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Shah SA, Rathod IS, Kanakia D. Colorimetry method for estimation of glycine, alanine and isoleucine. Indian J Pharm Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.34566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Patel HM, Suhagia BN, Shah SA, Rathod IS. Determination of etoricoxib in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC method. Indian J Pharm Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.38485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Suhagia BN, Shah SA, Rathod IS, Patel HM, Rao YM. Spectrophotometric estimation of Lomefloxacin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Indian J Pharm Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.25728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Suhagia BN, Shah SA, Rathod IS, Patel HM, Doshi KR, Parmar VK. Spectrophotometric estimation of roxithromycin in tablet dosage forms. Indian J Pharm Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.27845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Shah SA, Altaf A. Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in Pakistan: a great challenge. J PAK MED ASSOC 2006; 56:S75-6. [PMID: 16689491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Suhagia BN, Shah SA, Rathod IS, Patel HM, Doshi KR. Determination of Azithromycin in pharmaceutical dosage forms by Spectrophotometric method. Indian J Pharm Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.25726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Suhagia BN, Shah SA, Rathod IS, Patel HM, Dave H. Spectrophotometric estimation of Betaxolol Hydrochloride in bulk powder and its dosage forms. Indian J Pharm Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.25735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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58
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Shah SA, Khan OA, Kristensen S, Vermund SH. HIV-infected workers deported from the Gulf States: impact on Southern Pakistan. J PAK MED ASSOC 2006; 56:S22-4. [PMID: 16689478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV prevalence is still very low in Pakistan, but its south Asian location and subgroups with recognized lifestyle risk factors suggest that Pakistan will experience expanded diffusion of HIV. We report the frequency of HIV infections identified by the AIDS Control Programme in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Most HIV positive cases currently reported to the Sindh AIDS Control Programme are found among Pakistani workers deported from the Gulf States and among foreigners. The 58 returned workers with HIV represent 61 to 86% of reported cases in any given year during the 1996-1998 period. Five wives of returning workers have been identified with HIV. Expatriate workers in the Gulf States are tested for HIV routinely, unlike other subgroups in Pakistan. Considering the risk of HIV/AIDS due to regular introduction of HIV from returned workers, and the limited awareness surrounding sexual health and HIV/STD transmission issues in Pakistan, intervention programmes targeted at overseas workers need to be implemented to control the expansion of the HIV epidemic in Pakistan (Int J STD AIDS 1999;10:812-14).
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Shimamura M, Garcia JM, Prough DS, Dewitt DS, Uchida T, Shah SA, Avila MAA, Hellmich HL. Analysis of long-term gene expression in neurons of the hippocampal subfields following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neuroscience 2005; 131:87-97. [PMID: 15680694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), widespread neuronal loss is progressive and continues in selectively vulnerable brain regions, such as the hippocampus, for months to years after the initial insult. To clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying secondary or delayed cell death in hippocampal neurons after TBI, we compared long-term changes in gene expression in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) subfields of the rat hippocampus at 24 h and 3, 6, and 12 months after TBI with changes in gene expression in sham-operated rats. We used laser capture microdissection to collect several hundred hippocampal neurons from the CA1, CA3, and DG subfields and linearly amplified the nanogram samples of neuronal RNA with T7 RNA polymerase. Subsequent quantitative analysis of gene expression using ribonuclease protection assay revealed that mRNA expression of the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, and the chaperone heat shock protein 70 was significantly downregulated at 3, 6 (Bcl-2 only), and 12 months after TBI. Interestingly, the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes caspase-3 and caspase-9 was also significantly decreased at 3, 6 (caspase-9 only), and 12 months after TBI, suggesting that long-term neuronal loss after TBI is not mediated by increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes. The expression of two aging-related genes, p21 and integrin beta3 (ITbeta3), transiently increased 24 h after TBI, returned to baseline levels at 3 months and significantly decreased below sham levels at 12 months (ITbeta3 only). Expression of the gene for the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase-1 also significantly increased 6 months after TBI. These results suggest that decreased levels of neuroprotective genes may contribute to long-term neurodegeneration in animals and human patients after TBI. Conversely, long-term increases in antioxidant gene expression after TBI may be an endogenous neuroprotective response that compensates for the decrease in expression of other neuroprotective genes.
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Lone PM, Khan AA, Shah SA. Study of dust pollution caused by traffic in Aligarh city. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2005; 47:33-6. [PMID: 16669332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the dust pollution caused by vehicles in Aligarh city was estimated. Four major national roads viz. Anoopshahar road, Delhi road, Agra road and Kanpur road of Aligarh city were selected. The dust pollution was maximum on Kanpur road (46.44 gm/m2/ month) followed by Agra road (38.94 gm/m2/month) and Delhi road (34.52 gm/m2/month). The least dust pollution was recorded on Anoopshahar road (20.10gm/m2/month). In general, the dust fall rate per unit area was highest at 3 km inside city (38.66 gm/m2/month) closely followed by starting point (37.27gm/m2/month) and least at 3 km outside city (29.09 gm/m2/ month). The average dust fall rate per unit area was estimated to be about 35 gm/m2/month in Aligarh city.
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Shah SA, Altaf A. Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in Pakistan: a great challenge. J PAK MED ASSOC 2004; 54:290-1. [PMID: 15366791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Shah SA, Mujeeb SA, Mirza A, Nabi KG, Siddiqui Q. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Karachi juvenile jail, Pakistan. EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HEALTH JOURNAL = LA REVUE DE SANTE DE LA MEDITERRANEE ORIENTALE = AL-MAJALLAH AL-SIHHIYAH LI-SHARQ AL-MUTAWASSIT 2003; 9:667-74. [PMID: 15748064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Jail inmates may be at increased risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB). We studied 386 detainees (mean age 17.7 years) in Karachi juvenile jail to determine the prevalence of TB and possible risk factors for contracting TB. We found a 3.9% prevalence of TB among the inmates, significantly higher than the estimated 1.1% prevalence in the general population of Pakistan. Positive family history of TB was a significant risk factor for TB. Poor adherence of previously diagnosed patients to anti-TB treatment was found. Our study highlights the vulnerability of inmates to TB owing to the presence of highly infectious cases, along with environmental conditions such as overcrowding and poor ventilation. This study strongly indicates the need for an effective treatment programme in the jails as well in the general community.
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Shah SA, Bachrach N, Spear SJ, Letbetter DS, Stone RA, Dhir R, Prichard JW, Brown HG, LaFramboise WA. Cutaneous wound analysis using hyperspectral imaging. Biotechniques 2003; 34:408-13. [PMID: 12613264 DOI: 10.2144/03342pf01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlative bright-field and hyperspectral analysis of full-thickness, cutaneous wounds in a porcine model was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of hyperspectral imaging as an alternate method for wound identification. Analysis of a randomly selected specimen yielded distinct spectral signatures for cutaneous regions of interest including the epidermis, injured dermis, and normal dermis. The scanning of the entire specimen group using these hyperspectral signatures revealed an exclusionary, pseudo-color pattern whereby a central wound region was consistently defined by a unique spectral signature. An algorithm was derived as an objective tool for the comparison of the wound regions defined by the hyperspectral classification versus the pathologists' manual tracings. The dimensions of the wound identified in the hyperspectral assay did not differ significantly from the wound region identified by the pathologists using standard bright-field microscopy. These data indicate that hyperspectral analysis may provide a high-throughput alternative for wound estimation that approximates standard bright-field imaging and pathologist evaluation.
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Abstract
Benzocaine is used routinely for topical pharyngeal anesthesia prior to upper endoscopy, to improve patient tolerance. A potentially fatal, although often unrecognized, complication of benzocaine use is methemoglobinemia. Here, we report a case of methemoglobinemia induced by benzocaine given before upper endoscopy. Rapid recognition of this complication and immediate treatment is essential to prevent complications related to significant tissue hypoxia. This case serves as an important reminder to physicians, especially endoscopists, about this serious side effect. Furthermore, we question the need for topical anesthesia for upper endoscopy in sedated patients.
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Vyas V, Shah SA, Patel KM, Parekh BB, Nath SV, Hussain BM. Acute lymphocytic leukemia CNS disease presenting as central diabetes insipidus. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2002; 50:281-2. [PMID: 12038668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Shah SA, Potter MW, Hedeshian MH, Kim RD, Chari RS, Callery MP. PI-3' kinase and NF-kappaB cross-signaling in human pancreatic cancer cells. J Gastrointest Surg 2001; 5:603-12; discussion 612-3. [PMID: 12086898 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(01)80102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Because tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and some chemotherapeutic agents activate both apoptosis and NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic genes, they may neutralize their own antitumor effects. The cell-signaling mechanisms for such chemoresistance are not clear but may involve phosphotidylinositol-3' kinase (PI3K). To clarify this we examined whether cross-signaling between PI3K and NF-kappaB enhances the antitumor effect of TNF-alpha in human pancreatic cancer cells. Quiescent pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1, MiaPaCa-2) with TNF-alpha, Ly294002 (PI3K inhibitor), alone or combined, were restimulated with mitogen (10% fetal calf serum [FCS] to induce cell cycle entry). Proliferation (monotetrazolium), cell cycle progression (ApoBrDU and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis), and apoptosis (PARP cleavage; caspase-3 activation) were measured. Akt activation (Akt kinase assay) and IkappaBalpha degradation were determined by Western blot analysis. Translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus was examined by EMSA, whereas an NF-kappaB/luciferase reporter gene was used to quantify NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of two-tailed t test (P <0.05). PI3K inhibition significantly enhanced the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of TNF-alpha in both cell lines, Ly294002 also blocked TNF-alpha-induced Akt activation but failed to alter cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha degradation or subsequent NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression, however, was ultimately suppressed by Ly294002, suggesting that PI3k-dependent activation of NF-kappaB is IkappaBalpha independent. PI3K inhibition can block NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression regardless of cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaB activation. Because it also regulates the antitumor effects of TNF-alpha, PI3K may in part determine NF-kappaB-induced chemoresistance in human pancreatic cancer.
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Shah SA, Rathod IS, Suhagia BN, Savale SS, Patel JB. Simultaneous determination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in combined dosage forms by first-derivative spectroscopy and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J AOAC Int 2001; 84:1715-23. [PMID: 11767136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Losartan (LST) is the first orally active nonpeptide angiotensin-II receptor antagonist with an improved safety and tolerability profile. It is prescribed alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hypertension. This paper describes the development of 2 methods that use different techniques, first-derivative spectroscopy and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), to determine LST and HCTZ in the presence of each other. LST and HCTZ in combined preparations were quantitated by using the first-derivative responses at 271.6 nm for LST and 335.0 nm for HCTZ in spectra of their solutions in water. The linearity ranges are 30-70 microg/mL for LST and 7.5-17.5 microg/mL for HCTZ with correlation coefficients of 0.9998 and 0.9997, respectively. In the HPTLC method, a mobile phase of chloroform-methanol-acetone-formic acid (7.5 + 1.5 + 0.5 + 0.03, v/v) and a prewashed Silica Gel G60 F254 TLC plate as the stationary phase were used to resolve LST and HCTZ in a mixture. Two well-separated and sharp peaks for LST and HCTZ were obtained at Rf values of 0.61+/-0.02 and 0.41+/-0.02, respectively. LST and HCTZ were quantitated at 254.0 nm. The linearity ranges obtained for the HPTLC method are 400-1200 and 100-300 ng/spot with corresponding correlation coefficients of 0.9944 and 0.9979, for LST and HCTZ, respectively. Both methods were validated, and the results were compared statistically. They were found to be accurate, specific, and reproducible. The methods were successfully applied to the estimation of LST and HCTZ in combined tablet formulations.
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Shishoo CJ, Shah SA, Rathod IS, Savale SS, Vora MJ. Impaired bioavailability of rifampicin in presence of isoniazid from fixed dose combination (FDC) formulation. Int J Pharm 2001; 228:53-67. [PMID: 11576768 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes comparative bioavailability of rifampicin (RIF) after administration of a single component RIF (450 mg) capsule and rifampicin-isoniazid (RIF-INH) (450+300 mg) fixed dose combination (FDC) capsule formulations. Six healthy male volunteers participated in a single dose, two treatment, two period, cross-over study. A sensitive, specific and accurate HPTLC method was developed, validated and employed for estimation of RIF and its major active metabolite, 25-Desacetylrifampicin (25-DAR) levels, in urine. Using the urinary excretion data various pharmacokinetic parameters: AUC(0-24), AUC(0-infinity), cumulative amount excreted in 24 h, peak excretion rate, etc. for both RIF and 25-DAR were calculated and compared statistically (ANOVA, 90% confidence interval for ratio). Significant decrease in the bioavailability ( approximately 32% as RIF and approximately 28% as 25-DAR) of RIF from FDC capsules was observed. The present bioavailability study confirms our serious doubts about the stability of RIF in presence of INH in acidic environment of stomach, which probably is the main factor responsible for the reduced bioavailability of RIF from RIF-INH combination formulations. This study underlines the fact that there is an urgent need to reconsider the formulation of the FDC product in order to minimize or avoid the decomposition of RIF in gastrointestinal tract.
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Sohn KJ, Shah SA, Reid S, Choi M, Carrier J, Comiskey M, Terhorst C, Kim YI. Molecular genetics of ulcerative colitis-associated colon cancer in the interleukin 2- and beta(2)-microglobulin-deficient mouse. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6912-7. [PMID: 11559569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in beta(2)-microglobulin and interleukin 2 (beta(2)m(null) x IL-2(null)) spontaneously develop colon cancer in the setting of chronic ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated mutations of the Apc and p53 genes and microsatellite instability in colonic adenocarcinomas arising in this model. Mutations of the Apc and p53 genes in the regions corresponding to mutation hot spots in human colorectal cancer were determined by sequencing in 11 colonic adenocarcinomas. Microsatellite instability was determined in matched normal and neoplastic DNA at five loci. All 11 adenocarcinomas harbored Apc mutations. Of these 11 tumors, 5 harbored truncating mutations. A total of 67 Apc mutations were found in these 11 tumors; 59 were missense mutations, whereas 8 were frameshift or nonsense mutations. Six of the 11 adenocarcinomas harbored p53 mutations. A total of seven p53 mutations were found in these 11 tumors; all mutations were transitions, 4 of which were C:G-->T:A transitions occurring in codon 229 at cytosine-guanine dinucleotides. Nine adenocarcinomas exhibited microsatellite instability in at least one of the five loci examined; 1 tumor had microsatellite instability in two loci. Molecular genetics, as well as clinical features, of colon cancer in the beta(2)m(null) x IL-2(null) mice are similar to those of human UC-associated colorectal cancer. As such, this model appears to be an excellent animal model to study UC-associated colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Ricciardi R, Schaffer BK, Kim RD, Shah SA, Donohue SE, Wheeler SM, Quarfordt SH, Callery MP, Meyers WC, Chari RS. Protective effects of ischemic preconditioning on the cold-preserved liver are tyrosine kinase dependent. Transplantation 2001; 72:406-12. [PMID: 11502967 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200108150-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little data exist regarding the use of ischemic preconditioning before sustained hepatic cold storage. We hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning protects hepatic grafts via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway. METHODS Six porcine livers underwent routine harvest (control). Five other livers underwent 15 min of in situ ischemia followed by 15 min of reflow before harvest (ischemic preconditioning). Another five livers were pretreated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (genistein) before preconditioning. Upon reperfusion and after 2 hours of cold storage, graft function, graft circulatory impairment, and markers of cellular damage were analyzed. Tissue cytoplasmic extracts were analyzed for tyrosine phosphorylation with Western blot. Significance was determined with t tests. RESULTS Ischemic-preconditioned grafts demonstrated enhanced bile production, augmented responses to a bile acid challenge, and elevated O2 consumption (P<0.05) compared to controls. Also, preconditioned grafts demonstrated improved hepatic tissue blood flow and decreased hepatic vascular resistance (P<0.005) compared to controls. Endothelial cell preservation (factor VIII immunostain) was improved in preconditioned graft biopsies compared to controls. With genistein pretreatment, all observed improvements returned to control levels. Analysis of cytoplasmic extracts demonstrated an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation before cold ischemia in preconditioned grafts only, but not in control or genistein-pretreated grafts. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that ischemic preconditioning protects the liver from sustained cold ischemia and that tyrosine kinases are involved in preconditioning responses.
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Fefferman DS, Alsahli M, Lodhavia PJ, Shah SA, Farrell RJ. Re: Triantafillidis et al.--Acute idiopathic pancreatitis complicating active Crohn's disease: favorable response to infliximab treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:2510-1. [PMID: 11513207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fefferman DS, Shah SA, Alsahlil M, Gelrud A, Falchulk KR, Farrell RJ. Successful treatment of refractory esophageal Crohn's disease with infliximab. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46:1733-5. [PMID: 11508675 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010613823223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fefferman DS, Shah SA, Alsahlil M, Gelrud A, Falchulk KR, Farrell RJ. Successful treatment of refractory esophageal Crohn's disease with infliximab. Dig Dis Sci 2001. [PMID: 11508675 DOI: 10.1080/13518040701205365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Potter MW, Shah SA, McEnaney P, Chari RS, Callery MP. A critical appraisal of laparoscopic staging in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancy. Surg Oncol 2001; 9:103-10. [PMID: 11356338 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(01)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prognosis for patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers is dismal. Surgery is the best therapeutic option for those with tumors which have not yet metastasized. Standard radiologic tests such as computed tomography (CT) scan and trans-abdominal ultrasound are useful in identifying patients for whom an attempt at resection would be futile. Staging laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound allows greater precision in identifying those for whom resection would be helpful with less morbidity than an open exploration. Metastatic disease can be identified more precisely than with radiologic tests and can be characterized by biopsy techniques. Palliative procedures are now being performed laparoscopically with low morbidity and short hospital stays. The use of laparoscopy prior to open exploration for patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic tumors is advantageous.
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Shah SA, Potter MW, Callery MP. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway: implications and advances in cancer therapy. Surg Oncol 2001; 10:43-52. [PMID: 11719028 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(01)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of most eukaryotic cells is controlled by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. This pathway is responsible not only for the degradation of short and long-lived proteins but also tumor suppressors, transcription factors and cell cycle proteins. Altered degradation of these proteins is thought to promote cancer growth and spread. By contrast, inhibition of the proteasome would lead to cell cycle arrest and ultimately programmed cell death, or apoptosis. A structured review of the published literature examining the role of ubiquitin proteasome inhibition in cancer growth and regulation is provided. Advances in the development of proteasome inhibitors have allowed detailed investigation of this pathway in cancer growth. Relevant in vitro and in vivo studies of proteasome inhibition as pertains to cancer therapy are detailed. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is critical in the degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control and tumor growth. Proteasome inhibitors have been shown to arrest or retard cancer progression, by interfering with the ordered, temporal degradation of regulatory molecules. Clinical trials examining the agents have begun.
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