51
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Krewski D, Clayson D, Collins B, Munro IC. Toxicological procedures for assessing the carcinogenic potential of agricultural chemicals. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 21:461-97. [PMID: 6756380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and other agricultural chemicals are now widely used throughout the world as a means of improving crop yields in order to meet the increasing demands being placed upon the global food supply. In Canada, the use of such chemicals is controlled through government regulations established jointly by the Department of Agriculture and the Department of National Health & Welfare. Such regulations require a detailed evaluation of the toxicological characteristics of the chemical prior to its being cleared for use. In this paper, procedures for assessing the carcinogenic potential of agricultural and other chemicals are discussed. Consideration is given to both the classical long-term in vivo carcinogen bioassay in rodent or other species and the more recently developed short-term in vitro tests based on genetic alterations in bacterial and other test systems.
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52
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Newell GW. Toxic agents in the agro-ecosystem. Chairman's comments. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 21:167-9. [PMID: 7150191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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53
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Bryson DD. A positive approach to assessment of chemical hazards in agriculture. ERGONOMICS 1982; 25:81-87. [PMID: 7128561 DOI: 10.1080/00140138208924929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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54
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Still GG. Introduction to an international symposium on genetic toxicology--an agricultural perspective. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 21:29-35. [PMID: 7150197 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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55
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56
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El-Sebae AH, Soliman SA. Mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals in the Egyptian agricultural environment. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 21:119-26. [PMID: 7150190 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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57
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Ray VA. Approaches to the genetic safety evaluation of agricultural chemicals. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 21:45-56. [PMID: 7150204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4352-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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58
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Ohlson CG, Hogstedt C. Parkinson's disease and occupational exposure to organic solvents, agricultural chemicals and mercury--a case-referent study. Scand J Work Environ Health 1981; 7:252-6. [PMID: 7347910 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been associated with heavy occupational exposure to carbon disulfide, and this solvent, as well as other organic solvents, may cause neurotoxic effects. Therefore, the hypothesis was raised that organic solvents in general may be associated with Parkinson's disease. A case-referent study design was applied, and some other suspected exposures were studied as well. The diagnosis registers of two Swedish hospitals were used as the source of subjects. Male in-patients with Parkinson's disease (the cases) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (referents), with symptom appearance between 35-69 a of age and residence in the vicinity of the hospitals, were included in the study. Occupational exposure to the chemicals under study were determined from questionnaire answers of 91 cases and 75 referents. No differences in exposure frequency to organic solvents in general were observed, but three cases had been exposed to carbon disulfide compared to none of the referents. Six cases, but only two referents, had been exposed to mercury, and further exploration of a possible association between exposure to mercury and Parkinson's disease is recommended. The outcome of the study does not support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to organic solvents in general increases the risk of Parkinson's disease, but the confidence intervals of the odds ratios do not rule out such possibilities.
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Willett LB, Schanbacher FL, Teske RH. Toxicology and the dairy industry: will problems outrun solutions? J Dairy Sci 1981; 64:1483-93. [PMID: 7024350 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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60
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El Beit IO, Wheelock JV, Cotton DE. Factors affecting soil residues of dieldrin, endosulfan, gamma-HCH, dimethoate, and pyrolan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 1981; 5:135-160. [PMID: 6166446 DOI: 10.1016/0147-6513(81)90030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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61
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Siddiqui MK, Saxena MC, Bhargava AK, Seth TD, Murti CR, Kutty D. Agrochemicals in the maternal blood, milk, and cord blood: a source of toxicants for prenates and neonates. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1981; 24:24-32. [PMID: 6163625 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(81)90128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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62
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Walsh LM, Sumner ME, Keeney DR. Occurrence and distribution of arsenic in soils and plants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1977; 19:67-71. [PMID: 908315 PMCID: PMC1637429 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.771967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenicals have been used in agriculture as pesticides or defoliants for many years and, in localized areas, oxides of arsenic have contaminated soils as a result of fallout from ore-smelting operations and coal-fired power plants. Use of inorganic arsenicals is no longer permitted in most agricultural operations, and recent air pollution controls have markedly reduced contamination from smelters. Thus, this paper will concentrate on the effect of past applications on arsenic accumulation in soil, phytotoxicity to and uptake by plants as influenced by soil properties, and alleviation of the deleterious effects of arsenic. Once incorporated into the soil, inorganic arsenical pesticides and arsenic oxides revert to arsenates, except where the soil is under reducing conditions. The arsenate ion has properties similar to that of orthophosphate, and is readily sorbed by iron and aluminum components. This reaction greatly restricts the downward movement (leaching) of arsenic in soils and the availability of arsenic to plants. Several methods of estimating plant available arsenic in soils have been developed. They involve extraction of the soil with reagents used to estimate phosphorus availability. This extractable arsenic is reasonably well correlated with reduced plant growth by, and plant uptake of arsenic. For most plants, levels of arsenic in the edible portion of the plant are well below the critical concentration for animal or human consumption, even when severe phytotoxicity occurs. Alleviation of arsenic phytotoxicity has been attempted by increasing the soil pH, by use of iron or aluminum sulfate, by desorbing arsenate with phosphate and subsequent leaching, and by cultural practices such as deep plowing. Only limited benefits have accrued from these procedures the cost of which is often prohibitively high. Since attempts to reduce arsenic toxicity have not been very successful, its excessive accumulation in soils should be avoided.
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63
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Cornelius JA. Palm oil and palm kernel oil. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS 1977; 15:5-27. [PMID: 324881 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6832(77)90005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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64
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Lynch JM. Products of soil microorganisms in relation to plant growth. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 5:67-107. [PMID: 793776 DOI: 10.3109/10408417609102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A survey has been made of the range and activity of the organic products of soil microorganisms which have a direct influence on plant growth. Microbial metabolites which effect plants indirectly by the modification of the soil environment are also reviewed. The sources of substrates for the production of metabolites in soil and the farming practices which give rise to them are considered. It is stressed that an interdisciplinary approach is needed in the manipulation of microbiological activity in soil.
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65
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Goncharuk EI, Spasov AS, Shevtsova II, Ukranskiĭ VV. [Establishing a method for studying the action of chemical substances on soil microflora]. GIGIENA I SANITARIIA 1976:59-62. [PMID: 947813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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66
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Chmil' VD. [Determination of residual amounts of phenoxy-alkane carboxylic acid (2,4-D, 2,4-DM) herbicides in food products]. Vopr Pitan 1975:70-3. [PMID: 1210221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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67
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Verzárné GP, Vinczéné MV, Horváth L, Bálintné IA, Szarvas T. [Metablism of 6-C-14-Vitavax and its effect on Datura innoxia Mill., an industrial medicinal plant in Hungary]. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA HUNGARICA 1975; 45:167-74. [PMID: 1146555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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68
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Epanchinov AV. [Effect of mineral fertilizers on the microflora of corn roots]. PRIKLADNAIA BIOKHIMIIA I MIKROBIOLOGIIA 1975; 11:258-63. [PMID: 1208381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes studies of the density of microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers, cellulose degraders, actinomycetes and azotobacter in the soil of the radical area of corn grown in field experiments with various doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers. In the forest-steppe zone (leached chernozem) of the Krasnoyarsk region mineral fertilizers activated proliferation of radical microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers and cellulose degraders. The effect of the tested fertilizers was dissimilar during plant vegetation. Under the influence of fertilizers proliferation of actinomycetes increased at the phase of 3--4 leaves. At later phases of the plant development a similar tendency was manifest upon soil application of N120P60K60, N60P120K60 and N120P120K120. The azotobacter density increased only after application of N60P120K60, N60P60K120 and N30P60K30.
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69
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Bjerk JE, Kveseth NJ. Residues of organochlorine insecticides and PCBs in samples of Norwegian butter 1972. NORDISK VETERINAERMEDICIN 1974; 26:634-8. [PMID: 4217442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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70
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Nelson DL. Evaluation of the safety of agricultural chemicals. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1974; 7:141-4. [PMID: 4851931 DOI: 10.3109/15563657408987990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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71
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Kogan IL. [Comparative evaluation of the carcinogenic properties of nerosin transformation products in the soil]. VOPROSY ONKOLOGII 1973; 19:84-8. [PMID: 4714741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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72
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Hilton HW, Nomura NS, Kameda SS. A simplified oxygen bomb combustion procedure for carbon-14 in agricultural materials and soils. Anal Biochem 1972; 49:285-9. [PMID: 5081104 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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73
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Gavrilenko EV, Orlova NV, Pozdniakov AL. [Hygienic evaluation of the wheat grown on soil treated with nerosin]. Vopr Pitan 1972; 31:56-60. [PMID: 4664443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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74
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Borlaug NE. Statement on agricultural chemicals. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1972; 5:295-7. [PMID: 5049747 DOI: 10.3109/15563657208991008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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75
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Romeiko IM, Dubovenko EK, Zakharova VI, Dudchenko VG, Malins'ka EM, Uliashova RM, Kucherenko VI, Chechel'nits'ka LM. [Biological activities of the soil and symbiosis of bulb bacteria with legumes under various agrotechnical methods]. MIKROBIOLOHICHNYI ZHURNAL 1971; 33:724-6. [PMID: 5153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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