[Myocardial structural proteins in cor pulmonale. Analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis]

Changes in cardiac structural proteins caused by cor pulmonale were studied with two-dimensional electrophoresis. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to an oxygen-poor gas mixture (10% O2/90% N2) for three weeks. These rats (the hypoxic group) were compared to a control group that was kept in room air. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and right ventricular systolic pressure were greater in the hypoxic group than in the control group. After the third week, desmin content of both ventricular muscles had increased in the hypoxic group, and was significantly greater in the hypoxic group than in the control group. The contents of other cardiac structural proteins did not change. These data suggest that increases in desmin are caused by adaptation of the myocardium to pressure overload associated with pulmonary hypertension. However, increases in the desmin content of the left ventricular muscle might be caused by volume overload, humoral factors, or might be a direct effect of hypoxemia.

The interactions of E2F with pRB and with p107 are regulated via the phosphorylation of pRB and p107 by a cyclin-dependent kinase

It has been postulated that the product (pRB) of the retinoblastoma gene dissociates from the E2F-pRB complex upon phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase(s) (cdk). However, there is no direct evident for the regulation of formation of the E2F-pRB complex via phosphorylation by purified cdk. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of formation of this complex by phosphorylation using pRB and purified cyclin A-cdk2, cyclin E-cdk2 or cyclin D1-cdk4. Purified pRB was incubated with nuclear extracts prepared from pRB-defective cells and then subjected to gel mobility shift assays. We confirmed that unphosphorylated pRB associated with various types of E2F but pRB has been phosphorylated by cyclin A-cdk2 did not. We found that E2F-pRB complexes were disrupted as a consequence of phosphorylation by cyclin A-cdk2, and the levels of the free forms of E2Fs increased. We also found that not only the E2F-pRB complexes but also the E2F-p107 complexes were disrupted upon phosphorylation by cyclin A-cdk2. Furthermore, E2F-pRB complexes were disrupted through phosphorylation by cyclin D1-cdk4 and cyclin E-cdk2, as well as by cyclin A-cdk2. These results clearly demonstrate that the phosphorylation of pRB and p107 by cdks regulates the formation of complexes between E2F and pRB or p107.

[Postoperative infections in cardiovascular surgery: what is an appropriate prophylactic administration of antibiotics?]

Between June 1990 and March 1993, postoperative infections developed in 19 (7.6%) of 250 consecutive patients. All patients studied underwent cardiac or major vascular operations and survived more than four postoperative days. Respiratory and wound infections were the most common infections after operation. Organisms detected were Staphylococci in 11 of which 4 were methicillin resistant, gram negative rods in 6. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of postoperative infections by univariate analysis included age (> or = 70 years), NYHA (Grade IV), diabetes mellitus, long operating time (> or = 320 min), long perfusion time (150 min), using of IABP. The ratio of postoperative infections in patients who were given broad spectrum penicillin was higher than others. The percentage of postoperative infections was 4.4% in single antibiotic group and 13.2% in double antibiotics group, the former was significantly lower than the later. It is concluded that single dose of first or second or fourth generation cephem was strongly recommended as prophylactic antibiotics after cardiovascular surgery. Twenty adult patients received 2 g of flomoxef (FMOX) in the priming solution of cardiopulmonary bypass just before operation. Serum FMOX levels in patients developed slowly and remained at high levels, showing 49.8 micrograms/ml after five hours. It seemed that no addition of drugs were necessary during cardiopulmonary bypass within five hours.

Preferential inhibition of nucleosome assembly by ultraviolet-induced (6-4)photoproducts

We reconstituted nucleosomes in vitro using two kinds of damaged pBR322 plasmid DNA carrying cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) or (6-4)photoproducts. The results indicate that nucleosome assembly is inhibited preferentially by (6-4)photoproducts compared with CPD, suggesting that the regions carrying (6-4)photoproducts retain their nucleosome-free form, i.e. linker-like conformation until completion of the repair processes.

Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cadmium and lead in human and artificial teeth by direct atomization technique

A method of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) with a direct atomization technique has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of Cd and Pb in human teeth and artificial teeth. The samples were ground to a particle size of less than 10 microns and mixed with the same amount of graphite powder. One-half to 2 mg of mixed sample was weighed in a tared graphite cup and atomized in a cup-type graphite furnace according to the heating program that was established. Absorbances were determined by integration of the spectral lines in the absorbance vs time spectrum. Calibration was affected using aqueous standard solutions. The results for six human tooth samples and two artificial tooth samples were in good agreement with the values obtained by GFAAS for dissolved samples. The relative standard deviations were 3.1-12% (n = 10) for Cd (19-95 ng g-3) and 0.9-8.1% (n = 10) for Pb (1.43-6.32 micrograms g-3). The determination limits corresponding to twice the standard deviation (sigma, n = 10) for blank measurements were 13 pg for Cd and 53 pg for Pb.

Effect of cyclic AMP on urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and fibrinolytic factors in a human osteoblast-like cell line

We investigated the effect of cyclic AMP (cAMP) on the pericellular fibrinolytic system in NY cells. Dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or forskolin increased the level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) mRNA and enhanced the secretion of u-PA antigen into the conditioned medium. These agents also increased u-PA antigen on the cell surface. PA inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigen was inhibited by dbcAMP or forskolin. Butyrate had no effect on the production and secretion of u-PA and PAI-1. A binding assay of 125I-DFP-u-PA to NY cells revealed a single class of binding sites with a Kd of 3.85 nM and Bmax of 0.89.10(5) binding sites/cell. The Bmax was increased by dbcAMP (1 mM or 10 mM), forskolin (2 microM or 20 microM) of 1.0-, 1.4-, 1.2- and 1.8-fold, respectively. However, the Kd value was not changed. Furthermore, the level of mRNA for the u-PA receptor (u-PAR) was increased by these agents 1.2-, 1.7-, 1.8- and 2.5-fold, respectively. However, butyrate did not alter either the Bmax or the u-PAR mRNA level. These results indicated that the pericellular fibrinolytic activity induced by u-PA/u-PAR is modulated by cAMP in osteoblast-like cells.

[Effect of cyclosporin monotherapy on proteinuria in a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis]

A-34-year-old man with a 16-year history of proteinuria was successfully treated with cyclosporin A (CsA). He was diagnosed as having membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) by renal needle biopsy and was treated with dipyridamole. In July 1992, he was readmitted for the treatment of anasarka. Although conventional predonisolone was administered for 5 months after one cycle of methyl-predonisolone pulse therapy, his nephrotic state did not improve. Immediately after the cessation of this treatment, he was given CsA 3 mg/kg/day. A marked reduction in proteinuria and edema occurred during the use of CsA for 6 months, with a reduction in the fractional excretion of protein. The nephrotic condition of this patient was subsequently stable without massive proteinuria despite the discontinuation of CsA at least for several months. These findings suggest that CsA monotherapy may be useful in patients with MPGN and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Tension characteristics of the iliotibial tract and role of its superficial layer

Change in tension along the iliotibial tract by sectioning its superficial layer was analyzed using 5 fresh whole cadavers, and the role of the superficial layer was investigated. Tibial attachment of the iliotibial tract (Gerdy's tubercle) was detached and pulled gradually in a distal direction with respect to the femur. Tension along the iliotibial tract by the distal movement of Gerdy's tubercle (stretching the iliotibial tract) was measured first when the whole iliotibial tract was intact, and then when the superficial layer was sectioned at different levels. When the superficial layer was sectioned above the greater trochanter, no significant change in tension was observed from that observed when the whole iliotibial tract was intact. When the superficial layer was sectioned at the middle of the thigh, the tension at Gerdy's tubercle was significantly reduced. It was concluded that not only Kaplan's fibers, those attached to the distal end of the femur and Gerdy's tubercle, but also the superficial layer of the iliotibial tract had an important role in producing tension at Gerdy's tubercle.

Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal variceal hemorrhage in myeloproliferative disorder: case report

A 70-year-old woman with myeloproliferative disorder and massive splenomegaly presented with hematemesis. Emergency endoscopy demonstrated bleeding from esophageal varices. Management of variceal hemorrhage by endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, using 5% ethanolamine oleate, was successful. Following the control of variceal bleeding, she was treated with hydroxyurea, a myelosuppressive agent. The spleen size markedly decreased and she was discharged 3 months later. Variceal hemorrhage in myeloproliferative disorder has been reported to be fatal on many occasions, despite different therapeutic approaches, including surgery. In this report, we demonstrated that endoscopic injection sclerotherapy followed by treatment with a myelosuppressive agent was effective in a patient with myeloproliferative disorder and variceal hemorrhage.

[Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for advanced stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)]

Forty-two patients with stage IIIA (bronchoscopically T3 and/or bulky N2) and stage IIIB NSCLC were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Treatment consisted of CDDP, 20 mg/m2 and etoposide, 40 mg/m2 by continuous infusion (day 1-5) of weeks 1 and 5 simultaneously with chest radiotherapy (RT), 50 Gy, 2 Gy/Fx, 5 Fx/week. Surgery was attempted 3-5 weeks after RT in pts clinically downstaged. Between 10/90 and 12/92, 43 previously untreated pts were enrolled and 42 were eligible. Pts characteristics were: male/female = 37/5; mean age, 61 yrs (range, 31-74 yrs); stage IIIA/IIIB = 10/32; 15 adenocarcinoma, 24 squamous cell, 2 large cell, 1 unclassified; PS 0/1/2 = 11/24/7. Excluding 1 ineligible pts, 42 pts were evaluated for CRT response. The response rate was 81% (1 CR, 33 PR, 5 NC, 1 PD, 2 NE). Clinical downstaging was achieved in 20 pts (48%). Twenty-one pts (50%) received surgery and 19 of them were completely resected. In 7 resection specimens, no tumor was observed. Toxicity of CRT was well tolerable (Grade 4 leukopenia, 15%; Grade 2-3 esophagitis, 15%). We conclude that this intensive combined modality therapy is acceptable and appears to increase the response rate as well as resectability. Prospective randomized studies should be conducted for further evaluation of this treatment modality.

Establishment and characterization of a new human lung poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cell line, GLL-1, producing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9

A new human lung poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cell line producing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9, designated GLL-1, was established from a serial xenograft established in our laboratory. In this paper, we investigated the characteristics of GLL-1 cells. The cell line grew in a monolayer and had a polygonal epithelioid appearance in phase-contrast microscopy. The doubling time of GLL-1 cells during exponential growth was approximately 28 h in RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal calf serum. Positive reactions for CEA and for CA19-9 were seen within the cytoplasm of GLL-1 cells by immunohistochemical staining. In log phase, the fractions for G0/G1, S and G2/M were 76.2%, 20.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Chromosome analysis revealed that GLL-1 cells contained the modal number of 72 chromosomes (range 66-97). GLL-1 cells exhibited numerous numerical and structural abnormalities. The Do value for radiation sensitivity, calculated by taking the reciprocals of the slope of the radiation dose response curve, was 109 cGy. The extrapolation number (n) for the radiation response curve was 1.57. Tumor take was observed in nude mice inoculated subcutaneously in the back with 2 x 10(6) GLL-1 cells. The histopathological features of the tumor induced by inoculation of GLL-1 cells were also the same as the original lung cancer.

Degradation of humoral host defense by Candida albicans proteinase

The effect of an extracellular proteinase from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans on the bactericidal and opsonizing activities of human serum was studied. The ability of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to kill Staphylococcus aureus was greatly reduced when the bacteria were opsonized with human serum treated with the proteinase. The reduction in the opsonizing activity of human serum was attributed to degradation of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G by the action of C. albicans proteinase as determined by immunoprecipitation reaction. However, the Fab portion of immunoglobulin G was resistant to proteolysis by the proteinase. A clear reduction in the bactericidal activity of human serum against Escherichia coli was observed when the serum was treated with C. albicans proteinase. The reduction of serum bactericidal activity was attributed to the degradation of complement C3 by proteolysis by the proteinase as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while C5 resisted the action of the proteinase. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the proteinase also degrades endogenous proteinase inhibitors, such as alpha 2 macroglobulin and alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor, which are involved in regulating inflammation. These results suggest that destruction of a host's defense-oriented or regulatory proteins facilitates debilitation of the infected host.

D-glucose transport and glycolytic enzyme activities in erythrocytes of dogs, pigs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep

The activities of D-glucose transport (D-GT) and the glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), were measured in the erythrocytes of dogs, pigs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep. The erythrocytes of dogs had the highest activities of D-GT, HK and PK, significantly higher than the activities in the erythrocytes of the herbivores. The activities of D-GT and HK in cat erythrocytes were significantly lower than in those of dogs. The differences between the activities of D-GT in the erythrocytes of the different species followed the differences in activities of HK but not those in the activities of PK or in the blood glucose concentrations. It is considered that the activity of HK provides a convenient measurement of the relative rates of glucose oxidation in erythrocytes.

The forms and the levels of fecal PMN-elastase in patients with colorectal diseases

OBJECTIVES

To compare the form of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)-elastase in feces with that in plasma and to investigate the usefulness of measuring fecal PMN-elastase levels in patients with colorectal diseases.

METHODS

We examined PMN-elastase complexed with alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT), chymotrypsin, and alpha 2-macroglobulin by ELISA in feces and plasma. Fecal levels of total PMN-elastase were determined in patients with colonic polyp (N = 19), colonic cancer (N = 20), ulcerative colitis (UC; N = 36), colonic Crohn's disease (CD; N = 26), and in control subjects (N = 20).

RESULTS

Most PMN-elastase was not complexed with alpha 1-AT, chymotrypsin, or alpha 2-macroglobulin in feces, whereas most plasma PMN-elastase was complexed with alpha 1-AT. Fecal concentrations and daily fecal excretion of PMN-elastase were significantly increased in patients with active UC (medians 54.8 micrograms/g, 15.14 mg/day) and active CD (41.5 micrograms/g, 10.24 mg/day) compared to those values in control subjects (0.6 micrograms/g, 0.11 mg/day) and in patients with colonic cancer (2.5 micrograms/g, 0.33 mg/day). In inactive UC and CD, these values (3.4 micrograms/g, 0.52 mg/day and 5.2 micrograms/g, 0.59 mg/day, respectively) were significantly lower than in active UC and CD, respectively. In UC, all patients whose rectal biopsies showed infiltration of PMN had high fecal PMN-elastase levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the measurement of fecal PMN-elastase concentrations are useful for monitoring the disease activity of UC and CD, especially when evaluating whether intestinal inflammation has disappeared completely.

Mutations of a shuttle vector plasmid, pZ189, in Escherichia coli induced by boron neutron captured beam (BNCB) containing alpha-particles

A shuttle vector, pZ189, carrying a bacterial suppressor tRNA marker gene (supF) was dissolved in Tris-EDTA buffer containing 0.3 M 10B-enriched boric acid and then irradiated with boron neutron captured beam (BNCB) produced by the nuclear reaction 10B (n,alpha) 7Li with thermal neutrons. A DNA repair-deficient mutant, KS46 (uvrA-), of Escherichia coli was transformed with the plasmid DNA, and the transformants carrying mutations on the supF gene were selected as nalidixic acid-resistant colonies. The mutation frequency (2.4 x 10(-4)) of pZ189 at the D10 dose was about 70 times greater than the spontaneous rate (3.5 x 10(-6)). The plasmid mutations were analyzed using DNA sequencers; 88% of them were base substitutions. A few minus-one frameshifts (7%) and deletions (5%) were detected. Among these base substitutions, transversions of G:C to T:A (42%) and G:C to C:G (29%) predominated. Twenty-seven percent of the base substitutions were G:C to A:T transitions; no A:T to G:C transitions were detected.

Isozyme analysis of the high serum adenosine deaminase activity in patients with myasthenia gravis

The serum activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and its isozymes (ADA 1 and ADA 2) were measured in 31 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). As compared with 50 normal controls, in MG the total activity and ADA 1 were significantly high (p < 0.01, respectively), and ADA 2 tended to be high. The total activity and ADA 2 were higher in generalized MG than in ocular MG. ADA 2 was significantly higher in grade IIB patients as compared with grade I patients divided by Osserman's classification (p < 0.05). Patients with bulbar signs showed a significantly high total ADA (p < 0.05) with an increasing tendency for ADA 2. There was a significant elevation of the total activity and ADA 2 in patients with positive anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibody as compared to those of the negative antibody (p < 0.05). It was concluded that total ADA, reflecting the increase of both ADA 1 and ADA 2, is high in MG; and the measurement of ADA 2 is more important because ADA 2 was increased with advancing clinical MG grade.

Smooth muscle stretch-activated phospholipase C activity

Rabbit aortic muscles were stretched from a holding length of 0.6 maximum length (Lmax) to lengths as great as 1.0 Lmax and the new length maintained. When muscles were stretched to 1.0 Lmax, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] and inositol 1,4-bisphosphate [Ins(1,4)P2] contents were increased at 375 ms (uncorrected for freezing time) poststretch to 209 +/- 27 and 139.8 +/- 12% (SE), respectively, of control values. Increases in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4)P2 contents reached an apparent maximum at approximately 500 ms, i.e., to 243.7 +/- 15.8 and 180.9 +/- 16.2% of control, and were decreased to near control levels at 1,700 ms poststretch. The stretch threshold for phospholipase C (PLC) activation was 0.85 Lmax. The latency to onset of PLC activation, correcting for the time for freezing, was 275 to 375 ms. Maximal PLC activity was 91 pmol.s-1.100 nmol total lipid P(i)-1, which corresponded to 10% of total phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate being hydrolyzed per second. The mechanism of stretch-activated PLC activity involved influx of Ca2+ via gadolinium-sensitive ion channels, but not via nifedipine-sensitive ion channels.

Debrisoquine hydroxylation in a Polish population

The genetic polymorphism of drug oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450IID6 (CYP2D6) was determined in 154 Polish volunteers using debrisoquine as the test substance. The results showed a bimodal distribution of the debrisoquine metabolic ratio (MR). Nine persons (5.8%) with MR > 12.6 were classified as poor metabolisers (gene frequency 0.242), which is in substantial agreement with the data reported for other Caucasian populations.

IL-2 inhibits IL-4-dependent IgE and IgG1 production in vitro and in vivo

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) infection of mice induces IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells which stimulate polyclonal IgE and IgG1 production, providing a model system to study IL-4 action on B cells in vivo. B cell Ia expression and the proportion of IL-2R beta positive B cells were increased in Nb-inoculated mice, and B cells from these mice responded to IL-2 by prompt and marked cell growth. Injection of anti-IL-4 1 day after Nb inoculation substantially inhibited these responses, indicating that they were largely IL-4 dependent. Thus IL-4 acted as a polyclonal B cell activator in vivo and caused B cells to develop into IL-2 responsive cells. Furthermore, injection of IL-2 inhibited IgG1 and IgE production by Nb-inoculated mice. To understand the mechanism of this IL-2-mediated inhibition, we used an in vitro IgG1 and IgE induction system. B cells from Nb-inoculated mice displayed an increase in the capacity of IL-2 to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus IL-4-driven IgE and IgG1 production, indicating that B cells expressing IL-2R beta are highly sensitive to IL-2. This inhibition was principally dependent upon the direct action of IL-2 on B cells. However, partial abolition of IL-2 inhibitory action by anti-IFN-gamma treatment suggested that endogenous IFN-gamma released from IL-2-stimulated cells was also involved in this IL-2-mediated IgE and IgG1 inhibition. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that IL-2 inhibited IL-4 induction of germline and productive C epsilon transcripts in LPS-stimulated B cells. Digestion-circularization polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed IL-2 inhibited IL-4 induction of s mu-s gamma 1 rearrangement in LPS-stimulated B cells.

Lymph node metastasis and surgical management of gastric cancer invading the esophagus

In 88 resected patients with esophagus-invading gastric cancer, the factors determining the prognosis of this disease were investigated by multivariate analysis. Neither, age, sex, macroscopic type, thoracotomy, nor histological type proved to be independent prognostic factors. The presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, serosal invasion, tumor size, and the extent of esophageal invasion were found to be significant independent prognostic factors. Among lymph node metastases, involvement of para-aortic lymph nodes was especially important. The prognosis was significantly better in cases in which these nodes were carefully dissected (R4 gastrectomy), than in cases in which selected dissection was performed (R2). However, no patient with mediastinal lymph node metastasis survived for any lengthy period, and thus the mediastinal lymph nodes seemed to be nodes, the dissection of which brought little effect. Postoperative results were very poor in cases in which the extent of the esophageal invasion was 3 cm or more. These patients should be treated with multi-modal therapy such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Fatigue resistance of composite restorations: effect of filler content

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of filler level on the fatigue impact resistance of resin composite.

METHODS

A series of experimental composite materials was prepared by incorporating a silanized quartz filler (3-5 microns in size) into a light-cured resin matrix of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA. The filler contents in the experimental composites varied from 40 to 85 wt%. The composites were placed in standardized Class I cavities prepared in bovine teeth. The specimens were stressed with a repetitive impact load (1.6 x 10(2) joule) with loading cycles ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 times. The cracks induced by cyclic loading were observed on the sectioned surfaces of the tested specimens.

RESULTS

The composites with considerably low or high filler content (< 60% or > 80% by weight) were significantly low in fatigue resistance. The results revealed that an inverse linear relationship tended to exist between filler level and fatigue resistance of the composite materials beyond a certain level of filler content.

SIGNIFICANCE

Increased filler level does not necessarily improve the fatigue resistance of a resin composite as determined by applying a repetitive impact load.