Effects of Y-24180, a long-acting and potent antagonist to platelet-activating factor, on immediate asthmatic response in guinea pigs

The effect of Y-24180, a potent antagonist to-platelet-activating factor (PAF), was evaluated on the antigen-induced immediate asthmatic response (IAR) in actively sensitized guinea pigs that were pretreated with an antihistaminic agent, pyrilamine. Then, the effect was compared with that of other antiasthmatic agents. In a dose-dependent manner, Y-24180 (0.01-1 mg/kg, p.o.) suppressed the IAR, and WEB 2086 (0.1-10 mg/kg, p.o.), another PAF antagonist, also suppressed IAR in the same fashion as Y-24180. In contrast, AA-2414 (1-100 mg/kg,p.o.), a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) antagonist, was effective only at the beginning of the IAR and ONO-1078 (1-100 mg/kg, p.o.), a peptide leukotriene (pLT) antagonist, was effective only in the latter period, OKY-046, a TXA2 synthetase inhibitor, showed no significant suppression of the IAR at doses up to 100 mg/kg. Thus, PAF antagonists were more effective than the other agents tested in the present model for IAR. In a subsequent test, Y-24180 (1 mg/kg, p.o.) was confirmed to enhance the suppressive effects of theophylline (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.), procaterol (0.1 and 1 microgram/kg, i.v.), OKY-046 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and ONO-1078 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) on the IAR. A combination of three agents, namely Y-24180 with OKY-046 and ONO-1078, completely suppressed the IAR. The results demonstrate that Y-24180 not only suppresses the IAR, but also enhances the suppressive effect of other antiasthmatic agents. Therefore, Y-24180 would be a clinically promising drug for the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Stereoscopic synthesized brain-surface imaging with MR angiography for localization of a peripheral mycotic aneurysm: case report

A patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis and a peripheral mycotic aneurysm is presented. We used a combined multi-slice surface anatomy scanning (SAS) and contrast-enhanced MR angiography image to determine the exact location of the small lesion by applying a skin marker on the scalp and visualizing the relationship of the marker to the brain surface structures and to the lesion. This technique was useful for the removal of a small peripheral aneurysm using only a limited craniotomy.

Thoracoscopic lung resection for lung metastasis of colorectal cancer

We performed thoracoscopic lung resection seven times in four patients with lung metastases from colorectal cancer. This procedure allowed a short operation time, minimal blood loss, and a short hospital stay. Thoracoscopic lung resection was chosen for resection of lung metastases from colorectal cancer because it allowed simultaneous bilateral lung resection and early postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.

[Two patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and monoclonal gammopathy]

A 67-year-old man and a 70-year-old man were admitted to our hospital because of dyspnea and dry coughing. Chest X-ray films showed bilateral reticulonodular shadows in the middle and lower lung fields. Specimens were obtained by open lung biopsies and the findings were compatible with those of usual interstitial pneumonia. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed monoclonal gammopathy in both patients. The levels of interleukin 6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were high. In these two patients, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was associated with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy, and the levels of interleukin-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were high. These findings may help to elucidate the pathogenesis and development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

In vitro studies on a new method for islet microencapsulation using a thermoreversible gelation polymer, N-isopropylacrylamide-based copolymer

Various materials for the semipermeable membrane for microencapsulation of islets, such as alginate complex and agarose, have been used. In this study, a thermoreversible gelation polymer, N-isopropylacrylamide based copolymer was used to make microencapsulated islets and was examined in vitro. The polymer has little or no cytotoxicity for human dermal fibroblasts. The characteristics of viscoelasticity below the soluble gel transition temperature (SGTT) and of thermoreversibility, the water soluble polymer below the SGTT (22 degrees C) becoming water insoluble upon heating, contributed to simplifying the encapsulation technique. We obtained viable islets at the center of the membrane with a thickness of approximately 20-50 microns, accounting for a 40% yield of encapsulated islets. Static glucose challenge test with microencapsulated islets revealed the insulin response to the concentration of glucose. The insulin concentrations of the culture medium in the microencapsulated islet group were the same as those in a similar free islet group up to 42 days. These results indicate that the morphological and functional stability of the new method for microencapsulation may be sufficient for it to be used for transplantation in diabetic animals.

[An oral repeated dose toxicity study of a new antineoplastic agent S-1 in dogs. I. A 13-week repeated dose toxicity study. II. An ophthalmologic toxicity recovery study]

S-1, an antineoplastic formulation of a fluorinated pyrimidine derivative containing tegafur (FT), CDHP, and potassium oxonate (Oxo) in a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1, was recently developed by Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., with the aim of prolonging the effective plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) over that producted by FT alone and reducing its dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity. As a part of the S-1 toxicity study, a 13-week repeated dose toxicity study and a recovery study of opthalmologic effects were conducted in dogs. The following results were obtained. All S-1 doses are expressed in terms of their FT content. 1. Concerning the general condition, dark brown pigment was deposited on the sclera of the eye in all S-1 treated groups starting at the second week of treatment, and clouding of the cornea was noted in the 3 mg/kg/day group starting after 3-4 weeks of treatment. In the 3 and 6 mg/kg/day groups, general signs such as salivation, reduction in spontaneous movements, and sedation appeared, and 1 male and 2 females of the 3 mg/kg/day group died or were moribund 4-5 weeks after treatment began. All animals of the 6 mg/kg/day died or were sacrificed within 2 weeks of the start of the study. 2. Food consumption and body weight were reduced in the groups administered 1 mg/kg/day or more S-1. 3. No apparent drug-induced changes were observed on electrocardiography, urinalysis, fecal occult blood test, hematological examination, liver and kidney function tests, or ocular mucosa infection tests. 4. Blood biochemical examinations showed decreases in creatinine and chloride levels in males, an increase in LDH activity, and decreases in the albumin level and A/G ratio in females of the 3 mg/kg/day group. 5. Organ weighing showed that the relative weight of the kidney was increased in males and females of the 3 mg/kg/day group. 6. Histopathological examination revealed melanin deposition in the conjunctiva or cornea and atrophy inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and neovascularization in the corneal epithelium. Atrophy of lymphatic tissues, such as the thymus, spleen and various lymph nodes, and changes in the reproductive system such as aspermatogenesis and uterine atrophy, which are commonly observed side effects of anticancer drugs, were also noted. 7. In the group administered FT, vacuolation of the cerebral fornix and commissura anterior was observed in 1 animal, but no changes were observed in other examinations. 8. The toxic effects of S-1 appeared primarily in the eyes, lymphatic tissues, and reproductive organs, and deaths were ascribed to weakening due to exacerbation of the general effects accompanied by disorders of immunological function. The NOAEL of S-1 in this study was estimated to be the dose that delivered less than 0.5 mg/kg/day in both males and females. 9. Changes in the eye observed after S-1 administration are such as pigmentation of the sclera and white turbidity of the cornea. Though it may be produced vision decreased, these changes are considered to be unaccompanied by functional disorders and to be reversible.

[A 52-week oral toxicity study of a new antineoplastic agent S-1 in dogs]

52-week oral repeated-dose S-1 toxicity studies were conducted. Male and female dogs were orally treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/day for 52 weeks and permitted to recover for 13 weeks. Furthermore, to estimate the no-toxic dose, male and female dogs were given S-1 orally for 52 weeks at doses of 0, 0.004 and 0.02 mg/kg/day. The 2.5 mg/kg/day regimen produced one dead or moribund dog of each sex; black-brown patch (melanin deposition) and inflammatory changes in the eyes and skin; decreased in body weight gains; increases in MCV, MCH, monocyte ratio, and serum protein and uric acid; decreases in lymphocyte ratio and erythrocyte count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, albumin, A/G ratio, cholesterol (esterified, total and free), phospholipids, triglycerides, cholinesterase activity and creatinine; increases in relative liver and adrenal weights. Histopathological examinations revealed melanin deposits in superficial lymph nodes, increases in macrophage and plasma cell accumulation, and corneal atrophy accompanied by melanin deposits and capillary proliferation. A slight black-brown patch (melanin deposition) in the conjunctiva and skin was observed in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg/day groups. No drug-related changes were observed in groups that received 0.02 and 0.004 mg/kg/day. All changes observed during the treatment period disappeared during recovery except for melanin deposits in the conjunctiva and superficial lymph nodes, corneal opacity, and a few hematological and blood chemistry parameters. In conclusion, the no-toxic dose in these 52-week studies was estimated to be 0.02 mg/kg/day.

Effect of Y-24180, a platelet-activating factor-receptor antagonist, on the antigen-induced airway microvascular leakage in guinea pigs

The inhibitory effect of Y-24180 ((+/-)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-[2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl]-6, 9-dimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine) on platelet-activating factor (PAF)- or antigen-induced airway microvascular leakage was studied in guinea pigs by oral administration. The tissue content of extravasated Evans blue dye was used as an index of plasma exudation in the trachea, main bronchi, central intrapulmonary airways and peripheral intrapulmonary airways. In all of these tissues, Y-24180 potently inhibited the leakage induced by PAF. The ED50 value of Y-24180 determined in each of the tissues was approximately 0.02 mg/kg, demonstrating that the inhibitory potency of Y-24180 is 4-6 times that of WEB 2086, another PAF antagonist. Even at a dose of 10 mg/kg, however, Y-24180 showed no inhibitory effect on the leakage induced by leukotriene (LT) D4, histamine or bradykinin. In the antigen-induced model of guinea pigs sensitized with aerosolized ovalbumin, Y-24180 (0.1-10 mg/kg) and WEB 2086 (1-100 mg/kg) potently inhibited the microvascular leakage in all of the examined airway tissues except for the trachea. At 1-100 mg/kg, however, both ONO-1078, an LT-receptor antagonist, and OKY-046, a thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, prevented partially but not significantly the antigen-induced leakage. These results provide evidence that endogenous PAF partially mediates the antigen-induced airway microvascular leakage in guinea pigs.

Use of the buccal fat pad as a pedicle graft

A technique was developed to use the pedicle buccal fat pad as method for closing an oro-antral communication. The buccal fat pad is situated in the posterior part of the maxilla and bounded by the pterygopalatine fossa, buccal muscle, and masseter muscle. It is supplied by blood from small branches of the maxillary artery, the superficial temporal artery, and the facial artery. Generally, the buccal fat pad can be easily reached by a horizontal incision over the periosteum near the maxillary third molar. As much as 60 x 50mm2 can be obtained. For reconstructive surgery, the buccal fat pad is suitable for closing the sinus near the hard and soft palate and naso-oral fistulae. In our case, graft tissues after surgery healed satisfactorily, began to epithelialize at two weeks after operation, and appeared with normal mucous-like changes at about one month. Thus, the pedicle buccal fat pad is a safe, simple, convenient, and effective grafting method, if it is applied to appropriate cases.

The role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) in allergic airway hyperresponsiveness in mice

In order to investigate the role of IL-5 in allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, the effects of rat anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (NC-17), recombinant soluble murine IL-5 receptor, and some immunosuppressors were studied in mice model. Three inhalations of an antigen by actively sensitized animals resulted in an increase in airway reactivity to acetylcholine. Twenty-four hours after the final inhalation, the number of leukocytes (mononuclear cells and eosinophils) and the amount of IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased significantly. NC-17 and soluble IL-5 receptor inhibited the antigen-induced increase of eosinophils with little effect on bronchial hyperreactivity. Cyclosporin A, FK-506, and cyclophosphamide clearly inhibited the antigen-induced increase of IL-5 and eosinophils in BALF. Airway hyperreactivity is inhibited by cyclosporine A and FK-506 but not by cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, to investigate the role of mast cells in the onset of allergic airway hyperreactivity, we have examined the effect of repeated antigen provocation in WBB6F1-W/Wv mice (W/Wv), mast-cell-deficient mice. Whereas significant elevation of IL-5 level and the number of eosinophils on BALF was observed, airway reactivity to acetylcholine was not changed at all. These results indicate that IL-5 may play an important role for the antigen-induced eosinophilia in BALF but not in airway hyperresponsiveness in mice.

Prospective evaluation of skin surface electropotentials in Japanese patients with suspicious breast lesions

The biofield breast examination (BBE) is a new, noninvasive and cost-effective method for diagnosing breast lesions currently undergoing multicenter evaluation in the USA and Europe. The test analyzes subtle differences in electrical potential caused by dysregulated epithelial proliferation. This report summarizes a prospective evaluation of BBE in a population of 101 patients with suspicious breast lesions scheduled either for open surgical biopsy or fine needle aspiration biopsy. Of the 101 patients included in the study, 49 were found to have a breast malignancy and 52 were found to have a benign breast lesion. BBE correctly identified 44 of 49 biopsy-proven cancers (sensitivity=90%) and correctly indicated no cancer in 31 of 52 biopsy-proven benign cases (specificity=60%). Sensitivity increased to 95% for cancers less than 2.5 cm in size. These results indicate that BBE may be an effective adjunctive test to help to resolve abnormalities discovered by physical examination or other screening methods.

Immunological analysis of organized pneumonia with eosinophilic pleural effusion

A 73-year-old man developed organized pneumonia with severe right-sided eosinophilic pleural effusion (PE). CD69+ and HLA-DR+ eosinophils in PE were 90 and 31%, respectively, but were undetectable in peripheral blood (PB). CD4+, CD45RA+ (naive) and CD4+, CD45RO+ (memory) cells in PB, PE and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were 10.9, 8.4, 2.5 and 22.7, 38.3 and 16.4%, respectively. CD8+, CD45RA+ (naive) and CD8+, CD45RO+ (memory) cells in PB, PE and BAL were 3.5, 4.7, 1.0, and 8.9, 11.3 and 46.0%, respectively. The concentrations of interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-6 in PE were 1,680 and 2,797 pg/ml, respectively; however, these cytokines were undetectable in PB. The patient died 1 month after surgery to remove right thickened pleura. Microscopic findings showed right fibrinous pleuritis and organized pneumonia.

Male sexual function after autonomic nerve-preserving operation for rectal cancer

PURPOSE

Sexual dysfunction after surgery of the rectum is a serious complication to male patients. Autonomic nerve-preserving operation for rectal cancer has been performed within the recent ten years to maintain urinary and male sexual functions without spoiling of therapeutic radicality. To clarify male sexual function as the degree of autonomic nerve-preserving operation, the function was outlined through clinical interview.

METHOD

In a series of 134 male patients who were undergoing autonomic nerve-preserving operation for rectal cancer, a detailed history of postoperative sexual function was obtained by interviews.

RESULTS

In 87.7 and 66.9 percent of patients, erectile and ejaculatory potencies were maintained, respectively, which were higher rates than those after extended and conventional pelvic dissections. According to the preserving extent of autonomic nerve, patients undergoing complete preserving operations showed higher rates of maintained erectile (92.9 percent) and ejaculatory functions (82.5 percent), sexual intercourse (89.9 percent), and orgasm (93.9 percent) compared with those undergoing hemilateral autonomic nerve-preserving (82.3, 47.1, 52.9, 64.7 percent) or partial pelvic plexus-preserving operation (61.1, 0, 26.3, 22.2 percent).

CONCLUSION

Pelvic plexus preservation is necessary to maintain erectile potency, and both hypogastric nerve and pelvic plexus preservation are necessary to maintain ejaculate function and orgasm. To maintain satisfactory sexual function, complete autonomic nerve-preserving operation is suitable.

Cigarette smoking and silent brain infarction in normal adults

We investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking and silent brain infarction in 365 neurologically normal male Japanese subjects (smokers: 119, nonsmokers: 246). Silent brain infarction was identified in 32 (26.9%) of 119 smokers and in 54 (22.8%) of 246 nonsmokers. Mild or moderate periventricular hyperintensity was presented in 27 smokers (22.7%) and 54 nonsmokers (22.8%). There was no significant difference in the regional cerebral blood flow or the average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures between groups. The HDL-cholesterol level was significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers (p < 0.01). Cigarette smoking was not related to the incidence of silent brain infarction or leuko-araiosis in healthy adults in Japan.

[Unilateral dissection of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery and ipsilateral multiple cerebral infarctions caused by suicidal hanging: a case report]

This paper presents a case of traumatic dissection of the unilateral internal carotid artery of the cervical portion caused by hanging. A 63-year-old man attempted suicide by hanging and was rescued immediately after. No neurological deficits were detected for the first 4 hours. But then, right hemiplegia, aphasia and disturbed consciousness suddenly developed. On the 2nd day, MRI revealed multiple infarctions in the left cerebral hemisphere. MR angiography demonstrated severe stenosis at the cervical portion of the left internal carotid artery due to dissection. The left middle cerebral artery was not demonstrated. The patient was conservatively treated with fibrinolytic agents and regained consciousness gradually. But aphasia and right hemiplegia remained. During the next few weeks, the stenosis at the ICA slightly improved and the MCA was completely recanalized. Extracranial Doppler sonography revealed chronological hemodynamic changes of mean flow velocity and pulsatility index at the proximal and distal portion of the ICA stenosis.

The consequences of engineering an extra disulfide bond in the Penicillium camembertii mono- and diglyceride specific lipase

The extracellular lipase from Penicillium camembertii has unique substrate specificity restricted to mono- and diglycerides. The enzyme is a member of a homologous family of lipases from filamentous fungi. Four of these proteins, from the fungi Rhizomucor miehei, Humicola lanuginosa, Rhizopus delemar and P. camembertii, have had their structures elucidated by X-ray crystallography. In spite of pronounced sequence similarities the enzymes exhibit significant differences. For example, the thermostability of the P. camembertii lipase is considerably lower than that of the H. lanuginosa enzyme. Since only the P. camembertii enzyme lacks the characteristic long disulfide bridge, corresponding to Cys22-Cys268 in the H. lanuginosa lipase, we have engineered this disulfide into the former enzyme in the hope of obtaining a significantly more stable fold. The properties of the double mutant (Y22C and G269C) were assessed by a variety of biophysical techniques. The extra disulfide link was found to increase the melting temperature of the protein from 51 to 63 degrees C. However, no difference is observed under reducing conditions, indicating an intrinsic instability of the new disulfide. The optimal temperature for catalytic activity decreased by 10 degrees C and the optimum pH was shifted by 0.7 units to more acidic.

Deep hypothermia cardiopulmonary bypass and direct surgery of two large aneurysms at the vertebro-basilar junction

This paper highlights two interesting cases of radial clipping of large aneurysms at the vertebro-basilar junction accompanied by a vascular anomaly, consisting of fenestration of the split basilar artery at its origin. Description of the inner and outer surface of the aneurysm were obtained pre-operatively, from analysis by 3D CT and 3D CT endoscopy of the form of the neck, parent vessels of the vertebral arteries on both sides, basilar artery and split basilar artery, as well as other details of branching. The neck exhibited a broad base in both cases. The height of the neck extended to the internal acoustic meatus, and it was possible to expose the circumference of the aneurysmal neck, peripheral basilar artery and both vertebral arteries proximally with an anterior, transpetrosal approach. Based on the size of the aneurysm and the site being the anterior surface of the brain stem, clipping (consisting of interruption of the occluded portion and reconstruction of the parent vessels) was performed. In the first case it was achieved protecting the brain by hypothermia and barbiturates under deep hypothermia with extracorporal circulation, and in the second case, a state of circulatory arrest was used. This paper documents the report of two cases along with other cases treated so far.