Topical treatment utilization for patients with atopic dermatitis in the United States, and budget impact analysis of crisaborole ointment, 2

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is often treated with topical corticosteroids (TCS) and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI). Crisaborole ointment is a non-steroidal, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD. In December 2016, crisaborole was approved in the US for mild-to-moderate AD in patients ≥2 years of age.

AIMS

To evaluate real-world utilization and cost of TCS and TCI in the US and estimate the budget impact of crisaborole over 2 years from a third-party payer perspective.

METHODS

TCS and TCI prescriptions in 2015 for patients ≥2 years of age with ≥1 AD diagnosis in the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Research Databases were analyzed for patients receiving TCI or TCS alone or in combination (TCS/TCI population) and patients receiving TCI alone or in combination with TCS (TCI population). A budget impact model used TCS and TCI market shares, annual use, and cost per prescription. Crisaborole uptake rates of 4.7% (TCS) and 20.2% (TCI), with an annual increase of 1% in year 2, were assumed. Budget impact was calculated as total and per-member-per-month (PMPM) cost over 2 years for a health plan of 1 million members.

RESULTS

Annual prescriptions/patient ranged from 1.36-6.41; annual cost/patient was $53-$1,465. The budget impact of crisaborole over 2 years in the TCS/TCI population was $350,946 (PMPM, $0.015), with increases of $162,106 in year 1 (PMPM, $0.014) and $188,841 in year 2 (PMPM, $0.016). The budget impact in the TCI population was -$22,871, with decreases of $11,160 in year 1 and $11,712 in year 2 (each PMPM, -$0.001). For both populations, one-way sensitivity analyses showed that budget impact was most sensitive to changes in crisaborole cost and annual use.

CONCLUSIONS

From US payer perspectives, adoption of crisaborole results in modest pharmacy budget impact/savings.

Awareness of and phobias about topical corticosteroids in parents of infants with eczema in Hangzhou, China

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Knowledge of and phobias about topical corticosteroids in parents of infants with eczema affect efficacy of eczema treatment.

METHODS

We surveyed 300 parents of children with eczema using a questionnaire to investigate knowledge of and phobias about topical corticosteroids.

RESULTS

Overall, 85.7% (n = 257) of children had used topical corticosteroids, with 12.8% (n = 33) of children having steroids applied for only 1-3 days per episode; 79.4% (n = 204) of patients discontinued topical steroid therapy immediately after improvement. Twenty-five percent (n = 75) of parents refused a prescription of steroid ointment, and 32.3% (n = 97) did not use the steroid ointment on their children despite having received a prescription. During steroid treatment, 95.7% (246) of parents were very concerned about the side effects of topical steroids. One hundred eight parents (42%) did not use a topical steroid ointment for recurrence of eczema because of concerns about using topical corticosteroids.

CONCLUSION

Most parents of infants with eczema had excessive concerns about topical corticosteroids, leading to inadequate treatment of atopic dermatitis. In clinical practice, physicians should reinforce parents' understanding of steroid treatment for eczema and guide rational use of topical steroids for infantile eczema.

Hand-foot-skin reaction related to use of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and hard orthotics

Hand-foot-skin reaction is a distinct clinical condition arising in association with the use of multikinase inhibitors, including sorafenib. Because multikinase inhibitors are increasingly being used in children with cancer, recognition of this previously unfamiliar condition is of importance to pediatric dermatologists. We describe the diagnosis and successful treatment of a case of hand-foot-skin reaction in a child taking sorafenib for an unresectable desmoid tumor.

Anti-inflammatory potency testing of topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors in human volunteers sensitized to diphenylcyclopropenone

AIMS

To quantify the anti-inflammatory potency of topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors by measuring the contact allergic response to a diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) challenge in de novo sensitized human volunteers.

METHODS

Two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled studies were performed encompassing 76 volunteers: 29 in the first and 47 in the second study. Topical drugs were applied pre- and/or post-treatment in block designs. The compounds were tested simultaneously under occluded patch tests covering DPCP-induced dermatitis. Inhibitory responses were assessed by visual scoring and measurements of the oedema thickness with ultrasound.

RESULTS

When applied both before and after the DPCP challenge, significant anti-inflammatory effects were seen in descending order for tacrolimus 0.1% ointment, clobetasol propionate ointment, betamethasone valerate ointment and hydrocortisone butyrate ointment, while pimecrolimus cream, hydrocortisone ointment and vehicles had no significant effect. Only tacrolimus ointment (P < 0.01) demonstrated a consistent significant pre-treatment inhibitory effect compared with an untreated DPCP control.

CONCLUSIONS

This human testing method in which the inflammation of experimentally induced allergic patch test reactions is quantified by objective measurement allows an analysis of the anti-inflammatory potency of not only topical corticosteroids, but also of drugs that have no effect on vasoconstriction. The method allowed comparison of the potencies of four topical corticosteroids and two calcineurin inhibitors.

Patterns of topical corticosteroids prescriptions in children with asthma

OBJECTIVES

To study topical corticosteroid use in Dutch asthmatic children using pharmacy dispensing data and to assess whether Dutch physicians prescribe topical corticosteroids in this population according to clinical guidelines.

METHODS

Medication histories of children using asthma medication were extracted from the pharmacy dispensing system in 100 Dutch community pharmacies. The incidence rate and the potency of topical corticosteroid prescriptions per age were assessed. The topical corticosteroid incidence rates of the different age groups were compared using the Pearson chi-square test. Generalized linear models were used to study the prescription behavior of general practitioners and atopic dermatitis-related specialists regarding different classes of topical corticosteroids.

RESULTS

Thirty percent of the infants received a topical corticosteroid prescription, compared with 15%-18% of the children aged 4 and older. Similarly, the mean number of topical corticosteroid prescriptions in infants was 2.2 per year, compared with 1.6-1.9 in children aged 4 and older. In concordance with the clinical guidelines, we observed that atopic dermatitis-related specialists more often prescribed first prescriptions of potent and very potent topical corticosteroids than general practitioners (relative risk = 2.55, 95% confidence interval = 1.79-3.63). Statistically significant differences (P < .01) were found between potencies of prescribed topical corticosteroids.

CONCLUSION

Younger children receive more topical corticosteroid prescriptions than children aged 4 and older, and there is a statistically significantly higher prescription rate of topical corticosteroid for infants. Sometimes general practitioners do not follow guidelines and prescribe more-potent topical corticosteroids without a prior prescription of the same potency by a specialist.

Baricitinib in adult patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: A phase 2 parallel, double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled multiple-dose study

BACKGROUND

Baricitinib, an oral selective inhibitor of Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2, modulates proinflammatory cytokine signaling.

OBJECTIVES

The efficacy and safety of baricitinib were evaluated in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD).

METHODS

In this phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 124 patients with moderate-to-severe AD applied topical corticosteroids (TCSs) for 4 weeks before randomization to once-daily placebo, 2 mg of baricitinib, or 4 mg of baricitinib for 16 weeks. Use of TCSs was permitted during the study. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving at least a 50% reduction in the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI-50) compared with placebo.

RESULTS

Significantly more patients who received baricitinib, 4 mg, achieved EASI-50 than did patients receiving placebo (61% vs 37% [P = .027]) at 16 weeks. The difference between the proportion of patients receiving baricitinib, 2 or 4 mg, who achieved EASI-50 and the proportion of patients receiving placebo and achieving EASI-50 was significant as early as week 4. Baricitinib also improved pruritus and sleep loss. Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 24 of the patients receiving placebo (49%), 17 of those receiving 2 mg of baricitinib (46%), and 27 of those receiving 4 mg of baricitinib (71%).

LIMITATIONS

A TCS standardization period before randomization reduced disease severity, limiting the ability to compare results with those of baricitinib monotherapy. Longer studies are required to confirm baricitinib's efficacy and safety in patients with AD.

CONCLUSIONS

Baricitinib used with TCSs reduced inflammation and pruritus in patients with moderate-to-severe AD.

Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab (an anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody) in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical corticosteroids: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial (TREBLE)

BACKGROUND

Interleukin (IL)-13 plays a key role in type 2 inflammation and is an emerging pathogenic mediator in atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab, an IL-13 monoclonal antibody, as an add-on to topical corticosteroid (TCS) treatment.

METHODS

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 study. Adults with moderate-to-severe AD were required to use TCS twice daily and then randomized (1:1:1:1) to lebrikizumab 125 mg single dose, lebrikizumab 250 mg single dose, lebrikizumab 125 mg every 4 weeks for 12 weeks, or placebo every 4 weeks for 12 weeks, after a 2-week TCS run-in. The primary endpoint was percentage of patients achieving Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)-50 at week 12.

RESULTS

In total, 209 patients received the study drug. At week 12, significantly more patients achieved EASI-50 with lebrikizumab 125 mg every 4 weeks (82.4%; P = .026) than placebo every 4 weeks (62.3%); patients receiving a single dose of lebrikizumab showed no statistically significant improvements in EASI-50 compared with placebo. Adverse events were similar between groups (66.7% all lebrikizumab vs 66.0% placebo) and mostly mild or moderate.

LIMITATIONS

Protocol-mandated twice daily TCS treatment limits our understanding of the efficacy of lebrikizumab as a monotherapy. The short study duration did not enable long-term efficacy or safety evaluations.

CONCLUSION

When combined with TCS, lebrikizumab 125 mg taken every 4 weeks led to a significant improvement and was well tolerated in patients with moderate-to-severe AD.

Is the Skin Absorption of Hydrocortisone Modified by the Variability in Dosing Topical Products?

Fingertip units have been proposed as a tool to standardize topical therapy with semisolid formulations. However, no studies to date have characterized the variability in dosing by patients using this concept and whether this variability ultimately affects the topical absorption of drugs. This work aimed to answer these two questions. A first study determined the dose measured, the area of spread and the area-normalized dose for a 1% hydrocortisone cream and ointment applied by members of the public using this dosing approach before and after brief counselling. Then, in vivo tape-stripping and in vitro permeation studies investigated whether the variability in the area-normalized dose altered the skin absorption of hydrocortisone. Participants applied greater doses and spread them over larger areas after a short counselling intervention leading to smaller area-normalized doses. In vivo hydrocortisone uptake by the stratum corneum was significantly greater for the higher normalized dose and the differences were further supported by the in vitro permeation studies. However, these differences were relatively small and not proportional to the increase in normalized dose. This work shows that, following brief advice, patients and carers can apply consistent and sufficient doses of corticosteroids whilst minimizing risks and variability in hydrocortisone absorption.

Monoclonal antibodies against interleukin 13 and interleukin 31RA in development for atopic dermatitis

The interleukin 13 (IL-13) and IL-31 cytokines and inflammatory pathways have been identified as important for the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD). Monoclonal antibodies against IL-13 have been studied for the treatment of asthma since 2011. More recently, 2 phase 2 trials have been completed with these antibodies in AD treatment. In both trials, significant reductions of Eczema Area and Severity Index scores were seen. IL-31 is thought to play a role transmitting itch sensation to the central nervous system, and blocking IL-31 activity reduces itch in patients with AD. One phase 2 trial has been completed for a humanized antibody against IL-31 receptor alpha, which is 1 subunit of the IL-31 receptor complex. This study showed significant dose-dependent reductions in pruritus, Eczema Area and Severity Index scores, and markers of sleep quality. Initial clinical trials for monoclonal antibodies against IL-13 and IL-31 receptor A all show promise, although long-term safety and efficacy data are lacking. Nevertheless, these medications will likely play a role in the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD.

A safety review of the medications used to treat atopic dermatitis

INTRODUCTION

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease in children and adults which causes severe physical discomfort and psychosocial distress. Recently novel therapies for AD have been FDA approved for use which creates the need to review the safety surrounding current FDA approved AD medications.

AREAS COVERED

Published clinical studies involving topical and oral FDA approved medications for AD are included in this review. Authors used PubMed research database to search for clinical trials involving AD patients.

EXPERT OPINION

AD is a common disease which currently has limited FDA approved medications. Given the chronicity of this disease, medications are needed which control disease while minimizing side effects to allow for long term use. Newer approved medications show promise but safety data is limited given their relatively new utilization for AD.

Food elimination diets are effective for long-term treatment of adults with eosinophilic oesophagitis

BACKGROUND

Limited data describe the long-term efficacy of dietary elimination in eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE).

AIM

To assess the long-term outcomes of food elimination diets for treatment of adults with EoE.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study at our centre analysing all EoE patients receiving a food elimination diet without concomitant steroids. Baseline data were abstracted using standardised collection forms. Follow-up data from a mean 24.9-month period were collected for patients with a histological response to a food elimination diet during and after food reintroduction. The main outcomes were symptomatic, endoscopic and histological responses.

RESULTS

Of 52 patients, 18 received a 6-food food elimination diet, 32 received targeted diet, and two received a 6-food food elimination diet with targeted elimination. There were 21 (40%) patients with an initial histological response. Responders reported less dysphagia after treatment (95% baseline vs 11%; P = .001) and at the end of follow-up (95% baseline vs 33%; P = .008). Significant and durable endoscopic improvements were recorded at the same time points: Endoscopic reference score: 3.2 vs 0.7; P = .001; and 3.2 vs 1.7; P = .06. Histological findings improved after the most restrictive diet in responders (49.8 vs 4.1 eosinophils per high-power field; P = .001) and remained suppressed in the 10 initial responders maintaining compliance at the end of follow-up (5.2 eosinophils per high-power field).

CONCLUSIONS

Among EoE patients responding to a food elimination diet and remaining adherent, maintenance dietary therapy produced durable long-term symptomatic, endoscopic and histological disease control. These long-term data confirm that a food elimination diet is an effective maintenance treatment option in select adults with EoE.

Knowledge, Attitude and Advice-Giving Behaviour of Community Pharmacists Regarding Topical Corticosteroids

This study examines the relationship between community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes to information provision and self-reported counselling behaviours in relation to topical corticosteroids and adjunct therapy in atopic eczema. A mixed-methods approach was used whereby data from interviews with community pharmacists were used to design a structured questionnaire that a larger sample of community pharmacists completed anonymously. The questionnaire was completed and returned by 105 pharmacists (36% response rate). Pharmacists showed gaps in their knowledge on the use of topical corticosteroids in atopic eczema but had good understanding on the use of emollients. There was a significant correlation between pharmacists’ attitudes to information provision and their self-reported counselling behaviour for most themes except in relation to corticosteroid safety where less advice was given. Improving attitudes to information provision should correlate with increased counselling behaviour. However, for the theme of corticosteroid safety, further studies are needed to examine why in practice pharmacists are not providing patient counselling on this topic even though most agreed this is a topic patients should know about.

Combination Steroid and Test-based Food Elimination for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Retrospective Analysis

OBJECTIVES

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a clinicopathologic disorder characterized by infiltration of eosinophils into the esophagus. Primary treatment approaches include topical corticosteroids and/or food elimination. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of combination therapy (topical corticosteroid plus test-based food elimination [FS]) with single therapy (topical corticosteroid [S] or test-based food elimination [F]).

METHODS

Chart review of patients with EoE at Texas Children's Hospital (age <21 years) was performed. Clinical and histological statuses were evaluated after a 3-month treatment with either single or combination therapy. Comparisons were analyzed using Fisher exact test, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multiple logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Among 670 charts, 63 patients (1-21 years, median 10.3 years) with clinicopathologic diagnoses of EoE were identified. Combination FS therapy was provided to 51% (n = 32) and single treatment (S, F) to 27% (n = 17) or 22% (n = 14) of patients, respectively. Clinical responses were noted in 91% (n = 29), 71% (n = 12), and 64% (n = 14) of patients in the FS, S, and F groups, respectively. The odds of clinically improving were 4.6 times greater (95% confidence interval: 1.1-18.8) with combination versus single therapy. The median peak number of eosinophils per high-power field after 3-month therapy was not significantly different in the S, F, and FS groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of topical corticosteroids with specific food elimination is as effective in achieving clinical and histological remissions as the single-treatment approaches. Responses were achieved with the combination in patients who had previously failed single-agent therapy. Prospective research of this combination approach in young patients with EoE is needed.

Cutaneous microbiome effects of fluticasone propionate cream and adjunctive bleach baths in childhood atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are prone to skin infections, with microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus suspected of contributing to pathogenesis. Bleach baths might improve AD by reducing skin microbial burden.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to characterize the microbiota of lesional and nonlesional skin in young children with AD and control subjects and compare changes after treatment with a topical corticosteroid (TCS) alone or TCS + dilute bleach bath.

METHODS

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded clinical trial in 21 children with AD and 14 healthy children, lesional and nonlesional AD skin was examined at baseline and after 4-week treatment with TCS alone or TCS plus bleach bath. Microbial DNA was extracted for quantitative polymerase chain reaction of predominant genera and 16S rRNA sequencing.

RESULTS

At baseline, densities of total bacteria and Staphylococcus, including Staphylococcus aureus, were significantly higher at the worst AD lesional site than nonlesional (P = .001) or control (P < .001) skin; bacterial communities on lesional and nonlesional AD skin significantly differed from each other (P = .04) and from control (P < .001). After TCS + bleach bath or TCS alone, bacterial compositions on lesional skin normalized (P < .0001), resembling nonlesional skin, with microbial diversity restored to control skin levels.

LIMITATIONS

The 4-week time period and/or the twice-weekly baths may not have been sufficient for additional impact on the cutaneous microbiome. More detailed sequencing may allow better characterization of the distinguishing taxa with bleach bath treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with a TCS cream suffices to normalize the cutaneous microbiota on lesional AD; after treatment, bacterial communities on lesional skin resemble nonlesional skin but remain distinct from control.

Evaluation of the influence of family and friends, and the Internet on patient perceptions of long-term topical corticosteroid use

BACKGROUND

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are key to managing chronic inflammatory dermatoses (CID). Parents/patients cite TCS phobia as an impediment to treatment adherence. Family/friends and the Internet are a source of misinformation on TCS which can negatively impact perceptions of TCS safety.

PURPOSE

To assess information from family/friends and the Internet, as related to and reported by patients/parents using long-term TCS.

METHODS

A multicenter cross-sectional survey of patients (aged >18 years) and parents of patients (aged <18 years) with a history of CID requiring long-term (≥1 month) TCS use assessing messages about TCS received from family/friends and the Internet.

RESULTS

A total of 123 patients and 78 parents completed the survey (n = 201). Parents/patients were more likely to be informed by the Internet "[having] my [child's] skin condition means that [I/he/she] will need to use topical corticosteroids" (p < .001) and that "inflamed skin conditions will improve with the topical corticosteroids" (p = .007). Family/friends were more likely to recommend parents/patients "try non-prescription creams/ointments before resorting to the use of prescription topical corticosteroids" (p = .014).

CONCLUSIONS

High rates of messages about TCS "risk" from family/friends and the Internet may affect patient/parent understanding about TCS safety. This may contribute to treatment non-adherence.

Misuse of Topical Corticosteroids over Face: A Clinical Study

Introduction:

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) have been widely used in various dermatological diseases. However, because of inadvertent use, TCS misuse has become a common problem faced by dermatologists in various parts of the world. Prolonged use over the face can cause various side effects such as steroid rosacea, acneiform eruptions, and hypertrichosis.

Aim:

To study the effects of TCS misuse and analyze various factors promoting its use on face.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 100 patients presenting with various facial dermatoses following the misuse of TCS on the face were studied. Detailed history was noted and the various side effects were recorded.

Results:

Majority of the patients (70%) were females with maximum number of patients belonging to the age group of 11–20 years. Eighty-five percent of the patients were applying TCS for medical conditions, with acne being the most common indication, and the rest were applying as a general face cream. Pruritus and acneiform eruptions were the most common side effects observed and the other reported were erythema, photosensitivity, steroid dependent face, and telangiectasia.

Conclusion:

TCS misuse especially over the face can lead to a multitude of side effects. It is high time to create awareness among the patients as well as doctors regarding the proper usage of this wonder drug.

Topical Corticosteroids Abuse: A Clinical Study of Cutaneous Adverse Effects

Background:

Topical corticosteroids (TC) are one of the most widely used agents in dermatology practice. Misuse of these agents may lead to a wide range of adverse effects.

Aim:

This study was conducted to assess the magnitude of abuse of topical corticosteroids (TC) and clinical patterns of cutaneous adverse effects amongst patients attending dermatology department of a teaching hospital at South Rajasthan.

Materials and Methods:

All patients who reported with adverse effects of topical steroids during one year from September 2015 to August 2016 were evaluated. Patients fulfilling the study criteria were registered for further workup.

Results:

Out of the 85280 new patients, 370 (0.43%) presented with adverse effects of TC. Males (232/370;62.70%) outnumbered females (138/370;37.30). Age group 11-30 years was most commonly (74.05%) affected. The main reason for using TC was fungal infection (52.43%). Tinea incognito (49.46%) and acne (30.27%) were the most common adverse effects recorded.

Conclusions:

Abuse of TC, particularly the superpotent and potent is rampant amongst general population. Topical corticosteroids are frequently used for indications where they should be avoided.

A prospective study of atopic dermatitis managed without topical corticosteroids for a 6-month period

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are regarded as the mainstay treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD). As AD has a tendency to heal naturally, the long-term efficacy of TCS in AD management should be compared with the outcomes seen in patients with AD not using TCS. However, there are few long-term studies that consider patients with AD not using TCS. We designed a prospective multicenter cohort study to assess the clinical outcomes in patients with AD who did not use TCS for 6 months and then compared our results with an earlier study by Furue et al which considered AD patients using TCS over 6 months. Our patients' clinical improvement was comparable with the patients described in Furue's research. In light of this, it is reasonable for physicians to manage AD patients who decline TCS, as the expected long-term prognosis is similar whether they use TCS or not.

Efficacy of betamethasone valerate medicated plaster on painful chronic elbow tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

to investigate the efficacy and safety of a medicated plaster containing betamethasone valerate (BMV) 2.25 mg in patients with chronic elbow tendinopathy.

METHODS

randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with assignment 2:2:1:1 to BMV medicated plaster applied daily for 12 hours, daily for 24 hours or matched placebo. 62 patients aged ≥18 years with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy were randomized. The primary efficacy variable was pain reduction (VAS) at day 28. Secondary objectives included summed pain intensity differences (SPID), overall treatment efficacy and tolerability.

RESULTS

mean reduction in VAS pain score at day 28 was greater in both BMV medicated plaster groups, -39.35±27.69 mm for BMV12-h and -36.91±32.50 mm for BMV24-h, than with placebo, -20.20±27.32 mm. Considering the adjusted mean decreases, there was a statistically significant difference between BMV12-h and placebo (p=0.0110). Global pain relief (SPID) and overall treatment efficacy were significantly better with BMV. BMV and placebo plasters had similar local tolerability and there were few treatment-related adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

BMV plaster was significantly more effective than placebo at reducing pain in patients with chronic elbow tendinopathies. The BMV plaster was safe and well tolerated.

Role of steroids in the treatment of bacterial keratitis

Bacterial keratitis can lead to severe visual impairment from corneal ulceration, subsequent scarring, and possible perforation. The mainstay of treatment is topical antibiotics, whereas the use of adjunctive topical corticosteroid drops remains a matter of debate. Herein, we review the rationale for and against the use of topical corticosteroids and we assess their effectiveness and safety in the published randomized controlled trials that have evaluated their role as adjunctive therapy for bacterial corneal ulcers. In the largest study to date, the Steroids for Corneal Ulcers Trial, topical corticosteroid drops were neither helpful nor harmful for the 500 participants as a whole. However, subgroup analyses suggested that topical corticosteroids may be beneficial upon early administration (within 2–3 days after starting antibiotics) for more central corneal ulcers with poorer vision at presentation, for invasive Pseudomonas strains, and for non-Nocardia ulcers. These results are discussed within the limitations of the study.

Topical Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic childhood skin disorder caused by complex genetic, immunological, and environmental interactions. It significantly impairs quality of life for both child and family. Treatment is complex and must be tailored to the individual taking into account personal, social, and emotional factors, as well as disease severity. This review covers the management of AD in children with topical treatments, focusing on: education and empowerment of patients and caregivers, avoidance of trigger factors, repair and maintenance of the skin barrier by correct use of emollients, control of inflammation with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, minimizing infection, and the use of bandages and body suits.

Atopic dermatitis: current treatment guidelines. Statement of the experts of the Dermatological Section, Polish Society of Allergology, and the Allergology Section, Polish Society of Dermatology

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a condition frequently encountered in medical practices across the country. More than 60% of children with AD are at risk to develop allergic rhinitis or asthma (the atopic march). Patients with AD have a unique predisposition to colonization or infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Treatments for AD need to rapidly control symptoms of the disease, improve quality of life and prevent exacerbations. Given the chronic and relapsing nature of the disease, therapies need to encourage good compliance and be well tolerated.

Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: consensus on safety and the need to allow use in infants

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a distressing dermatological disease, which is highly prevalent during infancy, can persist into later life and requires long-term management with anti-inflammatory compounds. The introduction of the topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, more than 10 yr ago was a major breakthrough for the topical anti-inflammatory treatment of AD. Pimecrolimus 1% is approved for second-line use in children (≥2 yr old) and adults with mild-to-moderate AD. The age restriction was emphasized in a boxed warning added by the FDA in January 2006, which also highlights the lack of long-term safety data and the theoretical risk of skin malignancy and lymphoma. Since then, pimecrolimus has been extensively investigated in short- and long-term studies including over 4000 infants (<2 yr old). These studies showed that pimecrolimus effectively treats AD in infants, with sustained improvement with long-term intermittent use. Unlike topical corticosteroids, long-term TCI use does not carry the risks of skin atrophy, impaired epidermal barrier function or enhanced percutaneous absorption, and so is suitable for AD treatment especially in sensitive skin areas. Most importantly, the studies of pimecrolimus in infants provided no evidence for systemic immunosuppression, and a comprehensive body of evidence from clinical studies, post-marketing surveillance and epidemiological investigations does not support potential safety concerns. In conclusion, the authors consider that the labelling restrictions regarding the use of pimecrolimus in infants are no longer justified and recommend that the validity of the boxed warning for TCIs should be reconsidered.

Risk of lymphoma in patients with atopic dermatitis and the role of topical treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

There is controversy regarding a potential increased risk of lymphoma in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVE

To assess the risk of lymphoma and the role of topical treatments in patients with AD.

METHODS

A systematic literature search and a separate meta-analysis were performed on case control and cohort studies.

RESULTS

Of the 3979 articles retrieved, 24 references met the inclusion criteria. In cohort studies, the risk of lymphoma was slightly increased, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.81). In case control studies, no significant increased risk of lymphoma was found, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.18 (95% CI, 0.94-1.47). Severity of AD was a significant risk factor. Highly potent topical steroids were associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. For topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), a significant association between tacrolimus and mostly skin lymphoma was found in 1 study.

LIMITATIONS

Confusion between severe AD and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may account for part of the increased risk of lymphoma in patients with AD.

CONCLUSION

This systematic literature review shows a slightly increased risk of lymphoma in patients with AD. Severity of AD appears to be a significant risk factor. The role of topical steroids and TCIs is unlikely to be significant.

A systematic review of topical corticosteroid withdrawal ("steroid addiction") in patients with atopic dermatitis and other dermatoses

BACKGROUND

The National Eczema Association has received increasing numbers of patient inquiries regarding "steroid addiction syndrome," coinciding with the growing presence of social media dedicated to this topic. Although many of the side effects of topical corticosteroids (TCS) are addressed in guidelines, TCS addiction is not.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to assess the current evidence regarding addiction/withdrawal.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review of the current literature.

RESULTS

Our initial search yielded 294 results with 34 studies meeting inclusion criteria. TCS withdrawal was reported mostly on the face and genital area (99.3%) of women (81.0%) primarily in the setting of long-term inappropriate use of potent TCS. Burning and stinging were the most frequently reported symptoms (65.5%) with erythema being the most common sign (92.3%). TCS withdrawal syndrome can be divided into papulopustular and erythematoedematous subtypes, with the latter presenting with more burning and edema.

LIMITATIONS

Low quality of evidence, variability in the extent of data, and the lack of studies with rigorous steroid addiction methodology are limitations.

CONCLUSIONS

TCS withdrawal is likely a distinct clinical adverse effect of TCS misuse. Patients and providers should be aware of its clinical presentation and risk factors.

Atopic dermatitis: skin-directed management

Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin condition characterized by relapsing eczematous lesions in a typical distribution. It can be frustrating for pediatric patients, parents, and health care providers alike. The pediatrician will treat the majority of children with atopic dermatitis as many patients will not have access to a pediatric medical subspecialist, such as a pediatric dermatologist or pediatric allergist. This report provides up-to-date information regarding the disease and its impact, pathogenesis, treatment options, and potential complications. The goal of this report is to assist pediatricians with accurate and useful information that will improve the care of patients with atopic dermatitis.

Topical corticosteroid misuse: the Indian scenario

Topical corticosteroids (TC) have been available for more than six decades during which they have completely changed the face of therapy of dermatological disorders. Despite being the most useful drug for such treatment they are known to produce serious local, systemic and psychological side-effects when overused or misused. Though the drug has been misused sporadically earlier, the menace has become more acute during the last two decades. In India, damaging effects to the human body particularly the skin have been reported regularly during the last decade. The misuse occurs at various levels such as manufacturing, marketing, prescription, sales and end-use by patients and laymen. During the last decade dermatologists in India have been regularly campaigning against such misuse. However, the menace keeps on increasing alarmingly. The need to accelerate the momentum of the campaign against TC misuse has been increasingly felt by dermatologists all over India. This symposium aims to contribute significantly to the campaign against misuse of TC.

Ethical use of topical corticosteroids

Dermatologists rely very heavily on corticosteroids for treating many common dermatoses. Concerns about their incorrect use are widely expressed both in lay public and specialist discourse. From the point of view of medical ethics, issues of autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence are all raised frequently when we prescribe topical corticosteroids to our patients. We need to be aware of situations when conflicts between these issues arise and have a clear thought process about resolving them. This can only be achieved if we have a thorough understanding of the skin disease being treated coupled with expertise in the use of the varied potencies and available dosage forms of topical corticosteroids. A good understanding of human psychology and effective communication is also needed to use these agents optimally.

Topical corticosteroid addiction and phobia

Corticosteroids, one of the most widely prescribed topical drugs, have been used for about six decades till date. However, rampant misuse and abuse down the years has given the drug a bad name. Topical steroid abuse may lead to two major problems which lie at the opposing ends of the psychosomatic spectrum. Topical steroid addiction, a phenomenon that came to be recognized about a decade after the introduction of the molecule is manifested as psychological distress and rebound phenomenon on stoppage of the drug. The rebound phenomenon, which can affect various parts of the body particularly the face and the genitalia has been reported by various names in the literature. TC phobia which lies at the opposite end of the psychiatric spectrum of steroid abuse has been reported particularly among parents of atopic children. Management of both conditions is difficult and frustrating. Psychological counseling and support can be of immense help in both the conditions.

Systemic side-effects of topical corticosteroids

With the introduction of topical corticosteroids, a milestone has been achieved in dermatologic therapy; owing to its potent anti-inflammatory and ant proliferative effects, it became possible to treat some hitherto resistant dermatoses. But this magic drug can cause enough mischief if used inappropriately. Children are more susceptible to the systemic adverse effects because of enhanced percutaneous absorption through their tender skin. So, systemic side effects should be kept in mind while prescribing this therapeutically valuable topical medicament.

Relative efficacy and interchangeability ofvarious clobetasol propionate vehicles in the management of steroid-responsive dermatoses

BACKGROUND

Topical corticosteroids have long been the cornerstone in thetreatment of steroid-responsive dermatoses. Despite the effectiveness of these formulations, there is a misperception that drugs delivered via ointments are more potent than those delivered via other vehicles. Potency, however, is a complex function of the physical and chemical properties of both the active ingredient and its vehicle. Studies have determined that newer vehicles (eg, lotions), particularly those in the super-high-potency class, not only heighten the ability of the active ingredient to penetrate skin but also are preferred by patients over ointments and creams.

OBJECTIVE

This review of the literature investigates the effectiveness andtolerability of a high-potency corticosteroid lotion compared with cream or emollient cream formulations in treating moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted of US and international published clinical trials (1975 to November 2004) comparing all potencies of topical corticosteroid cream and lotion formulations using MEDLINE and the Web sites of individual dermatologic journals. No specific study designs were excluded from this search. Search terms included corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses, creams versus lotions, topical corticosteroid clinical trials, plaque-type psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, clobetasol propionate, drug bioavailability, Class I topical agents, and vasoconstriction. The primary diagnoses were moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Two unpublished clinical investigations comparing clobetasol propionate lotion 0.05% with clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% and emollient cream 0.05% in a total of 421 patients were also included.

RESULTS

In the 20 published and 2 unpublished trials identified and reviewed, the response rates were comparable between the lotion and cream formulations. In addition, in a psoriasis study, clobetasol lotion received significantly better cosmetic-acceptability ratings compared with clobetasol cream (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In the studies reviewed, the effectiveness and tolerability of clobetasollotion were comparable to those of clobetasol cream and emollient cream in studies in adults with moderate to severe psoriasis or atopic dermatitis.

Prescribing practices of topical corticosteroids in the outpatient dermatology department of a rural tertiary care teaching hospital

Background:

Inappropriate or excessive use of topical corticosteroids can lead to cutaneous and systemic adverse effects which occur more commonly with the use of very potent steroids. Monitoring and analysis of the prescription practices of topical steroids can help to achieve rational prescription of these drugs.

Aim:

The present study was carried out to study and analyze the pattern of prescribing topical corticosteroids among outpatients attending the dermatology clinic in a rural tertiary care and teaching hospital, Ambajogai, Maharashtra.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted for a duration of two months from August 2011 to September 2011, and 500 prescriptions were randomly collected from the dermatology pharmacy and analyzed.

Results:

About 66% of the prescriptions contained four to five drugs per prescription. Topical steroids were given in 28.4% of all the prescriptions. In almost all the prescriptions, strength, quantity of the steroid to be used, frequency, site, and duration of application was not mentioned. The chief complaints and diagnoses were not mentioned in about 85% of the prescriptions for topical corticosteroids. About 94.36% of the prescriptions contained very potent steroids.

Conclusion:

Inadequate prescribing information is a clear characteristic of the dermatological prescriptions containing topical corticosteroids. Doctors should be educated about the importance of giving patients sufficient information regarding the use of steroids. There is a need to revise hospital formulary where low-potency steroids can also be included along with potent ones so that the latter can be avoided in conditions where they are unnecessary.

Comparison of reservoir effect of topical corticosteroids in an experimental animal model by histamine-induced wheal suppression test

Introduction:

Topical corticosteroids used in various dermatological diseases are available in different potencies and different formulations. The reservoir effect of different potency corticosteroids in the stratum corneum will help the clinicians to choose an appropriate topical steroid to maximize their efficacy and safety as therapeutic agents.

Aims:

This study was designed to compare the duration of reservoir of different potency topical corticosteroids experimentally in rabbits using histamine-induced wheal suppression test.

Materials and Methods:

The study was carried out in albino rabbits (as their skin is similar to humans) using four different concentrations of topical steroids, namely mometasone furoate ointment (0.1%), fluticasone propionate ointment (0.005%), betamethasone valerate cream (0.1%), and hydrocortisone butyrate cream (0.1%). These were applied on the back of rabbit on one side and the vehicle was applied on the other. One hour later, histamine-induced wheal suppression test was performed on both sides and wheal area was measured at 10 min for 7 days. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA followed by post hoc test.

Results:

Maximum wheal suppression was seen on day 1 (P<0.001) in all four groups, both at test and at control sites. Interday comparison of mean wheal size by topical steroids showed that the reservoir of mometasone furoate ointment (0.1%) persisted till day 4 in the stratum corneum of the skin. In case of fluticasone propionate ointment (0.005%) and betamethasone valerate cream (0.1%), the reservoir persisted till day 2 and for hydrocortisone butyrate cream (0.1%), the reservoir was present only on day 1.

Conclusions:

It is concluded that the duration of reservoir depends on the potency of topical steroids. Higher the potency more is the duration of reservoir in stratum corneum and vice versa.

Rational and ethical use of topical corticosteroids based on safety and efficacy

Topical corticosteroids (TC) have greatly contributed to the dermatologist's ability to effectively treat several difficult dermatoses. The available range of formulations and potency gives flexibility to treat all groups of patients, different phases of disease, and different anatomic sites. However, the rapid rise in incidence of improper use of these drugs by dermatologists, general physicians, and patients threatens to bring disrepute to the entire group of these amazing drugs. Responsibility to disseminate proper knowledge regarding when, where, and how to use TC both to internists and patients rests primarily with the dermatologist. Benefits of rational and ethical use and the harm of overuse and misuse for nonmedical, specially for cosmetic purposes, should be clearly conveyed before penning a prescription involving TC. Simultaneous efforts to use political, legal, and other institutions to prevent misuse of these drugs by rationing their availability only through proper prescriptions will greatly help the cause. This will hopefully bring down both the extremes of ever increasing cases of steroid-induced dermatoses on one hand and the irrational fears of using TC in well justified indications on the other.

Update on the management of chronic eczema: new approaches and emerging treatment options

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease with worldwide prevalence, affecting up to 20% of children and 3% of adults. Recent evidence regarding pathogenesis has implicated epidermal barrier defects deriving from filagrin mutations with resulting secondary inflammation. In this report, the authors comprehensively review the literature on atopic dermatitis therapy, including topical and systemic options. Most cases of AD will benefit from emollients to enhance the barrier function of skin. Topical corticosteroids are first-line therapy for most cases of AD. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus ointment, pimecrolimus cream) are considered second line therapy. Several novel barrier-enhancing prescription creams are also available. Moderate to severe cases inadequately controlled with topical therapy may require phototherapy or systemic therapy. The most commonly employed phototherapy modalites are narrow-band UVB, broadband UVB, and UVA1. Traditional systemic therapies include short-term corticosteroids, cyclosporine (considered to be the gold standard), methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and most recently leflunamide. Biologic therapies include recombinant monoclonal antibodies acting on the immunoglobulin E / interleukin-5 pathway (omalizumab, mepolizumab), acting as tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab), and acting as T-cell (alefacept) and B-cell (rituxumab) inhibitors, as well as interferon γ and intravenous immunoglobulin. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability are reviewed for each medication.

Pediatric psoriasis: an update

Pediatric psoriasis consists broadly of 3 age groups of psoriatic patients: infantile psoriasis, a self-limited disease of infancy, psoriasis with early onset, and pediatric psoriasis with psoriatic arthritis. About one-quarter of psoriasis cases begin before the age of 18 years. A variety of clinical psoriasis types are seen in childhood, including plaque-type, guttate, erythrodermic, napkin, and nail-based disease. Like all forms of auto-immunity, susceptibility is likely genetic, but environmental triggers are required to initiate disease activity. The most common trigger of childhood is an upper respiratory tract infection. Once disease has occurred, treatment is determined based on severity and presence of joint involvement. Topical therapies, including corticosteroids and calcipotriene, are the therapies of choice in the initial care of pediatric patients. Ultraviolet light, acitretin and cyclosporine can clear skin symptoms, while methotrexate and etanercept can clear both cutaneous and joint disease. Concern for psychological development is required when choosing psoriatic therapies. This article reviews current concepts in pediatric psoriasis and a rational approach to therapeutics.

Emotional lability secondary to the application of a very potent topical corticosteroid

A 66 yrs old gentleman presented with severe mood changes following application of very potent topical corticosteroid cream, clobetasol propionate, which was prescribed for his recalcitrant eczema. The symptoms disappeared within 24 hours of discontinuation of the cream and he remained mentally well when reviewed after 2 weeks.

New and emerging trends in the treatment of atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that affects 10% to 20% of children and 1% to 3% of adults in the US. Symptoms often result in sleeplessness, psychological stress, poor self-esteem, anxiety, and poor school or work performance. The cost of atopic dermatitis is estimated to be US$0.9 to 3.8 billion every year. Topical steroids are first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis, and recent advances in vehicle technologies have resulted in improved patient tolerability and compliance. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are also safe and effective topical treatments for atopic dermatitis, and provide an additional therapeutic option for patients with this disease. Systemic immunomodulators are used in the treatment of severe refractory disease. Cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and interferon gamma have been used in the management of severe atopic dermatitis. This review highlights the current and emerging trends in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.