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Abstract
Deimination (or citrullination) is a post-translational modification catalyzed by a calcium-dependent enzyme family of five peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). Deimination is involved in physiological processes (cell differentiation, embryogenesis, innate and adaptive immunity, etc.) and in autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus), cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Intermediate filaments (IF) and associated proteins (IFAP) are major substrates of PADs. Here, we focus on the effects of deimination on the polymerization and solubility properties of IF proteins and on the proteolysis and cross-linking of IFAP, to finally expose some features of interest and some limitations of citrullinomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, U1056, 31059 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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152
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Polari L, Alam CM, Nyström JH, Heikkilä T, Tayyab M, Baghestani S, Toivola DM. Keratin intermediate filaments in the colon: guardians of epithelial homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 129:105878. [PMID: 33152513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filament proteins are major cytoskeletal components of the mammalian simple layered columnar epithelium in the gastrointestinal tract. Human colon crypt epithelial cells express keratins 18, 19 and 20 as the major type I keratins, and keratin 8 as the type II keratin. Keratin expression patterns vary between species, and mouse colonocytes express keratin 7 as a second type II keratin. Colonic keratin patterns change during cell differentiation, such that K20 increases in the more differentiated crypt cells closer to the central lumen. Keratins provide a structural and mechanical scaffold to support cellular stability, integrity and stress protection in this rapidly regenerating tissue. They participate in central colonocyte processes including barrier function, ion transport, differentiation, proliferation and inflammatory signaling. The cell-specific keratin compositions in different epithelial tissues has allowed for the utilization of keratin-based diagnostic methods. Since the keratin expression pattern in tumors often resembles that in the primary tissue, it can be used to recognize metastases of colonic origin. This review focuses on recent findings on the biological functions of mammalian colon epithelial keratins obtained from pivotal in vivo models. We also discuss the diagnostic value of keratins in chronic colonic disease and known keratin alterations in colon pathologies. This review describes the biochemical properties of keratins and their molecular actions in colonic epithelial cells and highlights diagnostic data in colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease patients, which may facilitate the recognition of disease subtypes and the establishment of personal therapies in the future.
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153
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Nowogrodski C, Simon I, Magdassi S, Shoseyov O. Fabrication of Second Skin from Keratin and Melanin. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112568. [PMID: 33147696 PMCID: PMC7692603 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Second skin is a topically applied, skin-conforming material that mimics human skin properties and bears potential cosmetic and e-skin applications. To successfully integrate with natural skin, characteristics such as color and skin features must be matched. In this work, we prepared bio-based skin-like films from cross-linked keratin/melanin films (KMFs), using a simple fabrication method and non-toxic materials. The films retained their stability in aqueous solutions, showed skin-like mechanical properties, and were homogenous and handleable, with non-granular surfaces and a notable cross-linked structure as determined by attenuated total reflection (ATR). In addition, the combination of keratin and melanin allowed for adjustable tones similar to those of natural human skin. Furthermore, KMFs showed light transmittance and UV-blocking (up to 99%) as a function of melanin content. Finally, keratin/melanin ink (KMI) was used to inkjet-print high-resolution images with natural skin pigmented features. The KMFs and KMI may offer advanced solutions as e-skin or cosmetics platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Nowogrodski
- Plant Molecular Biology and Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (I.S.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+972-8-9489761
| | - Ido Simon
- Plant Molecular Biology and Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (I.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel;
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- Plant Molecular Biology and Nano Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (I.S.); (O.S.)
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154
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Diociaiuti A, Castiglia D, Corbeddu M, Rotunno R, Rossi S, Pisaneschi E, Cesario C, Condorelli AG, Zambruno G, El Hachem M. First Case of KRT2 Epidermolytic Nevus and Novel Clinical and Genetic Findings in 26 Italian Patients with Keratinopathic Ichthyoses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207707. [PMID: 33081034 PMCID: PMC7593923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinopathic ichthyoses (KI) are a clinically heterogeneous group of keratinization disorders due to mutations in KRT1, KTR10, or KRT2 genes encoding keratins of suprabasal epidermis. Characteristic clinical features include superficial blisters and erosions in infancy and progressive development of hyperkeratosis. Histopathology shows epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. We describe the clinical, histopathological, and molecular findings of a series of 26 Italian patients from 19 unrelated families affected with (i) epidermolytic ichthyosis due to KRT1 or KRT10 mutations (7 and 9 cases, respectively); (ii) KTR10-mutated ichthyosis with confetti (2 cases); (iii) KRT2-mutated superficial epidermolytic ichthyosis (5 cases); and (iv) KRT10-mutated epidermolytic nevus (2 cases). Of note, molecular genetic testing in a third case of extensive epidermolytic nevus revealed a somatic missense mutation (p.Asn186Asp) in the KRT2 gene, detected in DNA from lesional skin at an allelic frequency of 25% and, at very low frequency (1.5%), also in blood. Finally, we report three novel dominant mutations, including a frameshift mutation altering the C-terminal V2 domain of keratin 1 in three familiar cases presenting a mild phenotype. Overall, our findings expand the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of KI and show for the first time that epidermolytic nevus can be due to somatic KRT2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Diociaiuti
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-6859-2509; Fax: +39-06-6859-2300
| | | | - Marialuisa Corbeddu
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Roberta Rotunno
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Sabrina Rossi
- Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisa Pisaneschi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudia Cesario
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Angelo Giuseppe Condorelli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - May El Hachem
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.R.); (M.E.H.)
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155
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Malinauskyte E, Shrestha R, Cornwell PA, Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Hindley M. Penetration of different molecular weight hydrolysed keratins into hair fibres and their effects on the physical properties of textured hair. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 43:26-37. [PMID: 32946595 PMCID: PMC7820954 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of different molecular weight (MW), wool derived hydrolysed keratins (i.e. peptides) on the physical properties of relaxed textured hair. Methods Very curly hair of African origin was relaxed using sodium hydroxide‐based treatment. Relaxed hair was treated with different MW peptides derived from keratin protein and an amino acid, L‐Leucine. The low‐MW keratin peptides were 221 Da, the mid‐MW keratin peptides were approximately 2577 Da, and the high‐MW keratin peptides were approximately 75 440 Da. The penetration of these different peptides into relaxed hair was evaluated using a laser scanning micrometre and by fluorescence microscopy. The effect of these compounds on single‐fibre mechanical properties and thermal properties was evaluated using tensile and DSC testing, respectively. Results Low‐ and mid‐MW compounds were able to penetrate deep into the hair cortex. High‐MW peptide adsorbed onto the hair surface and possibly slightly penetrated into the outer layers of the fibre surface. Both mid‐ and high‐MW keratin peptides, increased Young’s modulus and reduced hair breakage at 20% and 80% relative humidity. With the exception of mid‐MW peptide, other peptides and amino acid were not able to modify thermal properties of relaxed textured hair. Conclusions Our data suggest that low‐MW compounds may increase hair volume, and high‐MW peptides may repair damage on freshly relaxed textured hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Malinauskyte
- TRI Princeton, 601 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - R Shrestha
- TRI Princeton, 601 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - P A Cornwell
- TRI Princeton, 601 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | | | - M Hindley
- Croda Europe Ltd, Foundry Lane, Widnes, WA8 8UB, UK
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156
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Karim N, Phinney BS, Salemi M, Wu PW, Naeem M, Rice RH. Human stratum corneum proteomics reveals cross-linking of a broad spectrum of proteins in cornified envelopes. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:618-622. [PMID: 30916809 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defects in keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1), resulting in an improper protein scaffold for deposition of the lipid barrier, comprise a major source of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. For that reason, the composition and formation of the cornified (cross-linked) protein envelope of the epidermis have been of considerable interest. Since the isopeptide cross-linked protein components are not individually isolable once incorporated, purified envelopes were analysed by mass spectrometry after trypsin digestion. Quantitative estimates of the identified components revealed some 170 proteins, each comprising at least 0.001% of the total, of which keratins were major constituents accounting for ≈74% of the total. Some prevalent non-keratin constituents such as keratinocyte proline-rich protein, loricrin and late envelope protein-7 were preferentially incorporated into envelopes. The results suggest a model where, as previously observed in hair shaft and nail plate, a diversity of cellular proteins are incorporated. They also help rationalize the minimal effect on epidermis of ablating genes for specific single envelope structural components. The quantitative profile of constituent proteins provides a foundation for future exploration of envelope perturbations that may occur in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Karim
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Pei-Wen Wu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California.,Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California.,Forensic Science Program, University of California, Davis, California
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157
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Ye J, Wu Y, Li M, Gong X, Zhong B. Keratin 8 Mutations Were Associated With Susceptibility to Chronic Hepatitis B and Related Progression. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:464-473. [PMID: 31515557 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are the exclusively expressed keratins intermediate filaments pair in hepatocytes that protect against liver injuries and viral infection. We aimed to explore the genetic link between keratin variants and chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection in a large cohort from a high-epidemic area. METHODS Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from patients, and Sanger sequencing was applied to analyze variations in exon regions of K8/18. Biochemical and functional analysis of novel mutations was also performed. RESULTS The 713 participants comprised 173 healthy controls and 540 patients, which covered chronic hepatitis (n = 174), decompensated cirrhosis (n = 192), and primary liver carcinoma (n = 174). The frequency of mutations in K8/18 was significantly higher among patients than among controls (8.15% vs 0.58%, P < .001). Significant differences were found between the chronic hepatitis subgroup and controls in multiple comparisons (6.32% vs 0.58%, P = .006). All 21 missense mutations (3.89%) were detected in the keratin 8 (K8), including 4 novel conserved missense variants (R469C, R469H, A447V, and K483T). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated a higher risk of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and missense variants (odds ratio = 4.38, P = .035). Transfection of these variants caused keratin network disruption in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Novel K8 cytoskeleton-disrupting variants predispose toward ACLF in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Minrui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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158
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Vilcinskas A, Schwabe M, Brinkrolf K, Plarre R, Wielsch N, Vogel H. Larvae of the Clothing Moth Tineola bisselliella Maintain Gut Bacteria that Secrete Enzyme Cocktails to Facilitate the Digestion of Keratin. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1415. [PMID: 32937935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary success of insects is promoted by their association with beneficial microbes that enable the utilization of unusual diets. The synanthropic clothing moth Tineola bisselliella provides an intriguing example of this phenomenon. The caterpillars of this species have adapted to feed on keratin-rich diets such as feathers and wool, which cannot be digested by most other animals and are resistant to common digestive enzymes. Inspired by the hypothesis that this ability may be conferred by symbiotic microbes, we utilized a simple assay to detect keratinase activity and a method to screen gut bacteria for candidate enzymes, which were isolated from feather-fed larvae. The isolation of DNA from keratin-degrading bacterial strains followed by de novo genome sequencing resulted in the identification of a novel bacterial strain related to Bacillus sp. FDAARGOS_235. Genome annotation identified 20 genes with keratinase domains. Proteomic analysis of the culture supernatant from this gut bacterium grown in non-nutrient buffer supplemented with feathers revealed several candidate enzymes potentially responsible for keratin degradation, including a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase and multiple proteases. Our results suggest that the unusual diet of T. bisselliella larvae promotes their association with keratinolytic microorganisms and that the ability of larvae to feed on keratin can at least partially be attributed to bacteria that produce a cocktail of keratin-degrading enzymes.
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159
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Islam RA, Al-Busaidi H, Zaman R, Abidin SAZ, Othman I, Chowdhury EH. Carbonate Apatite and Hydroxyapatite Formulated with Minimal Ingredients to Deliver SiRNA into Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E63. [PMID: 32927738 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is one of the top-ranked noncommunicable diseases causing deaths to nine million people and affecting almost double worldwide in 2018. Tremendous advancement in surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and targeted immunotherapy have improved the rate of cure and disease-free survival. As genetic mutations vary in different cancers, potential of customized treatment to silence the problem gene/s at the translational level is being explored too. Yet delivering therapeutics at the required dosage only to the affected cells without affecting the healthy ones, is a big hurdle to be overcome. Scientists worldwide have been working to invent a smart drug delivery system for targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumor tissues only. As part of such an effort, few organic nanocarriers went to clinical trials, while inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are still in development stage despite their many customizable properties. Carbonate apatite (CA), a pH sensitive nanocarrier has emerged as an efficient delivery system for drugs, plasmids and siRNAs in preclinical models of breast and colon cancers. Like hydroxyapatite (HA) which serves as a classical tool for delivery of genetic materials such as siRNA and plasmid, CA is an apatite-based synthetic carrier. We developed simplified methods of formulating CA-in-DMEM and a DMEM-mimicking buffer and HA in a HEPES-buffered solution and characterized them in terms of size, stability, protein corona (PC) composition, cytotoxicity, siRNA delivery efficiency in breast cancer cells and siRNA biodistribution profile in a mouse model of breast cancer. Methods: Particle growth was analyzed via spectrophotometry and light microscopy, size was measured via dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy and confirmation of functional groups in apatite structures was made by FT-IR. siRNA-binding was analyzed via spectrophotometry. Stability of the formulation solutions/buffers was tested over various time points and at different temperatures to determine their compatibility in the context of practical usage. Cellular uptake was studied via fluorescence microscopy. MTT assay was performed to measure the cytotoxicity of the NPs. Liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry was carried out to analyze the PC formed around all three different NPs in serum-containing media. To explore biodistribution of all the formulations, fluorescence-labeled siRNA-loaded NPs were administered intravenously prior to analysis of fluorescence intensity in the collected organs and tumors of the treated mice. Results: The size of NPs in 10% serum-containing media was dramatically different where CA-in-DMB and HA were much larger than CA-in-DMEM. Effect of media was notable on the PC composition of all three NPs. All three NPs bound albumin and some common protease inhibitors involved in bone metabolism due to their compositional similarity to our bone materials. Moreover, CA also bound heme-binding proteins and opsonins. Unlike CA, HA bound different kinds of keratins. Difference in PC constitution was likely to influence accumulation of NPs in various organs including those of reticuloendothelial system, such as liver and spleen and the tumor. We found 10 times more tumor accumulation of CA-in-DMB than CA-in-DMEM, which could be due to more stable siRNA-binding and distinct PC composition of the former. Conclusion: As a nanocarrier CA is more efficient than HA for siRNA delivery to the tumor. CA prepared in a buffer containing only the mere constituents was potentially more efficient than classical CA prepared in DMEM, owing to the exclusion of interference attributed by the inorganic ions and organic molecules present in DMEM.
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160
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Hinbest AJ, Eldirany SA, Ho M, Bunick CG. Molecular Modeling of Pathogenic Mutations in the Keratin 1B Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6641. [PMID: 32927888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments constitute the primary cytoskeletal component of epithelial cells. Numerous human disease phenotypes related to keratin mutation remain mechanistically elusive. Our recent crystal structures of the helix 1B heterotetramer from keratin 1/10 enabled further investigation of the effect of pathologic 1B domain mutations on keratin structure. We used our highest resolution keratin 1B structure as a template for homology-modeling the 1B heterotetramers of keratin 5/14 (associated with blistering skin disorders), keratin 8/18 (associated with liver disease), and keratin 74/28 (associated with hair disorder). Each structure was examined for the molecular alterations caused by incorporating pathogenic 1B keratin mutations. Structural modeling indicated keratin 1B mutations can harm the heterodimer interface (R265PK5, L311RK5, R211PK14, I150VK18), the tetramer interface (F231LK1, F274SK74), or higher-order interactions needed for mature filament formation (S233LK1, L311RK5, Q169EK8, H128LK18). The biochemical changes included altered hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and altered surface charge, hydrophobicity or contour. Together, these findings advance the genotype-structurotype-phenotype correlation for keratin-based human diseases.
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161
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Inaba Y, Chauhan V, van Loon AP, Choudhury LS, Sagasti A. Keratins and the plakin family cytolinker proteins control the length of epithelial microridge protrusions. eLife 2020; 9:58149. [PMID: 32894222 PMCID: PMC7535935 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments and microtubules create diverse cellular protrusions, but intermediate filaments, the strongest and most stable cytoskeletal elements, are not known to directly participate in the formation of protrusions. Here we show that keratin intermediate filaments directly regulate the morphogenesis of microridges, elongated protrusions arranged in elaborate maze-like patterns on the surface of mucosal epithelial cells. We found that microridges on zebrafish skin cells contained both actin and keratin filaments. Keratin filaments stabilized microridges, and overexpressing keratins lengthened them. Envoplakin and periplakin, plakin family cytolinkers that bind F-actin and keratins, localized to microridges, and were required for their morphogenesis. Strikingly, plakin protein levels directly dictate microridge length. An actin-binding domain of periplakin was required to initiate microridge morphogenesis, whereas periplakin-keratin binding was required to elongate microridges. These findings separate microridge morphogenesis into distinct steps, expand our understanding of intermediate filament functions, and identify microridges as protrusions that integrate actin and intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Inaba
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vasudha Chauhan
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Aaron Paul van Loon
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Lamia Saiyara Choudhury
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Alvaro Sagasti
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Department and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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162
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McCoy VE, Wiemann J, Lamsdell JC, Whalen CD, Lidgard S, Mayer P, Petermann H, Briggs DEG. Chemical signatures of soft tissues distinguish between vertebrates and invertebrates from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Lagerstätte of Illinois. Geobiology 2020; 18:560-565. [PMID: 32347003 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of fossil soft tissues is a potentially powerful and yet underutilized tool for elucidating the affinity of problematic fossil organisms. In some cases, it has proven difficult to assign a problematic fossil even to the invertebrates or vertebrates (more generally chordates) based on often incompletely preserved morphology alone, and chemical composition may help to resolve such questions. Here, we use in situ Raman microspectroscopy to investigate the chemistry of a diverse array of invertebrate and vertebrate fossils from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek Lagerstätte of Illinois, and we generate a ChemoSpace through principal component analysis (PCA) of the in situ Raman spectra. Invertebrate soft tissues characterized by chitin (polysaccharide) fossilization products and vertebrate soft tissues characterized by protein fossilization products plot in completely separate, non-overlapping regions of the ChemoSpace, demonstrating the utility of certain soft tissue molecular signatures as biomarkers for the original soft tissue composition of fossil organisms. The controversial problematicum Tullimonstrum, known as the Tully Monster, groups with the vertebrates, providing strong evidence of a vertebrate rather than invertebrate affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E McCoy
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jasmina Wiemann
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James C Lamsdell
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | | | - Paul Mayer
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Holger Petermann
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, CT, USA
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Queiroz PJB, Assis BM, Silva DC, Noronha Filho ADF, Pancotti A, Rabelo RE, Borges NC, Vulcani VAS, Silva LAFD. Mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers after biotin supplementation. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:93-101. [PMID: 32815592 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily biotin supplementation on the mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers. The heifers were housed on a concrete floor and fed for weight gain more than 800 g per day, which is a challenging environment for the hoof. Twelve crossbred dairy heifers (Jersey × Holstein) were divided into two treatment groups. Animals in the control group (n = 6) received a diet without supplemental biotin, while the heifers in the biotin-supplemented feed group (n = 6) each received 20 mg of biotin daily for 120 days. Samples of the abaxial hoof wall were collected from the outer claw of the fore and hind limb, before and after supplementation. The samples were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, computed microtomography, atomic force microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biotin supplementation increased the sulphur content and decreased the calcium and potassium content in the abaxial hoof wall. Biotin treatment also increased the percentage of horn tubules with smaller diameter marrow (17-51 µm). However, biotin did not influence the surface relief of the hoof wall, suggesting that its action is limited to the inner layers of the stratum corneum. Daily supplementation with 20 mg of biotin promoted changes in the mineral composition and microstructure of abaxial hoof wall of crossbred dairy heifers. These findings suggest biotin supplementation improves hoof quality and may help to understand the function of biotin in the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naida Cristina Borges
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia (EVZ), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
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164
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Cruz-Maya I, Varesano A, Vineis C, Guarino V. Comparative Study on Protein-Rich Electrospun Fibers for in Vitro Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1671. [PMID: 32727080 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is the leading technology to fabricate fibrous scaffolds that mimic the architecture of the extracellular matrix of natural tissues. In order to improve the biological response, a consolidated trend involves the blending of synthetic polymers with natural proteins to form protein-rich fibers that include selected biochemical cues able to more actively support in vitro cell interaction. In this study, we compared protein-rich fibers fabricated via electrospinning by the blending of poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) with three different proteins, i.e., gelatin, zein, and keratin, respectively. We demonstrated that the peculiar features of the proteins used significantly influence the morphological properties, in terms of fiber size and distribution. Moreover, keratin drastically enhances the fiber hydrophilicity (water contact angle equal to 44.3° ± 3.9°) with positive effects on cell interaction, as confirmed by the higher proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) until 7 days. By contrast, gelatin and zein not equally contribute to the fiber wettability (water contact angles equal to 95.2° ± 1.2° and 76.3° ± 4.0°, respectively) due to morphological constraints, i.e., broader fiber diameter distribution ascribable to the non-homogeneous presence of the protein along the fibers, or chemical constrains, i.e., large amount of non-polar amino acids. According to in vitro experimental studies, which included SEM and confocal microscopy analyses and vitality assay, we concluded that keratin is the most promising protein to be combined with PCL for the fabrication of biologically instructive fibers for in vitro applications.
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165
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Qiu T, Teshima THN, Hovorakova M, Tucker AS. Development of the Vestibular Lamina in Human Embryos: Morphogenesis and Vestibule Formation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:753. [PMID: 32765288 PMCID: PMC7378788 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vestibular lamina (VL) is a transient developmental structure that forms the lip furrow, creating a gap between the lips/cheeks and teeth (oral vestibule). Surprisingly, little is known about the development of the VL and its relationship to the adjacent dental lamina (DL), which forms the teeth. In some congenital disorders, such as Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome, development of the VL is disrupted and multiple supernumerary frenula form, physically linking the lips and teeth. Here, we assess the normal development of the VL in human embryos from 6.5 (CS19) to 13 weeks of development, showing the close relationship between the VL and DL, from initiation to differentiation. In the anterior lower region, the two structures arise from the same epithelial thickening. The VL then undergoes complex morphogenetic changes during development, forming a branched structure that separates to create the vestibule. Changing expression of keratins highlight the differentiation patterns in the VL, with fissure formation linked to the onset of filaggrin. Apoptosis is involved in removal of the central portion of the VL to create a broad furrow between the future cheek and gum. This research forms an essential base to further explore developmental defects in this part of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyang Qiu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tathyane H. N. Teshima
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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166
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Dettwiler M, Leuthard F, Bauer A, Jagannathan V, Lourenço AM, Pereira H, Leeb T, Welle MM. A nonsense variant in the KRT14 gene in a domestic shorthair cat with epidermolysis bullosa simplex. Anim Genet 2020; 51:829-832. [PMID: 32657488 DOI: 10.1111/age.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a hereditary blistering disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes. It has been reported in humans, cattle, buffaloes and dogs, but so far not in cats. In humans, EBS is most frequently caused by variants in the KRT5 or KRT14 genes. Here, we report a case of feline epidermolysis bullosa simplex and describe the causative genetic variant. An 11-month-old male domestic shorthair cat presented with a history of sloughed paw pads and ulcerations in the oral cavity and inner aspect of the pinnae, starting a few weeks after birth. Clinical and histopathological findings suggested a congenital blistering disease with a split formation within the basal cell layer of the epidermis and oral mucous epithelium. The genetic investigation revealed a homozygous nonsense variant in the KRT14 gene (c.979C>T, p.Gln327*). Immunohistochemistry showed a complete absence of keratin 14 staining in all epithelia present in the biopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of feline EBS, and the first report of a spontaneous pathogenic KRT14 variant in a non-human species. The homozygous genotype in the affected cat suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dettwiler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - F Leuthard
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - A Bauer
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - V Jagannathan
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - A M Lourenço
- Dermatology Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - H Pereira
- Dermatology Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, 1300-477, Portugal
| | - T Leeb
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - M M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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167
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Notcovich S, Williamson NB, Yapura J, Schukken Y, Heuer C. Cellular Response of Neutrophils to Bismuth Subnitrate and Micronized Keratin Products In Vitro. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E87. [PMID: 32640682 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bismuth subnitrate and micronized keratin on bovine neutrophils in vitro. We hypothesized that recruitment and activation of neutrophils into the teat canal and sinus are the mechanisms of action of bismuth subnitrate and keratin-based teat sealant formulations. To test this, a chemotaxis assay (Experiment 1) and a myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay (Experiment 2) were conducted in vitro. Blood was sampled from 12 mid-lactation dairy cows of variable ages. Neutrophils were extracted and diluted to obtain cell suspensions of approximately 106 cells/mL. In Experiment 1, test substances were placed in a 96-well plate, separated from the cell suspension by a 3 µm pore membrane and incubated for 3 h to allow neutrophils to migrate through the membrane. In Experiment 2, neutrophils were exposed to the test products and the amount of MPO released was measured by optical density. Results showed that neutrophils were not activated by bismuth or keratin products (p < 0.05) in all of the tests performed. These results suggest that the mechanisms of action of bismuth subnitrate and keratin-based teat sealants do not rely on neutrophil recruitment and activation in the teat canal and sinus after treatment.
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168
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Keeling MC, Gavara N. Withaferin-A Can Be Used to Modulate the Keratin Network of Intermediate Filaments in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124450. [PMID: 32585813 PMCID: PMC7352337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical state of cells is a critical part of their healthy functioning and it is controlled primarily by cytoskeletal networks (actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments). Drug-based strategies targeting the assembly of a given cytoskeletal network are often used to pinpoint their role in cellular function. Unlike actin and microtubules, there has been limited interest in the role of intermediate filaments, and fewer drugs have thus been identified and characterised as modulators of its assembly. Here, we evaluate whether Withaferin-A (WFA), an established disruptor of vimentin filaments, can also be used to modulate keratin filament assembly. Our results show that in keratinocytes, which are keratin-rich but vimentin-absent, Withaferin-A disrupts keratin filaments. Importantly, the dosages required are similar to those previously reported to disrupt vimentin in other cell types. Furthermore, Withaferin-A-induced keratin disassembly is accompanied by changes in cell stiffness and migration. Therefore, we propose that WFA can be repurposed as a useful drug to disrupt the keratin cytoskeleton in epithelial cells.
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169
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Yu SM, Li B, Granick S, Cho YK. Mechanical Adaptations of Epithelial Cells on Various Protruded Convex Geometries. Cells 2020; 9:E1434. [PMID: 32527037 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of epithelial tissue supports physiological functions of organs such as intestinal villi and corneal epithelium. Despite the mounting evidence showing the importance of geometry in tissue microenvironments, the current understanding on how it affects biophysical behaviors of cells is still elusive. Here, we cultured cells on various protruded convex structure such as triangle, square, and circle shape fabricated using two-photon laser lithography and quantitatively analyzed individual cells. Morphological data indicates that epithelial cells can sense the sharpness of the corner by showing the characteristic cell alignments, which was caused by actin contractility. Cell area was mainly influenced by surface convexity, and Rho-activation increased cell area on circle shape. Moreover, we found that intermediate filaments, vimentin, and cytokeratin 8/18, play important roles in growth and adaptation of epithelial cells by enhancing expression level on convex structure depending on the shape. In addition, microtubule building blocks, α-tubulin, was also responded on geometric structure, which indicates that intermediate filaments and microtubule can cooperatively secure mechanical stability of epithelial cells on convex surface. Altogether, the current study will expand our understanding of mechanical adaptations of cells on out-of-plane geometry.
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170
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Cavallaro G, Milioto S, Konnova S, Fakhrullina G, Akhatova F, Lazzara G, Fakhrullin R, Lvov Y. Halloysite/ Keratin Nanocomposite for Human Hair Photoprotection Coating. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24348-24362. [PMID: 32372637 PMCID: PMC8007073 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel keratin treatment of human hair by its aqueous mixtures with natural halloysite clay nanotubes. The loaded clay nanotubes together with free keratin produce micrometer-thick protective coating on hair. First, colloidal and structural properties of halloysite/keratin dispersions and the nanotube loaded with this protein were investigated. Above the keratin isoelectric point (pH = 4), the protein adsorption into the positive halloysite lumen is favored because of the electrostatic attractions. The ζ-potential magnitude of these core-shell particles increased from -35 (in pristine form) to -43 mV allowing for an enhanced colloidal stability (15 h at pH = 6). This keratin-clay tubule nanocomposite was used for the immersion treatment of hair. Three-dimensional-measuring laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that 50-60% of the hair surface coverage can be achieved with 1 wt % suspension application. Hair samples have been exposed to UV irradiation for times up to 72 h to explore the protection capacity of this coating by monitoring the cysteine oxidation products. The nanocomposites of halloysite and keratin prevent the deterioration of human hair as evident by significant inhibition of cysteic acid. The successful hair structure protection was also visually confirmed by atomic force microscopy and dark-field hyperspectral microscopy. The proposed formulation represents a promising strategy for a sustainable medical coating on the hair, which remediates UV irradiation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, Firenze I-50121, Italy
| | - Stefana Milioto
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, Firenze I-50121, Italy
| | - Svetlana Konnova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Gölnur Fakhrullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Farida Akhatova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via G. Giusti, 9, Firenze I-50121, Italy
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan 420008, Russian Federation
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, 505 Tech Drive, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Yuri Lvov
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, 505 Tech Drive, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
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171
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Chang WL, Wu H, Chiu YK, Wang S, Jiang TX, Luo ZL, Lin YC, Li A, Hsu JT, Huang HL, Gu HJ, Lin TY, Yang SM, Lee TT, Lai YC, Lei M, Shie MY, Yao CT, Chen YW, Tsai JC, Shieh SJ, Hwu YK, Cheng HC, Tang PC, Hung SC, Chen CF, Habib M, Widelitz RB, Wu P, Juan WT, Chuong CM. The Making of a Flight Feather: Bio-architectural Principles and Adaptation. Cell 2019; 179:1409-1423.e17. [PMID: 31778655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of flight in feathered dinosaurs and early birds over millions of years required flight feathers whose architecture features hierarchical branches. While barb-based feather forms were investigated, feather shafts and vanes are understudied. Here, we take a multi-disciplinary approach to study their molecular control and bio-architectural organizations. In rachidial ridges, epidermal progenitors generate cortex and medullary keratinocytes, guided by Bmp and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling that convert rachides into adaptable bilayer composite beams. In barb ridges, epidermal progenitors generate cylindrical, plate-, or hooklet-shaped barbule cells that form fluffy branches or pennaceous vanes, mediated by asymmetric cell junction and keratin expression. Transcriptome analyses and functional studies show anterior-posterior Wnt2b signaling within the dermal papilla controls barbule cell fates with spatiotemporal collinearity. Quantitative bio-physical analyses of feathers from birds with different flight characteristics and feathers in Burmese amber reveal how multi-dimensional functionality can be achieved and may inspire future composite material designs. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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172
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Yoon S, Leube RE. Keratin intermediate filaments: intermediaries of epithelial cell migration. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:521-33. [PMID: 31652439 DOI: 10.1042/EBC20190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Migration of epithelial cells is fundamental to multiple developmental processes, epithelial tissue morphogenesis and maintenance, wound healing and metastasis. While migrating epithelial cells utilize the basic acto-myosin based machinery as do other non-epithelial cells, they are distinguished by their copious keratin intermediate filament (KF) cytoskeleton, which comprises differentially expressed members of two large multigene families and presents highly complex patterns of post-translational modification. We will discuss how the unique mechanophysical and biochemical properties conferred by the different keratin isotypes and their modifications serve as finely tunable modulators of epithelial cell migration. We will furthermore argue that KFs together with their associated desmosomal cell-cell junctions and hemidesmosomal cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions serve as important counterbalances to the contractile acto-myosin apparatus either allowing and optimizing directed cell migration or preventing it. The differential keratin expression in leaders and followers of collectively migrating epithelial cell sheets provides a compelling example of isotype-specific keratin functions. Taken together, we conclude that the expression levels and specific combination of keratins impinge on cell migration by conferring biomechanical properties on any given epithelial cell affecting cytoplasmic viscoelasticity and adhesion to neighboring cells and the ECM.
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173
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Kui H, Liu X, Liu J, Liang W, Zhang S, Qian Z, Ren L. The Passive Contact Stability of Blue Sheep Hoof Based on Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Surface Morphology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:363. [PMID: 32426345 PMCID: PMC7212375 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the only component that contacts the ground and rock, the hooves of blue sheep may play a crucial role in their excellent climbing abilities. In this study, we used a combination of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and nanoindentation, to characterize the surface morphology, structure, material composition, and mechanical properties of blue sheep hoof and investigate the potential contributions of these properties to the establishment of passive contact stability. Straight and curled microscopic lamellar morphology were found on the hoof surfaces. The cross section of the hoof revealed four layers, and each layer had a unique structure. Finite element analysis was employed to verify that the surface morphology and microstructure effectively contributed to the slip resistance and impact cushioning, respectively. Analyses of the energy and infrared spectra showed that the organic and inorganic substances in different regions of the hoof had similar components but different contents of those components. The hoof was mainly composed of keratin. From the outside to the inside, gradients in both the modulus and hardness were observed. These factors help the hoof alleviate high impact strengths and increase contact stability. These findings further our understanding of the unique mechanism of blue sheep hoof and may help in the development of novel biomimetic materials and mechanical components with enhanced friction and contact stability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Kui
- College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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174
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Lam VK, Sharma P, Nguyen T, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB, Chung BM. Morphology, Motility, and Cytoskeletal Architecture of Breast Cancer Cells Depend on Keratin 19 and Substrate. Cytometry A 2020; 97:1145-1155. [PMID: 32286727 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells gain motility through events that accompany modulation of cell shape and include altered expression of keratins. However, the role of keratins in change of cancer cell architecture is not well understood. Therefore, we ablated the expression of keratin 19 (K19) in breast cancer cells of the MDA-MB-231 cell line and found that cells lacking K19 become more elongated in culture, with morphological reversion toward the parental phenotype upon transduction of KRT19. Also, the number of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions were significantly reduced in KRT19 knockout (KO) cells. The altered morphology of KRT19 KO cells was then characterized quantitatively using digital holographic microscopy (DHM), which not only confirmed the phenotypic change of KRT19 KO cells but also identified that the K19-dependent morphological change is dependent on the substrate type. A new quantitative method of single cell analysis from DHM, via average phase difference maps, facilitated evaluation of K19-substrate interactive effects on cell morphology. When plated on collagen substrate, KRT19 KO cells were less elongated and resembled parental cells. Assessing single cell motility further showed that while KRT19 KO cells moved faster than parental cells on a rigid surface, this increase in motility became abrogated when cells were plated on collagen. Overall, our study suggests that K19 inhibits cell motility by regulating cell shape in a substrate-dependent manner. Thus, this study provides a potential basis for the altered expression of keratins associated with change in cell shape and motility of cancer cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van K Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Georges Nehmetallah
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher B Raub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Byung Min Chung
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
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175
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Gouveia M, Zemljič-Jokhadar Š, Vidak M, Stojkovič B, Derganc J, Travasso R, Liovic M. Keratin Dynamics and Spatial Distribution in Wild-Type and K14 R125P Mutant Cells-A Computational Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2596. [PMID: 32283594 PMCID: PMC7177522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratins are one of the most abundant proteins in epithelial cells. They form a cytoskeletal filament network whose structural organization seriously conditions its function. Dynamic keratin particles and aggregates are often observed at the periphery of mutant keratinocytes related to the hereditary skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex, which is due to mutations in keratins 5 and 14. To account for their emergence in mutant cells, we extended an existing mathematical model of keratin turnover in wild-type cells and developed a novel 2D phase-field model to predict the keratin distribution inside the cell. This model includes the turnover between soluble, particulate and filamentous keratin forms. We assumed that the mutation causes a slowdown in the assembly of an intermediate keratin phase into filaments, and demonstrated that this change is enough to account for the loss of keratin filaments in the cell's interior and the emergence of keratin particles at its periphery. The developed mathematical model is also particularly tailored to model the spatial distribution of keratins as the cell changes its shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Gouveia
- CFisUC, Center for Physics of the University of Coimbra, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, R Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Špela Zemljič-Jokhadar
- Institute for Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.Z.-J.); (B.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Marko Vidak
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Biljana Stojkovič
- Institute for Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.Z.-J.); (B.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Jure Derganc
- Institute for Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.Z.-J.); (B.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Rui Travasso
- CFisUC, Center for Physics of the University of Coimbra, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, R Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mirjana Liovic
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (M.L.)
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176
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Gambucci M, Aluigi A, Seri M, Sotgiu G, Zampini G, Donnadio A, Torreggiani A, Zamboni R, Latterini L, Posati T. Effect of Chemically Engineered Au/Ag Nanorods on the Optical and Mechanical Properties of Keratin Based Films. Front Chem 2020; 8:158. [PMID: 32219091 PMCID: PMC7078657 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the preparation and characterization of free-standing keratin-based films containing Au/Ag nanorods. The effect of nanorods surface chemistry on the optical and mechanical properties of keratin composite films is fully investigated. Colloid nanorods confer to the keratin films interesting color effects due to plasmonic absorptions of the metal nanostructures. The presence of metal NRs induces also substantial change in the protein fluorescence emission. In particular, the relative contribution of the ordered-protein aggregates emission is enhanced by the presence of cysteine and thus strictly related to the surface chemistry of nanorods. The presence of more packed supramolecular structures in the films containing metal nanorods (in particular cysteine modified ones) is confirmed by ATR measurements. In addition, the films containing nanorods show a higher Young's modulus compared to keratin alone and again the effect is more pronounced for cysteine modified nanorods. Collectively, the reported results indicate the optical and mechanical properties of keratin composites films are related to a common property and can be tuned simultaneously, paving the way to the optimization and improvement of their performances and enhancing the exploitation of keratin composites in highly technological optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gambucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Seri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Zampini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Donnadio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Armida Torreggiani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), Bologna, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), Bologna, Italy
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177
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Millington KR. Anomalous fluorescence of white hair compared to other unpigmented keratin fibres. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:289-301. [PMID: 32219869 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that the tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence of natural white hair is much weaker than other unpigmented keratin fibres such as wool, cashmere, rabbit hair and mink fur, and to explore possible reasons for this behaviour. The origin of the blue visible fluorescence (~450 nm) excited by UVA radiation in the range 360-380 nm, often associated with Trp degradation products, is also discussed and compared to other fibrous and globular proteins. METHODS As the fluorescence spectrum of keratin fibres usually contains at least two major features, a visual comparison is more effectively demonstrated by creating a 3D contour plot of excitation versus emission wavelength, which is sometimes referred to as an excitation emission matrix (EEM). RESULTS The Trp fluorescence from white hair is very much weaker than for wool, cashmere, rabbit hair and mink fur, but its visible fluorescence emission is stronger. Oxidation and reduction have little effect on the Trp intensity, which suggests quenching by cystine is not a major factor. Decuticulation of hair fibres had no effect on the Trp intensity showing that the increased number of cuticle scales surrounding the fibre cortex is not responsible. Trp fluorescence is very sensitive to exposure to UVB wavelengths, so possibly its low intensity in hair is due to greater levels of environmental exposure to sunlight than the other fibres examined. CONCLUSION Trp fluorescence from natural white hair is either extremely weak or completely absent, in contrast to the four other keratin fibres examined. It is possible that environmental exposure to UV wavelengths presents in sunlight contributes to a reduction in the Trp fluorescence intensity of white hair. However, another explanation is that Trp is quenched, by either an unknown substance introduced into hair during keratinization or as a result of regular exposure to personal care products, which may interact with Trp or tyrosine residues and disrupt the energy transfer process involved in keratin fluorescence. Further studies will be required to definitively determine the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Millington
- Institute of Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3220, Australia
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178
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Lomakin IB, Hinbest AJ, Ho M, Eldirany SA, Bunick CG. Crystal Structure of Keratin 1/10(C401A) 2B Heterodimer Demonstrates a Proclivity for the C-Terminus of Helix 2B to Form Higher Order Molecular Contacts. Yale J Biol Med 2020; 93:3-17. [PMID: 32226330 PMCID: PMC7087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously determined the crystal structure of the wild-type keratin 1/10 helix 2B heterodimer at 3.3 Å resolution. We proposed that the resolution of the diffraction data was limited due to the crystal packing effect from keratin 10 (K10) residue Cys401. Cys401K10 formed a disulfide-linkage with Cys401 from another K1/10 heterodimer, creating an "X-shaped" structure and a loose crystal packing arrangement. We hypothesized that mutation of Cys401K10 to alanine would eliminate the disulfide-linkage and improve crystal packing thereby increasing resolution of diffraction and enabling a more accurate side chain electron density map. Indeed, when a K10 Cys401Ala 2B mutant was paired with its native keratin 1 (K1) 2B heterodimer partner its x-ray crystal structure was determined at 2.07 Å resolution; the structure does not contain a disulfide linkage. Superposition of the K1/K10(Cys401Ala) 2B structure onto the wild-type K1/10 2B heterodimer structure had a root-mean-square-deviation of 1.88 Å; the variability in the atomic positions reflects the dynamic motion expected in this filamentous coiled-coil complex. The electrostatic, hydrophobic, and contour features of the molecular surface are similar to the lower resolution wild-type structure. We postulated that elimination of the disulfide linkage in the K1/K10(Cys401Ala) 2B structure could allow for the 2B heterodimers to bind/pack in the A22 tetramer configuration associated with mature keratin intermediate filament assembly. Analysis of the crystal packing revealed a half-staggered anti-parallel tetrameric complex of 2B heterodimers; however, their register is not consistent with models of the A22 mode of tetrameric alignment or prior biochemical cross-linking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B. Lomakin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Christopher G. Bunick
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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179
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Posati T, Listwan A, Sotgiu G, Torreggiani A, Zamboni R, Aluigi A. Keratin/Hydrotalcites Hybrid Sponges as Promising Adsorbents for Cationic and Anionic Dyes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:68. [PMID: 32154225 PMCID: PMC7047220 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, keratin sponges were prepared by freeze-drying method and tested for adsorption of Azure A and Methyl Orange dyes. The obtained materials showed a porosity of 99.92% and a mean pore size dimension of about 91 μm. The use of oxidized sucrose with a heating treatment at 150°C was demonstrated to be a useful crosslinking procedure alternative to the conventional glutaraldehyde. Keratin sponges showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.063 and of 0.037 mmol/g for Azure A and Methyl Orange, respectively. The absorption of the cationic dye Azure A onto keratin sponges was better described by Freundlich model while the isotherm adsorption of the anionic Methyl Orange was found to correlate with both Langmuir and Freundlich models. The mean free energies evaluated by using the D-R model indicated a physisorption of Methyl Orange and a chemisorptions of Azure A onto keratin sponges. Finally, the functionalization of keratin sponges with Zn Al hydrotalcites nanoparticles did not affect the adsorption performances of the adsorbent toward the cationic dye Azure A, while it improved those toward the anionic Methyl Orange, increasing the related removal efficiencies from 43 to 96%. Collectively, the reported data indicates that the combination of keratin with hydrotalcites nanoparticles is a good strategy to obtain more functional adsorbent materials of potential interest for water treatment and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Posati
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arthur Listwan
- Chimie Paris Tech – Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chemie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Armida Torreggiani
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy
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180
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He M, Chen M, Dou Y, Ding J, Yue H, Yin G, Chen X, Cui Y. Electrospun Silver Nanoparticles-Embedded Feather Keratin/Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Poly(ethylene oxide) Antibacterial Composite Nanofibers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E305. [PMID: 32028586 PMCID: PMC7077473 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers, which contain >90% keratin, are valuable natural protein resources. The aim of this study is to prepare antimicrobial feather keratin (FK)-based nanofibers by incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A series of AgNPs-embedded feather keratin/poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene oxide) (FK/PVA/PEO) composite nanofibers with varying amounts of AgNPs content were fabricated by electrospinning. Their morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, tensile property, and antibacterial activity were systematically investigated. The average diameters of composite nanofibers gradually decreased with increases in the amount of AgNPs. The crystallinity, thermal stability, and antibacterial activity of FK/PVA/PEO nanofibers were enhanced by embedding AgNPs. When embedded with 1.2% AgNPs, both the tensile strength and elongation-at-break reached the highest level. This work has the potential to expand the application of FK-based nanofibers in the biomaterial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.C.); (J.D.); (X.C.)
| | - Man Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.C.); (J.D.); (X.C.)
| | - Yao Dou
- Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Chengdu Polytechnic, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Jiao Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.C.); (J.D.); (X.C.)
| | - Hangbo Yue
- School of Chemical Engineering & Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Guoqiang Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.C.); (J.D.); (X.C.)
| | - Xunjun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.C.); (J.D.); (X.C.)
| | - Yingde Cui
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510550, China;
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181
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Navarro J, Clohessy RM, Holder RC, Gabard AR, Herendeen GJ, Christy RJ, Burnett LR, Fisher JP. In Vivo Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Printed, Keratin-Based Hydrogels in a Porcine Thermal Burn Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:265-278. [PMID: 31774034 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin is a natural material that can be derived from the cortex of human hair. Our group had previously presented a method for the printed, sequential production of three-dimensional (3D) keratin scaffolds. Using a riboflavin-sodium persulfate-hydroquinone (initiator-catalyst-inhibitor) photosensitive solution, we produced 3D keratin-based constructs through ultraviolet crosslinking in a lithography-based 3D printer. In this study, we have used this bioink to produce a keratin-based construct that is capable of delivering small molecules, providing an environment conducive to healing of dermal burn wounds in vivo, and maintaining stability in customized packaging. We characterized the effects of manufacturing steps, such as lyophilization and gamma irradiation sterilization on the properties of 3D printed keratin scaffolds prepared for in vivo testing. Keratin hydrogels are viable for the uptake and release of contracture-inhibiting Halofuginone, a collagen synthesis inhibitor that has been shown to decrease collagen synthesis in fibrosis cases. This small-molecule delivery provides a mechanism to reduce scarring of severe burn wounds in vitro. In vivo data show that the Halofuginone-laden printed keratin is noninferior to other similar approaches reported in literature. This is indicative that the use of 3D printed keratin is not inhibiting the healing processes, and the inclusion of Halofuginone induces a more organized dermal healing after a burn; in other words, this treatment is slower but improves healing. These studies are indicative of the potential of Halofuginone-laden keratin dressings in dermal wound healing. We aim to keep increasing the complexity of the 3D printed constructs toward the production of complex scaffolds for the treatment and topographical reconstruction of severe burn wounds to the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Navarro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Center for Engineering Complex Tissue, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Christy
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Combat Trauma and Burn Injury Research, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Center for Engineering Complex Tissue, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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182
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Slater TS, McNamara ME, Orr PJ, Foley TB, Ito S, Wakamatsu K. Taphonomic experiments resolve controls on the preservation of melanosomes and keratinous tissues in feathers. Palaeontology 2020; 63:103-115. [PMID: 32025055 PMCID: PMC6988486 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fossils are a key source of data on the evolution of feather structure and function through deep time, but their ability to resolve macroevolutionary questions is compromised by an incomplete understanding of their taphonomy. Critically, the relative preservation potential of two key feather components, melanosomes and keratinous tissue, is not fully resolved. Recent studies suggesting that melanosomes are preferentially preserved conflict with observations that melanosomes preserve in fossil feathers as external moulds in an organic matrix. To date, there is no model to explain the latter mode of melanosome preservation. We addressed these issues by degrading feathers in systematic taphonomic experiments incorporating decay, maturation and oxidation in isolation and combination. Our results reveal that the production of mouldic melanosomes requires interactions with an oxidant and is most likely to occur prior to substantial maturation. This constrains the taphonomic conditions under which melanosomes are likely to be fossilized. Critically, our experiments also confirm that keratinous feather structures have a higher preservation potential than melanosomes under a range of diagenetic conditions, supporting hitherto controversial hypotheses that fossil feathers can retain degraded keratinous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S. Slater
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Maria E. McNamara
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Patrick J. Orr
- UCDSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Tara B. Foley
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of ChemistryFujita Health University School of Health SciencesToyoakeAichiJapan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of ChemistryFujita Health University School of Health SciencesToyoakeAichiJapan
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183
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Karpovich SA, Horstmann LA, Polasek LK. Validation of a novel method to create temporal records of hormone concentrations from the claws of ringed and bearded seals. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa073. [PMID: 32864135 PMCID: PMC7446537 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) inhabit vast and often remote areas in the Arctic, making it difficult to obtain long-term physiological information concerning health and reproduction. These seals are experiencing climate-driven changes in their habitat that could result in physiological stress. Chronic physiological stress can lead to immunosuppression, decreased reproduction and decreased growth. Recently, keratin has become a popular matrix to measure steroid hormones, such as stress-related cortisol and reproduction-related progesterone. We developed and validated methods to extract cortisol and progesterone from the claws of adult female ringed (n = 20) and bearded (n = 3) seals using enzyme immunosorbent assays. As ringed and bearded seal claws grow, a pair of dark- and light-colored bands of keratin is deposited annually providing a guide for sampling. Two processing methods were evaluated, removal of claw material with a grinding bit or grinding followed by mechanical pulverization (102 paired samples from six claws, two each from three seals). Adding the mechanical pulverization step resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in hormone extraction. Progesterone from the proximal claw band was evaluated to biologically validate claw material as a measure of pregnancy in ringed seals (n = 14). Claws from pregnant seals had significantly higher claw progesterone concentrations than from non-pregnant seals. This suggests that the elevated progesterone associated with gestation was reflected in the claws, and that the most proximal claw band was indicative of pregnancy status at time of death. Thus, although the sample size was low and the collection dates unbalanced, this study demonstrates the potential to use claws to examine an extended time series (up to 12 yrs) of cortisol and progesterone concentrations in ringed and bearded seal claws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A Karpovich
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Marine Mammal Program, Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA
- Corresponding author: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Marine Mammal Program, Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA. Tel: 907 459 7322.
| | - Larissa A Horstmann
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Lori K Polasek
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Marine Mammal Program, Juneau, AK 99811, USA
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184
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Donato RK, Mija A. Keratin Associations with Synthetic, Biosynthetic and Natural Polymers: An Extensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E32. [PMID: 31878054 PMCID: PMC7023547 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the biopolymers from animal sources, keratin is one the most abundant, with a major contribution from side stream products from cattle, ovine and poultry industry, offering many opportunities to produce cost-effective and sustainable advanced materials. Although many reviews have discussed the application of keratin in polymer-based biomaterials, little attention has been paid to its potential in association with other polymer matrices. Thus, herein, we present an extensive literature review summarizing keratin's compatibility with other synthetic, biosynthetic and natural polymers, and its effect on the materials' final properties in a myriad of applications. First, we revise the historical context of keratin use, describe its structure, chemical toolset and methods of extraction, overview and differentiate keratins obtained from different sources, highlight the main areas where keratin associations have been applied, and describe the possibilities offered by its chemical toolset. Finally, we contextualize keratin's potential for addressing current issues in materials sciences, focusing on the effect of keratin when associated to other polymers' matrices from biomedical to engineering applications, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo K. Donato
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
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185
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that the tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence of natural white hair is much weaker than other unpigmented keratin fibres such as wool, cashmere, rabbit hair and mink fur, and to explore possible reasons for this behaviour. The origin of the blue visible fluorescence (~450 nm) excited by UVA radiation in the range 360-380 nm, often associated with Trp degradation products, is also discussed and compared to other fibrous and globular proteins. METHODS As the fluorescence spectrum of keratin fibres usually contains at least two major features, a visual comparison is more effectively demonstrated by creating a 3D contour plot of excitation versus emission wavelength, which is sometimes referred to as an excitation emission matrix (EEM). RESULTS The Trp fluorescence from white hair is very much weaker than for wool, cashmere, rabbit hair and mink fur, but its visible fluorescence emission is stronger. Oxidation and reduction have little effect on the Trp intensity, which suggests quenching by cystine is not a major factor. Decuticulation of hair fibres had no effect on the Trp intensity showing that the increased number of cuticle scales surrounding the fibre cortex is not responsible. Trp fluorescence is very sensitive to exposure to UVB wavelengths, so possibly its low intensity in hair is due to greater levels of environmental exposure to sunlight than the other fibres examined. CONCLUSION Trp fluorescence from natural white hair is either extremely weak or completely absent, in contrast to the four other keratin fibres examined. It is possible that environmental exposure to UV wavelengths present in sunlight contributes to a reduction in the Trp fluorescence intensity of white hair. However another explanation is that Trp is quenched, by either an unknown substance introduced into hair during keratinisation, or as a result of regular exposure to personal care products, which may interact with Trp or tyrosine residues and disrupt the energy transfer process involved in keratin fluorescence. Further studies will be required to definitively determine the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Millington
- Institute of Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3220, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jennifer M Marsh
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, 45040, USA
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186
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Abstract
Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of feathers from poultry industries, the untreated feathers could become pollutants because of their resistance to protease degradation. Feathers are rich in amino acids, which makes them a valuable source for fertilizer and animal feeds. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. This review summarizes recent progress in microbial degradation of feathers, structures of keratinases, feather application, and microorganisms that are able to secrete keratinase. In addition, the enzymes critical for keratin degradation and their mechanism of action are discussed. We also proposed the strategy that can be utilized for feather degradation. Based on the accumulated studies, microbial degradation of feathers has great potential to convert them into various products such as biofertilizer and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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187
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Yang X, Yamazaki H, Yamakoshi Y, Duverger O, Morasso MI, Beniash E. Trafficking and secretion of keratin 75 by ameloblasts in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18475-18487. [PMID: 31628189 PMCID: PMC6885611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly specialized cytoskeletal protein, keratin 75 (K75), expressed primarily in hair follicles, nail beds, and lingual papillae, was recently discovered in dental enamel, the most highly mineralized hard tissue in the human body. Among many questions this discovery poses, the fundamental question regarding the trafficking and secretion of this protein, which lacks a signal peptide, is of an utmost importance. Here, we present evidence that K75 is expressed during the secretory stage of enamel formation and is present in the forming enamel matrix. We further show that K75 is secreted together with major enamel matrix proteins amelogenin and ameloblastin, and it was detected in Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) but not in rough ER (rER). Inhibition of ER-Golgi transport by brefeldin A did not affect the association of K75 with Golgi, whereas ameloblastin accumulated in rER, and its transport from rER into Golgi was disrupted. Together, these results indicate that K75, a cytosolic protein lacking a signal sequence, is secreted into the forming enamel matrix utilizing portions of the conventional ER-Golgi secretory pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing insights into mechanisms of keratin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Hajime Yamazaki
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan
| | - Olivier Duverger
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
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188
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Wan X, Li P, Jin X, Su F, Shen J, Yuan J. Poly(ε-caprolactone)/ keratin/heparin/VEGF biocomposite mats for vascular tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:292-300. [PMID: 31606923 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an effective growth and angiogenic cytokine, which stimulates proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, and promotes angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Binding VEGF with heparin could protect it from rapid degradation, subsequently allowing it to be controlled release. Primarily, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and keratin were coelectrospun, followed by conjugating with heparin and subsequently binding VEGF. The loaded heparin and VEGF on these mats were quantified, respectively. The surface characteristics of mats were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The VEGF delivery results indicated these mats could sustainably release VEGF for 2 weeks. Cell viability assays suggested these mats were valid to accelerate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation, while inhibit human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs) growth under the combined actions of VEGF and heparin. The results tested by blood clotting times (APTT, PT, and TT), hemolysis, and platelet adhesion indicated the mats were blood compatible. To sum up, these biocomposite mats are ideal scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xingxing Jin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fu Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bio-functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PR China
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189
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Ye X, Yuan J, Jiang Z, Wang S, Wang P, Wang Q, Cui L. Thiol-ene photoclick reaction: An eco-friendly and facile approach for preparation of MPEG-g- keratin biomaterial. Eng Life Sci 2019; 20:17-25. [PMID: 32625043 PMCID: PMC6999080 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool keratin is a natural material with excellent properties, which is considered as scaffold biomaterial for tissue engineering. Polyethylene glycol can improve the mechanical properties of keratin materials because of its excellent biocompatibility and plasticity. In the present work, poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (MPEGMA) was grafted onto keratin by thiol-ene photoclick reaction. The results of FTIR and SDS-PAGE verified the successful reaction between MPEGMA and keratin. Compared with the keratin, circular dichroism and XRD results showed that the β-sheet ratio increased in MPEG-g-keratin. Additionally, it can be found that the exposure of keratin hydrophobic amino acids increased quickly and the micelle size became larger due to the introduction of MPEG from the results of fluorescence spectroscopy and particle size analysis. The MPEG-g- keratin was formed into a membrane to further study the application of the modified keratin. Compared with the keratin membrane, the flexibility and biocompatibility of modified keratin have been improved. This work provides an eco-friendly and facile approach for preparation of the keratin biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Jiugang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Shuoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
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190
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Cokus SJ, De La Torre M, Medina EF, Rasmussen JP, Ramirez-Gutierrez J, Sagasti A, Wang F. Tissue-Specific Transcriptomes Reveal Gene Expression Trajectories in Two Maturing Skin Epithelial Layers in Zebrafish Embryos. G3 (Bethesda) 2019; 9:3439-52. [PMID: 31431477 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the building blocks of many organs, including skin. The vertebrate skin initially consists of two epithelial layers, the outer periderm and inner basal cell layers, which have distinct properties, functions, and fates. The embryonic periderm ultimately disappears during development, whereas basal cells proliferate to form the mature, stratified epidermis. Although much is known about mechanisms of homeostasis in mature skin, relatively little is known about the two cell types in pre-stratification skin. To define the similarities and distinctions between periderm and basal skin epithelial cells, we purified them from zebrafish at early development stages and deeply profiled their gene expression. These analyses identified groups of genes whose tissue enrichment changed at each stage, defining gene flow dynamics of maturing vertebrate epithelia. At each of 52 and 72 hr post-fertilization (hpf), more than 60% of genes enriched in skin cells were similarly expressed in both layers, indicating that they were common epithelial genes, but many others were enriched in one layer or the other. Both expected and novel genes were enriched in periderm and basal cell layers. Genes encoding extracellular matrix, junctional, cytoskeletal, and signaling proteins were prominent among those distinguishing the two epithelial cell types. In situ hybridization and BAC transgenes confirmed our expression data and provided new tools to study zebrafish skin. Collectively, these data provide a resource for studying common and distinguishing features of maturing epithelia.
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191
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Cheah JS, Jacobs KA, Heinrich V, Lo SH, Yamada S. Force-induced recruitment of cten along keratin network in epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19799-801. [PMID: 31527270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911865116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton provides structural integrity to cells and serves as a key component in mechanotransduction. Tensins are thought to provide a force-bearing linkage between integrins and the actin cytoskeleton; yet, direct evidence of tensin’s role in mechanotransduction is lacking. We here report that local force application to epithelial cells using a micrometer-sized needle leads to rapid accumulation of cten (tensin 4), but not tensin 1, along a fibrous intracellular network. Surprisingly, cten-positive fibers are not actin fibers; instead, these fibers are keratin intermediate filaments. The dissociation of cten from tension-free keratin fibers depends on the duration of cell stretch, demonstrating that the external force favors maturation of cten−keratin network interactions over time and that keratin fibers retain remarkable structural memory of a cell’s force-bearing state. These results establish the keratin network as an integral part of force-sensing elements recruiting distinct proteins like cten and suggest the existence of a mechanotransduction pathway via keratin network.
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192
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Shen B, Zhang D, Wei Y, Zhao Z, Ma X, Zhao X, Wang S, Yang W. Preparation of Ag Doped Keratin/PA6 Nanofiber Membrane with Enhanced Air Filtration and Antimicrobial Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1511. [PMID: 31527547 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coarse wool is a kind of goat wool that is difficult to further process in the textile industry due to its large diameter, dispersion, better strength, and less bending. Therefore, coarse wool is often discarded as waste or made into low-cost products. In this work, keratin was extracted from coarse wool by a high-efficiency method, and then, an Ag-doped keratin/PA6 composite nanofiber membrane with enhanced filtration and antibacterial performance was prepared using HCOOH as solvent and reductant. HAADF-STEM (high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy) shows that AgNPs are uniformly distributed in keratin/PA6 (30/70) nanofibers. TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) were employed to investigate the thermal stability of composite membranes with different keratin and AgNP contents. The present keratin as a dopant with polyamide-6 (PA6) was found not only to improve air filtration efficiency but also to enhance water–vapour transmission (WVT). The addition of the Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) gave a strong antibacterial activity to the composite membrane against Staphylococcus aureus (99.62%) and Escherichia coli (99.10%). Bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of the composite membrane against S. aureus and E. coli were up to 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively. All of the results suggested a great potential for coarse wool extraction and application in the air filtration field.
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193
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Zarei M, Tanideh N, Zare S, Aslani FS, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Rowshanghias A, Pourjavaheri F, Mehryar P, Muthuraj R. Electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/chicken feather-derived keratin scaffolds: Fabrication, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility evaluation. J Biomater Appl 2019; 34:741-752. [PMID: 31488016 DOI: 10.1177/0885328219873090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moein Zarei
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Zare
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sari Aslani
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Aida Rowshanghias
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Pouyan Mehryar
- Institute of Design, Robotics and Optimisation, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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194
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Eckhart L, Ehrlich F, Tschachler E. A Stress Response Program at the Origin of Evolutionary Innovation in the Skin. Evol Bioinform Online 2019; 15:1176934319862246. [PMID: 31322629 PMCID: PMC6610402 DOI: 10.1177/1176934319862246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin epithelium, ie, the epidermis, of dolphins and whales (cetaceans) is up
to 50 times thicker than that of humans and other mammals living on land.
Recently, comparative genomics revealed further striking differences in the
cytoskeleton of the outer layers of the epidermis in aquatic and terrestrial
mammals. Cetaceans lack the cytoskeletal keratins, which make up more than half
of the total protein mass in the cornified epidermal layer of terrestrial
mammals under homeostatic conditions. By contrast, orthologs of stress-inducible
epithelial keratins are conserved in cetaceans and these keratins are
constitutively expressed in their skin. Thus, the epidermal stress response
program of a terrestrial common ancestor of modern mammals has become the
default program of epidermal differentiation and a central component of the
unique cutaneous organization of cetaceans. We propose that phenotypic
plasticity during stress responses plays important roles in the evolution of the
skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Ehrlich
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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195
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Yang Q, Pinto VMR, Duan W, Paxton EE, Dessauer JH, Ryan W, Lopez MJ. In vitro Characteristics of Heterogeneous Equine Hoof Progenitor Cell Isolates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:155. [PMID: 31355191 PMCID: PMC6637248 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to an ectodermal-mesodermal interface like that in the equine hoof and human finger nail bed can permanently alter tissue structure and associated function. The purpose of this study was to establish and validate in vitro culture of primary progenitor cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junction in equine hooves, the stratum internum, with and without chronic inflammation known to contribute to lifelong tissue defects. The following were evaluated in hoof stratum internum cell isolates up to 5 cell passages (P): expansion capacity by cell doublings and doubling time; plasticity with multi-lineage differentiation and colony-forming unit (CFU) frequency percentage; immunophenotype with immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; gene expression with RT-PCR; and ultrastructure with transmission electron microscopy. The presence of keratin (K)14, 15 and K19 as well as cluster of differentiation (CD)44 and CD29 was determined in situ with immunohistochemistry. To confirm in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, cell-scaffold (polyethylene glycol/poly-L-lactic acid and tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite) constructs were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy 9 weeks after implantation in athymic mice. Cultured cells had characteristic progenitor cell morphology, expansion, CFU frequency percentage and adipocytic, osteoblastic, and neurocytic differentiation capacity. CD44, CD29, K14, K15 and K19 proteins were present in native hoof stratum internum. Cultured cells also expressed K15, K19 and desmogleins 1 and 3. Gene expression of CD105, CD44, K14, K15, sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) was confirmed in vitro. Cultured cells had large, eccentric nuclei, elongated mitochondria, and intracellular vacuoles. Scaffold implants with cells contained fibrous ECM 9 weeks after implantation compared to little or none on acellular scaffolds. In vitro expansion and plasticity and in vivo ECM deposition of heterogeneous, immature cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue interface of normal and chronically inflamed hooves are typical of primary cell isolates from other adult tissues, and they appear to have both mesodermal and ectodermal qualities in vitro. These results establish a unique cell culture model to target preventative and restorative therapies for ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiu Yang
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Vanessa Marigo Rocha Pinto
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Wei Duan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Erica E Paxton
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jenna H Dessauer
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - William Ryan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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196
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Tryon RK, Tolar J, Preusser SM, Riddle MJ, Keene DR, Bower M, Thyagarajan B, Ebens CL. A homozygous frameshift variant in the KRT5 gene is compatible with life and results in severe recessive epidermolysis bullosa simplex. JAAD Case Rep 2019; 5:576-579. [PMID: 31312705 PMCID: PMC6610641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Tryon
- Department of Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sarah M Preusser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan J Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Matthew Bower
- Department of Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christen L Ebens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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197
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Field CM, Pelletier JF, Mitchison TJ. Disassembly of Actin and Keratin Networks by Aurora B Kinase at the Midplane of Cleaving Xenopus laevis Eggs. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1999-2008.e4. [PMID: 31178324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The large length scale of Xenopus laevis eggs facilitates observation of bulk cytoplasm dynamics far from the cortex during cytokinesis. The first furrow ingresses through the egg midplane, which is demarcated by chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) localized on microtubule bundles at the boundary between asters. Using an extract system, we found that local kinase activity of the Aurora B kinase (AURKB) subunit of the CPC caused disassembly of F-actin and keratin between asters and local softening of the cytoplasm as assayed by flow patterns. Beads coated with active CPC mimicked aster boundaries and caused AURKB-dependent disassembly of F-actin and keratin that propagated ∼40 μm without microtubules and much farther with microtubules present. Consistent with extract observations, we observed disassembly of the keratin network between asters in zygotes fixed before and during 1st cytokinesis. We propose that active CPC at aster boundaries locally reduces cytoplasmic stiffness by disassembling actin and keratin networks. Possible functions of this local disassembly include helping sister centrosomes move apart after mitosis, preparing a soft path for furrow ingression, and releasing G-actin from internal networks to build cortical networks that support furrow ingression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Field
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02153, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - James F Pelletier
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02153, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02153, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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198
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Eldirany SA, Ho M, Hinbest AJ, Lomakin IB, Bunick CG. Human keratin 1/10-1B tetramer structures reveal a knob-pocket mechanism in intermediate filament assembly. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100741. [PMID: 31036554 PMCID: PMC6545558 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize keratin intermediate filament assembly mechanisms at atomic resolution, we determined the crystal structure of wild-type human keratin-1/keratin-10 helix 1B heterotetramer at 3.0 Å resolution. It revealed biochemical determinants for the A11 mode of axial alignment in keratin filaments. Four regions on a hydrophobic face of the K1/K10-1B heterodimer dictated tetramer assembly: the N-terminal hydrophobic pocket (defined by L227K1, Y230K1, F231K1, and F234K1), the K10 hydrophobic stripe, K1 interaction residues, and the C-terminal anchoring knob (formed by F314K1 and L318K1). Mutation of both knob residues to alanine disrupted keratin 1B tetramer and full-length filament assembly. Individual knob residue mutant F314AK1, but not L318AK1, abolished 1B tetramer formation. The K1-1B knob/pocket mechanism is conserved across keratins and many non-keratin intermediate filaments. To demonstrate how pathogenic mutations cause skin disease by altering filament assembly, we additionally determined the 2.39 Å structure of K1/10-1B containing a S233LK1 mutation linked to epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Light scattering and circular dichroism measurements demonstrated enhanced aggregation of K1S233L/K10-1B in solution without affecting secondary structure. The K1S233L/K10-1B octamer structure revealed S233LK1 causes aberrant hydrophobic interactions between 1B tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minh Ho
- Department of DermatologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | | | - Ivan B Lomakin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of DermatologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA,Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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199
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Essendoubi M, Meunier M, Scandolera A, Gobinet C, Manfait M, Lambert C, Auriol D, Reynaud R, Piot O. Conformation changes in human hair keratin observed using confocal Raman spectroscopy after active ingredient application. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:203-212. [PMID: 30946493 PMCID: PMC6852583 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In hair care cosmetic products' evaluation, one commonly used method is to evaluate the hair appearance as a gold standard in order to determine the effect of an active ingredient on the final state of the hair via visual appreciation. Although other techniques have been proposed for a direct analysis of the hair fibres, they give only surface or structural information, without any accurate molecular information. A different approach based on confocal Raman spectroscopy has been proposed for tracking in situ the molecular change in the keratin directly in the human hair fibres. It presents a high molecular specificity to detect chemical interactions between molecules and can provide molecular information at various depths at the cortex and cuticle levels. METHODS To evaluate the potential of confocal Raman spectroscopy in testing the efficiency of cosmetic ingredients on keratin structure, we undertook a pilot study on the effectiveness of a smoothing shampoo on natural human hair, by analysing α-helix and β-sheet spectral markers in the Amide I band and spectral markers specific to the cystin sulfur content. RESULTS We confirmed that an active proved to be effective on a gold standard decreases α-helix keratin conformation and promotes β-sheet keratin conformation in the hair fibres. We also showed that treatment with the effective active decreases the intensity of covalent disulfide (S-S at 510 cm-1 ) cross-linking bands of cysteine. These data confirm that the effective active also acts on the tertiary structure of keratin. CONCLUSION From these experiments, we concluded that the effective active has a smoothing effect on the human hair fibres by acting on α-helix and β-sheet keratin conformation and on the tertiary structure of keratin. Based on these results, confocal Raman spectroscopy can be considered a powerful technique for investigating the influence of hair cosmetic ingredients on keratin structure in human hair fibres. Moreover, this analytical technique has the advantage of being non-destructive and label free; in addition, it does not require sample extraction or purification and it can be applied routinely in cosmetic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Essendoubi
- EA 7506 Biospectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpectT)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne51 rue Cognac JayReimsFrance
- Biophysic LaboratoryFaculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of Abdel Malek EssâdiTangerMOUSA
| | - M. Meunier
- Givaudan France SAS Argenteuil55 Rue de la Voie des Bans, Research and DevelopmentPomacleFrance
| | - A. Scandolera
- Givaudan France SAS Argenteuil55 Rue de la Voie des Bans, Research and DevelopmentPomacleFrance
| | - C. Gobinet
- EA 7506 Biospectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpectT)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne51 rue Cognac JayReimsFrance
| | - M. Manfait
- EA 7506 Biospectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpectT)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne51 rue Cognac JayReimsFrance
| | - C. Lambert
- Givaudan France SAS Argenteuil55 Rue de la Voie des Bans, Research and DevelopmentPomacleFrance
| | - D. Auriol
- Givaudan France SAS Argenteuil55 Rue de la Voie des Bans, Research and DevelopmentPomacleFrance
| | - R. Reynaud
- Givaudan France SAS Argenteuil55 Rue de la Voie des Bans, Research and DevelopmentPomacleFrance
| | - O. Piot
- EA 7506 Biospectroscopie Translationnelle (BioSpectT)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne51 rue Cognac JayReimsFrance
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200
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Abstract
Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PMHE) is a new entity. It is an intermediate soft tissue tumor clinically and/or histopathologically mimicking some other high-grade malignant tumors and some inflammatory diseases. We report a case of PMHE on the left plantar surface of a 28-year-old woman. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed spindle and epithelioid cells with plump and atypical nuclei proliferated in the dermis and subcutaneous fat tissue with marked fibroplasia. Both spindle and epithelioid cells had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for AE1/AE3, CK7, vimentin, CD31, FLI-1, ERG, and INI-1. From those findings, we made the diagnosis of PMHE. We describe the main points of differentiation between PMHE and diseases that have similar clinical and/or histopathological findings, including cellular dermatofibroma, spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma, epithelioid sarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, epithelioid angiosarcoma, nodular or proliferative fasciitis, and granulomatous fibrosing granulation tissue due to a ruptured epidermal cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Ansai
- Division of Dermatology and Dermatopathology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Maya Morimoto
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Satoshi Akaishi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
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