 42 degrees C heating.
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Chang SW, Hou PK, Chen MS. Conjunctival concretions. Polarized microscopic, histopathologic, and ultrastructural studies. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 1990; 108:405-7. [PMID: 1689997 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1990.01070050103042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the pathophysiologic features of conjunctival concretions, we performed polarized microscopic examinations, immunocytochemical studies, histochemical stains, and electron microscopic studies of concretions obtained from five patients with chronic conjunctivitis. Electron-dense secretory granules, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 micron in diameter and stained positively for periodic acid-Schiff and mucicarmine, were found in the superficial lining epithelial cells of the pseudogland of Henle. In view of the granular and membranous figures reflecting degenerating epithelial cells and secretory granules in the concretions, we argue that the concretions, are mostly composed of the mucinous secretion of the transformed conjunctival glands admixed with the degenerative products of the epithelial cells.
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Chen CR, Voelkel NF, Chang SW. PAF potentiates protamine-induced lung edema: role of pulmonary venoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1990; 68:1059-68. [PMID: 2341334 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the synergistic interaction between platelet-activating factor (PAF) and protamine sulfate, a cationic protein that causes pulmonary endothelial injury, in isolated rat lungs perfused with a physiological salt solution. A low dose of protamine (50 micrograms/ml) increased pulmonary artery perfusion pressure (Ppa) but did not increase wet lung-to-body weight ratio after 20 min. Pretreatment of the lungs with a noninjurious dose of PAF (1.6 nM) 10 min before protamine markedly potentiated protamine-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and resulted in severe lung edema and increased lung tissue content of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene C4. Pulmonary microvascular pressure (Pmv), measured by double occlusion, was markedly increased in lungs given PAF and protamine. These potentiating effects of PAF were blocked by WEB 2086 (10(-5) M), a specific PAF receptor antagonist. Pretreatment of the lungs with a high dose of histamine (10(-4) M) failed to enhance the effect of protamine on Ppa, Pmv, or wet lung-to-body weight ratio. Furthermore, PAF pretreatment enhanced elastase-, but not H2O2-, induced lung edema. To assess the role of hydrostatic pressure in edema formation, we compared lung permeability-surface area products (PS) in papaverine-treated lungs given either protamine alone or PAF + protamine and tested the effect of mechanical elevation of Pmv on protamine-induced lung edema. In the absence of vasoconstriction, PAF did not potentiate protamine-induced increase in lung PS. On the other hand, mechanically raising Pmv in protamine-treated lungs to a level similar to that measured in lungs given PAF + protamine did not result in a comparable degree of lung edema. We conclude that PAF potentiates protamine-induced lung edema predominantly by enhanced pulmonary venoconstriction. However, a pressure-independent effect of PAF on lung vasculature cannot be entirely excluded.
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Chang SW, Fernyak S, Voelkel NF. Beneficial effect of a platelet-activating factor antagonist, WEB 2086, on endotoxin-induced lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 258:H153-8. [PMID: 2301603 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1990.258.1.h153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that platelet-activating factor plays an important role in promoting endotoxin-induced lung injury by studying the effect of WEB 2086, a specific platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, on lung vascular leak in endotoxin-treated rats. Intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (2 mg/kg) increased the extravascular leakage of 125I-labeled albumin in perfused lungs at 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 48 h. Treatment with WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg ip) either 20 min before or 30 min after endotoxin injection significantly reduced lung injury at 2 h after endotoxin (leak index: control 0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.79 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + pretreated WEB 1.23 +/- 0.09, endotoxin + posttreated WEB 1.21 +/- 0.13). In addition, posttreatment with WEB 2086 starting at 90 min after endotoxin injection markedly reduced lung leak at 6 h (control 0.74 +/- 0.03, endotoxin 1.29 +/- 0.14, endotoxin + WEB 0.71 +/- 0.06). The protective effect of WEB 2086 was not the result of cyclooxygenase blockade because the release of thromboxane B2 by endotoxin-treated lungs was not affected by WEB 2086. Furthermore, neither pretreatment nor posttreatment with WEB 2086 significantly reduced the endotoxin-induced increase in plasma glutathione disulfide, a marker of in vivo oxidative stress. In rats given a lethal dose of endotoxin (20 mg/kg ip), posttreatment with WEB 2086, starting at 2 h after endotoxin, significantly improved survival compared with vehicle treatment. We conclude that WEB 2086 ameliorated endotoxin-induced lung injury without reducing oxidative stress in the rat and suggest that blockade of platelet-activating factor receptor may be an important therapeutic consideration in sepsis-induced acute lung vascular injury.
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Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia causes cellular oxidative stress by measuring plasma concentrations of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in rats exposed to acute and subacute hypoxia. In awake, unanesthetized, catheter-implanted rats, exposure to 8% O2 for 10 min caused pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased plasma GSSG. This increase in plasma GSSG was reversible upon re-exposure to room air. In another group of rats exposed to 48 hours of hypobaric hypoxia (Pb 450 mmHg, equivalent to about 14,500 feet altitude), plasma GSSG, but not total glutathione, was significantly increased over control values (2.83 +/- 0.24 vs 1.84 +/- 0.14 nmol/ml, p less than 0.05). While lung tissue GSSG in high altitude-exposed rats were somewhat higher than in controls (17.4 +/- 7.0 vs 11.9 +/- 3.6 nmol/g wet lung wt.), the difference was not statistically significant. Treatment of the rats with a radical scavenger, DMSO, before altitude exposure, blocked the increase in plasma GSSG (1.86 +/- 0.16 nmol/ml). We conclude that both acute and subacute hypoxia increase plasma GSSG in rats and speculate that hypoxia induces cellular oxidative stress in vivo.
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Chang SW, Sakai A, Voelkel NF. Dibutyryl-cAMP blocks endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1989; 140:1814-7. [PMID: 2557788 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of dibutyryl-cAMP pretreatment on endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes and lung vascular injury in rats. In catheter-implanted, unanesthetized rats, intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (2 mg/kg) decreased cardiac output and systemic blood pressure while increasing total pulmonary vascular resistance. Db-cAMP (1 mg given intraperitoneally every 30 min), although not significantly affecting cardiac output and systemic blood pressure, blocked the increase in total pulmonary resistance caused by endotoxin. Ninety minutes after intraperitoneal endotoxin injection, perfused lungs from endotoxin-treated rats exhibited increased pulmonary vascular permeability, as assessed by increased extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water. Db-cAMP treatment in vivo markedly attenuated the increases in lung albumin leak index and wet-to-dry weight ratio caused by endotoxin without affecting lung microvascular pressures. This protective action of db-cAMP is not due to its effect on prostaglandin or leukotriene synthesis since endotoxin-stimulated increases in lung tissue 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2 and leukotriene C4 were not inhibited. We conclude that db-cAMP blocks endotoxin-induced lung injury in the rat by a mechanism independent of eicosanoid products and speculate that agents that increase intracellular cAMP may be therapeutically useful in acute lung vascular injury.
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Chang SW, Ohara N, Kuo G, Voelkel NF. Tumor necrosis factor-induced lung injury is not mediated by platelet-activating factor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 257:L232-9. [PMID: 2801951 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1989.257.4.l232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) have been incriminated as mediators of endotoxic shock. Since TNF stimulates PAF synthesis in vitro, we tested the hypothesis that PAF mediates TNF-induced lung injury in vivo using specific PAF receptor antagonists. Intravenous infusion of purified human recombinant TNF resulted in peripheral neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, and hemoconcentration, caused hemorrhagic injury to the cecum, and increased lung tissue levels of thromboxane B2 and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. In addition, plasma glutathione disulfide (GSSG), an in vivo index of oxidative stress, was significantly increased. TNF (0.01-1 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent increase in lung permeability-surface area product (PS) measured in isolated perfused lungs removed from rats 90 min after injection of TNF. [Lung PS in controls and after 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg of TNF were 0.022 +/- 0.001, 0.027 +/- 0.002, 0.033 +/- 0.001, and 0.036 +/- 0.005, respectively (P less than 0.05 from control for TNF 0.1 and 1 mg/kg).] Pretreatment of the rats with the PAF receptor antagonists WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg) and SRI 63-441 (10 mg/kg), at doses that previously protected against endotoxin-induced lung injury, did not significantly affect TNF-induced (0.1 mg/kg) changes in hematocrit, plasma GSSG, or lung PS. Moreover, WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg) did not inhibit TNF-induced (1 mg/kg) lymphocytopenia or the increases in lung tissue eicosanoid products. We conclude that TNF causes oxidative stress, eicosanoid activation, and acute lung injury in rats by a mechanism largely independent of PAF receptor activation.
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Sakai A, Chang SW, Voelkel NF. Importance of vasoconstriction in lipid mediator-induced pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989; 66:2667-74. [PMID: 2745328 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators of inflammation cause pulmonary edema, yet it is unclear to what degree hemodynamic alterations or increased vascular permeability contribute to lung edema formation. The isolated rat lung preparation was used to examine the effect of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) on pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), lung microvascular pressure (Pmv), lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, and the 125I-albumin escape index. We first defined the response of the isolated rat lung perfused with protein-free salt solution to hydrodynamic stress by raising the lung outflow pressure. Sustained elevation of the lung outflow pressure less than 5.5 cmH2O (4.01 mmHg) caused a negligible increase in Ppa and wet-to-dry lung weight ratio. Elevation of outflow pressures greater than 7.5 cmH2O (5.4 mmHg) increased the vascular albumin escape index more than the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio. Dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (db-cAMP) inhibited the increase in albumin escape index because of increased lung outflow pressure, suggesting perhaps a pressure-independent microvascular membrane effect of db-cAMP. Both LTC4 (2-micrograms bolus) and PAF (2-2,000 ng/ml perfusate) increased the albumin escape index in association with increases in Ppa and Pmv. Because the increased albumin escape index after LTC4 or PAF injection was largely accounted for by the increased vascular pressures and because db-cAMP and papaverine inhibited the rise in vascular pressures and in the albumin escape index, we conclude that vasoconstriction is an important contributor to LTC4- and PAF-induced edema formation in rat lungs.
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Chang SW, Westcott JY, Pickett WC, Murphy RC, Voelkel NF. Endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats: role of eicosanoids. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989; 66:2407-18. [PMID: 2501283 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied lung vascular injury and quantitated lung eicosanoids in rats after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin. Within 40 min after endotoxin injection (20 mg/kg), lung tissue thromboxane B2 doubled, although 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) increased by 8- to 10-fold. Lung 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene C4 were variably increased by endotoxin. The levels of all eicosanoids returned to base line 6 h after endotoxin challenge. Lung vascular injury, as assessed by the extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water in isolated perfused lungs, was observed 90 min after endotoxin injection (0.02-20 mg/kg) in vivo. Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway with indomethacin and the lipoxygenase pathway with diethylcarbamazine and 2-(12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-dinyl)-3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoqui none failed to attenuate endotoxin-induced lung injury. In addition, essential fatty acid deficiency, which markedly reduced lung tissue levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene C4, did not protect against endotoxin injury. We conclude that although lung eicosanoids are activated during endotoxemia, they do not play a crucial role in the development of acute lung vascular injury in rats.
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Panos RJ, Chang SW. Diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma by bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy. J Natl Med Assoc 1989; 81:460-3. [PMID: 2738956 PMCID: PMC2625995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intraparenchymal pulmonary hamartomas are benign lesions that cannot reliably be distinguished from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules by routine chest x-ray or computerized tomography. Thoracotomy or transthoracic needle aspiration or biopsy is usually required to establish the histologic diagnosis of hamartoma. We report a patient in whom a solitary pulmonary nodule was diagnosed as a pulmonary hamartoma by bronchoscopic transbronchial biopsy, obviating the need for a more invasive procedure. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsies should be considered initially in the evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule. Special stains for cartilage and fat may aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary hamartomas.
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Voelkel NF, Stenmark KR, Westcott JY, Chang SW. Lung eicosanoid metabolism. Clin Chest Med 1989; 10:95-105. [PMID: 2650967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are metabolites of the essential fatty acid, arachidonic acid, which is an integral part of all cell membranes. Membrane damage (as in lung injury) and stretching of tissues are recognized stimuli for lung prostaglandin release, indicating a spectrum of possible roles of eicosanoids in the function of the normal and diseased lung. This article reviews the most pertinent issues regarding the roles of arachidonic acid metabolites in the lung.
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Chang SW, Voelkel NF. Charge-related lung microvascular injury. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1989; 139:534-45. [PMID: 2643906 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.2.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Munoz NM, Chang SW, Murphy TM, Stimler-Gerard NP, Blake J, Mack M, Irvin C, Voelkel NF, Leff AR. Distribution of bronchoconstrictor responses in isolated-perfused rat lung. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989; 66:202-9. [PMID: 2917922 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of bronchoconstrictor stimuli administered selectively through isolated-perfused preparations of the bronchial and pulmonary circulations of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats. Dose-related contraction was elicited with infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, and serotonin (5-HT). Bolus infusion of 10(-5) mol ACh caused a 3.5-fold increase in pulmonary resistance (RL) after infusion into the pulmonary circulation (PC) and a 2.5-fold increase in the bronchial circulation (BC) (P less than 0.05 vs. control) that was blocked selectively in each circulation with atropine. Administration of 10(-5) mol 5-HT into the BC caused only a 45% increase in RL; the same dose of 5-HT caused a 5.1-fold increase in RL in the PC. A biphasic (increase at lower doses/decrease at higher doses) change in RL was elicited by histamine that was converted to dose-related constriction after H2-receptor blockade with cimetidine in both BC and PC. Response to exogenous ACh remained viable for greater than 5 h. Infusion of the mast cell degranulating agent, compound 48/80 (48/80), caused increase in RL that corresponded to quantitative recovery of histamine in the perfusates of both BC and PC. Histamine concentration in the perfusate increased from 47.2 +/- 31.8 (base line) to 624 +/- 60.1 ng/ml (2-fold increase in RL) in the BC and from 38.3 +/- 17.7 (base line) to 294.4 +/- 38.1 ng/ml (50% increase in RL) in the PC (P less than 0.001 vs. baseline concentration) after a 0.1-mg/ml dose of 48/80.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Haynes J, Chang SW, Morris KG, Voelkel NF. Platelet-activating factor antagonists increase vascular reactivity in perfused rat lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988; 65:1921-8. [PMID: 3209541 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) administered to the pulmonary circulation in low dose (nanogram) has vasodilatory properties. Therefore, we investigated whether endogenous PAF plays a role in the control of tone in the pulmonary circulation. The PAF receptor antagonists, SRI 63-441 (2.6 X 10(-4) M) and L659,989 (1 X 10(-5) M), were the major investigative tools. In isolated perfused rat lungs, both agents caused a persistent increase in base-line perfusion pressure (Ppa), potentiated angiotensin II (ANG II) vasoconstriction, and potentiated hypoxic vasoconstriction (HPV). This potentiation of ANG II and HPV was found to be independent of circulating blood elements. Vasodilation in the presence of PAF blockade was also impaired. The combination of cyclooxygenase inhibition and PAF receptor blockade had an additive effect on ANG II vasoconstriction but did not cause more potentiation of HPV than achieved with PAF antagonism alone. In vivo, SRI 63-441 (10 mg/kg) caused only a transient increase in base-line Ppa without altering ANG II and hypoxic vasoconstriction. These findings support a vasodilatory role for endogenous PAF in the pulmonary circulation.
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McDonnell TJ, Chang SW, Westcott JY, Voelkel NF. Role of oxidants, eicosanoids, and neutrophils in amphotericin B lung injury in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988; 65:2195-206. [PMID: 3209563 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of the antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB, 1 mg/kg) to intact rats produced acute lung injury as indicated by the extravascular leakage of protein and water and histological examination. The injury was neutrophil independent because it occurred in neutropenic rats. AmB produced vasoconstriction and injury in isolated lungs perfused with a cell- and plasma-free physiological solution, and this injury was independent of pulmonary perfusion pressure. In vivo administration of AmB produced an increase in lung tissue and plasma-oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) indicative of oxidant stress. In the isolated lung, the radical scavengers p-hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben) and catalase attenuated AmB lung injury as did 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (Phenidone), a combined radical scavenger and lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and the leukotriene antagonist CGP 35949B. Methylparaben and CGP 35949B prevented the elevation in lung tissue leukotriene C4 and B4 levels noted after AmB. We conclude that AmB in the rat produces neutrophil-independent lung injury, which is associated with oxidant stress and eicosanoid production.
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Chang SW, Morris KG, McMurtry IF, Voelkel NF. Pulmonary artery catheterization in the rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 255:H691-2. [PMID: 3414831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.3.h691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chang SW, Lauterburg BH, Voelkel NF. Endotoxin causes neutrophil-independent oxidative stress in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1988; 65:358-67. [PMID: 3042743 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin-induced oxidative stress is investigated in rats by measuring changes in plasma and lung tissue levels of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using a modified enzymatic assay that allows simultaneous measurement of up to 80 samples. Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (2 and 20 mg/kg) acutely increased both plasma reduced glutathione and GSSG with a rise in the ratio of GSSG to total glutathione. This increase in GSSG was enhanced by pretreatment with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an inhibitor of the glutathione reductase enzyme. However, there was no significant arteriovenous difference in plasma GSSG across the lung, and lung tissue GSSG did not increase after endotoxin treatment. The increase in plasma GSSG was not blocked by vinblastine-induced neutropenia and could not be reproduced by incubating rat blood in vitro with endotoxin. Receptor antagonists of platelet-activating factor (PAF), at a dose that previously inhibited endotoxin-induced lung injury, attenuated the endotoxin-induced increase in plasma GSSG. We conclude that endotoxin causes neutrophil-independent oxidative stress in rats, which may be enhanced by the action of platelet-activating factor.
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Stelzner TJ, Chang SW, OBrien RF, Weil JV. Subacute hypoxic exposure increases lung transvascular protein escape in rats. Chest 1988; 93:157S-158S. [PMID: 3342698 DOI: 10.1378/chest.93.3_supplement.157s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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124
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Wada T, Nishide T, Hatayama K, Chang SW, Tatsuta M, Yasutomi M. [A comparative clinical trial with tegafur plus lentinan treatment at two different doses in advanced cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1987; 14:2509-12. [PMID: 3113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of combined tegafur plus lentinan treatment, a comparative trial was performed on patients with advanced cancer using two different doses, a conventional-dose group and a high-dose group. Thirty-four patients were evaluable in this trial. The doses of medication were 600 mg of tegafur p.o. daily and 1-2 mg of lentinan i.v. weekly in the conventional-dose group, and 1,200-800 mg of tegafur p.o. daily and 4 mg of lentinan i.v. weekly in the high-dose group. The response was evaluated using the criteria of Koyama. The response rates were 14.3% for the conventional-dose group and 25.0% for the high-dose group, although no statistical difference was observed. Acute toxicities such as oppression in the anterior chest and dryness of the throat, which were considered to be probably due to lentinan, were noted in patients given rapid administration with 20 ml of solution. However, these effects disappeared with slow-drip infusion using 100-200 ml of solution. These results suggest that the combined tegafur plus lentinan treatment would be better administered at a dose higher than the conventional one for the treatment for advanced cancers.
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125
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Voelkel NF, Chang SW, McDonnell TJ, Westcott JY, Haynes J. Role of membrane lipids in the control of normal vascular tone. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1987; 136:214-7. [PMID: 3300446 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.1.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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126
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Chang SW, Westcott JY, Henson JE, Voelkel NF. Pulmonary vascular injury by polycations in perfused rat lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987; 62:1932-43. [PMID: 2885303 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycations, such as protamine sulfate and polylysine, have been implicated in the cause of pulmonary edema, but the mechanism is unknown. We studied the vascular effect of protamine in isolated rat lungs perfused with a cell- and plasma-free solution. Protamine (50-1,000 micrograms/ml) increased lung perfusion pressure and caused edema. Blocking the pulmonary vasoconstriction with papaverine (10(-4) M) did not prevent lung edema. In addition, lungs treated with protamine and papaverine showed increased extravascular leakage of 125I-albumin, indicating increased vascular permeability. Histological examination of these lungs showed marked endothelial injury. Functional endothelial damage was further demonstrated by the impairment of the acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation in protamine-treated vascular rings. Antihistamines and indomethacin failed to block the pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased vascular permeability caused by protamine. In addition, we found that anionic substances, heparin and albumin, blocked the lung injury induced by protamine, whereas other polycations, polylysine and hexadimethrine bromide, caused pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased vascular permeability similar to protamine. We conclude that protamine causes pulmonary endothelial injury and lung edema and suggest that the injury may be charge mediated.
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Chang SW, Feddersen CO, Henson PM, Voelkel NF. Platelet-activating factor mediates hemodynamic changes and lung injury in endotoxin-treated rats. J Clin Invest 1987; 79:1498-509. [PMID: 3553241 PMCID: PMC424426 DOI: 10.1172/jci112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Within 20 min after intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin in rats, blood platelet-activating factor (PAF) increased from 4.3 +/- 1.3 to 13.7 +/- 2.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.01) and lung PAF from 32.3 +/- 4.9 to 312.3 +/- 19.6 ng (P less than 0.01), but not lung lavage PAF. We tested the effect of PAF receptor antagonists, CV 3988 and SRI 63-441, on endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes and lung vascular injury. Pretreatment with CV 3988 attenuated systemic hypotension, preserved hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and prolonged survival of awake catheter-implanted endotoxin-treated (20 mg/kg) rats. Pretreatment with SRI 63-441 prevented the depressed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction after low dose (2 mg/kg) endotoxin. Both CV 3988 and SRI 63-441 blocked the increased extravascular accumulation of 125I-albumin and water in perfused lungs isolated from endotoxin-treated rats. We conclude that PAF is produced in the lung during endotoxemia and may be an important mediator of the systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic changes as well as the acute lung vascular injury after endotoxemia.
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Voelkel NF, Chang SW, Pfeffer KD, Worthen SG, McMurtry IF, Henson PM. PAF antagonists: different effects on platelets, neutrophils, guinea pig ileum and PAF-induced vasodilation in isolated rat lung. PROSTAGLANDINS 1986; 32:359-72. [PMID: 3024235 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(86)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of structurally different PAF receptor blockers were investigated in platelets, neutrophils, guinea pig ileum, rat isolated lung and rat isolated pulmonary artery. PAF caused serotonin release from platelets and a characteristic shape change and adhesion of neutrophils. The antagonists (CV 3988, alprazolam, 48740 RP and Merck-Sharp and Dohme L-652, 731) inhibited platelet serotonin release but not neutrophil shape change adhesion or lysosomal enzyme release. The antagonists in high concentrations (10(-5)-10(-4)M) inhibited nonspecifically the PAF-induced (10(-8)M) guinea pig ileum contraction, but were ineffective at concentrations which inhibited platelet responses. In the rat lung the compounds, in high concentrations, partially inhibited the low dose PAF-induced pulmonary vasodilation and the high dose PAF induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and edema. Our data indicate that some platelet PAF antagonists may be ineffective in blocking the action of PAF on neutrophils and smooth muscle preparations and suggest either PAF-receptor independent actions of PAF or different classes of PAF receptors.
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Chang SW, Voelkel NF. Actions of opiate agonists, naloxone, and paraben preservatives in the rat lung circulation. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1986; 181:404-10. [PMID: 2868457 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-181-42272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have documented direct vascular effects of opiate substances in the systemic circulation. Because opiate receptors have been identified in the lung, we wondered whether opiate substances might affect vasoreactivity in the lung circulation. We studied the pulmonary vascular effects of three opiate agonists: morphine, leucine-enkephalin, and dynorphin, as well as the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone, in isolated rat lungs perfused with a cell- and plasma-free salt solution. Because of previous reports of the smooth muscle effects of the methyl- and propylparaben preservatives in the naloxone preparation, we also studied the pulmonary vascular effects of these preservatives in the rat lung circulation. We found that morphine, a mu-receptor agonist, leucine-enkephalin, a delta-receptor agonist, and dynorphin, a kappa-receptor agonist, caused no immediate vascular effect when injected into the pulmonary artery. In addition, morphine did not affect the pulmonary vasoconstrictions induced by hypoxia, angiotensin II, or potassium chloride. The commercial preparation of naloxone, Narcan, caused a marked vasodilation during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, this effect was entirely attributable to the preservatives methyl- and propylparaben, as pure naloxone had no effect on either the baseline pulmonary vascular tone or the vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia. We conclude that opiate receptor agonists and antagonists do not affect vasoreactivity in the rat lung circulation and that the methyl- and propylparaben preservatives in Narcan are pulmonary vasodilators.
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Chang SW, King TE. Aspergillus terreus causing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with air-crescent sign. J Natl Med Assoc 1986; 78:248, 251-3. [PMID: 3458927 PMCID: PMC2571263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus is an uncommon cause of human disease. A patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia is described who developed an invasive pulmonary infection with A terreus characterized by an air-crescent sign on chest roentgenogram. Previous reports of A terreus infections and the pathogenesis and significance of an air-crescent sign in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis are reviewed.
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Umeshita K, Noguchi S, Chang SW, Akashi H, Mizumoto S, Kuriyama H, Aoki Y, Ito H, Nakamura H. [A case of hepatocellular carcinoma (acute abdominal type) misdiagnosed as acute appendicitis and satisfactorily treated by a two-stage operation]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1984; 11:1506-10. [PMID: 6331325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A 66-year-old man was admitted because of right lower abdominal pain and was operated on for acute appendicitis on March 12, 1983. It was found that his appendix was not inflamed, but a bleeding tumor was encountered in the posterior segment of the liver. Bleeding was controlled by suturing the liver above the tumor. Postoperative celiac angiography revealed many daughter tumors scattered in, but restricted to, the right lobe of the liver. The patient was treated by transcatheter arterial embolization combined with transcatheter arterial infusion of lipiodol and Adriamycin on April 25. Subsequently, a curative operation (right hemihepatectomy) was performed on May 24. The patient is still alive without recurrence 6 months after the resection. In case of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, it appears to be better to perform a two-stage operation with careful estimation of functional reserve of the liver, and to conduct transcatheter arterial embolization between operations to prevent the growth of the tumor during that period.
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Ohara N, Chang SW. Kaposi's sarcoma and the HLA-Dr5 alloantigen. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:617. [PMID: 6982016 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-617_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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133
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Kambayashi J, Chang SW, Kosaki G, Kawai M, Taenaka N, Shimada Y. [Subcutaneous administration of heparin (author's transl)]. [RINSHO KETSUEKI] THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY 1982; 23:121-8. [PMID: 7098006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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134
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Ohno H, Kambayashi J, Chang SW, Kosaki G. FOY: [ethyl p-(6-guanidinohexanoyloxy) benzoate] methanesulfonate as a serine proteinase inhibitor. II. In vivo effect on coagulofibrinolytic system in comparison with heparin or aprotinin. Thromb Res 1981; 24:445-52. [PMID: 6178174 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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135
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Kambayashi J, Chang SW, Ohno H, Kobayashi T, Kosaki G. [Heparin and antithrombin III (author's transl)]. [RINSHO KETSUEKI] THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY 1981; 22:1010-5. [PMID: 7328760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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136
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Bovarnick JG, Chang SW, Schiff JA, Schwartzbach SD. Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts: experiments with streptomycin in non-dividing cells. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1974; 83:51-62. [PMID: 4213098 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-83-1-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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