[HIV infection and related factors among men who have sex with men aged 50 and above]

Objectives: To explore the HIV prevalence and related factors among MSM aged 50 and above and provide evidence on the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Methods: Based on an MSM social application software Blued 7.1.6, we recruited participants through online convenience sampling to collect demographic variables, behavioral and self-reported HIV infection status, etc. Univariate χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the related factors of self-reported HIV infection. Results: Self-reported HIV infection rate was 17.6%(126/714) among the participants. In multivariable analysis, participants who got divorced or widowed had a 2.07(95%CI: 1.34-3.21) times greater risk of self-reported HIV-positive than those who were married. Participants unaware of HIV-related knowledge showed a 1.92(95%CI:1.21-3.04) times greater risk of self-reported HIV-positive than those with better HIV-related knowledge. Participants who have ever been diagnosed with sexually transmitted disease (STD) showed a 3.17(95%CI:2.09-4.83) times greater risk of self-reported HIV-positive than those without STD infection history. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the self-reported HIV infection rate was high among MSM aged 50 and above. Being divorced or widowed, being unaware of HIV-related knowledge and STD infection history was proved related with self-reported HIV infection.

[Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in myocarditis patients with biopsy negative: a retrospective case series study]

Objective: To analyze the cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging feature of clinically diagnosed myocarditis patients with negative endocardial biopsy (EMB) results, and to further demonstrate the diagnostic value of CMR in these patients. Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. Fourteen patients, who were clinically diagnosed as myocarditis according to 2013 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) clinical diagnostic criteria for myocarditis, but with negative EMB results, were enrolled. All patients underwent CMR examinations. The morphological, functional and histological changes of the heart were assessed based on black blood sequence, cine sequence, T2W-STIR sequence and contrast agent late gadolinium enhancement,(LGE). Results: There were 10 males and 4 females in this cohort, the age was (25.6±13.2) years. The interval between symptom onset and CMR was 21 (13, 60) days, and the interval between symptom onset and EMB was 19 (9, 40) days. There were 13 patients with abnormal CMR results including myocardial oedema, fibrosis, decreased ejection fraction, pericardial effusion or increased cardiac chamber dimension. Nine out of 14 patients had CMR morphological and/or functional abnormalities, including 1 case of left atrium enlargement, 1 case of left ventricle enlargement, 3 cases of right ventricle enlargement, 4 cases of increased left ventricular end diastolic volume index. Left ventricular ejection fraction was<50% in three cases, right ventricular ejection fraction was<40% in 5 cases, and pericardial effusion depth>3 mm was detected in 3 cases. Of the 14 patients, 11 had histological changes, of which 6 had T2 ratio≥2. Among the 10 patients (10/14) with positive LGE, the most common patterns were subepicardial LGE of the lateral wall and/or midwall LGE of the septum (n=9); 2 cases showed extensively subendocardial LGE of the left ventricular wall. No LGE involved in the right ventricular wall in the whole cohort. Conclusion: CMR plays a complementary role in the diagnosis of myocarditis in clinically diagnosed myocarditis patients with negative EMB findings.

[Primary extraskeletal osteosarcoma: a clinicopathological study of ten cases]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic features, differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical profiles and molecular characteristics of primary extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS). Methods: Ten cases of ESOS diagnosed and treated in Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China from January 2003 to January 2019 were collected and subjected to immunohistochemical staining and molecular analyses. The patients were followed up by telephone interview. Relative literature was also reviewed to assess the characteristics of this tumor. Results: The ten cases occurred in 3 women and 7 men, aged from 36 to 85 years (median, 60 years). The sizes of these tumors ranged from 5.5 to 17.5 cm (median, 11.0 cm). Histologically, at low magnification, the tumors were nodular, leafy and lobulated. They were composed of spindle cells, neoplastic osteoid cells, and cartilage tissues, with unequally-proportional mixture of these components. The three components intermingled with each other. Immunohistochemistry profiling showed that the tumor cells were positive for SATB2 (9/9), while α-SMA (4/10) and EMA (1/10) stains were focally positive. Ki-67 proliferation index was 10%‒50%. Desmin, CD68, S-100 protein, SOX10, HMB45, CD117, DOG1, CD34, CKpan, GATA3 and PAX8 stains were negative. MDM2/CDK4 gene amplification signals were not detected in the 6 cases (0/6), which were subjected to the FISH. The SSX18 break-apart signal and the C-KIT and PDGFR-α mutations were not detected (0/5 and 0/3, respectively). Conclusions: Primary ESOS is an extra-osseous osteogenic tumor. The diagnosis is mainly dependent on clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics. Immunohistochemistry and molecular profiling are helpful for making the correct diagnosis.

[A comparison of clinical characteristics between patients with and without"recurrence"RNA positive with COVID-19]

Objective: To analysis the clinical characteristics of"recurrence"RNA positive patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） and compared with those without"recurrence". Methods: 98 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital and designated treatment hospitals in Quanzhou were included in this study from February 2020 to April 2020. There were 55 males and 43 females， aged from15 to 83 years， with a median age of 57.5 years， in which 20 cases were complicated with basic diseases. 15 of these patients had been diagnosed and hospitalized had been found as"recurrence"2019-nCoV RNA positive after discharge while the other 83 cases were all negative. The clinical classification of all patients was common type. Clinical data of the COVID-19 RNA"recurrence"patients were collected， and general situations， symptoms， laboratory examinations and CT images were also observed and analyzed. The patients were divided into 2019-nCoV"recurrent"group and 2019-nCoV"non-recurrent"group. There are 10 males and 5 females in 2019-nCoV"recurrent"group while 45 males and 38 females in"non-recurrent"group （χ²=0.800，P=0.371）. The age of 2019-nCoV"recurrent"group （57±21） was higher than that of"non-recurrent"group（53±17）. 8 of 15 the COVID-19"recurrent"group patients and 12 of 83"non-recurrent"patients have basic diseases. IgG and IgM of 2019-nCoV， IL-6， procalcitonin， ESR， CRP， BNP and other serum biochemical index levels were measured and compared between groups. Results: （1） The proportion of patients with common type of COVID-19 was 15.3% during 2-week medical observation after discharge. （2） All of the 2019-nCoV"recurrent"patients were hospitalized due to COVID-19 RNA positive， when they were quarantined after discharged from hospital. All the patients with mild symptoms which were clarified as common type， including 5 cases of fever， 6 cases of cough， 5 cases of expectoration， and 2 cases of slight shortness of breath. The time of symptoms appeared on （5.73±2.82） days after discharge. （3） The serum procalcitonin of all 2019-nCoV"recurrent"group patients were normal（all<0.05 ng/ml）. The BNP of"recurrent"group （151±171） ng/L， was higher than that of"non-recurrent"group （63±78） ng/L （t = 3.207， P = 0.000）. There was no significant difference in laboratory tests like leukocyte ［（6.17±2.4） and （6.04±2.41）×10⁹/L］， lymphocyte［（1.59±0.52） and （1.32±0.64）×10⁹/L］， CRP ［（12.54±28.20） and （21.74±25.63）mg/L］， ESR ［（31.07±28.72） and （34.10±22.16）mm/1 h］， AST ［（24.73±9.15） and （30.24±23.20）U/L］， ALT ［（22.60±12.82） and （36.47±34.12）U/L）， LDH ［（268±208） and （270±164）U/L］， D-dimer ［（0.60±0.50） and （0.84±0.98）μg/L］， ferritin ［（294±195） and （395±319）μg/L］， IL-6 ［（9.17±6.42） and （14.28±17.74）ng/L］ and BUN （5.77±2.66） and （4.74±2.81）U/L］ between"recurrent"and"non-recurrent"groups （all P>0.05）. （4） In"recurrent"group， ground glass， exudative or solid lesions could be found in most of the chest CT performed on re-admission. Meanwhile， fibrosis lesion was relatively rare. （5） There were no secondary transmissions were found to be caused by the 2019-nCoV"recurrent"group patients. Conclusions: Most of the 2019-nCoV patients had underlying diseases and active lesions were still found in CT images， so the possibility of virus replication may still exist. All"recurrent"patients had mild illness which may suggest that they were in recovery stage, and no evidence of transmission is found.

[Risk factors and prognosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants]

Objective: To analyze clinical features, prognosis and risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) associated pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods: Clinical data of 338 infants with BPD were collected from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University between January 2016 and December 2018. These infants were divided into PH group and non-PH group. The clinical features and prognosis were compared between these two groups by Chi-square test or nonparametric test. Risk factors for BPD-PH were analyzed with binary logistic regression model. Results: Among the 338 BPD infants, 314 had no PH (92.9%) and 24 had PH (7.1%), with an average gestational age of (27.1±1.8) weeks, and 206 were males and 132 females.PH infants had younger gestational age ((26.4±2.1) vs. (27.2±1.7) weeks, t=2.201, P=0.028) and lower birth weight ((798±255) vs. (1 003±240) g, t=4.030, P<0.01), compared to non-PH infants. Besides, duration of mechanical ventilation and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were higher in PH group than that in non-PH group (14.3 (2.1, 43.7) vs. 0.5 (0, 4.7) d, Z=-4.553, P<0.01; 30.0 (22.5, 64.2) vs. 15.0 (7.0, 26.0) d, Z=-4.838, P<0.01). The proportions of maternal hypertension, small for gestational age (SGA), late onset sepsis, ventilator associated pneumonia, hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) requiring ligation, severe BPD and severe extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) were higher in PH group than those in non-PH group ((20.8% (5/24) vs. 6.4% (20/314), 33.3% (8/24) vs. 7.6% (24/314), 54.2% (13/24) vs. 7.3% (23/314), 25.0% (6/24) vs. 6.1% (19/314), 75.0% (18/24) vs. 39.2% (123/314), 45.8% (11/24) vs. 1.9% (6/314), 66.7% (16/24) vs. 7.3% (23/314), 75.0% (18/24) vs. 45.5% (143/314), all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that maternal hypertension (OR=12.950, 95%CI: 1.740-96.385), severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR=10.160, 95%CI: 2.725-37.884), SGA (OR=4.992, 95%CI: 1.432-16.920), PDA requiring ligation (OR=19.802, 95%CI: 3.297-118.921), severe EUGR (OR=20.316, 95%CI: 2.221-185.853) were independent risk factors of BPD associated PH. In the 24 infants with PH, all 7 mild PH infants and 8 moderate PH infants survived, while 4 out of 9 severe PH infants died. Among the survivors, the longest duration of oxygen therapy was up to the corrected gestational age of 1 year and 2 months. Conclusions: PH is a severe complication of BPD, and associated with higher mortality and poor prognosis. Echocardiography screening and regular post-discharge follow up are recommended for BPD infants with risk factors of PH.

[Histopathological and molecular characteristics of metaplastic thymomas: report of five cases]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, immunophenotype, molecular genetic characteristics and prognosis of the metaplastic thymoma (MT). Methods: The clinicopathological and follow-up data of five MT cases were collected at Fujian Provincial Hospital from 2008 to 2019. Immunohistochemical staining and MAML2 gene detection were performed, and the relevant literature was reviewed. Results: There were 2 males and 3 females, aged 36-64 years (mean age 52 years). The tumors ranged 3.2-7.3 cm in the greatest diameter (average 5.1 cm).Microscopically, the tumor showed a biphasic pattern with epithelial cells merging gradually with the spindle cell component. The two areas transited to each other or had obvious boundary. Both components showed mild atypia. No mitosis was observed in either area, and a small number of lymphocytes were observed in the stroma. Immunohistochemical staining showed that epithelioid cells were positive for CKpan, p63 and E-cadherin. Spindle cells were positive for vimentin and EMA, while the Ki-67 index was less than 5%, and lymphocytes were negative for TdT. MAML2 gene apart signal was detected in two of the cases (2/4) that were tested by FISH. Conclusions: MT is a low-grade malignant epithelioid thymic tumor. Its diagnosis and differential diagnosis are dependent on the morphological characteristics, immunohistochemical staining and MAML2 gene detection. The primary treatment option is surgical resection, with an overall good prognosis.

[Effect of customized zirconia abutment on peri-implant tissue: a one-year prospective study]

Objective: To observe the changes of peri-implant tissue around the individualized abutment that was grinded from zirconia provisional crown in one year. Methods: In this research, a prosthodontic-driven virtual implant planning and immediate provisionalization were conducted in computer assisted design software. And computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques were used to fabricate the zirconia provisional crown and surgical guide template before surgery. The implant was accurately placed with the surgical guide, and the zirconia provisional crown was immediately delivered after surgery. Three months later, the implant osseointegration was completed, and zirconia provisional crown was prepared intraorally to generate customized zirconia abutment for final prosthesis. The study included 30 patients with single anterior tooth loss, including 18 males and 12 females, aged from 26 to 50 years old, and the mean age was (36.2±6.1) years old. The patients were from the Center of Oral Implantology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Medical College from January 2017 to February 2018. After cementation of the final prosthesis, the cases were followed up at 6 and 12 months time intervals. Implant survival rate, probing depth, bleeding on probing, marginal bone level loss and papilla index score (PIS) were recorded in every appointment. Results: The survival rate of 30 implants was 100%, and the probing depths were less than 5 mm. The bone resorption at 6 and 12 months follow-up after the final delivery was 0 (0, 0) mm and 0 (-0.2, 0) mm, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The PIS was 3.0 (2.0, 4.0), 3.0 (2.8, 4.0) and 3.0 (3.0, 4.0) on the final delivery, 6 and 12 months after final delivery, respectively. Conclusions: Marginal bone level and bone loss were stable with this new implant clinical protocol at the one-year follow-up.

[Application of diffusion weighted imaging in accurate diagnosis of middle ear cholesteatoma]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) combined with high resolution temporal bone CT (HRCT) in the location diagnosis of middle ear cholesteatoma and its value in the postoperative follow-up. Methods: 134 patients with inital cholesteatoma and 22 patients with suspected recurrent cholesteatoma were selected for HRCT, conventional MRI and DWI examination. Based on the intraoperative and pathological diagnosis, DWI and HRCT images were combined to evaluate the consistency between the lesion location and invasion area of the initial cholesteatoma and intraoperative lesions. The results of HRCT and DWI in the diagnosis of recurrent middle ear cholesteatoma were statistically analyzed to evaluate their diagnostic efficacy. Results: The accuracy rate of DWI combined with HRCT was 90.3%.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of HRCT and DWI in the diagnosis of recurrent middle ear cholesteatoma were 27.8%, 75.0%, 83.3%, 18.8% and 100%, 75.0%, 94.7% and 100%, respectively, and the Kappa values consistent with the pathological results were 0.024 and 0.843, respectively. Chi-square test confirmed that there were differences in the diagnosis between groups (P<0.001). Conclusions: Combined with the high sensitivity of DWI and the high resolution of HRCT, the accuracy of preoperative positioning of the newly diagnosed cholesteatoma can be improved and surgery strategy can be guided. DWI is also of high diagnostic value for recurrent cholesteatoma in the middle ear.

[Preparation and preliminary research on the characteristics of modified nano-bioglass hydrogel]

Objective: To explore the preparation and preliminary research on the characteristics of modified nano-bioglass hydrogel. Methods: (1) The nano-bioglass suspension was prepared by adding 67 mL nano-silica suspension into 400 mL saturated calcium hydroxide solution, and its suspension stability was observed. (2) The hydrogel with final mass fraction of 10% gelatin and 1% sodium alginate was prepared and set as control group. On the basis of the hydrogel in control group, the nano-bioglass suspension prepared in experiment (1) was added to prepare the hydrogel with the final mass fraction of 0.5% bioglass, 10% gelatin, and 1% sodium alginate, and the hydrogel was set as the experimental group. The gelling time at 4 and 25 ℃and the dissolution time at 37 ℃ of hydrogel in 2 groups were recorded, and the gelation at 4 and 25 ℃and dissolution condition at 37 ℃of the hydrogel in 2 groups were observed. The hydrogel in 2 groups were collected and cross-linked with 25 g/L calcium chloride solution after cold bath at 4 ℃, and the compression modulus was measured by Young's modulus tester. In addition, the hydrogel in 2 groups were collected and cross-linked as before, and freeze-drying hydrogel was made at -20 ℃. The relative volumes were measured and the porosity of hydrogel in 2 groups was calculated. The number of sample in the experiment was 3. (3) Fibroblasts (Fbs) were isolated and cultured from 12 C57BL/6J mice of 24 hours old and the morphology was observed by inverted microscope, and the third passage of Fbs were cultured for the following experiment. Fbs were collected to make single cell suspension with the cell concentration of 1×10(5)/mL. The single cell suspension was divided into experimental group and control group according the random number table (the same grouping method below), which were added with hydrogel in experimental group and control group prepared in experiment (2), respectively. At culture hour 12, 24, and 48, cells of 3 wells in each group were collected to detect the survival rate by cell counting kit 8 method. (4) The third passage Fbs were collected to prepare the single cell suspension with the cell concentration of (3.0~4.5)×10(7)/mL, which was divided into experimental group and control group, with 1 tube in each group. The single cell suspension in 2 groups were added with green fluorescent probe DIO for staining and then added with 9 mL hydrogel in experimental group and control group prepared in experiment (2), respectively. The mixed solution of Fbs and hydrogel in 2 groups was cross-linked as before to make cell-loaded hydrogel. On culture day 3, the survival of cells in the hydrogel was observed by laser confocal microscope. The cell-loaded hydrogel was prepared as before and without added with green fluorescent probe DIO. On culture day 7, the adhesion and extension of cells in the hydrogel were observed by scanning electron microscope. (5) Twelve 6-week-old female BALB/c-nu nude mice were collected and divided into experimental group and control group, with 6 mice in each group. A round full-thickness skin defect wound with diameter of 1 cm was made on the back of each mouse. Immediately after injury, one cell-loaded hydrogel block in the experimental group and the control group prepared in experiment (4) was placed in the wound of each mouse in the experimental group and the control group, respectively. On post injury day (PID) 7 and 14, 3 nude mice in each group were sacrificed to collect the wound and wound margin tissue, which was stained with hematoxylin-eosin to observe the wound healing. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test. Results: (1) The nano-bioglass particles could be uniformly dispersed in water and had good suspension stability. (2) The hydrogels of the 2 groups were molten at 37 ℃, and no precipitation of particle was observed. The dissolving time of the hydrogel in the experimental group and the control group at 37 ℃ was 5 and 10 min, respectively. The gelation time of the hydrogel in the experimental group and the control group at 25 ℃ was 30 and 180 min, respectively, and the gelation time of the 2 groups at 4 ℃ was 5 and 10 min, respectively. The compression modulus of hydrogel in the experimental group was (53±6) kPa, which was significantly higher than (23±6) kPa in the control group (t=6.364, P<0.01). The porosity of the hydrogel in the experimental group was (86.1±2.1)%, which was similar to (88.2±4.4)% in the control group (t=1.210, P>0.05). (3) The cells were in long fusiform, and the proportion of nuclei was high, which was accorded with the morphological characteristics of Fbs. At culture hour 12, 24, and 48, the survival rate of cells in the experimental group was (84±4)%, (89±4)%, and (130±10)%, which was similar to (89±5)%, (90±4)%, and (130±11)% in the control group, respectively (t=1. 534, 0.611, 0.148, P>0.05). (4) On culture day 3, the cells in the two groups had complete morphology in the hydrogel, no nuclear lysis or disappearance were observed, the cytoplasm remained intact, and the fluorescence intensity of the cells in the experimental group was significantly stronger than that in the control group. On culture day 7, the cells in the experimental group and the control group adhered and stretched in the hydrogel, and the number of cells in the experimental group adhered to the hydrogel was significantly more than that in the control group. On PID 7, the wound area of the nude mice in the control group and the experimental group were reduced, the reduction area of mice in the experimental group was more obvious, and a large amount of inflammatory cells were seen in and around the wound in the 2 groups. On PID 14, the wound area of the nude mice in the control group was larger than that of the experimental group, and the number of inflammatory cells in and around the wound was significantly more than that in the experimental group. Conclusions: Nano-bioglass hydrogel possesses good physical, chemical, and biological properties, cell loading potential, and the ability to promote wound healing, which means it has a good potential in clinical application.

[Clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism with concurrent adrenal Cushing's syndrome]

Objective: To analyze and summarize the clinical characteristics of primary aldosteronism (PA) with concurrent adrenal Cushing's syndrome (ACS). Methods: The clinical, imaging and pathological data of 87 patients with PA admitted to Peking University First Hospital from January 1st, 2013 to December 31th, 2016 were reviewed. There were 45 males (51.7%) and 42 females (48.3%) with an average age of (52.7±10.5) years (range: 15-70 years). According to whether they were diagnosed with ACS, the patients were divided into PA with concurrent ACS group (n=11) and pure PA group (n=55). The clinical characteristics of PA with concurrent ACS were summarized. Results: Ten of the eleven patients in PA with concurrent ACS group were diagnosed with subclinical ACS. Compared with these in pure PA group, the patients in PA with concurrent ACS group were older [(55.6±9.1) years vs (48.4±10.2) years, P=0.033], with larger diameters of adrenal tumors [(2.3±1.6) cm vs (1.4±0.6) cm, P=0.015], higher serum cortisol levels in the circadian rhythm [158 (92, 217) nmol/L vs 71 (43, 128) nmol/L at 0∶00, P=0.004], lower plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels in the circadian rhythm [0.80 (<0.22, 1.45) pmol/L vs 4.40 (2.58, 5.93) pmol/L at 8∶00, P<0.001; 0.25 (<0.22, 0.91) pmol/L vs 2.03 (0.74, 3.69) pmol/L at 16∶00, P<0.001;<0.22 (<0.22, 0.44) pmol/L vs 1.27 (<0.22, 2.66) pmol/L at 0∶00, P<0.001], and higher serum cortisol levels after 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test [95 (73, 142) nmol/L vs 30 (22, 41) nmol/L, P<0.001]. Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed in 31 patients, of whom 3 patients in PA with concurrent ACS group (3/8) and 3 patients in pure PA group (3/23) presented with adrenal insufficiency and received glucocorticoid replacement therapy after adrenalectomy. Conclusions: PA with concurrent ACS is not rare in PA patients, which are mainly complicated with subclinical ACS and easily misdiagnosed. It is recommended that elderly PA patients with large adrenal tumors should be screened for ACS by means of cortisol and ACTH circadian rhythm and 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test. Postoperative adrenal insufficiency is prone to occur in those patients, who should be followed up closely after adrenalectomy, and receive glucocorticoid replacement therapy in time.

[Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor: clinicopathological analyses of four cases]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and molecular alterations of malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor (MGNET). Methods: Four cases of MGNET were collected at Fujian Provincial Hospital, from July 2013 to January 2019. H&E and immunohistochemical staining were retrospectively evaluated, together with genetic mutation analysis of EWSR1. The relevant literature was systematically reviewed. Results: There were two male and two female patients, with an age range of 34-81 (median 57) years. Tumor sizes ranged from 5-9 (median 6.8) cm. Microscopy showed diffuse and flaky growth of tumor cells, some of which were small and round. The tumor cells were arranged in solid, flaky, nested or pseudoadenoid patterns. The tumor cells were epithelioid, oval, short spindled, or small, with round or oval nuclei. The cytoplasm was eosinophilic or clear. Osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells were scattered focally. Mitosis was about (2-10)/10 HPF. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein (4/4), SOX10 (4/4), Syn (2/4), INI1 (4/4), H3K27Me3 (4/4) and vimentin (4/4). Ki-67 index was 15%-90%. Gene mutation detection confirmed EWSR1 mutation in all four cases, and C-KIT/PDGFRα genes were not mutated in two cases. Conclusions: MGNET is a rare high grade malignant soft tissue tumor. The diagnosis is based on clinicopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular pathology features. The primary treatment for MGNET is complete surgical excision and chemotherapy; the prognosis is poor.

[Clinical phenotype and genotype of early-onset facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1]

Objective: To explore the clinical, pathological and genetic characteristics of early-onset facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1), in order to increase awareness of the disease. Methods: In this retrospective study, the history of 3 patients, who were diagnosed with early-onset FSHD1 by molecular genetic test in Pediatric Outpatient Department of Peking University First Hospital from 4(th) June 2012 to 4(th) June 2018, were collected. Their clinical data, genotypes, phenotypes and pathological features of muscle biopsy were analyzed. Results: All the three patients were males at the age of 14 years, 11 years and 9 years 11 months, respectively, whose onset age was between infancy and early childhood and they got confirmed diagnosis within 4 to 10 years after the onset of illness. Their molecular genetic testing indicated that the number of D4Z4 repeat arrays located in 4qA were 2, 3 and 4, which was consistent with the characteristics of early-onset FSHD1. Their common clinical manifestations were facial, scapular and proximal lower limb muscle progressively and asymmetrically weakness. All patients had different severity of spine deformity and high-frequency dominant sensorineural hearing loss, however, the phenotype of the third patient with 4 D4Z4 repeats was significantly the most severe. Conclusions: Early-onset FSHD1 usually concealed onset and is difficult to diagnose. Its precise diagnosis depends on molecular genetic techniques, but the genotypes of 3 patients here are not corresponding to phenotypes strictly and it is necessary to accumulate more cases for further analysis in order to provide a more reliable basis for the relationship of genotype-phenotype and prognosis evaluation of the disease.

Genetic Diversity of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Strawberry Anthracnose in Zhejiang, China

Anthracnose is a serious fungal disease that primarily infects strawberry roots and stolons during development. Here, 91 isolates from different areas of Zhejiang province, China, were collected. Morphological characteristics were analyzed, and a phylogenetic analysis based on multiple genes (actin, internal transcribed spacer, calmodulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and chitin synthase) was performed. We found that all of the Colletotrichum species causing strawberry anthracnose belonged to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex. Among them, we identified 48 isolates of C. fructicola, 21 isolates of C. siamense, 13 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and 9 isolates of C. aenigma. C. siamense was distributed in the central and eastern regions of Zhejiang province (Hangzhou, Jinhua, Shaoxing, Ningbo, and Taizhou). This is the first report of C. siamense causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province. C. fructicola was the most dominant species causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province. We identified the four species causing strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang province, which will improve our understanding of the strawberry anthracnose epidemic and will benefit the development of future control measures.

[Evaluation on the effect of comprehensive intervention combined with clinical preventive services and lifestyle adjustment among high-risk populations of cardiovascular disease in Tongxiang City]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention combined with clinical preventive services and lifestyle adjustment on high-risk populations of cardiovascular disease. Methods: In 2015, 4 towns (streets) in Tongxiang City, of Zhejiang Province including Heshan Town, Longxiang Street, Wutong Street, and Fengming Street, were selected by using the typical sampling. The towns (streets) were allocated to the intervention group (Heshan Town and Longxiang Street) and the control group (Wutong Street and Fengming Street) by using the cluster random sampling. In each town (street), hypertension patients aged 50 to 74 years old who were taking community medicine management and with a 10-year cardiovascular disease risk ≥10% were recruited as subjects. There were 1 823 subjects in the intervention group and 1 883 in the control group. The intervention group was given a 1-year comprehensive intervention combining clinical preventive services and lifestyle adjustment, while the control group received routine chronic disease management. After the intervention, the final questionnaire investigation was conducted and health physical examination data were obtained. The death, acute coronary heart disease events and stroke incidence were the primary outcomes, and cardiovascular disease-related knowledge and behavior, clinical preventive services utilization, physical changes, blood fat index and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk were the secondary outcomes. The difference-in-difference model was used to evaluate the effects of interventions. Results: The age of subjects in the intervention and control group was (68.76±3.75) and (67.90±4.56) years old, respectively. After 1-year intervention, the incidence of mortality, acute coronary events and stroke in intervention group was 1.65% (30 cases), 0.27% (5 cases) and 2.69% (49 cases), respectively, which showed no statistical difference compared to the control group [1.33% (25 cases), 0.32% (6 cases) and 2.07% (39 cases)]. After adjusting for the age, gender, education, marital status, self-assessed family income level and situation of taking antihypertensive drugs, the difference-in-difference model showed that the body mass index and diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group decreased by 0.33 kg/m(2) and 1.49 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Compared with the control group, daily vegetable consumption proportion, the awareness rates of aspirin, stains, salt intake, and oil intake increased by 4.76%, 26.22%, 29.56%, 10.80%, and 15.17%, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: After the 1-year comprehensive intervention, there was no significant change in primary outcomes among high-risk populations of cardiovascular disease. In secondary outcomes, body mass index and diastolic blood pressure declined and cardiovascular disease-related knowledge awareness increased.

[Electrophysiological features of patients with subacute combined degeneration]

Objective: To investigate the electrophysiological features of patients with subacute combined degeneration (SCD). Methods: The electrophysiological data of 85 hospitalized patients in Department of Neurology, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2014 to September 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Abnormality rate of motor nerve conduction (27.4%(93/339)) was lower than that of sensory nerve conduction (45.9%(107/233)) (P<0.001). Abnormality of sensory nerve action potential amplitude was more frequent than conduction velocity abnormality (22.7%(53/233) vs 4.7%(11/233), P=0.001). Abnormality rate of needle electromyogram (EMG) was higher in lower limbs than upper limbs (31.9%(59/185) vs 5.7%(5/87), P<0.001). Spontaneous potentials were unrelated to disease duration or severity. Abnormal somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) results appeared more frequent in lower limbs (80.8%(118/146)) than upper limbs (61.1%(77/126)) (P<0.001). SEP abnormalities (71.7%(195/272)) were more common than nerve conduction abnormalities (35.0%(200/572)). Abnormal findings presented in 15/16 of visual evoked potential (VEP) studies. Neurological severity score were correlated with electrophysiological findings. Conclusions: Posterior funiculus is more likely to be affected than peripheral nerves in SCD patients. The sensory nerves rather than motor nerves, lower limbs rather than upper limbs, axons of sensory nerves rather than myelin, are more severely affected. Electrophysiological tests can provide evidence in early diagnosis, lesions location, and disease severity evaluation for SCD.

[Feasibility evaluation of estimating the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese population with three spot urine methods]

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of three spot urine methods (Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka) for estimating the 24 h urinary sodium excretion in the Chinese population. Methods: In 2017, 1 499 participants aged 18 to 69 years old were selected from Yiwu City, Haining City, Taishun County, Yinzhou District of Ningbo City and Liandu District of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province by using the multistage random sampling method. Sociodemographic information of the subjects was collected with questionnaires and physical measurements were performed. 24 h urine was collected and urinary volume was recorded. The concentrations of urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine were also measured. Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka spot urine methods were applied to estimate the 24 h urinary sodium excretion and compared with actual values among 1 426 participants who passed urine integrity test. Results: The age of participants was (46.71±14.04) years old, including 700 males, accounting for 49.1%. The actual value of 24 h urinary sodium excretion was (167.10±74.70) mmol, but Kawasaki method overestimated it as (184.61±57.10) mmol, and INTERSALT and Tanaka methods underestimated it as(134.62±39.21) and (143.20±35.66) mmol. Estimated difference (95%CI) (mmol) from small to large was Kawasaki method [17.51 (13.54, 21.47)], Tanaka method [-23.90 (-27.60, -20.20)] and INTERSALT method [-32.48 (-36.29, -28.67)]. With the increase of 24 h sodium intake, all estimation methods changed from the overestimation to underestimation. In those with 24 h sodium intake <9.0 g, the estimated difference (95%CI) of the INTERSALT method was the smallest as 43.15 (37.73, 48.57) and 1.26 (-2.10, 4.63) mmol for <6.0 and 6.0-8.9 g groups, respectively. In those with 24 h sodium intake≥9.0 g, the Kawasaki method had the smallest estimated difference (95%CI) as -12.50 (-18.14, -6.86) and -53.73 (-61.25, -46.22) for 9.0-11.9 g and ≥ 12.0 g group, respectively. The consistency analysis of the Bland-Altman method showed that the Kawasaki method had the best consistency with actual measured value and it had the least number of points outside the range (69 points accounting for 4.84%). Conclusion: Among the three spot urine methods, the Kawasaki method has better applicability in predicting the excretion of 24 h urine sodium in the Chinese population.

Improvac induces immunocastration by affecting testosterone levels and disrupting spermatogenesis in male broiler chickens

Immunocastration (vaccination against Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)) has been regarded as a friendly substitution to physical castration in animals. To date, a few studies have reported the use of Improvac for immunocastration in boar and one study in broiler chickens; however, there is an apparent dearth of scientific evidence regarding the application of Improvac for immunocastration in birds. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Improvac-based immunocastration on testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in broiler chickens and the effects of Improvac on the expression of genes related to testosterone biosynthesis and metabolism as well as spermatogenesis. The birds were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 30 each): Control group (non-immunized), Early group (immunized with Improvac at week 3), Late group (immunized with Improvac at week 6), and Early + Late group (immunized with Improvac at weeks 3 and 6). Immunization with Improvac significantly improved the average daily gain compared to the Control group. Of note, following Improvac vaccination, the reproductive efficiency was significantly decreased in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, parameters such as the serum testosterone concentration, spermatogenesis, and the expression levels of genes related to testosterone metabolism (Cyp17A1, Cyp19, HSD3B1, and HSD17B3) and spermatogenesis (Cyclin A1 and Cyclin A2) were significantly reduced in the immunized groups compared to the Control group. Taken together, these findings reveal that immunization against GnRH can be achieved, at least partially, in male broiler chickens. The results of our study also support the hypothesis of using Improvac as an alternative solution to caponization, with considerably improved animal welfare.