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Scott JL, Smith MS, Sanford SM, Shesser RF, Rosenthal RE, Smith JP, Feied CF, Ghezzi KT, Hunt DM. Effectiveness of transnasal butorphanol for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12:469-71. [PMID: 8031438 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(94)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A prospective, open-label study of the effectiveness of transnasal butorphanol in the treatment of pain resulting from musculoskeletal injuries. Twenty-eight patients with strains (n = 20), fractures (n = 6), contusions (n = 1), and stab wounds (n = 1) were included. All patients were examined by an attending level emergency medicine physician and deemed to have pain severe enough to warrant parenteral narcotic analgesia. All patients received an initial 1-mg dose of transnasal butorphanol. Subsequent dosing was flexible depending on response to the initial dose. All patients received pain relief from transnasal butorphanol, and only one requested alternative analgesic medication. Fifty-seven percent (n = 16) of patients noticed at least a little relief of pain within 5 minutes of administration and 93% (n = 26) received at least a little relief within 15 minutes. Seventy-one percent of the patients received a 50% reduction of pain within 60 minutes. No serious side effects were noted, but drowsiness occurred in 82% (n = 23) and dizziness in 54% (n = 15) of the patients. One patient discontinued participation in the study because of nausea. In this limited trial transnasal butorphanol proved to be a rapidly effective opioid analgesic. Further controlled studies comparing transnasal butorphanol with standard parenteral narcotics are needed.
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Hirmand H, Hoffman LA, Smith JP. Silicone migration to the pleural space associated with silicone-gel augmentation mammaplasty. Ann Plast Surg 1994; 32:645-7. [PMID: 8074375 DOI: 10.1097/00000637-199406000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a case report of silicone particles found in the pleural fluid of a patient 20 years after bilateral augmentation mammaplasty with silicone-gel implants. The patient's history is notable for bilateral replacements of implants and multiple closed capsulotomies several years subsequent to the original augmentation procedure. A ruptured left implant was found in 1991 when she first experienced pain in the upper back. A left pleural effusion developed subsequently. Analysis of the pleural effusion fluid by scanning electron microscopy suggested the presence of silicone. All laboratory results were normal, and the effusion did not recur after thoracentesis. The patient has been under close follow-up, and further pulmonary complications or other symptoms have not developed. This case report demonstrates the potential for silicone migration to the pleura and the possibility of subsequent pulmonary complications, such as pleural effusion.
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Smith JP. British health ombudsman names health authorities for the first time in his report. J Adv Nurs 1994; 19:1045-6. [PMID: 7930083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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154
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide CCK has been shown to stimulate growth of normal and malignant pancreatic tissue. The CCK receptor possesses several different binding sites for CCK. By using the CCK analog JMV-180, which is a functional agonist at CCK high- and low-affinity receptors and an antagonist at very low affinity receptors, and carbachol, which down-regulates binding to CCK high-affinity receptors, we evaluated which receptor is involved in growth of human pancreatic cancer cells. PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell lines were grown for four to six days in the presence or absence of JMV-180 (10(-10)-10(-6) M) alone or in combination with carbachol (10 mM). Growth was evaluated by counting cells and by [3H]thymidine incorporation. JMV-180 increased cell number in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells 123% and 86%, respectively, over controls (P = 0.004). DNA synthesis by [3H]thymidine uptake was increased 64% and 40% in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, respectively, over controls (P < 0.001). The trophic effect of JMV-180 was not inhibited by the addition of carbachol. Since JMV-180 stimulated the growth and since the effect was not inhibited by carbachol, we suggest that the growth effects of CCK in pancreatic cancer cells are mediated by the low-affinity receptor.
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Ellis WO, Smith JP, Simpson BK, Ramaswamy H, Doyon G. Growth of and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts stored under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 1994; 22:173-87. [PMID: 8074970 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of water activity (aw), storage temperature, headspace oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth of, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on sterile peanuts were examined using a process optimization technique termed response surface methodology (RSM). Regression analysis of the data indicated that aw, storage temperature and initial headspace oxygen concentration were all significant factors (P < 0.001) affecting the growth of, and aflatoxin production by A. flavus. Extensive growth and aflatoxin production occurred during the first week of storage in most treatment combinations. Maximum growth occurred in peanuts with an aw of 0.97, a storage temperature of 25 degrees C and headspace oxygen of 10% (balance 60:40 carbon dioxide:nitrogen), after 21 days of storage while maximum aflatoxin production occurred at a lower aw of 0.94, after 21 days under similar storage/gaseous conditions. In several treatment combinations, where high levels of aflatoxin (> 20 ng/g) were initially detected, aflatoxin concentration decreased during storage to levels less than the current regulatory limit of 20 ng/g. This study has shown that A. flavus can grow and produce aflatoxin in carbon dioxide enriched atmospheres in the presence of oxygen. It also emphasizes the combined effect of several 'barriers' to inhibit and reduce aflatoxin in MAP products containing various levels of residual oxygen.
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Thomas JM, Verbanac KM, Carver FM, Kasten-Jolly J, Haisch CE, Gross U, Smith JP. Veto cells in transplantation tolerance. Clin Transplant 1994; 8:195-203. [PMID: 8019036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Advances in immunosuppressive management for transplantation have improved graft survival. However, lasting success will probably depend on the induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness, avoiding chronic immunosuppressive drug therapy and its debilitating side effects. Tolerance strategies have been developed in rodents, but applicability to human organ transplantation has not been achieved. We have established a preclinical allogeneic kidney transplant model in unrelated outbred rhesus monkeys and have investigated a tolerance-inducing strategy in which posttransplant administration of rabbit antithymocyte globulin and infusion of a subpopulation of donor bone marrow cells yields long-term graft acceptance in the absence of chronic immunosuppressive drugs. Recent studies of the immunological mechanisms by which induction and maintenance of transplant tolerance is achieved in this model are presented within the framework of a veto hypothesis.
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Landers DV, Smith JP, Walker CK, Milam T, Sanchez-Pescador L, Kohl S. Human fetal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Pediatr Res 1994; 35:289-92. [PMID: 8190515 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199403000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human fetal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has not been reported previously. Most investigations have failed to document any cytolytic activity among fetal lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate ADCC activity in the human fetus and identify and characterize the effector cell populations in the fetus. Fetal spleen cells were separated into single-cell suspensions and assayed with 51Cr-labeled herpes simplex 1-infected Chang liver target cells. Significant ADCC activity was detected in 19 of 26 (73%) of freshly assayed fetal spleen cell preparations from fetuses of 17-24 wk gestational age. This activity, however, was significantly less than concurrently run adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After plastic adherence the fetal spleen ADCC activity from nonadherent cells was not significantly different from whole spleen preparations. Surprisingly, ADCC activity in nonadherent fetal cells dropped significantly after exposure to latex beads, an effect not seen in nonadherent adult lymphocytes. Thus, either fetal monocyte-derived (macrophages) fetal spleen cells do not efficiently adhere to plastic or a unique nonadherent population of latex-sensitive immunocytes is capable of mediating ADCC activity in the fetus. We suspect the former conclusion to be the more plausible; however, fluorescence-activated cell sorter staining of fetal cells was not sufficient to confirm these suspensions by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis.
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Smith JP. Nursing, women's history and the politics of welfare. Conference held at the East Midlands Conference Centre, University of Nottingham, England, 21-24 July 1993. J Adv Nurs 1994; 19:609. [PMID: 7912244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Henschke CI, Miettinen OS, Yankelevitz DF, Libby DM, Smith JP. Radiographic screening for cancer. Proposed paradigm for requisite research. Clin Imaging 1994; 18:16-20. [PMID: 8180854 DOI: 10.1016/0899-7071(94)90140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) imaging as an excellent approach to the detection and characterization of small solitary pulmonary nodules (SSPN) raises three questions: (1) How often does CT imaging lead to detection of SSPN? (2) How often is such an SSPN malignant? (3) If malignant, how curable is it? The first question pertains to decisions about screening use of CT (clinical or mass screening), the second to decisions about screening for SSPN and diagnosis of malignancy given SSPN, and the third--in the context of known curability at ordinary clinical diagnosis--to decisions about screening for SSPN, diagnosis given SSPN and intervention given malignant SSPN. We present a three component study design that addresses these questions. The first is directed primarily to the first question. Some 1000 persons at high risk for lung cancer will be screened for SSPN using screening-type CT. The primary aim is to determine the prevalence of CT-detectable SSPN as a joint function of risk-relevant aspects of the person. The second component addresses the prevalence of malignancy among the detected cases of SSPN. To develop the prevalence function, a larger series of CT-detected SSPN will be obtained by developing a multi-center SSPN "registry." A subsequent, third component will focus on the registered cases of malignant SSPN screening incidentally detected and address their curability on the basis of long-term follow-up. This design, in lieu of a randomized trial, may represent a new paradigm for applied research on radiologic technologies in cancer screening, given its advantages in terms of research efficiency and implications to decisions about diagnostic workup and therapeutic intervention.
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Smith JP, Liu G, Soundararajan V, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Identification and characterization of CCK-B/gastrin receptors in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 266:R277-83. [PMID: 8304551 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.1.r277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) is known to stimulate growth of human pancreatic cancer in a receptor-mediated fashion. The purpose of this study was to characterize the receptor responsible for the trophic effects of CCK in cancer cells. With the use of homogenates of PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells grown in vitro, the binding characteristics and optimal conditions of radiolabeled selective CCK-receptor antagonists ([3H]L-365,260 and [3H]L-364,718) were examined. Specific and saturable binding was detected with [3H]L-365,260, and Scatchard analysis revealed that the data were consistent for a single site of binding with a binding affinity of 4.3 +/- 0.6 nM and a binding capacity (Bmax) of 283 +/- 68 fmol/mg protein in log phase cells. Binding was dependent on protein concentration, time, temperature, and pH and was sensitive to Na+, K+, Mg2+, and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. In contrast to log phase cells, Bmax decreased by 80 and 92% in confluent and postconfluent cultures, respectively. Subcellular fractionation studies revealed that binding was in the membrane fraction. Competition experiments indicated that L-365,260 and gastrin were more effective at displacing the radiolabeled L-365,260 than CCK. No binding was detected with the CCK-A antagonist [3H]L-364,718. Assays performed with [3H]L-365,260 on five additional human pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and tumor tissue from xenografts in nude mice also revealed specific and saturable binding. These results provide the first identification of a CCK-B/gastrin receptor in human pancreatic cancer cells and tumors and explain the effects of CCK on the growth of this malignancy.
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Linn RM, Fischer DA, Smith JP, Burstein DB, Quick DC. Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21:825-31. [PMID: 8291633 DOI: 10.1177/036354659302100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five patients had reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with intraarticular fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allograft and extraarticular tibial band tenodesis. Patients were followed 2 to 4 years (mean, 2.5). Evaluation included clinical and functional examinations, measurement of tibiofemoral displacement, and anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Clinical results were considered satisfactory in 85% of the patients; 16 had arthroscopic examination after the allograft; allograft biopsies in 9 at this time showed cellular and vascular tissue without evidence of immune reaction. Clinical, arthroscopic, and biopsy results were favorable, but radiologic results were not. In most patients there was a significant size increase in femoral and tibial bone tunnels, as measured from radiographs. In the 6 most extreme cases, bone tunnels measured 20 mm or more in diameter, twice the initial size. Etiology and clinical significance of these bone tunnel changes remain unknown. Enlargement appears to occur early after operation; it stabilizes within 2 years. No statistical correlation was seen between tunnel enlargement and results of clinical and functional examinations; nevertheless, unexplained tunnel enlargement is cause for concern, and allograft replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament with fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allograft should be considered a salvage procedure.
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Smith JP, Barsotti RJ. A computer-based servo system for controlling isotonic contractions of muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:C1424-32. [PMID: 8238490 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.5.c1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a computer-based servo system for controlling isotonic releases in muscle. This system is a composite of commercially available devices: an IBM personal computer, an analog-to-digital (A/D) board, an Akers AE801 force transducer, and a Cambridge Technology motor. The servo loop controlling the force clamp is generated by computer via the A/D board, using a program written in QuickBASIC 4.5. Results are shown that illustrate the ability of the system to clamp the force generated by either skinned cardiac trabeculae or single rabbit psoas fibers down to the resolution of the force transducer within 4 ms. This rate is independent of the level of activation of the tissue and the size of the load imposed during the release. The key to the effectiveness of the system consists of two algorithms that are described in detail. The first is used to calculate the error signal to hold force to the desired level. The second algorithm is used to calculate the appropriate gain of the servo for a particular fiber and the size of the desired load to be imposed. The results show that the described computer-based method for controlling isotonic releases in muscle represents a good compromise between simplicity and performance and is an alternative to the custom-built digital/analog servo devices currently being used in studies of muscle mechanics.
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167
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van den Bergen HA, Smith JP, van der Zwan A. [Lyme psychosis]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 1993; 137:2098-100. [PMID: 8413733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A woman aged 64 was admitted to the psychiatric department because of a psychotic decompensation with visual hallucinations, disorientation in time and space and associative thinking. On psychotropic drugs the condition failed to improve; subsequently neurological symptoms developed. EEG abnormalities prompted a lumbar puncture. In the CSF a strong plasma cell reaction with atypical cells was observed. The enzyme immunoassay for Borrelia burgdorferi was positive and after treatment with penicillin the psychiatric and neurological signs and symptoms disappeared. From the history which could then be taken it appeared that the patient had been bitten by ticks. Her husband aged 66 years passed through a similar episode of disease.
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Raab DJ, Fischer DA, Smith JP, Markman AW, Steubs JA. Comparison of arthroscopic and open reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Early results. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21:680-3; discussion 683-4. [PMID: 8238707 DOI: 10.1177/036354659302100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine in a prospective, randomized, blinded design whether arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction offered any significant immediate or short-term advantages over traditional open reconstruction through a limited arthrotomy. Patients with a diagnosis of deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: the open group (limited open reconstruction) or the arthroscopic group (fully arthroscopic reconstruction). Postoperatively, both groups were treated identically. Intra- and postoperative observations included length of surgery, duration of hospitalization, and amount of pain medication. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 1, 6, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks to record crepitus, swelling, range of motion, ligament laxity, and thigh atrophy. Lysholm scores were obtained at the 16 and 24 week follow-ups. At 24 weeks, 86% of the open group and 89% of the arthroscopic group had good-to-excellent results. Intraoperative, postoperative, and follow-up findings indicated no statistically significant differences or relationships between the two groups in any of the variables measured, except that operative time was 13 minutes longer in the arthroscopic group (P < 0.001). The results do not substantiate a clinical advantage for either technique.
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170
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Smith JP. Social services revolution. J Adv Nurs 1993; 18:1169. [PMID: 8376652 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18081169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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171
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Smith JP, Rickabaugh CA, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Cholecystokinin receptors and PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:G149-55. [PMID: 8338163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1993.265.1.g149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to stimulate growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo, although CCK receptors have not been identified in pancreatic cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to characterize the CCK receptors in pancreatic cancer cells and to correlate the receptor binding studies with the trophic action of CCK agonists and antagonists. With the use of homogenates of PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cell line grown in culture, the binding of 125I-labeled CCK octapeptide (125I-CCK-8) was examined under various conditions to characterize the CCK receptor. Specific and saturable binding of 125I-CCK-8 was detected in PANC-1 cells; data were consistent with a single binding site. Scatchard analysis yielded a binding affinity [dissociation constant (Kd)] of 2.8 nM and a binding capacity of 26 fmol/mg protein. Binding was dependent on protein concentration, time, temperature, the presence of protease inhibitors, and pH and was sensitive to Na+, K+, Mg2+, and ethylene glycolbis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. Competition experiments indicated that L-365,260, a selective CCK-B (gastrin) receptor antagonist, was the most potent displacer of 125I-CCK-8, and no significant displacement of binding was found with the selective CCK-A receptor antagonist. Growth of PANC-1 cells in culture was stimulated by CCK at a concentration consistent with the Kd, and CCK-stimulated growth was inhibited by the CCK-B receptor antagonist (L-365,260) not the CCK-A receptor antagonist (L-364,718).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Smith JP, Yelamarty RV, Kramer ST, Cheung JY. Effects of cholecystokinin on cytosolic calcium in pancreatic duct segments and ductal cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 264:G1177-83. [PMID: 8333544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.6.g1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to increase bicarbonate and water secretion and potentiate the effects of secretin on pancreatic ducts, CCK receptors have not been identified on pancreatic ductal epithelium. The effects of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) on cytosolic calcium were evaluated on microscopically dissected rat pancreatic duct segments and single rat duct cells from the established ARIP cell line. By use of fluorescence microscopy in fura-2-loaded duct segments or single cells, intracellular calcium concentration was measured in response to CCK-8 (4 x 10(-12)-4 x 10(-8) M). CCK-8 significantly increased cytosolic calcium up to 50-fold over baseline. The greatest increase occurred with the highest concentration of CCK-8 (4 x 10(-8) M). Oscillations were observed in experiments performed in buffer containing 0.68 mM physiological calcium. In another series of experiments performed in the presence of ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid to deplete extracellular calcium, CCK-8 treatment still resulted in significant increases in cytosolic calcium; however, oscillations were abolished. Since cytosolic calcium increased in the absence of extracellular calcium, the initial calcium rise most likely was from cytosolic stores. Our findings of CCK-8-stimulated increases in cytosolic calcium in microdissected pancreatic ducts suggest the presence of CCK receptors, a characteristic that was not lost in cultured pancreatic ductal cells. In addition, in ARIP cells, the CCK-8-induced increase in cytosolic calcium was abolished by pretreatment with the selective CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365,260 but not by the CCK-A receptor antagonist L-364,718.
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Smith JP. Year of the Elderly: caring for Britain's six million carers. J Adv Nurs 1993; 18:855. [PMID: 8320376 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18060855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Smith JP, Kramer ST, Demers LM. Effects of gastrin and difluoromethylornithine on growth of human colon cancer. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:520-8. [PMID: 8444085 DOI: 10.1007/bf01316509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase activity, was evaluated in vivo and in vitro on the growth of a gastrin-sensitive human colon carcinoma (WiDr). In vivo, mice bearing the tumor treated with pentagastrin had larger tumors with higher ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine content (P < 0.05) than mice not treated with pentagastrin. Difluoromethylornithine treatment significantly decreased ornithine decarboxylase in both the pentagastrin-treated and the untreated animals; however, DFMO had no effect on tumor volume, weight, protein, or DNA content. In cell culture, gastrin treatment increased WiDr cell number and [3H]thymidine incorporation in the presence or absence of serum. In serum-free conditions, however, gastrin stimulated cell growth without concomitantly increasing ODC activity. DFMO, on the other hand, decreased both ODC activity and growth. These studies suggest that the trophic effect of gastrin on WiDr human colon cancer is independent of ODC activity. Since gastrin treatment increased ODC activity in vivo, gastrin may interact in vitro with other factors present in serum that can alter ODC activity.
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Smith JP. Dame Muriel Powell DBE, 1914-1978. J Adv Nurs 1993; 18:161-3. [PMID: 8429162 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18010161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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178
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Williams JG, Smith JP. Alcohol and other drug use among adolescents: family and peer influences. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 1993; 5:289-94. [PMID: 8312734 DOI: 10.1016/0899-3289(93)90070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The relationships among age, gender, involvement in family activities, involvement in peer activities, and teenage alcohol and other drug use were examined. Data from a random sample of South Carolina public school 7th through 12th graders were analyzed. Consistent with previous research, it was found that older subjects reported greater substance use than younger subjects, whites reported greater use of alcohol and other drugs than blacks, boys reported greater use than girls, and less involvement in family activities and greater involvement in peer activities was associated with greater reported alcohol and other drug use. Interactions among these variables also were examined. Multiple regressions indicated that 74% of the variance in alcohol use, 80% of the variance in marijuana use, and 85% of the variance in use of other drugs were predicted by these variables.
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Smith JP. Nursing: the hands and heart of science. J Adv Nurs 1992; 17:1269-70. [PMID: 1430631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
The effect of unsulfated cholecystokinin on pancreatic growth was evaluated in two experimental models in vivo and in vitro. Mice were injected with sulfated cholecystokinin (CCKs) or unsulfated cholecystokinin (CCKu) (10 or 20 micrograms/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 15 days. Animals were then killed and pancreatic weights, protein, amylase, and DNA content were evaluated. In vitro, growth was evaluated by DNA synthesis and viable cell counts. MIA PaCa-2 and BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells were treated with CCKs or CCKu (10(-12) to 10(-9) M) for 48 or 72 h in the presence of [3H]thymidine to evaluate DNA synthesis. Viable cell counts were performed on both cell lines grown in the presence or absence of unsulfated CCK (10(-12) to 10(-9) M) for 96 h. Pancreatic weight, protein, amylase, and DNA were significantly increased in animals treated with either CCKs or CCKu. However, pancreatic weight, protein, and amylase were significantly higher in mice treated with CCKs compared to CCKu (p less than 0.005). DNA content and index of hyperplasia were the same whether mice were treated with CCKs or CCKu. CCKu was as potent a stimulus for DNA synthesis as CCKs in MIA PaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells. Finally, CCKu increased cell counts in both pancreatic cancer cell lines. These data suggest that the mechanisms responsible for CCK-induced growth of normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer may differ from those that regulate secretion.
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182
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Smith JP. Are the needs of older homeless people being ignored? J Adv Nurs 1992; 17:763. [PMID: 1644971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Smith JP. AIDS: sharing the challenge ? changing attitudes. Conference organized by Anglia Polytechnic and Nursing Standard at the Officers' Mess, Imperial War Museum, Duxford, England, 2 December 1991. J Adv Nurs 1992; 17:757-61. [PMID: 1351487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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184
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Porter BA, Smith JP, Stimac GK. Magnetic resonance imaging for marrow-infiltrating neoplasms. West J Med 1992; 156:437. [PMID: 1574900 PMCID: PMC1003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
This study evaluated the reliability of the 1-min binocular accommodative facility test by extending the testing period for 2 additional minutes. Subjects, ages 8 to 12 years, were tested for an initial 1-min period, to identify 2 groups, high fail (greater than 3, but less than 8 cpm, N = 30) and low fail (less than 3 cpm, N = 30), and then tested for an additional 2 min. The low fail group had greater test-retest reliability in both minutes 2 and 3. Both groups improved (high fails mean = 0.93 cpm, low fails mean = 0.37 cpm), but no clear statistical difference was found between groups. When diagnostic classification was monitored over the 3 min, 40% of high fails passed, whereas no low fails passed. The 1-min testing method appears reliable if the initial rate is less than 3 cpm. For patients whose initial rate is between 3 and 8 cpm, extended testing (1 to 2 additional minutes) may be needed to arrive at an accurate diagnosis, especially if presenting symptoms are absent.
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Smith JP. Optimal skills mix for the institutional care of elderly people. J Adv Nurs 1992; 17:125. [PMID: 1556320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mallison SM, Smith JP, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Accumulation of plasma cells in inflamed sites: effects of antigen, nonspecific microbial activators, and chronic inflammation. Infect Immun 1991; 59:4019-25. [PMID: 1937760 PMCID: PMC258991 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4019-4025.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells are common in chronically inflamed sites, including periodontal lesions. The aim of this study was to determine which factors contribute to this local accumulation of plasma cells. Specifically, we sought to evaluate the effects of specific antigen and nonspecific activators from an infectious agent associated with chronic inflammation (Fusobacterium nucleatum, an organism prominent in chronic periodontal lesions) and the effect of the chronic inflammation itself. Chronic inflammation (14 to 17 days) was induced in horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-immune rabbits by subcutaneous injection of 50 microliters of sterile alum in several sites in their backs. Controls included sites injected with saline or more acute sites examined after 3 days of alum inflammation. Sites were challenged with HRP (the antigen), sonicated F. nucleatum (the nonspecific activator), or both together to see whether F. nucleatum has an adjuvant effect. Three days after challenge, HRP-specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) were enumerated after peroxidase histochemistry. In noninflamed sites or sites with acute inflammation, virtually no HRP-specific AFC were evident. In contrast, chronic inflammation alone was sufficient to elicit a specific AFC response (congruent to 10 cells per mm2). Addition of either F. nucleatum or HRP to the chronic lesion about doubled the number of HRP-specific AFC. However, a dramatic 8- to 15-fold (80 to 150/mm2) increase was seen in chronically inflamed sites challenged with antigen and activator together. Interestingly, the activator did not have this adjuvant effect in the acute sites or in normal skin. In short, accumulation of plasma cells in inflamed sites is promoted by chronic inflammation, activators of microbial origin, and specific antigen. This milieu can be expected to develop in some periodontal lesions and could help explain why gingival crevicular fluid from some sites may contain extraordinary levels of locally produced specific antibodies for certain antigens.
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Smith JP. Meeting the challenge of cancer care and prevention in Europe. J Adv Nurs 1991; 16:1267-8. [PMID: 1753022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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McGarrity TJ, Peiffer LP, Kramer ST, Smith JP. Effects of fat and fiber on human colon cancer xenografted to athymic nude mice. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:1606-10. [PMID: 1657557 DOI: 10.1007/bf01296405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of unsaturated fat and fiber (cellulose) on the growth of human colon cancer explanted to athymic nude mice was evaluated. Eighty-seven male nude mice bearing xenografts of human HT29 or WiDr colon cancer were divided into three groups of equal weight and tumor volume. Each group was fed one of three diets: normal fat/no fiber (N/N), high fat/no fiber (H/N) or high fat/high fiber (H/H). To equalize caloric intake, animals in the H/N group received 4 g of food per day and the other animals were fed 5 g of food per day. At sacrifice tumor volume and weight was recorded, and tumors were analyzed for protein and DNA content and ornithine decarboxylase activity. Tumor volume, weight, and protein were greater in the H/N group compared to the N/N group for both colon cancer cell lines. Tumor DNA content was greater in the HT29 H/N group compared to the N/N group (P less than 0.05) and tumor ornithine decarboxylase activity in the WiDr H/N group was greater than the N/N animals (P less than 0.002). The tumor growth-promoting effects of the high unsaturated fat diet were attenuated by the addition of fiber. Animal weight was higher in the H/N group compared to the N/N and H/H groups. This study suggested that a high-fat diet stimulated and fiber decreased the growth of human colon cancer explanted to athymic nude mice. The growth-promoting effects of a high-fat diet in colorectal cancer may be due in part to a circulating trophic factor since these tumors were remote from the large intestine.
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Smith JP, Kramer ST, Cheung JY. Effects of cholecystokinin on cytosolic calcium in human pancreatic cancer cells. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1991; 36:299-310. [PMID: 1805301 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(91)90064-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to increase cytosolic calcium and stimulate enzyme release from pancreatic acinar cells and a rat acinar cell line, AR42J. CCK is also trophic to normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer; however, the cellular mechanisms which regulate CCK-stimulated growth are unknown. The effect of CCK on intracellular calcium was evaluated in four human pancreatic cancer cell lines known to grow in response to CCK but not secrete enzymes (SW-1990, MIA PaCa-2, BXPC-3 and PANC-1) and a rat acinar cell line (AR42J) shown to secrete enzymes but not grow with CCK. By using single cell fluorescence microscopy in fura-2 loaded cells, intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i was measured. After obtaining baseline fluorescent cell images, synthetic CCK-octapeptide (CCK8) was added to the cells and images of cell fluorescence captured. [Ca2+]i of the rat acinar cells increased (603%) over the baseline within the first minute after the addition of CCK (4.10(-13) M to 4.10(-10) M) in 77% of cells tested. In contrast [Ca2+]i failed to significantly change in the human cancer cells treated with CCK. To further localize the defect in hormone signal transduction in cancer cells, cells were suspended in low calcium media and the plasma membranes were selectively permeabilized with digitonin. Media free calcium concentration was continuously monitored by fura-2 fluorescence. Addition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) resulted in a marked increase in medium calcium concentration indicating IP3 was capable of releasing calcium from intracellular stores in both the AR42J rat acinar cell line and in the human pancreas cancer cell lines. In conclusion, CCK does not increase cytosolic calcium in human pancreatic cancer cells in contrast to rat acinar cells although all contain IP3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pools. Our results suggest that growth promoting and secretory effects of CCK on pancreatic cells may occur via two independent signalling pathways.
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Abstract
In the present study, the effects of pancreastatin on growth are evaluated in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, in vivo and in vitro, and on athymic nude mouse pancreas. SW-1990 and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines were grown in serum-supplemented and serum-free medium in the presence of pancreastatin (10(-11)-10(-6) M), or cholecystokinin (CCK) (10(-11)-10(-8) M) or combinations thereof. Growth was evaluated by [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell counts. Pancreastatin significantly inhibited DNA synthesis in both cell lines, and cell counts in SW-1990 on days 3 and 5 but not 7. CCK-stimulated cell growth was inhibited in both cell lines and mouse pancreas by pancreastatin. Pancreastatin had no effect in the presence of fetal bovine serum. In the in vivo experiments, pancreastatin (15 micrograms/kg) did not affect growth of SW-1990 xenografts to nude mice, but inhibited CCK-stimulated growth transiently. Pancreastatin (100 micrograms/kg) transiently decreased volumes of MIA PaCa-2 xenografts to nude mice and significantly decreased weight, protein, and DNA of mouse pancreas. Fasting glucose levels of mice treated with pancreastatin 100 micrograms/kg for 35 days were significantly lower than controls. Our results demonstrate that pancreastatin not only inhibits CCK-stimulated pancreatic growth but also has inhibitory effects by itself.
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Smith JP. Helping people who want to stop smoking. J Adv Nurs 1991; 16:1013-4. [PMID: 1939913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb03359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Smith JP, Lister AM, Tew JG, Szakal AK. Kinetics of the tingible body macrophage response in mouse germinal center development and its depression with age. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1991; 229:511-20. [PMID: 2048755 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092290412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although tingible body macrophages (TBM) have been recognized in germinal centers for over 100 years, their role in the germinal center response is not clear. In this study, the kinetics of the TBM response was quantitatively assessed and correlated with the kinetics of germinal center development in young mice. The TBM response in old mice (which have an age-related depression of germinal center development; Szakal et al., 1990) was analyzed for comparison. Young and old immune mice were challenged with human serum albumin and 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days later the popliteal and axillary lymph nodes were evaluated. Germinal centers were localized histochemically in alternate serial sections using horseradish peroxidase conjugated peanut agglutinin. TBM numbers were determined per germinal center on adjacent sections by the presence of tingible bodies or histochemically by using the monoclonal antibody Mac-2. Analysis of lymph nodes from young mice showed that TBM numbers decreased with the dissociation of preexisting germinal centers. TBM reappeared 5 days after challenge and the TBM kinetics paralleled the increase in size of de novo germinal centers. In fact, a constant ratio of one TBM to every 350-450 B cells was maintained from day 5 to day 10. In old lymph nodes, TBM were generally absent throughout germinal center development. The lack of TBM prior to germinal center development and their absence in aged mice are inconsistent with the concept that TBM are required for the induction of the germinal center reaction. However, the data are consistent with a role for TBM in regulating the magnitude of the germinal center reaction.
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Smith JP. The United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting has made important recommendations about post-registration education and practice. J Adv Nurs 1991; 16:375. [PMID: 2061499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb03424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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196
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Smith JP, Kramer ST, Solomon TE. CCK stimulates growth of six human pancreatic cancer cell lines in serum-free medium. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1991; 32:341-9. [PMID: 1866474 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(91)90027-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth responses of six human pancreatic cancer cell lines (SW-1990, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3, RWP-2 and CAPAN-2) to cholecystokinin (CCK) were evaluated in serum-free medium (SFM). In each experiment cells were initially plated in media containing fetal calf serum (FCS) grown for 48-72 h, and then washed with saline. Cells were incubated for an additional 72 to 96 h in medium devoid of FCS in the absence (control) or presence of synthetic CCK analogue (Thr4,Nle7)CCK9 (10(-13) to 10(-9) M), or CCK8 (10(-12) to 10(-9) M), or CCK39 (10(-12) to 10(-9) M). Viable cell counts were performed with a hemocytometer. Growth of each cell line was stimulated in the presence of CCK in serum-free medium, although the magnitude of responses differed. The concentrations of (Thr4,Nle7)CCK9 which stimulated the greatest increase in cell counts as compared to controls for each cell line were: SW-1990, 39% (10(-12) M, P less than 0.05); PANC-1, 45% (10(-9) M, P less than 0.005); MIA PaCa-2, 42% (10(-12) M, P less than 0.005); BxPC-3, 32% (10(-13) M, P less than 0.05); RWP-2, 37% (10(-11) M, P less than 0.005). Maximal response to CCK8 occurred at the 10(-9) M dose for each cell line: MIA PaCa-2, 40% (P less than 0.025); PANC-1, 85% (P less than 0.001); RWP-2, 68% (P less than 0.001) and CAPAN-2, 52% (P less than 0.001). The maximal increase in cell count with CCK39 ranged from 44-74% and occurred with either 10(-11) or 10(-10) M. CCK8 in SFM also stimulated cell growth as well as or better than FCS alone in three out of four pancreatic cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Smith JP. Where have all the nurses gone? J Adv Nurs 1991; 16:127. [PMID: 2013652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1991.tb01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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198
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Smith JP. Labor markets and economic development in Malaysia. RESEARCH IN POPULATION ECONOMICS 1991; 7:131-56. [PMID: 12317026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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199
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Ellis WO, Smith JP, Simpson BK, Oldham JH. Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991; 30:403-39. [PMID: 1910523 DOI: 10.1080/10408399109527551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by species of Aspergilli, specifically Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These molds are ubiquitous in nature and grow on a variety of substrates, thereby producing aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are of great concern due to their biochemical and biological effects on living organisms. In this article, the occurrence of aflatoxins, their biosynthesis, factors influencing their production, their effects on living organisms, and methods of detection and control in food are reviewed. Future areas of research involving mathematical modeling of factors influencing aflatoxin production and alternative methods of control, such as modified atmosphere packaging, are also discussed.
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