101
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Soubiran A, Théodoridès J. [Not Available]. HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES MEDICALES 2001; 16:227-36. [PMID: 11628879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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102
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Théodoridès J. [Not Available]. KOROT (JERUSALEM : 1952) 2001; 8:236-44. [PMID: 11614046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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103
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Baroni W. [Not Available]. RIVISTA DI STORIA DELLA MEDICINA 2001; 14:27-35. [PMID: 11626423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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104
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Ketner KL. A study of the use of madstones in Oklahoma. CHRONICLES OF OKLAHOMA 2001; 46:433-49. [PMID: 11614344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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105
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Anderson JB. Mad dogs, microbes, and other pests. Some medical problems in early Durham. N C Med J 2001; 62:154-7. [PMID: 11370317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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106
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Martínez-Palomo A. The science of Louis Pasteur: a reconsideration. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2001; 76:37-45. [PMID: 11291570 DOI: 10.1086/393744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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107
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Bosson A. [Treatment of rabies in man in Vaud and Fribourg before Pateu: therapeutic observations of Drs. Guisan and Schaller in the 19th century]. GESNERUS 2001; 58:339-349. [PMID: 11810985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The picture showing the little Joseph Meister being treated against rabies under Louis Pasteur's eyes, on July 6, 1885, has quickly become a symbol of the triumphant progress of medicine, even though diseases with high mortality like tuberculosis or diphtheria could still not be healed with efficient therapeutic means. But before the discoveries of Pasteur, what was actually, in daily practice, the kind of response an ordinary doctor could give to human rabies? A Swiss physician, Charles-Hector Guisan, developed a therapy based on the use of sodium arsenate, which he published in the columns of the Gazette des Hôpitaux civils et militaires in 1854. This arsenic therapy was to be put into practice on a larger scale in the canton of Fribourg by Dr Jean-Louis Schaller (1816-1880), who meticulously wrote observations in a notebook on the cases of 13 persons wounded by a rabid dog in 1855.
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108
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Bahmanyar M, Fayaz A, Nour-Salehi S, Mohammadi M, Koprowski H. Successful protection of humans exposed to rabies infection. Postexposure treatment with the new human diploid cell rabies vaccine and antirabies serum. 1976. Wilderness Environ Med 2000; 11:42-6. [PMID: 10777336 DOI: 10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011[0042:ptwtnh]2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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109
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110
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Silverman WA. Overheated news of a 'medical breakthrough'. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2000; 14:101-3. [PMID: 10791651 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2000.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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111
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Bouchet H. [Vaccinal prophylaxis in the 19th century]. LA REVUE DU PRATICIEN 2000; 50:590-2. [PMID: 10808311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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112
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Monos E, Faragó M. Physiology in the oeuvre of a prominent Hungarian medical scientist--Endre H"ogyes. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 1999; 85:287-90. [PMID: 10431599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Endre Hógyes, one of the most prominent and internationally-renown leaders in the field of medical research, especially the treatment of rabies, was born one hundred and fifty years ago in Hungary. E. Hógyes had started his medical and research carrier in 1870. In 1889 he had become vice-president of the Royal Hungarian Society of Natural Sciences and was elected as a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) and that member of the National Council of Public Health. Scientific carrier of E. Hógyes has always been closely linked to physiological sciences. E Hógyes made a significant contribution to different areas of physiological sciences; his most important scientific publications in this field deal with renal physiology, respitary mechanics, cerebellar function, and associated eye movement. Endre Hógyes was the first to organize Hungarian physiologists into a community. The "Special Physiological Conferences" were initiated within the Hungarian Royal Society of Natural Sciences in 1891. As a token of appretiation, Hungarian physiologists and other medical professionals have announced the year of 1997 as a memorial year of Dr. Endre Hógyes.
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113
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Birmingham AT. Fifth W.D.M. Paton Memorial Lecture. Waterton and Wouralia. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126:1685-9. [PMID: 10372809 PMCID: PMC1565951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1998] [Accepted: 12/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
British Journal of Pharmacology (1999) 126, 1685–1689; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702409
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114
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Hansen B. New images of a new medicine: visual evidence for the widespread popularity of therapeutic discoveries in America after 1885. BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 1999; 73:629-678. [PMID: 10615769 DOI: 10.1353/bhm.1999.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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115
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Fenje P. [Development of medical virology]. MEDICINSKI PREGLED 1998; 51 Suppl 1:69-70. [PMID: 9841284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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116
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Abstract
In the 18th century, belief in vampires--allegedly dead persons who left their graves and killed people and animals--raised great concern in the Balkans and an extensive debate in Europe. This historic phenomenon still awaits a comprehensive explanation. This article proposes that rabies may have played a key role in the development of the vampire legend, given the coincident time of the phenomena and the striking similarities between them.
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117
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Quinonez JM, Steele RW. Hydrophobic horse sense. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1998; 37:483-4. [PMID: 9729703 DOI: 10.1177/000992289803700804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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118
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Karasszon D. The role and importance of Endre Hogyes in the history of Hungarian microbiology. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 1998; 44:367-72. [PMID: 9554171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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119
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Scott GR. Rabies: false, forgotten and fresh findings. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF EDINBURGH 1998; 28:198-206. [PMID: 11620452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
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120
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Hansen B. America's first medical breakthrough: how popular excitement about a French rabies cure in 1885 raised new expectations for medical progress. THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 1998; 103:373-418. [PMID: 11620083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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121
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122
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Lalosević D. [Dr. Adolph Hempt's visit to Paris in 1925]. MEDICINSKI PREGLED 1998; 51 Suppl 1:61-3. [PMID: 9769659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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123
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Scarani P, Plazzi G, Gallo C, Cosimo N, Salfi M. [Adelchi Negri (1876-1912)]. Pathologica 1997; 89:467-8. [PMID: 9471619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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124
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Aronson SM. Mad dogs and Englishmen. MEDICINE AND HEALTH, RHODE ISLAND 1997; 80:243-4. [PMID: 9283177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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125
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Hoover KJ. Rabies treatments and preventives through the ages. VETERINARY HERITAGE : BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY HISTORY SOCIETY 1997; 20:30-4. [PMID: 11619089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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126
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Dorizzi RM. Medicinal marijuana. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1185; author reply 1186-7. [PMID: 9102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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127
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Koprowski H. Lecture on rabies on the occasion of "the year of Louis Pasteur". RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1996; 147:381-7. [PMID: 8958591 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(97)85130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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128
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Benitez RM. A 39-year-old man with mental status change. MARYLAND MEDICAL JOURNAL (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1985) 1996; 45:765-9. [PMID: 8810221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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129
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Svetlovich TG. [Pasteur stations in Byelarus and their role in the development of microbiological research]. PROBLEMY SOTSIAL'NOI GIGIENY I ISTORIIA MEDITSINY 1996:59-60. [PMID: 9254215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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130
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131
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Kristensson K, Dastur DK, Manghani DK, Tsiang H, Bentivoglio M. Rabies: interactions between neurons and viruses. A review of the history of Negri inclusion bodies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1996; 22:179-87. [PMID: 8804019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The first clear-cut description of a virus-nerve cell interaction was made by Adelchi Negri in 1903 with the detection of cytoplasmic bodies (Negri bodies) in subsets of neurons in the brain from rabies-infected animals. A biographical sketch of Negri is given here; he was born in Perugia, Italy, in 1875 and died in Pavia in 1912. In 1900 Negri became assistant to Camillo Golgi, who encouraged him to study rabies-infected brains with histological techniques. The report of intraneuronal bodies described by Negri as specific for rabies stimulated an intense debate both concerning their diagnostic value and their nature. The diagnostic value was finally determined in a study by Negri's wife, Lina Negri-Luzzani, in 1913, while the viral nature of the bodies had to await the introduction of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. However, the true significance of the Negri bodies is still mysterious, since they only develop in subsets of infected neurons and occur mainly after infection with wild, so-called 'street', virus strains and not after infection with strains passaged in the laboratory, so-called 'fixed' strains.
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132
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Schneider MC, de Almeida GA, Souza LM, de Morares NB, Diaz RC. [Rabies control in Brazil from 1980 to 1990]. Rev Saude Publica 1996; 30:196-203. [PMID: 9077019 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101996000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological situation of rabies in Brazil at the period of 1980 to 1990, when the National Program for Rabies Prevention was implemented on a national scale, and which yielded positive results, is presented. The main controlling actions carried out in order to achieve these results are also described. Rabies in Brasil registered a considerable decrease in human and canine cases (78% and 90%, respectively), half way through the series of analyses undertaken for this study. Towards the end of the decade, the disease began to recrudesce, several cases occurring in some parts of the country, mainly in the northeastern region, where 70% of the total number of infections for 1990 was recorded. Moreover, human rabies transmitted by bats experienced a considerable increase, accounting for 15.1% of the total. The Program, which is implemented by State and Municipal authorities. Covers the 350,000 people who are attacked by animals, and vaccinates approximately 9,000,000 animals every annually year. Epidemiological control is considered to be of basic importance, so that indicators for the definition of the areas of risk have been developed.
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133
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Matouch O. [The campaign against rabies--history and the present state]. EPIDEMIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, IMUNOLOGIE : CASOPIS SPOLECNOSTI PRO EPIDEMIOLOGII A MIKROBIOLOGII CESKE LEKARSKE SPOLECNOSTI J.E. PURKYNE 1996; 45:15-9. [PMID: 8665101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the oldest known infectious diseases and with regard to its present prevalence it still remains an important zoonosis. In the submitted paper the author presents data on the historical development of scientific findings on rabies, the important part played by Louis Pasteur and his pupils, the development of the position as regards rabies in the Czech Republic in the past and present time and the role of different animal species. At present we can define in Europe five basic ecological biovariants of rabies associated with specific vector animal species. The role of a dominant vector is held in this country by the fox. Anti-infectious provisions are concentrated mainly on the oral immunization of foxes, preventive immunization of domestic animals and therapeutic and prophylactic provisions in man. In antirabies prophylaxis highly immunogenic and safe tissue vaccines are preferred.
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134
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Blaisdell JD. With certain reservations: the American veterinary community's reception of Pasteur's work on rabies. AGRICULTURAL HISTORY 1996; 70:503-524. [PMID: 11616301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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135
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Rodríguez de Romo AC. [Pasteurian science through the antirabies vaccine: the case of Mexico]. DYNAMIS (GRANADA, SPAIN) 1996; 16:291-316. [PMID: 11625003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The history of the rabies in Mexico is a versatile topic because it provides a chance to study different aspects of the history of Mexican science and medicine. This article reconstructs the sequence of events related to rabies vaccination in Mexico. History is also used as a model to study scientific transfer and scientific imperialism, the use of science by politicians in order to validate their governments, and the impact of French medicine on Mexican medicine. In 1888 the physician Eduardo Liceaga, an important political figure, brought the rabies vaccine to Mexico. President Porfirío Diaz supported Liceaga because he assumed that the vaccine was synonymous with modernity, and hence a sign of good government. We also analyze the reasons why there was no Pasteur Institute in Mexico, even though the conditions that allowed its creation in other countries also existed. Two points are of particular interest: 1) Despite its importance, this topic has not formally been studied in the context of the history of Mexican medicine, and 2) A considerable part of the present research is based on original, unpublished manuscripts in French and Mexican archives.
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Colon GA. July 1845 and 1895. THE JOURNAL OF THE LOUISIANA STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY : OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE LOUISIANA STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY 1995; 147:301-4. [PMID: 7650430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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137
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Wondrák E. [The control of rabies from the aspect of medical history]. CASOPIS LEKARU CESKYCH 1995; 134:425-427. [PMID: 7671288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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138
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Fisher DJ. Resurgence of rabies. A historical perspective on rabies in children. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 1995; 149:306-12. [PMID: 7503835 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170150086016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife rabies in certain parts of the United States has been increasing. With greater urbanization, many areas have seen an influx of wild animals such as raccoons and foxes that are known wildlife reservoirs of rabies. Rabies encephalitis has been a fatal illness recognized by humans throughout history. The purpose of this review is to examine the history of rabies throughout the world to elucidate the evolution of popular and scientific knowledge of the disease in animals and humans. By examining this development from a pediatric perspective, we gain insight into the prevention and treatment protocols recommended for children today. Pediatricians need to include education about prevention and treatment of rabies exposures in their anticipatory guidance sessions with families.
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139
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Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Fekadu M, Childs JE. The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention? Emerg Infect Dis 1995; 1:107-14. [PMID: 8903179 PMCID: PMC2626887 DOI: 10.3201/eid0104.950401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of rabies in the United States has changed substantially during the last half century, as the source of the disease has changed from domesticated animals to wildlife, principally raccoons, skunks, foxes, and bats. Moreover, the changes observed among affected wildlife populations have not occurred without human influence. Rather, human attraction to the recreational and economic resources provided by wildlife has contributed to the reemergence of rabies as a major zoonosis. Although human deaths caused by rabies have declined recently to an average of one or two per year, the estimated costs associated with the decrease in deaths amount to hundreds of millions of dollars annually. In future efforts to control rabies harbored by free-ranging animal reservoirs, public health professionals will have to apply imaginative, safe, and cost-effective solutions to this age-old malady in addition to using traditional measures.
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Abstract
A historical review of the treatment of human rabies from ancient times up to the present is undertaken. An attempt is made to trace parallel between the concept of the main cause of rabies in a certain period and the kind of treatment utilized. The ancient Greek goddess Artemis was considered to be a healer of rabies; they already identified wound cauterization. People of the first century A.D. knew of the infection deriving from the saliva of a rabid dog and called it virus (in Latin). During medieval times when a magical and religious concept regarding health was prevalent, the principal protector was called St. Humbert. During the Renaissance many experiments were carried out and new information on the disease was obtained, both were basic in opening the way for new findings in the future. At that time the miasmatic and contagious theories were predominant. Pasteur strongly objected to the idea of the spontaneity of rabies. At the end of the XIXth. century and based on microbial discoveries, Pasteur brought about a great scientific revolution as regards the possibility of treating rabies by using a vaccine. At the present time, vaccines are of the nervous type or not, and the recommended dose varies. A large-number of studies on vaccination have been undertaken. In Latin America the most used are those by Fuenzalida and Palacios. At present, WHO recommends the vaccine made by cell culture.
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Abstract
From the many existing documents on the history of rabies in animals, it is possible to describe with precision the practical measures adopted for the surveillance and control of rabies in animals from antiquity until the 18th century. Surveillance is based on clinical diagnosis, post-mortem examination, animal inoculation and knowledge of the conditions under which infection occurred: aetiology, pathogenesis, susceptible species, virulent material, mode of infection, incubation period, etc. The historical data are assembled and compared, with comments on each of these points. Control is based on the application of general disease control measures and attempts at vaccination and treatment. A study of these procedures enables a comparison of their efficacy and a description of the major steps which led to (or delayed) the work of Louis Pasteur.
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Swanepoel R, Barnard BJ, Meredith CD, Bishop GC, Brückner GK, Foggin CM, Hübschle OJ. Rabies in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1993; 60:325-46. [PMID: 7777317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The first confirmed outbreak of rabies in Africa, believed to have followed the importation of an infected dog from England in 1892, occurred in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and was brought under control in 1894. An unconfirmed epidemic of rabies in dogs occurred in western Zambia in 1901. By the following year the disease had apparently spread along a major trade route, to cause an outbreak in Zimbabwe which engulfed most of the country before being eradicated in 1913. The existence of endemic rabies of viverrids (mongooses and genets) was confirmed in South Africa in 1928, and since then the viverrid disease has continued to occur widely on the interior plateau of the country with spill-over of infection to cattle and a variety of other animals. From about 1947 onwards, an invasive form of dog rabies spread from southern Zambia and/or Angola into Namibia, across northern and eastern Botswana into Zimbabwe and the northern Transvaal by 1950, entered Mozambique in 1952, and spread from there to Swaziland in 1954. Dog rabies extended from southern Mozambique into Natal in 1961 to cause a major epidemic which was brought under control in 1968. The disease re-entered northern Natal from Mozambique in 1976 and since then dog rabies has proved difficult to control in the peri-urban settlements of Natal-KwaZulu. The disease spread from Natal to Lesotho in 1982, and into the Transkei region of the eastern Cape Province in 1987, to reach the Ciskei by 1990. The spread of the disease in dogs was followed by the emergence of rabies of jackals and cattle in central Namibia, northern Botswana, Zimbabwe and the northern Transvaal. A unique outbreak of rabies in kudu antelope occurred in central Namibia from 1977 to 1985, apparently involving oral spread of infection between individuals. A few cases of rabies in the bat-eared fox were recognized each year in Namibia from 1967 onwards, and from the 1970s the occurrence of the disease in the fox has emerged as a distinct problem in the northern Cape Province and spread to the west coast. The rabies-related viruses, Lagos bat, Mokola and Duvenhage, associated with bats, shrews and rodents in Africa, are known to have caused isolated cases of disease in South Africa, and on one occasion a small outbreak involving six cats and a dog in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical course with the neuropathological findings in a patient who died of acute rabies encephalomyelitis with coexisting demyelinating lesions. DESIGN Patient's history was extensively investigated, during her illness and after death. Details of her previous allergies, postexposure prophylaxis, early use of steroid therapy, 20-day course in an intensive care unit, and autopsy results are clinicopathologically correlated. SETTING The intensive care unit of an 1100-bed tertiary referral center and teaching hospital. PATIENT A 55-year-old woman, referred by her family doctor. CONCLUSIONS Postvaccinal encephalomyelitis and rabies can run similar courses and can be misdiagnosed. On admission to the hospital, this patient was initially diagnosed as having postvaccinal disease. However, autopsy results and postmortem viral cultures disclosed a complex picture, including acute rabies and widespread perivenous demyelination. One other similar report from 1977 in the literature is reviewed. No adequate explanation of the rare coexistence of acute rabies encephalomyelitis and perivascular demyelination is available.
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144
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Smith JS, Seidel HD. Rabies: a new look at an old disease. PROGRESS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY. FORTSCHRITTE DER MEDIZINISCHEN VIRUSFORSCHUNG. PROGRES EN VIROLOGIE MEDICALE 1993; 40:82-106. [PMID: 8438079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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145
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Blaisdell JD. Louis Pasteur, Alexandre Liautard, and the Riverdale dog case. VETERINARY HERITAGE : BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY HISTORY SOCIETY 1992; 15:2-15. [PMID: 11623265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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146
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Blaisdell JD. Rabies and the Governor-General of Canada. VETERINARY HISTORY 1992; 7:19-26. [PMID: 11612819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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147
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Blaisdell J. John Hunter (1728-1793) and rabies. VETERINARY HERITAGE : BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY HISTORY SOCIETY 1989; 12:19-37. [PMID: 11622178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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148
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