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Grúz A, Déri J, Szemerédy G, Szabó K, Kormos É, Bartha A, Lehel J, Budai P. Monitoring of heavy metal burden in wild birds at eastern/north-eastern part of Hungary. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:6378-6386. [PMID: 29249025 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of different heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) were examined in the contour feathers of long-eared owl (Asio otus), little owl (Athene noctua), tawny owl (Strix aluco), barn owl (Tyto alba), Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), rook (Corvus frugilegus), hooded crow (Corvus cornix), carrion crow (Corvus corone), common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). The samples were collected from the Hortobágyi Madárpark (Bird Hospital Foundation) in Hungary. The bird species were classified into six groups based on their nourishment. Feathers were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The aim of our study was to determine the concentration of the above-mentioned heavy metals in the six different groups and to compare them by the groups, to find a possible connection between the concentrations and the age of birds and to get some information about the heavy metal burden of the environment. The highest As concentration was measured in little owl (0.65 ± 0.56 mg/kg). The highest Cd, Cr and Pb concentration was found in the feathers of barn swallow (0.13 ± 0.06 mg/kg; 1.69 ± 0.44 mg/kg; 5.36 ± 1.46 mg/kg), while the highest Cu and Hg concentration (65.45 ± 17.66 mg/kg; 2.72 ± 1.08 mg/kg) in sparrowhawk feathers and the highest Zn concentration in owls (157.21 ± 57.3 mg/kg). Statistically significant difference has been determined between the juvenile and adult crows in the case of Cd (p = 0.011). The higher concentration was measured in adults (0.14 ± 0.04 mg/kg) than that in juveniles (0.08 ± 0.02 mg/kg). Based on our results, the examined area is not contaminated by these heavy metals on that level, which can cause any adverse effect or poisoning in birds, so this region is safe to wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Grúz
- Department of Hygiene, Institution for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák F. u. 16, Keszthely, 8360, Hungary.
| | - János Déri
- Bird Hospital Foundation, Petőfi tér 6, Hortobágy, 4071, Hungary
| | - Géza Szemerédy
- Department of Hygiene, Institution for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák F. u. 16, Keszthely, 8360, Hungary
| | - Korinna Szabó
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, Budapest, 1400, Hungary
| | - Éva Kormos
- Department of Hygiene, Institution for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák F. u. 16, Keszthely, 8360, Hungary
| | - András Bartha
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herdhealth and Veterinary Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, Budapest, 1400, Hungary
| | - József Lehel
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, Budapest, 1400, Hungary
| | - Péter Budai
- Department of Hygiene, Institution for Plant Protection, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák F. u. 16, Keszthely, 8360, Hungary
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152
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Scott PD, Coleman HM, Khan S, Lim R, McDonald JA, Mondon J, Neale PA, Prochazka E, Tremblay LA, Warne MSJ, Leusch FDL. Histopathology, vitellogenin and chemical body burden in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) sampled from six river sites receiving a gradient of stressors. Sci Total Environ 2018; 616-617:1638-1648. [PMID: 29079092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There are over 40,000 chemical compounds registered for use in Australia, and only a handful are monitored in the aquatic receiving environments. Their effects on fish species in Australia are largely unknown. Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) were sampled from six river sites in Southeast Queensland identified as at risk from a range of pollutants. The sites selected were downstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge, a landfill, two agricultural areas, and two sites in undeveloped reaches within or downstream of protected lands (national parks). Vitellogenin analysis, histopathology of liver, kidney and gonads, morphology of the gonopodium, and chemical body burden were measured to characterize fish health. Concentrations of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) in water were analyzed by in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti-androgenic, progestagenic and anti-progestagenic activities and TrOCs were detected in multiple water samples. Several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), industrial compounds, pesticides and other endocrine active compounds were detected in fish carcasses at all sites, ranging from <4-4700ng/g wet weight, including the two undeveloped sites. While vitellogenin protein was slightly increased in fish from two of the six sites, the presence of micropollutants did not cause overt sexual endocrine disruption in mosquitofish (i.e., no abnormal gonads or gonopodia). A correlation between lipid accumulation in the liver with total body burden warrants further investigation to determine if exposure to low concentrations of TrOCs can affect fish health and increase stress on organs such as the liver and kidneys via other mechanisms, including disruption of non-sexual endocrine axes involved in lipid regulation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Scott
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Heather M Coleman
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart Khan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard Lim
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - James A McDonald
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Julie Mondon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Victoria 3280, Australia
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Erik Prochazka
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Louis A Tremblay
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St. East, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, PO Box 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael St J Warne
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia; Water Quality and Investigations, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Queensland Government, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Queensland 4222, Australia.
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153
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Ainsbury EA, Samaga D, Della Monaca S, Marrale M, Bassinet C, Burbidge CI, Correcher V, Discher M, Eakins J, Fattibene P, Güçlü I, Higueras M, Lund E, Maltar-Strmecki N, McKeever S, Rääf CL, Sholom S, Veronese I, Wieser A, Woda C, Trompier F. UNCERTAINTY ON RADIATION DOSES ESTIMATED BY BIOLOGICAL AND RETROSPECTIVE PHYSICAL METHODS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 178:382-404. [PMID: 28981844 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological and physical retrospective dosimetry are recognised as key techniques to provide individual estimates of dose following unplanned exposures to ionising radiation. Whilst there has been a relatively large amount of recent development in the biological and physical procedures, development of statistical analysis techniques has failed to keep pace. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of the art in uncertainty analysis techniques across the 'EURADOS Working Group 10-Retrospective dosimetry' members, to give concrete examples of implementation of the techniques recommended in the international standards, and to further promote the use of Monte Carlo techniques to support characterisation of uncertainties. It is concluded that sufficient techniques are available and in use by most laboratories for acute, whole body exposures to highly penetrating radiation, but further work will be required to ensure that statistical analysis is always wholly sufficient for the more complex exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Daniel Samaga
- Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sara Della Monaca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marrale
- Department of Physics and Chemistry and Advanced Technologies Network Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Celine Bassinet
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, BP 17 - 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex 31, Avenue de la Division Leclerc 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Christopher I Burbidge
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiological Protection, 3 Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland
| | - Virgilio Correcher
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Centro de la Moncloa, Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Discher
- University of Salzburg, Department of Geography and Geology, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jon Eakins
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxford OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Paola Fattibene
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Inci Güçlü
- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, Dumlupinar Bulvari, No: 192, 06510, Çankaya - Ankara, Turkey
| | - Manuel Higueras
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, E-48009 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Eva Lund
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nadica Maltar-Strmecki
- Ruder Boškovic Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Laboratory for Magnetic Resonances, Bijenicka cesta 54,10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephen McKeever
- Oklahoma State University, 145 Physical Sciences, Campus, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Christopher L Rääf
- Medicinsk strålningsfysik, Institutionen för Translationell Medicin, Lunds universitet, Skånes universitetssjukhus SUS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sergey Sholom
- Oklahoma State University, 145 Physical Sciences, Campus, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ivan Veronese
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Physics and National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133 - Milano, Italy
| | - Albrecht Wieser
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Woda
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Francois Trompier
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire, BP 17 - 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex 31, Avenue de la Division Leclerc 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
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154
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Abstract
During the aftermath of a radiological accident or attack, the rapid identification of individuals who have internalized medically significant amounts of material is paramount to guide medical and public health decisions. This paper explores the utility of hand-held, pancake GM detectors to determine if an individual has inhaled Sr, Cs, Pu, Pu, or Am in quantities requiring treatment. Additionally, ingestion of Sr or Cs was considered. Both Sr and Cs were modeled in equilibrium with their progeny, but the progeny of Pu, Pu, and Am were excluded. Treatment thresholds are defined using the National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements' (NCRP) clinical decision guides (CDGs). Using Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) modeling software, a human phantom and detector were modeled to determine the activity required to achieve a detector reading of twice background 1, 7, or 30 d post-ingestion or post-inhalation. Modeling found that inhaled Pu, Pu, and Am are detectable only if the contaminated individual inhaled thousands-fold more material than the CDG. This lack of detectability means that hand-held GM detectors are inappropriate for initial screening for americium or plutonium and that more intensive screening is necessary to confirm suspected contamination. Cesium-137, by contrast, could be detected at levels 10- to 100-fold lower than the amount requiring treatment, allowing quick differentiation between contaminated and uncontaminated individuals. Surprisingly, Sr was detectable within a factor of 2 of the amount requiring treatment. Detection of Sr was due primarily to bremsstrahlung radiation from beta interactions with calcium in bone. While rapid screening could identify individuals contaminated by Cs and possibly with Sr, further screening of identified individuals is necessary to establish medical need. However, these contaminated individuals could still be prioritized for further testing and possible presumptive treatment. Based on the findings of this study, concepts of operation for the use of hand-held survey meters should be developed for the screening of individuals potentially internally contaminated with Cs and Sr.
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155
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Jovanovic Z, Krstic D, Nikezic D, Ros JMG, Ferrari P. MCNPX CALCULATIONS OF SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTIONS IN SOME ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY DUE TO APPLICATION OF 133Xe, 99mTc and 81mKr RADIONUCLIDES. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 178:422-429. [PMID: 29036660 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate treatment doses with wide spread used radionuclides 133Xe, 99mTc and 81mKr. These different radionuclides are used in perfusion or ventilation examinations in nuclear medicine and as indicators for cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. The objective of this work was to estimate the specific absorbed fractions in surrounding organs and tissues, when these radionuclides are incorporated in the lungs. For this purpose a voxel thorax model has been developed and compared with the ORNL phantom. All calculations and simulations were performed by means of the MCNP5/X code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jovanovic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - D Krstic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - D Nikezic
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - P Ferrari
- ENEA-Radiation Protection Institute, 4 Via Martiri di Monte Sole, 40129 Bologna (BO), Italy
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156
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Shin MY, Kim S, Lee S, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Park J, Moon HB, Choi K, Kim S. Prenatal contribution of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) to total body burden in young children. Sci Total Environ 2018; 616-617:510-516. [PMID: 29127805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many scientists made estimates of the body burden of PBDEs from breastmilk and house dust. Interestingly, they have not included the prenatal contribution to the body burden in young children after birth. In order to address how the prenatal contribution is important in the risk assessment of PBDEs in infants up to five years old, we used the median measurements of BDE-47 as a model chemical in 108 neonates in Korea, and made simulations of its disposition out of body from birth to five years. During the simulation periods, the environmental exposure was considered for house dust, babyfood, breastmilk consumption, etc., with assumption of typical exposure scenario applicable to general infants in Korea. About 22% of the total amounts of BDE-47 in newborn remained up to 5years after birth. The relative amounts of BDE-47 from the prenatal source were 20%, 14%, 10%, 8%, 6%, and 4% of the total body burden for 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year after birth, respectively. The contribution from breastfeeding was 95.2% and 92.2% of the total postnatal exposure amounts at 6-month and 1-year after birth, respectively. After cease of breastfeeding at 1-yr, house dust and food were the important sources of exposure up to 5-yr; however, their contributions to the bodyburden were negligible with consideration of the remaining amounts of the analytes from the breastmilk and prenatal exposure. Suggestively, the innate amounts and pharmacokinetics should be counted in estimating bodyburden of BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Shin
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Jae Lee
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Korea.
| | - Su Young Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 36243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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157
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Liu W, Zhang B, Huang Z, Pan X, Chen X, Hu C, Liu H, Jiang Y, Sun X, Peng Y, Xia W, Xu S, Li Y. Cadmium Body Burden and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study. Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:027006. [PMID: 29425094 PMCID: PMC6066350 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that cadmium (Cd) is associated with type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about Cd exposure and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). OBJECTIVE We examined the association between Cd body burden in early pregnancy and the risk of GDM. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 2,026 pregnant women from a single tertiary medical center between 2013 and 2016 in Wuhan, China. Cd body burden was reflected by Cd concentrations in urine samples collected between gestational weeks 8 and 14. GDM was diagnosed according to International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (IADPSG) recommendations. RESULTS The geometric mean of Cd concentrations in maternal urine of all pregnant women was 0.59μg/L. A total of 198 (9.8%) women were diagnosed with GDM. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk ratios (RRs) of GDM were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.44) for the middle tertile of Cd levels and 1.36 (95%: CI: 0.98, 1.90) for the top tertile compared with the bottom tertile. In addition, we found a significant interaction between fetal sex and maternal Cd levels on the risk of GDM (p for interaction=0.03). Among women carrying male fetuses, the RR of GDM was 1.86 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.93) for the top tertile of Cd levels compared with the bottom tertile. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between urinary Cd levels in early pregnancy and GDM. Our findings suggest that Cd body burden increases the risk of GDM and that the association may be modified by fetal sex. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2716.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyun Pan
- Department of Environmental Health and Food Safety, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yangqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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158
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Cacciatore F, Noventa S, Antonini C, Formalewicz M, Gion C, Berto D, Gabellini M, Brusà RB. Imposex in Nassarius nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) as a possible investigative tool to monitor butyltin contamination according to the Water Framework Directive: A case study in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 148:1078-1089. [PMID: 26774134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Butyltin (TBT, DBT, and MBT) effects on molluscs, especially endocrine disruption in bivalves and gastropods, have been widely investigated. Imposex, the superimposition of male characters onto female gonochoristic Caenogastropods, is the most studied biological effect of TBT. TBT compounds are among the priority hazardous substances within Directives 2000/60/EC (WFD) and 2008/105/EC. The Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) set by the WFD for TBT are quite difficult to quantify by means of chemical analysis, without the use of expensive and high performance methods. Assuming that EQSs set for TBT were derived from evidence of imposex development at very low concentrations, this specific biomarker could be used as an indirect measure of assessing levels of bioavailable BTs. Therefore, this study aims to validate the use of imposex development as an investigative tool to monitor the bioavailable fraction of BTs within the WFD, by comparing imposex levels and BT concentrations in Nassarius nitidus from the Venice Lagoon. BT concentrations and imposex levels in N. nitidus, collected in 2013, had decreased when compared to previous studies in the same area. Both VDSI and RPLI correlated positively with BT body burden in females, confirming that imposex is a valid tool to monitor bioavailable BTs. However, TBT is still a matter of concern in the Venice Lagoon, as TBT concentrations were still higher than its degradation products suggesting recent fresh TBT inputs in the studied area. To propose imposex levels as an indicator of the impact of BTs within the WFD, classification class boundaries and Ecological Quality Ratios were introduced. As a preliminary attempt, imposex levels were also compared to the OSPAR Commission EcoQOs which linked imposex levels in Nassarius reticulatus with TBT concentrations in water. Based on this comparison the degree of imposex development in the Venice Lagoon suggested that TBT concentrations in water should be over the EQS-AA concentration and, at one site, also over the EQS-MAC. From all the results obtained in this work, it appears that imposex evaluation in N. reticulatus could give information about the ecological status regarding BT compounds under the WFD and also be used to monitor their effects and support chemical analyses until more sensitive methods become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cacciatore
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy.
| | - Seta Noventa
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Camilla Antonini
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Formalewicz
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Claudia Gion
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Daniela Berto
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy
| | - Massimo Gabellini
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, via Vitaliano Brancati No. 48, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Boscolo Brusà
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy
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159
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Castro D, Mieiro CL, Coelho JP, Guilherme S, Marques A, Santos MA, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Pacheco M. Addressing the impact of mercury estuarine contamination in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L., 1758) - An early diagnosis in glass eel stage based on erythrocytic nuclear morphology. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 127:733-742. [PMID: 29475718 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The decline of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L., 1758) population throughout Europe has been partially attributed to pollution. As glass eel estuarine migration may represent a considerable threat, the impact of mercury (Hg) contamination at this stage was evaluated through an in situ experiment (7days). Total Hg (tHg) bioaccumulation was evaluated concomitantly with erythrocytic nuclear morphology alterations: erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities assay (ENA), frequency of immature erythrocytes (IE) and the erythrocytic maturity index (EMI). The ENA results suggested a genotoxic pressure at the most contaminated sites, in line with the tHg increase. The EMI data, together with IE frequency, showed that fish exposed to high levels of Hg exhibited alterations of haematological dynamics, translated into an erythropoiesis increment. Despite the presence of these compensatory mechanisms, the present findings suggest a harmful impact of Hg on genome integrity at this early development stage, potentially affecting eels' condition and ultimately the population sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Castro
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C L Mieiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - J P Coelho
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua das Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - S Guilherme
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Marques
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M A Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Pereira
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Pacheco
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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160
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Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of methylmercury for children born in Germany in the year 2014. Humans are mainly exposed to methylmercury when they eat fish or seafood. Prenatal methylmercury exposure is associated with IQ loss. To quantify this disease burden, we used Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the incidence of mild and severe mental retardation in children born to mothers who consume fish based on empirical data. Subsequently, we calculated the disease burden with the disability-adjusted life years (DALY)-method. DALYs combine mortality and morbidity in one measure and quantify the gap between an ideal situation, where the entire population experiences the standard life expectancy without disease and disability, and the actual situation. Thus, one DALY corresponds to the loss of one year of life in good health. The methylmercury-induced burden of disease for the German birth cohort 2014 was an average of 14,186 DALY (95% CI 12,915-15,440 DALY). A large majority of the DALYs was attributed to morbidity as compared to mortality. Of the total disease burden, 98% were attributed to mild mental retardation, which only leads to morbidity. The remaining disease burden was a result of severe mental retardation with equal proportions of premature death and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lackner
- Department of Exposure, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department of Exposure, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Greiner
- Department of Exposure, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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161
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Yoo J, Jin YW, Kim KP. ASSESSMENT OF BODY POTASSIUM LEVEL BY GENDER AND AGE IN KOREAN ADULT GROUP. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 178:57-62. [PMID: 28591862 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most internal radiation dose resulting from natural radionuclides is due to radon and radioactive potassium. Total body potassium (TBK) in human body may vary by ethnic group, gender and age. The objective of this study was to measure TBK and body potassium concentration in Korean subjects. Body potassium concentrations of the subjects were measured with a whole-body counter for 283 adult males and 181 adult females. Average TBK value and body potassium level were 111.2 g and 1.5 g kg-1 for males, while for females they were 71.7 g and 1.4 g kg-1. TBK increased with increasing body weight. Body potassium level per body weight was inversely proportional to age in both genders. The annual effective doses due to 40K in the human body of Korean population were calculated to be 0.15 and 0.13 mSv for males and females, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeryong Yoo
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jin
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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162
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Golikov V, Barkovsky A, Wallstrom E, Cederblad Å. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORGAN DOSES ASSESSMENT FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING CONVENTIONAL X-RAY EXAMINATIONS: PHANTOM EXPERIMENTS VS. CALCULATIONS. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2018; 178:223-234. [PMID: 28981902 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of phantom experiments were performed with the aim of estimating organ doses for patients undergoing conventional X-ray chest and pelvis examinations. The experiments were performed using physical phantoms corresponding to an adult and a 5-year-old child. Mean organ doses and entrance surface dose were measured using TL-dosemeters. The measured organ doses were compared with the data obtained by calculations using available software tools (EDEREX and PCXMC 2.0) based on the computational MIRD-5 stylized models. The differences between calculated and measured doses for organs located fully or partly in the primary radiation beam did not exceed ±33% with the probability of 95% for the tube voltage 60-140 kV both for an adult and a 5-year-old child phantom. This study suggests that EDEREX and PCXMC 2.0 can be used to estimate organ and effective dose for adult as well as pediatric patients undergoing conventional X-ray examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Golikov
- St-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Mira St. 8, 197101 St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A Barkovsky
- St-Petersburg Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Professor P.V. Ramzaev, Mira St. 8, 197101 St-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - E Wallstrom
- Department of Radiology, Trollhättan Hospital-NÄL, SE 46185 Trollhättan, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Å Cederblad
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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163
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Cacciatore F, Boscolo Brusà R, Noventa S, Antonini C, Moschino V, Formalewicz M, Gion C, Berto D, Gabellini M, Marin MG. Imposex levels and butyltin compounds (BTs) in Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy): Ecological risk assessment before and after the ban. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 147:688-698. [PMID: 28934713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare imposex and butyltin compounds (BTs) data, collected before and after the organotin ban in 2008, in order to assess temporal and spatial variation of the phenomenon, the decline of BT contamination, and the effects on Hexaplex trunculus population in the coastal area of the northern Adriatic Sea, close to the Venice Lagoon. Both in marine and in lagoon sites, the results obtained in 2013-2015 showed a significant decline in the incidence of imposex in respect to those from the 2002 survey. In 2002, lagoon samples exhibited Relative Penis Size Index (RPSI) higher than marine samples, whereas no differences were detected in the recent survey, when all RPSI values were below 0.6%. Vas Deference Sequence Index (VDSI) mean values were over 4 before the ban introduction and below this value after that, indicating more critical conditions for gastropod population in 2002 rather than in 2013-15. Percentage of sterile females was up to 69% in 2002, whilst in the more recent survey no sterile female was found. Range of BT concentrations in gastropods decreased from 252 to 579 to 16-31ng∑BT/g d.w. BT body burdens varied according to a gender dependant pattern, with higher concentrations observed in females than in males. A first attempt to propose a classification based on BT impact on H. trunculus, according to the Water Framework Directive, revealed that most sites were in Bad ecological status before the ban and attained a Poor/Moderate status after that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cacciatore
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy.
| | - Rossella Boscolo Brusà
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - Seta Noventa
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - Camilla Antonini
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Moschino
- CNR, ISMAR, Arsenale Tesa, 104, Castello 2737-F, 30122 Venice, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Formalewicz
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - Claudia Gion
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Berto
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Loc. Brondolo, 30015 Chioggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gabellini
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, via Vitaliano Brancati, 48, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Marin
- University of Study of Padua, Department of Biology, Via U. Bassi, 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
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164
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Laranjeiro F, Sánchez-Marín P, Oliveira IB, Galante-Oliveira S, Barroso C. Fifteen years of imposex and tributyltin pollution monitoring along the Portuguese coast. Environ Pollut 2018; 232:411-421. [PMID: 28986082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
IMO's Anti-Fouling Systems convention banned the use of organotin-based antifouling systems in 2008 as the ultimate effort to stop tributyltin (TBT) inputs into the marine environment. One of the hazardous effects of TBT is imposex (the superimposition of male sexual characters onto gastropod females), a phenomenon that may cause female sterility and the gastropod populations decline. Despite previous European Union legislation had already been shown effective in reducing the imposex levels along the Portuguese coast, this study intends to confirm these decreasing trends after 2008 and describe the global evolution in the last 15 years. Imposex levels were assessed in two bioindicators - the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus and the netted-whelk Nassarius reticulatus (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) - in 2011 and 2014, and the results were compared with previous years. Both species showed progressive decreasing trends in imposex levels over the last 15 years; median values of the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) fell from 3.96 to 0.78 in N. lapillus and from 3.39 to 0.29 in N. reticulatus. The temporal/spatial evolution of imposex suggests an apparent shift of TBT hotspots, being now restricted to fishing ports and marinas in detriment of large commercial harbours where TBT levels fell rapidly. Butyltins were measured in the whole tissues of N. lapillus females collected in 2014: monobutyltin (MBT) varied from < DL (detection limit: 1 ng Sn/g) to 13 ng Sn/g dw, dibutyltin (DBT) from 2.2 to 27 ng Sn/g dw and TBT from 1.5 to 55 ng Sn/g dw. Although TBT body burden has declined over time, the butyltin degradation index ([MBT]+[DBT])/[TBT] exhibited values < 1 in c. a. 90% of the sites assessed, suggesting that recent TBT inputs are still widespread in the Portuguese coast eventually due to illegal use of TBT antifouling systems and TBT desorption from sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Laranjeiro
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Benta Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Galante-Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barroso
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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165
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Crovella S, Moura RR, Cappellani S, Celsi F, Trevisan E, Schneider M, Brollo A, Nicastro EM, Vita F, Finotto L, Zabucchi G, Borelli V. A genetic variant of NLRP1 gene is associated with asbestos body burden in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 81:98-105. [PMID: 29265930 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1416911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of asbestos bodies (ABs) in lung parenchyma is considered a histopathologic hallmark of past exposure to asbestos fibers, of which there was a population of longer fibers. The mechanisms underlying AB formation are complex, involving inflammatory responses and iron (Fe) metabolism. Thus, the responsiveness to AB formation is variable, with some individuals appearing to be poor AB formers. The aim of this study was to disclose the possible role of genetic variants of genes encoding inflammasome and iron metabolism proteins in the ability to form ABs in a population of 81 individuals from North East Italy, who died after having developed malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). This study included 86 genetic variants distributed in 10 genes involved in Fe metabolism and 7 genetic variants in two genes encoding for inflammasome molecules. Genotypes/haplotypes were compared according to the number of lung ABs. Data showed that the NLRP1 rs12150220 missense variant (H155L) was significantly correlated with numbers of ABs in MPM patients. Specifically, a low number of ABs was detected in individuals carrying the NLRP1 rs12150220 A/T genotype. Our findings suggest that the NLRP1 inflammasome might contribute in the development of lung ABs. It is postulated that the NLRP1 missense variant may be considered as one of the possible host genetic factors contributing to individual variability in coating efficiency, which needs to be taken when assessing occupational exposure to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Crovella
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health , IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
- b Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences , University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara , Trieste , Italy
| | - R R Moura
- c Department of Genetics , Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - S Cappellani
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health , IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | - F Celsi
- a Institute for Maternal and Child Health , IRCCS Burlo Garofolo , Trieste , Italy
| | - E Trevisan
- d Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - M Schneider
- e Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy , AAS2 "Bassa Friulana-Isontina" - S. Polo General Hospital , Monfalcone , Italy
| | - A Brollo
- e Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy , AAS2 "Bassa Friulana-Isontina" - S. Polo General Hospital , Monfalcone , Italy
| | - E M Nicastro
- e Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy , AAS2 "Bassa Friulana-Isontina" - S. Polo General Hospital , Monfalcone , Italy
| | - F Vita
- d Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - L Finotto
- f Workplace Safety and Prevention , AAS2 "Bassa Friulana-Isontina" - S. Polo General Hospital , Monfalcone , Italy
| | - G Zabucchi
- d Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - V Borelli
- d Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
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166
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Hansen S, Nieboer E, Bravo N, Økland I, Matiocevich S, Alvarez MV, Nilsen ST, Grimalt JO, Odland JØ. Variations in serum concentrations of selected organochlorines among delivering women in Argentina. The EMASAR study. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017; 19:1542-1553. [PMID: 29099124 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The EMASAR study is the first study to describe the body burden of OCs in Argentinian women after delivery. In total, 698 maternal serum samples from Salta (n = 498) and Ushuaia (n = 200) were collected in 2011-2012 and analyzed for a total of 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 12 pesticide-related compounds. Only 11 of the compounds had detection rates above 60% in one or both places. Compared with Ushuaian women, those from Salta exhibited higher lipid-adjusted concentrations of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, β-HCH, and PCB 118 (p ≤ 0.003), with no differences in concentrations of PCB 153 and 138. After controlling for age, parity and heritage (born in the province or migrated there from other regions of Argentina), concentrations of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, β-HCH and all PCBs were significantly higher in Salta natives compared with Ushuaia natives or migrants (p ≤ 0.010). No variations between native and migrated Ushuaian women were observed other than for PCB 153 (6.1 versus 8.6 μg kg-1 lipid, p = 0.022). Age was generally associated positively with the body burden of nearly all OCs and parity negatively so, with p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDD residues and α-HCH in Ushuaia being the exceptions. The regional differences in OC concentrations are explained by contrasting domestic sources, historical and current uses, industrial emissions, dietary patterns and lifestyle factors, as well as long-range-transport. The relatively high PCB 118/PCB 180 ratio observed for both Argentinian communities likely reflects the use of technical mixtures with congener-specific composition. In a comprehensive comparison with other countries, the Argentinian OC concentrations were mostly in the lower range. It is concluded that a latitude effect equivalent to that operative in the Arctic region seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solrunn Hansen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Box 6050 Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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167
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Weltje L, Janz P, Sowig P. An interspecies correlation model to predict acute dermal toxicity of plant protection products to terrestrial life stages of amphibians using fish acute toxicity and bioconcentration data. Chemosphere 2017; 189:619-626. [PMID: 28963979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a model to predict acute dermal toxicity of plant protection products (PPPs) to terrestrial amphibian life stages from (regulatory) fish data. By combining existing concepts, including interspecies correlation estimation (ICE), allometric relations, lethal body burden (LBB) and bioconcentration modelling, an equation was derived that predicts the amphibian median lethal dermal dose (LD50) from standard acute toxicity values (96-h LC50) for fish and bioconcentration factors (BCF) in fish. Where possible, fish BCF values were corrected to 5% lipid, and to parent compound. Then, BCF values were adjusted to an exposure duration of 96 h, in case steady state took longer to be achieved. The derived correlation equation is based on 32 LD50 values from acute dermal toxicity experiments with 15 different species of anuran amphibians, comprising 15 different PPPs. The developed ICE model can be used in a screening approach to estimate the acute risk to amphibian terrestrial life stages from dermal exposures to PPPs with organic active substances. This has the potential to reduce unnecessary testing of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Crop Protection - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer-Strasse 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof, Germany.
| | - Philipp Janz
- BASF SE, Crop Protection - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer-Strasse 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Peter Sowig
- Bayer CropScience AG, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt-Höchst, Germany
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168
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Bramwell L, Harrad S, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Rauert C, Rose M, Fernandes A, Pless-Mulloli T. Predictors of human PBDE body burdens for a UK cohort. Chemosphere 2017; 189:186-197. [PMID: 28965056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was investigated in a cohort of 20 UK adults along with their anthropometric covariates and relevant properties such as room surveys, lifestyle, diet and activity details. Selected PBDE congeners were measured in matched samples of indoor dust (n = 41), vehicles (n = 8), duplicate diet (n = 24), serum (n = 24) and breast milk (n = 6). Combined exposure estimates via dust and diet revealed total PBDE intakes of 104 to 1,440 pg kg-1 bw d-1 for ΣBDEs3-7 and 1,170 to 17,000 pg kg-1 bw d-1 for BDE-209. These adult intakes are well within health reference doses suggested by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the US EPA. Diet was the primary source of intake of BDE3-7 congeners for the majority of the cohort, with dust the primary source of BDE-209. Primary sources of PBDE exposure vary between countries and regions with differing fire prevention regulations. Estimated infant exposures (ages 1.5-4.5 years) showed that BDE-99 intake for one of the households did not meet EFSA's recommended margin of exposure, a further two households had borderline PBDE exposures for high level dust and diet intake. Males and those having a lower body fat mass had higher serum BDE-153. Higher meat consumption was significantly correlated with higher BDEs3-7 in serum. A reduction in dietary BDEs3-7 would therefore result in the greatest reduction in BDE-99 exposure. Rooms containing PUF sofas or armchairs over 20 years old had more BDEs3-7 in their dust, and rooms with carpets or rugs of that age had higher dust BDE-209. Dusting rooms more frequently resulted in significantly lower concentrations of all major congeners in their dust. Correlation between BDE-209 body burden and dust or diet exposure was limited by its low bioaccessibility. Although vehicle dust contained the highest concentrations of BDEs3-7 and BDE-209, serum BDEs3-7 correlated most strongly with bedroom dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bramwell
- Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - S Harrad
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Rauert
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Rose
- Fera Science, Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | | | - T Pless-Mulloli
- Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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169
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Haque R, Inaoka T, Fujimura M, Ahmad AS, Ueno D. Intake of DDT and its metabolites through food items among reproductive age women in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 2017; 189:744-751. [PMID: 28985618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to make clear the major intake route of DDT in Bangladesh people to develop strategy and policy that could lead to a reduction in body burden especially in the reproductive age women. The concentrations of several POPs (DDT, PCBs, chlordanes, HCHs, HCB, and PeCB) were quantified in food items, human breast milk and house dust collected in Bangladesh in 2011-2012. Among the POPs analyzed in this study, DDT and its metabolites (ΣDDT) showed the highest concentration. The highest median ΣDDT concentration was found in meat (1.3-1100 ng g-1 wet weight) and house dust (30-1100 ng g-1 dry weight), and followed by human breast milk (20-55 ng g-1 wet weight). Estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated using the DDT concentrations in food items. The highest intake of DDT was found in an infant and 99% of it was via breast milk feeding. DDT intake via consumption of beef accounted for 69% and 72% of that found in children and adults, respectively. The total EDI of DDT did not exceed the tolerable daily intake proposed by the WHO, but the EDI of p,p'-DDT exceeded the oral reference dose proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Further research is required to clarify the reason for the high levels of DDT in beef, which seems to be the major intake route of DDT for women of reproductive age in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Haque
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University Allied to Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Inaoka
- Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan
| | - Miho Fujimura
- Department of Human Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan
| | - Akhtar Sk Ahmad
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan.
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170
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Ivanova OM, Masiuk SV, Boiko ZN, Chepurny MI, Gerasymenko VB, Fedosenko GV, Vasylenko VV, Lytvynets LO, Pikta VO, Kovgan LM, Zhadan NS, Tereshchenko SO, Kravchenko IG, Коrtushin GI, Marcenjuk OD, Kukush AG. Reconstruction of individualized doses of subjects from the Ukrainian State Register - of Persons that Affected due to Chornobyl accident and reside in Korosten raion of Zhytomyr oblast. Probl Radiac Med Radiobiol 2017; 22:126-146. [PMID: 29286501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To elaborate an ecological dosimetric model of reconstruction individualized exposure doses of subjects from the State Register of Ukraine (SRU) - of persons, affected due to Chornobyl accident and reside at the radioactive contaminated territory of Korosten raion of Zhytomyr Oblast, and to calculate exposure doses for those persons. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the paper, an ecological dosimetric model is presented which is elaborated in order to individualize exposure doses of people who reside in Korosten raion of Zhytomyr Oblast and are registered in SRU. The model is based on the results of radio ecological and dosimetric monitoring held in the period of 1986-2013 at the territory of northern oblasts of Ukraine. Annual dose over each post accidental year consists of the two compo nents: (a) annual effective dose of external gamma exposure (due to radioactive fallout on the ground), and (b) internal exposure of the whole body (due to consumption of meal contaminated by radioactive isotopes). For 1986, the dose of internal exposure is evaluated out of all main radionuclides of radioactive accidental fallout, and after 1987 only for radioisotopes of caesium (134Cs and 137Cs). The parameterization of the model is based on the pre vious experience in working out a complex of ecological dosimetric models for estimation of referent exposure doses of Ukrainian population. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Individualized doses of external and internal exposure (annual and accumulated) are estimated for the population of various age groups that resides in the settlements of Korosten raion (totally about 100 settlements). Separately the doses are presented for rural settlements of the raion and for the city of Korosten for each year of the post accidental period of 1986-2016. Estimates of doses are given that were accumulated: (a) during 15 years just after the accident, (b) for the period of 2000-2016, and (c) for 30 year period after the acci dent. Mean dose accumulated for 30 years after the Chornobyl accident by residents of rural settlements of Korosten raion is estimated as 19.8 mSv, and for inhabitants of the Korosten city as 20.9 mSv. On condition of permanent res idence in the raion, residents of about 66 % settlements of Korosten raion accumulated the doses in the interval 5 20 mSv during 30 years after the accident. For the residents of about 25 % settlements the accumulated dose is in the interval 20-50 mSv, and for 7 % of settlements it exceeds 50 mSv.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Ivanova
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - S V Masiuk
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - Z N Boiko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - M I Chepurny
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - V B Gerasymenko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - G V Fedosenko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - V V Vasylenko
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - L O Lytvynets
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - V O Pikta
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - L M Kovgan
- Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute of the Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, PO Box 52, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - N S Zhadan
- Ukrainian Radiation Protection Institute of the Academy of Technological Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykov str., 53, PO Box 52, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - S O Tereshchenko
- State Institution «Ukrainian Centre of Information Technologies and National Register» of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kramskogo str., 21a, Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine
| | - I G Kravchenko
- State Institution «Ukrainian Centre of Information Technologies and National Register» of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kramskogo str., 21a, Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine
| | - G I Коrtushin
- State Institution «Ukrainian Centre of Information Technologies and National Register» of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kramskogo str., 21a, Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine
| | - O D Marcenjuk
- State Institution «Ukrainian Centre of Information Technologies and National Register» of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kramskogo str., 21a, Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine
| | - A G Kukush
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 60, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
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171
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Abstract
This study investigates the radiation dose and image quality of patients not receiving β-blockers for cardiac CT angiography (CCTA) with or without the optimization of electrocardiographic (ECG) pulsing window. The differences in patient characteristics are also characterized.Normal-weight and obese patients (n = 154) with heart rates between 65 and 80 beats per minutes (bpm) during the prospective axial scanning were enrolled retrospectively. The ECG pulsing windows were set at 50% to 75% (Group A) or 60% to 75% (Group B) of the R-R interval for patients with heart rate variability higher than or not exceeding ±5 bpm, respectively. The effective doses of individual patient were estimated from the dose length product of the CCTA scan. Two radiologists independently reviewed the images and applied a 4-point Likert scale for image quality assessment. The patients' characteristics were compared along with the patients' effective doses between groups.The optimized pulsing window significantly reduced the average radiation dose for normal-weight and obese patients by 33% and 27%, respectively. The CCTA image quality of patients in Group A was not different overall from those obtained from Group B. Nondiabetic obese patients were more likely to be accepted for the use of the optimized pulsing window. Unlike obese patients, normal-weight patients revealed no characteristic difference between Groups A and B.This study indicates an equivalent efficacy of using optimized pulsing windows for reducing the radiation dose for patients without β-blocker administration between different body weight groups. Nevertheless, gender and diabetic status became prominent characteristics in the obese group when matching up with the optimized pulsing window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Lee
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
| | - Po-Yen Chang
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shee Yen Tay
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
| | - Po-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
| | - Wilson T. Lao
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wing P. Chan
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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172
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Muna M, Heinlaan M, Blinova I, Vija H, Kahru A. Evaluation of the effect of test medium on total Cu body burden of nano CuO-exposed Daphnia magna: A TXRF spectroscopy study. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:1488-1496. [PMID: 28967571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles (NPs) to aquatic biota is usually mitigated in natural freshwater compared to organics-free artificial freshwater. The main aim of this study was to evaluate whether mitigated toxicity is accompanied by lower total copper body burden in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and whether CuO NPs are more hazardous in this aspect than soluble Cu salts. Total copper body burden in different media (OECD202 artificial freshwater and two natural freshwaters) was measured by a relatively novel technique - total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy - which proved suitable for the analysis of individual juvenile daphnids. Mean copper body burden was 2.8-42 times higher in daphnids exposed to CuO NPs (0.05 mg Cu/L and 1 mg Cu/L) than in daphnids exposed to equal or equitoxic concentrations (0.025 mg Cu/L and 0.05 mg Cu/L) of CuSO4. Using natural freshwater instead of artificial one resulted in increased copper burden after exposure to CuO NPs but not after exposure to Cu salt. After 24 h post-exposure depuration in the presence of algae Raphidocelis subcapitata, total copper body burden in daphnids exposed to CuO NPs sharply decreased while in daphnids exposed to Cu salt it did not. Despite the CuO NP toxicity mitigating effect of natural freshwater, total copper body burden of aquatic crustaceans in natural waterbodies may be greater than could be predicted based on the results obtained using artificial freshwater as the test medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marge Muna
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Margit Heinlaan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Irina Blinova
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heiki Vija
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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173
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Cerny R, Johnova K, Otahal P, Thinova L, Kluson J. Evaluation of human body irradiation caused by radionuclides deposited in the filtration unit of gas mask. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2017; 177:289-294. [PMID: 28402502 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive aerosol particles represent a serious risk for people facing the consequences of nuclear accident of any kind. The first responders to emergency situation need to be protected by personal protective equipment which includes radiation protection suit supplemented with gas mask. The purpose of this work is to estimate the dose to the organs of responder's body as a result of radionuclide deposition in the filtration unit of the gas mask. The problem was analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations. The dose absorbed by different organs for five representative radionuclides and the dose distribution over the responder's body are presented in this paper. Based on presented MC simulations, we suggest a method of evaluating the irradiation of the responder by the radionuclides deposited in the filtration unit of the gas mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cerny
- National Institute for NBC Protection, Kamenna 71, Milin 26231, Czech Republic
| | - K Johnova
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Otahal
- National Institute for NBC Protection, Kamenna 71, Milin 26231, Czech Republic
| | - L Thinova
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Kluson
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Department of Dosimetry and Application of Ionizing Radiation, Brehova 7, 11519 Prague, Czech Republic
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174
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Balte PP, Kühr J, Kruse H, Karmaus WJJ. Body Burden of Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethene (DDE) and Childhood Pulmonary Function. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14111376. [PMID: 29135968 PMCID: PMC5708015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies have shown that early life exposure to dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) can lead to growth reduction during childhood and adolescence. In addition, DDE exposure has been linked to respiratory tract infections and an increased risk of asthma in children. Our aim was to understand the relationships between DDE exposure and pulmonary function in children, and, particularly, whether associations are mediated by the height of the children. We used data from an environmental epidemiologic study conducted in central Germany in children aged 8-10 years. The pulmonary function (forced vital capacity, FVC, and forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1) were measured in three consecutive years. Blood DDE levels were measured at 8 and 10 years. We used linear mixed models for repeated measurements and path analyses to assess the association between blood levels of DDE and pulmonary function measurements. All models were adjusted for confounders. Linear mixed approaches and modelling concurrent effects showed no significant associations. The path analytical models demonstrated that DDE measured at eight years had significant, inverse, indirect, and total effects on FVC at ten years (n = 328; −0.18 L per μg/L of DDE) and FEV1 (n = 328; −0.17 L per μg/L of DDE), mediated through effects of DDE on height and weight. The DDE burden reduces pulmonary function through its diminishing effects on height and weight in children. Further studies are required to test these associations in other samples, preferably from a region with ongoing, high DDT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi P Balte
- Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Joachim Kühr
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe 76133, Germany.
| | - Herrman Kruse
- Institute for Toxicology und Pharmacology, University Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany.
| | - Wilfried J J Karmaus
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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175
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Sharma N, Singh J. HUMAN KIDNEY AND SKELETON URANIUM BURDEN, RADIATION DOSE AND HEALTH RISKS FROM HIGH URANIUM CONTENTS IN DRINKING WATER OF BATHINDA DISTRICT (MALWA REGION) OF PUNJAB STATE, INDIA. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2017; 176:242-251. [PMID: 28115656 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Uranium concentration has been measured in drinking water samples from the Bathinda district. It ranges from 2.4 to 529 µg/l with a mean value of 120 µg/l. The mean uranium kidney burden for children and adults is 0.0838 and 0.059 µg U/g, respectively, which crosses the safe limit of 0.02 µg U/g. The mean values for skeleton burden are 1925.7 µg for children and 4108.2 µg for an adult. These values are 32 and 69 times higher than the skeleton burden of 59.4 µg for a normal adult. Radiological and chemical risk is also found to be higher than the recommended values. The mean effective ingestion dose for different age groups and genders is 188.2 µSv/y, while the safety limit is 100 µSv/y. The dose to the kidney, bone surface and bone marrow has also been evaluated. The observed values of the studied parameters show that people of this area may be at higher health risks corresponding to the intake of water; children may be the most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Jaspal Singh
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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176
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Gaum PM, Gube M, Schettgen T, Putschögl FM, Kraus T, Fimm B, Lang J. Polychlorinated biphenyls and depression: cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of a dopamine-related Neurochemical path in the German HELPcB surveillance program. Environ Health 2017. [PMID: 29017568 DOI: 10.1186/sl2940-017-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is associated with depressive symptomatology. A cause of depressive symptoms is a disturbance in the neurotransmitter system of dopamine (DA). Animal as well as human studies report that PCBs can influence the DA system. This study examined whether PCB-related depressive symptoms are affected by DA metabolites in humans with high PCB body burden. METHODS This study is part of the German HELPcB surveillance program (Health Effects in high Level exposure to PCB) for occupationally exposed workers and their relatives. Data was collected from 178 participants on two measurement time points (t1 and t2) with a one-year time lag in between the two time points. PCBs were analyzed in plasma via human biomonitoring and a validated questionnaire was used to identify existence and severity of depressive symptoms. As a surrogate for DA, we measured its metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in urine. Mediation analyses were performed to test whether the association between PCB exposure and severity of depressive symptoms is mediated by urinary concentration of DA metabolites HVA and VMA. The mediation was tested with the SPSS macro MEDIATE. RESULTS We found a significant mediation over time for lower-chlorinated, higher-chlorinated and dioxin-like PCBs. The positive association between PCB exposure with severity of depressive symptoms was mediated by the main DA metabolite HVA. At t1 a higher exposure with PCBs was associated with lower concentration in urinary HVA. A reduced HVA concentration at t1 was correlated with increased depressive symptoms severity at t2. No meditations were found for VMA. CONCLUSIONS This work indicates that the association of PCB exposure and an increase of depressive symptoms after one year is mediated by the DA metabolite HVA as a surrogate for DA. These are first steps towards finding an explanation for an underlying neurochemical pathomechanism of PCB-related depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Maria Gaum
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Monika Gube
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Health Office of the city and area of Aachen, Trierer Straße 1, 52070, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Maria Putschögl
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruno Fimm
- Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Lang
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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177
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Gaum PM, Gube M, Schettgen T, Putschögl FM, Kraus T, Fimm B, Lang J. Polychlorinated biphenyls and depression: cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of a dopamine-related Neurochemical path in the German HELPcB surveillance program. Environ Health 2017; 16:106. [PMID: 29017568 PMCID: PMC5635510 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is associated with depressive symptomatology. A cause of depressive symptoms is a disturbance in the neurotransmitter system of dopamine (DA). Animal as well as human studies report that PCBs can influence the DA system. This study examined whether PCB-related depressive symptoms are affected by DA metabolites in humans with high PCB body burden. METHODS This study is part of the German HELPcB surveillance program (Health Effects in high Level exposure to PCB) for occupationally exposed workers and their relatives. Data was collected from 178 participants on two measurement time points (t1 and t2) with a one-year time lag in between the two time points. PCBs were analyzed in plasma via human biomonitoring and a validated questionnaire was used to identify existence and severity of depressive symptoms. As a surrogate for DA, we measured its metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in urine. Mediation analyses were performed to test whether the association between PCB exposure and severity of depressive symptoms is mediated by urinary concentration of DA metabolites HVA and VMA. The mediation was tested with the SPSS macro MEDIATE. RESULTS We found a significant mediation over time for lower-chlorinated, higher-chlorinated and dioxin-like PCBs. The positive association between PCB exposure with severity of depressive symptoms was mediated by the main DA metabolite HVA. At t1 a higher exposure with PCBs was associated with lower concentration in urinary HVA. A reduced HVA concentration at t1 was correlated with increased depressive symptoms severity at t2. No meditations were found for VMA. CONCLUSIONS This work indicates that the association of PCB exposure and an increase of depressive symptoms after one year is mediated by the DA metabolite HVA as a surrogate for DA. These are first steps towards finding an explanation for an underlying neurochemical pathomechanism of PCB-related depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Maria Gaum
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Gube
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Health Office of the city and area of Aachen, Trierer Straße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Maria Putschögl
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, J 5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruno Fimm
- Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Lang
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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178
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Sadek KM, Lebda MA, Abouzed TK, Nasr SM, Shoukry M. Neuro- and nephrotoxicity of subchronic cadmium chloride exposure and the potential chemoprotective effects of selenium nanoparticles. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1659-1673. [PMID: 28660360 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure leads to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are associated with Cd-induced neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have high bioavailability and antioxidant activities so it attracted wide spread attention. The present study examined the possible ameliorative effect of Se-NPs with diameters of 3-5 nm and 10-20 nm against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced neuro- and nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were treated with Se-NPs (0 or 0.5 mg/kg BW, s.c.) one hour prior to the CdCl2 (0 or 5 mg/kg BW, p.o.). Pretreatment with Se-NPs significantly decreased CdCl2-induced elevation of serum kidney and brain damage biomarkers; lipid peroxidation; the percent of DNA fragmentation and nearly normalized the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and significantly increased the activity and expression of antioxidant biomarkers in the RNA and protein levels. Se-NPs also attenuated CdCl2-induced upregulation of kidney and brain pro-apoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 associated X (Bax) RNA and protein levels with preventing the increased body burden of Cd and the altered Fe and Cu homeostasis. Histopathological analysis confirmed the biochemical and molecular outcomes. Our data stated that Se-NPs appear to be effective in ameliorating the adverse neurological and nephrotoxic effects induced by CdCl2 partially through the scavenging of free radicals, metal ion chelation, averting apoptosis and altering the cell-protective pathways. The results indicated that Se-NPs could potentially included as an additive to Cd-based industries to control Cd-induced brain and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadry M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek K Abouzed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-sheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Sherif M Nasr
- Department of Veterinary Genetics and Molecular biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Shoukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-sheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
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179
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Malisch R, Denison MS, Fiedler H, Fürst P, Hoogenboom RLAP, Schaechtele A, Schrenk D, van den Berg M. Do PCDD/PCDF standard solutions used in dioxin analysis pose a risk as potentially acutely toxic to lab personnel? Chemosphere 2017; 185:489-498. [PMID: 28715759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory safety requires protecting personnel from chemical exposures. Working with stock solutions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) in routine analysis of feed and food with bioanalytical or physicochemical methods raises some concerns. Since PCDD/PCDFs are considered as possibly acutely toxic, the potential risks were evaluated to determine whether supervision of their use is necessary. Based on LD50-data for oral or dermal intake, hazard classification of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a substance (category 1) and in commercially available TCDD standard solutions (category 4) is different. As worst case exposure scenario during routine laboratory work it was assumed that a dose of 100 ng TCDD gets onto the skin and is absorbed. This would result in the total body burden of a 70 kg person with 15 kg fat increasing from 10 (upper range of current background levels) to ∼17 pg of toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDD/PCDFs per g lipid, a level commonly observed over past decades. Chloracne, the main acute effect occurring weeks after exposure, is observed at much higher blood concentrations than estimated from accidental laboratory exposure. Immunotoxicity, developmental effects and other toxic effects may occur at lower blood levels, but require longer periods to develop. Since acute toxic symptoms don't occur within an "8 h acute time window", no supervision is necessary when working with standard solutions in routine analysis. Nevertheless, precautionary measures are needed regarding long-term adverse health effects and appropriate workplace conditions must exist to ensure that additional occupational exposure to PCDD/PCDFs by laboratory personnel is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Malisch
- EU Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt, Bissierstr. 5, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, D-48147 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Schaechtele
- EU Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt, Bissierstr. 5, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin van den Berg
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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180
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Bravo N, Hansen S, Økland I, Garí M, Álvarez MV, Matiocevich S, Odland JØ, Grimalt JO. Influence of maternal and sociodemographic characteristics on the accumulation of organohalogen compounds in Argentinian women. The EMASAR study. Environ Res 2017; 158:759-767. [PMID: 28753526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of organohalogen compounds in venous serum from post-partum mothers from two Argentinian cities, Salta and Ushuaia, has been investigated (n = 698). 4,4'-DDE was the most abundant compound in these cities, with geometric means of 33 and 67ng/g lipid weight, respectively. City of residence, age and parity were the main determinants of the accumulation of these compounds. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the second most abundant pollutant in Ushuaia, 8.7ng/g lipid, and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) in Salta, 7.8ng/g lipid. Decabromodiphenyl ether was higher in Ushuaia than Salta, 8.2 and 4.1ng/g lipid, respectively. The predominance of β-HCH, 4,4'-DDE and 4,4'-DDT in Salta was related with higher use of pesticides for agricultural applications. The observed higher concentrations of 4,4'-DDE and 4,4'-DDT in the mothers from rural+semi-urban sites than in urban areas were consistent with this agricultural origin. In addition, the most volatile organochlorine compounds included in this study, HCB and α-HCH, were mainly found in Ushuaia. The concentrations of the studied organohalogen pollutants in Argentina were lower than those found in other similar studies which is consistent with the location of these cities in the southern hemisphere. Age, mainly for 4,4'-DDE and polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) congeners 138, 153 and 180, and parity, mainly for HCB, β-HCH, 4,4'-DDT and PCB congener 118, were the second main determinants of the concentrations of these compounds. Gestational weight gain also influenced on the maternal levels of HCB, β-HCH, 4,4'-DDT and PCB congeners 118, 138 and 153. Higher weight accumulation during pregnancy involved dilution of these persistent pollutants. Body mass index (BMI) was a statistically significant determinant for 4,4'-DDT, α-HCH and PCB congeners 153 and 180. The observed direct correspondence between higher BMI and 4,4'-DDT concentrations was in agreement with the above reported inputs related with agricultural applications. The reverse correspondence of BMI with α-HCH and the PCB congeners indicated higher dilution at higher weight increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bravo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Solrunn Hansen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Økland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mercè Garí
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marisa V Álvarez
- Hospital Público Materno Infantil de Salta, Sarmiento, 1301, 4400 Salta, Argentina
| | - Silvina Matiocevich
- Clínica San Jorge, Onachanga, 184, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Jon-Øyvind Odland
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg, 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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181
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Lorber M, Toms LML. Use of a simple pharmacokinetic model to study the impact of breast-feeding on infant and toddler body burdens of PCB 153, BDE 47, and DDE. Chemosphere 2017; 185:1081-1089. [PMID: 28764132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have examined the role of breast milk consumption in the buildup of environmental chemicals in infants, and have concluded that this pathway elevates infant body burdens above what would occur in a formula-only diet. Unique data from Australia provide an opportunity to study this finding using simple pharmacokinetic (PK) models. Pooled serum samples from infants in the general population provided data on PCB 153, BDE 47, and DDE at 6-month increments from birth until 4 years of age. General population breast-feeding scenarios for Australian conditions were crafted and input into a simple PK model which predicted infant serum concentrations over time. Comparison scenarios of background exposures to characterize formula-feeding were also crafted. It was found that the models were able to replicate the rise in measured infant body burdens for PCB 153 and DDE in the breast-feeding scenarios, while the background scenarios resulted in infant body burdens substantially below the measurements. The same was not true for BDE 47, however. Both the breast-feeding and background scenarios substantially underpredicted body burden measurements. Two possible explanations were offered: that exposure to higher BDE congeners would debrominate and form BDE 47 in the body, and/or, a second overlooked exposure pathway for PBDEs might be the cause of high infant and toddler body burdens. This pathway was inhalation due to the use of PBDEs as flame retardants in bedding materials. More research to better understand and quantify this pathway, or other unknown pathways, to describe infant and toddler exposures to PBDEs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lorber
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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182
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Wang H, Dumont X, Haufroid V, Bernard A. The physiological determinants of low-level urine cadmium: an assessment in a cross-sectional study among schoolchildren. Environ Health 2017; 16:99. [PMID: 28899425 PMCID: PMC5596934 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in children have reported associations of urinary cadmium (U-Cd), used as biomarker of Cd body burden, with renal dysfunction, retarded growth and impaired cognitive development in children. Little is known, however, about factors influencing U-Cd in children and likely to act as confounders. METHODS In a cross-sectional study involving 249 schoolchildren (mean age, 5.72 years; 138 boys), we measured the urine concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead, albumin, alpha1-microglobulin (A1M), retinol-binding protein, β2-microglobulin and club cell protein (CC16). Determinants of U-Cd expressed per creatinine or adjusted to specific gravity were identified by multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Girls and boys had similar median concentrations of U-Cd (0.22 and 0.24 μg/L, 0.33 and 0.35 μg/g creatinine, respectively). When models were run without including creatinine or specific gravity among independent variables, urinary zinc, urinary A1M and age emerged as the strongest predictors of U-Cd expressed per g creatinine or adjusted to SG. When adding creatinine among predictors, urinary creatinine emerged as an additional strong predictor correlating negatively with U-Cd per g creatinine. This strong residual influence of diuresis, not seen when adding specific gravity among predictors, linked U-Cd to U-A1M or U-CC16 through secondary associations mimicking those induced by Cd nephrotoxity. CONCLUSIONS In young children U-Cd largely varies with diuresis, zinc metabolism and urinary A1M. These physiological determinants, unrelated to Cd body burden, may confound the child renal and developmental outcomes associated with low-level U-Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Dumont
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53.02, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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183
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Rist S, Baun A, Hartmann NB. Ingestion of micro- and nanoplastics in Daphnia magna - Quantification of body burdens and assessment of feeding rates and reproduction. Environ Pollut 2017; 228:398-407. [PMID: 28554029 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that micro- and nanoplastic particles can have adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Exposure studies have so far mainly been qualitative since quantitative measurements of particle ingestion are analytically challenging. The aim of this study was therefore to use a quantitative approach for determining ingestion and egestion of micro- and nanoplastics in Daphnia magna and to analyze the influence of particle size, exposure duration and the presence of food. One week old animals were exposed to 2 μm and 100 nm fluorescent polystyrene beads (1 mg/l) for 24 h, followed by a 24 h egestion period in clean medium. During both phases body burdens of particles were determined by measuring the fluorescence intensity in dissolved tissues. Ingestion and egestion were investigated in the absence and presence of food (6.7·105 cells of Raphidocelis subcapitata per ml). Furthermore, feeding rates of daphnids in response to particle exposure were measured as well as effects on reproduction during a 21 days exposure (at 1 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l and 0.1 mg/l) to investigate potential impairments of physiology. Both particle sizes were readily ingested, but the ingested mass of particles was five times higher for the 2 μm particles than for the 100 nm particles. Complete egestion did not occur within 24 h but generally higher amounts of the 2 μm particles were egested. Animal body burdens of particles were strongly reduced in the presence of food. Daphnid feeding rates decreased by 21% in the presence of 100 nm particles, but no effect on reproduction was found despite high body burdens of particles at the end of 21 days exposure. The lower egestion and decreased feeding rates, caused by the 100 nm particles, could indicate that particles in the nanometer size range are potentially more hazardous to D. magna compared to larger particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Rist
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nanna B Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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184
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Barghi M, Shin ES, Kim JC, Choi SD, Chang YS. Human exposure to HBCD and TBBPA via indoor dust in Korea: Estimation of external exposure and body burden. Sci Total Environ 2017; 593-594:779-786. [PMID: 28364612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) mainly occurs through diet and dust ingestion. In this study, the BFR concentrations in 124 vacuum dust samples of six categories of indoor environments (homes, offices, kindergartens, cars, schools, and public indoor environments) and 32 surface dust samples were investigated. The median ΣHBCD concentrations ranged from 106.30ngg-1 in home dust to 496.13ngg-1 in office dust. The TBBPA concentrations in indoor dust (from 78.87 to 463.81ngg-1) were among the highest compared to other countries because of the high market demand for this flame retardant in Korea. The TBBPA concentrations in surface dust of living rooms were significantly higher (p<0.05) than sleeping rooms, due to the presence of more electrical equipment in living rooms. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of ΣHBCD and TBBPA (dust+diet) for toddlers were 6.18ngkg-1bwd-1 and 2.54ngkg-1bwd-1, respectively. In general, the ΣHBCD estimated body burden of Korean adults showed good agreement with the reported ΣHBCD median concentrations in their sera. Since the developmental health effect of exposure to HBCD was categorized as "high hazard" by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the estimated high body burden of ΣHBCD in Korean toddlers (7.91ngg-1 lw) warns us of possible adverse effects on the development of essential systems in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Barghi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chul Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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185
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Martin OV, Evans RM, Faust M, Kortenkamp A. A Human Mixture Risk Assessment for Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Associated with Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Used as Flame Retardants. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:087016. [PMID: 28886598 PMCID: PMC5783671 DOI: 10.1289/ehp826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Food Safety Authority recently concluded that the exposure of small children (1-3 y old) to brominated diphenyl ether (BDE)-99 may exceed acceptable levels defined in relation to neurodevelopmental toxicity in rodents. The flame retardant BDE-209 may release BDE-99 and other lower brominated BDEs through biotic and abiotic degradation, and all age groups are exposed not only to BDE-209 and -99 but also to a cocktail of BDE congeners with evidence of neurodevelopmental toxicity. The possible risks from combined exposures to these substances have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES We performed a congener-specific mixture risk assessment (MRA) of human exposure to combinations of BDE-209 and other BDEs based on estimated exposures via diet and dust intake and on measured levels in biologic samples. METHODS We employed the Hazard Index (HI) method by using BDE congener-specific reference doses for neurodevelopmental toxicity. RESULTS Our HI analysis suggests that combined exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may exceed acceptable levels in breastfeeding infants (0-3 mo old) and in small children (1-3 y old), even for moderate (vs. high) exposure scenarios. Our estimates also suggest that acceptable levels of combined PBDEs may be exceeded in adults whose diets are high in fish. Small children had the highest combined exposures, with some estimated body burdens that were similar to body burdens associated with developmental neurotoxicity in rodents. CONCLUSIONS Our estimates corroborate reports from several recent epidemiological studies of associations between PBDE exposures and neurobehavioral outcomes, and they support the inclusion of BDE-209 in the persistent organic pollutant (POP) convention as well as the need for strategies to reduce exposures to PBDE mixtures, including maximum residue limits for PBDEs in food and measures for limiting the release of PBDEs from consumer waste. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP826.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olwenn V Martin
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London , London, UK
| | - Richard M Evans
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London , London, UK
| | - Michael Faust
- Faust & Backhaus, BITZ - Bremer Innovations- und Technologie-Zentrum , Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London , London, UK
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186
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Man YB, Chow KL, Xing GH, Chan JKY, Wu SC, Wong MH. A pilot study on health risk assessment based on body loadings of PCBs of lactating mothers at Taizhou, China, the world's major site for recycling transformers. Environ Pollut 2017; 227:364-371. [PMID: 28482316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our early study reported an extraordinarily high Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of PCBs of lactating mothers from Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China (based on a food consumption survey and food basket analysis). The EDI well exceeded the intake limit stipulated by FAO/WHO 70 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/month. The present pilot study provided further information on PCBs body burden in lactating mothers of Taizhou. The total PCBs detected in human milk, placenta and hair samples of these lactating mothers were 363 ng/g lipid, 224 ng/g lipid, and 386 ng/g dry wt. Respectively, three times higher than those samples collected from the reference site (Lin'an). Compared with the previous reported values in the 3rd WHO coordinated study, Taizhou topped the list of 32 countries/regions with regards to WHO-PCB-TEQ values of milk samples, which could be attributed to the relatively higher level of PCB-126 derived from electronic waste. In addition, the corresponding EDI of PCBs of Taizhou mothers (12.9 pg WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg bw/day) and infants (438 pg WHO-PCB-TEQ/kg) were derived from individual congener levels in human milk. The results were also higher than the tolerable daily intakes recommended by WHO (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day) by 3 and 110 times, for mothers and infants, respectively. A more intensive epidemiological study on the potential health effects of e-waste recycling activities affecting both workers and residents seems to be of top priority, based on findings of this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ka Lai Chow
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Guan Hua Xing
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Janet Kit Yan Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Sheng Chun Wu
- School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, PR China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, PR China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, PR China.
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187
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Tao F, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Ashworth DC, Douglas P, Toledano MB, Harrad S. Emerging and legacy flame retardants in UK human milk and food suggest slow response to restrictions on use of PBDEs and HBCDD. Environ Int 2017; 105:95-104. [PMID: 28525835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The legacy flame retardants (LFRs) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), together with six emerging flame retardants (EFRs) were measured in United Kingdom (UK) human milk collected in 2010 (n=25) and 2014-15 (n=10). These data are the first report of the presence of EFRs in UK human milk. The most abundant EFR was β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) (average=2.5ng/g lw; geometric mean=1.5ng/g lw), which is comparable to the concentrations of the most abundant LFRs i.e. BDE 47 and α-HBCDD at 2.8 and 2.1ng/g lw, respectively (geometric mean=2.1 and 1.7). The estimated median dietary intake of ΣEFRs by UK nursing infants was 18ng/kg bw/day. EFRs were also measured in UK foodstuffs with β-DBE-DBCH again the predominant compound detected, accounting - on average - for 64.5±23.4% of ΣEFRs. Average estimated dietary intakes of ∑EFRs in the UK were 89 and 26ng/day (1.3 and 2.6ng/body weight/day) for adults and toddlers, respectively. Concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs in our UK food samples exceeded those reported in UK samples from the same food categories collected in 2003-04 and 2006. Despite this and our recent report elsewhere of significant temporal declines in concentrations of BDE 209 in UK indoor dust (p<0.05) and HBCDDs in UK indoor dust and air (p<0.001), no significant temporal differences (p>0.05) were observed between concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs, BDE 209 and HBCDDs in human milk sampled in 2010 and those obtained in 2014-15. UK adult body burdens for EFRs were predicted via inhalation, diet and dust ingestion using a simple pharmacokinetic model. The predicted EFR body burdens compared well with observed concentrations in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tao
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Danielle C Ashworth
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London, a Partnership with Public Health England, and collaboration with Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Philippa Douglas
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London, a Partnership with Public Health England, and collaboration with Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Mireille B Toledano
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London, a Partnership with Public Health England, and collaboration with Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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188
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Kim NS, Ahn J, Lee BK, Park J, Kim Y. Environmental exposures to lead, mercury, and cadmium among South Korean teenagers (KNHANES 2010-2013): Body burden and risk factors. Environ Res 2017; 156:468-476. [PMID: 28415041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited information is available on the association of age and sex with blood concentrations of heavy metals in teenagers. In addition, factors such as a shared family environment may have an association. We analyzed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2010-2013) to determine whether blood levels of heavy metals differ by risk factors such as age, sex, and shared family environment in a representative sample of teenagers. METHODS This study used data obtained in the KNHANES 2010-2013, which had a rolling sampling design that involved a complex, stratified, multistage, probability-cluster survey of a representative sample of the non-institutionalized civilian population in South Korea. Our cross-sectional analysis was restricted to teenagers and their parents who completed the health examination survey, and for whom blood measurements of cadmium, lead, and mercury were available. The final analytical sample consisted of 1585 teenagers, and 376 fathers and 399 mothers who provided measurements of blood heavy metal concentrations. RESULTS Male teenagers had greater blood levels of lead and mercury, but sex had no association with blood cadmium level. There were age-related increases in blood cadmium, but blood lead decreased with age, and age had little association with blood mercury. The concentrations of cadmium and mercury declined from 2010 to 2013. The blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury in teenagers were positively associated with the levels in their parents after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION Our results show that blood heavy metal concentrations differ by risk factors such as age, sex, and shared family environment in teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Soo Kim
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jaeouk Ahn
- Department of Medical IT Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea.
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Gube M, Schettgen T, Kraus T, Schikowsky C, Heibges A, Klingel R, Hoffmann C, Wiemeyer A, Jacobson J, Esser A. Use of plasma exchange or double filtration plasmapheresis to reduce body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls: A pilot trial. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2017; 27:444-450. [PMID: 27436695 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine whether plasma exchange (PE) or selective double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is able to reduce the internal Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) burden of highly exposed participants of the health effects in high-level exposure to PCB (HELPcB) cohort. HELPcB is a surveillance program for former PCB-exposed workers of a German capacitor recycling company. After comparative evaluation of PE and DFPP in a phase I, DFPP was chosen as method for further treatment. In phase II, five participants underwent DFPP at weekly intervals for the duration of 12 weeks. Six PCB species were selected as indicators and were analyzed in the plasma before and after each treatment and 4 weeks after the last treatment. The PCB levels before and after each DFPP treatment showed a significant reduction in PCB blood levels; however, there was no significant change in PCB levels within the samples collected before each treatment as compared with the samples collected in the following week before treatment. Even the difference between PCB levels at the onset of the study and 4 weeks after the last treatment was not significant. The results of this pilot trial do not encourage further investigations in using therapeutic apheresis to reduce the PCB body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gube
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Christian Schikowsky
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Andreas Heibges
- Apheresis Research Institute, Stadtwaldguertel 77, Cologne 50935, Germany
| | - Reinhard Klingel
- Apheresis Research Institute, Stadtwaldguertel 77, Cologne 50935, Germany
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Outpatient Center for Dialysis 'Dialyse am Hellweg', Stefanstr. 2, Dortmund 44135, Germany
| | - Andreas Wiemeyer
- Outpatient Center for Dialysis 'Dialyse am Hellweg', Stefanstr. 2, Dortmund 44135, Germany
| | - Jewgeni Jacobson
- Outpatient Center for Dialysis 'Dialyse am Hellweg', Stefanstr. 2, Dortmund 44135, Germany
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
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190
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Degen GH, Partosch F, Muñoz K, Gundert-Remy U. Daily uptake of mycotoxins - TDI might not be protective for nursed infants. Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:69-75. [PMID: 28602893 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exclusive breast feeding is recommended by international bodies for the first six months of life. Because of the presence of contaminants, breast feeding might lead to toxicologically relevant exposure of the nursed child. Exposure towards mycotoxins is of specific interest because of their widespread occurrence in food and of their toxicological profile. We calculated the relationship between maternal intake at the level of the existing TDIs and the exposure in the nursed infants of several mycotoxins to evaluate whether maternal exposure at the TDI is also safe for the nursed infant. If published information was not available we used in silico methods for estimating toxicokinetic parameters and the lactational transfer. A single dose and a continuous daily intake scenario were considered. Maternal intake at the TDI exceeds the age-adjusted TDI (TDI/3) values for infants in case of deoxynivalenol and patulin in the single dose scenario. Exceedance is particularly pronounced for ochratoxin A in the continuous daily intake scenario (29.2 fold above the child adjusted TDI). According to published data in infants impaired kidney function may result from this exceedance. When setting a TDI, the safety of the exclusively nursed infant should be considered in the continuous daily intake scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Degen
- Leibniz Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Partosch
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Muñoz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - U Gundert-Remy
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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191
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Ding JJ, Yang FX. [Progress in environmental exposure of organophosphate flame retardants]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 51:570-576. [PMID: 28592106 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which have both great properties of flame retardation and plasticization, are currently widely used as additive flame retardants. Due to the restriction and phase-out of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), the market demand for OPFRs as excellent alternatives of BFRs has been rapid increasing. OPFRs can be slowly released into the environment during production and application. Some OPFRs might be persistent in the environment. As a result, OPFRs have been detected in various matrices in the environment and are expected to accumulate in human body through various pathways. OPFRs may cause adverse effects to human health as some of them have been identified as neurotoxicants, reproductive toxicants and potential carcinogens. The article summarized the occurrence and patterns of OPFRs in various environmental matrices such as air, dust, water, food and so on, and in human specimens, estimates the exposure status through different pathways and body burdens of OPFRs. The expected hotspots of OPFRs were also discussed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Nieboer E, Martin ID, Liberda EN, Dewailly E, Robinson E, Tsuji LJS. Body burdens, sources and interrelations of selected toxic and essential elements among the nine Cree First Nations of Eeyou Istchee, James Bay region of northern Quebec, Canada. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2017; 19:727-741. [PMID: 28418431 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND this article constitutes a report on the comprehensive Nituuchischaayihtitaau Aschii multi-community environment-and-health study conducted among the Cree peoples (Eeyouch) of northern Quebec, Canada. OBJECTIVES to interpret observed concentrations of a suite of chemical elements in a multi-media biological monitoring study in terms of sources and predictors. METHODS the concentrations of 5 essential and 6 toxic chemical elements were measured in whole blood, and/or in urine or hair by ICP-MS. Concentrations of essential elements are compared to those considered normal (i.e., required for good health) and, when toxic, deemed acceptable at specified concentrations in public health guidelines. Their dependence on age, sex, the specific community lived-in and diet were explored employing multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) involving new variables generated by principle component analysis (PCA) and correspondence analysis (CA). RESULTS the 5 most prominent PCA axes explained 67.7% of the variation, compared to 93.0% by 6 main CA factors. Concentrations of the essential elements in whole blood (WB) and iodine(i) and arsenic (As) in urine were comparable to those reported in the recent Canadian Health Measures survey and are assigned to dietary sources. By contrast, WB cadmium (Cd) was elevated even when smoking was considered. Mercury (Hg) concentrations in WB and hair were also higher in adults, although comparable to those observed for other indigenous populations living at northern latitudes. Fish consumption was identified as the prominent source. Of the 5 coastal communities, all but one had lower Hg exposures than the four inland communities, presumably reflecting the type of fish consumed. Use of firearms and smoking were correlated with WB-lead (Pb). The concentrations of both Hg and Pb increased with age and were higher in men, while WB-Cd and smoking prevalence were higher in women when considering all communities. Hg and Pb were low in children and women of reproductive age, with few exceedances of health guidelines. Although individuals with T2D had somewhat lower WB-Cd, there is some indication that Cd may potentiate renal dysfunction in this subgroup. Plots of selected CA axes grouped those elements expected to be in a normal diet and distinguished them from those with well-known unique sources (especially Hg and As in hair; and Hg, Pb and Cd in WB). CONCLUSIONS the use of multiple biological media in conjunction with the complementary PCA and CA approaches for constructing composite variables allowed a more detailed understanding of both the sources of the essential and toxic elements in body fluids and the dependencies of their observed concentrations on age, sex, community and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Nieboer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Lee CS, Fisher NS. Bioaccumulation of methylmercury in a marine copepod. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1287-1293. [PMID: 27764899 PMCID: PMC5397336 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is known to biomagnify in marine food chains, resulting in higher concentrations in upper trophic level animals than their prey. To better understand how marine copepods, an important intermediate between phytoplankton and forage fish at the bottom of the food chain, assimilate and release MeHg, the authors performed a series of laboratory experiments using the gamma-emitting radiotracer 203 Hg2+ and Me203 Hg with the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Assimilation efficiencies of Hg2+ and MeHg ranged from 25% to 31% and 58% to 79%, respectively, depending on algal diets. Assimilation efficiencies were positively related to the fraction of Hg in the cytoplasm of the algal cells that comprised their diet. Efflux rates of Hg2+ (0.29/d) and MeHg (0.21/d) following aqueous uptake were similar, but efflux rates following dietary uptake were significantly lower for MeHg (0.11-0.22/d) than Hg2+ (0.47-0.66/d). The calculated trophic transfer factors in copepods were >1 for MeHg and consistently low (≤0.2) for Hg2+ . The authors used the parameters measured to quantitatively model the relative importance of MeHg sources (water or diet) for copepods and to predict the overall MeHg concentrations in copepods in different marine environments. In general, MeHg uptake from the diet accounted for most of the body burden in copepods (>50%). For an algal diet with a MeHg dry weight bioconcentration factor ≥106 , >90% of a copepod's MeHg body burden can be shown to derive from the diet. The model-predicted MeHg concentrations in the copepods were comparable to independent measurements for copepods in coastal and open-ocean regions, implying that the measured parameters and model are applicable to natural waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1287-1293. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shiuan Lee
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Nicholas S. Fisher
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Vorojeikina D, Broberg K, Love TM, Davidson PW, van Wijngaarden E, Rand MD. Editor's Highlight: Glutathione S-Transferase Activity Moderates Methylmercury Toxicity During Development in Drosophila. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:211-221. [PMID: 28184905 PMCID: PMC5837650 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) pathways play a central role in methylmercury (MeHg) metabolism and elimination, largely due to formation of a more readily transported MeHg-GSH conjugate. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have therefore been proposed to facilitate MeHg elimination by catalyzing MeHg-GSH conjugation. A role for human GSTP1 in MeHg disposition is suggested by the association of two common polymorphisms in the coding region (Ile105Val and Ala114Val) with Hg levels in either blood or hair. In this study, we investigated a functional role for GSTs in modulating MeHg toxicity during development. Using the Drosophila model to execute targeted manipulations of both endogenous GSTs and introduced human GSTP1 variants we correlate gene and protein expression levels with GST activity and also with MeHg body burden and developmental outcomes. RNAi knockdown of endogenous GSTD1, GSTE1, or GSTS1, individually, increased susceptibility to MeHg during pupal development resulting in a reduced rate of adult eclosion. Exogenous expression of human GSTP1 in developing flies resulted in increased MeHg tolerance relative to control flies as seen with elevated eclosion rates when reared on MeHg containing food. Furthermore, the GSTP1105 and GSTP1114 variants showed a reduced enzyme activity relative to wild-type GSTP1 (GSTP1wt). Finally, we observed a trend whereby Hg body burden was inversely related to the levels of GST activity. However, in some instances GSTP1 expression resulted in increased eclosion rates without reducing Hg body burden suggesting that GSTs interact with MeHg via both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic mechanisms. These findings indicate that GSTs moderate MeHg toxicity during development in our experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Broberg
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Metals & Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tanzy M. Love
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
| | | | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Public Health SciencesDepartment of Dentistry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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Austin C, Richardson C, Smith D, Arora M. Tooth manganese as a biomarker of exposure and body burden in rats. Environ Res 2017; 155:373-379. [PMID: 28279842 PMCID: PMC5862712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates and children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of excess manganese (Mn), but studies of Mn exposure during these developmental periods are hampered by a lack of validated biomarkers. Deciduous teeth may be used to assess Mn exposure during these developmental periods but require further validation to determine the relationship between tooth Mn, Mn in target tissues, and exposure. OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship of tooth Mn concentrations with: (i) exposure dose, (ii) the timing/duration of exposure, and (iii) with Mn concentrations in blood, brain and bone. METHODS Rats in different treatment groups were orally exposed to 0, 25 or 50µg/g/day Mn either from postnatal day (PND) 1 - 21 and culled at PND 24, from PND 1 - 21 and culled as adults (>PND 290), or from PND 1 - throughout life and culled at >290 PND. Mn was measured in second molars, femurs, brain and blood by ICP-MS. RESULTS Tooth Mn increased significantly with dose in rats exposed for 21 PND and culled at 24 PND (p<0.001). In rats culled at >290 PND, tooth Mn increased with exposure duration (p<0.001) and reflected exposure duration. A significant, positive association between tooth Mn and Mn levels in blood (Spearman's rho 0.69, p<0.01) brain (rho 0.59, p<0.05) and bone (rho 0.69, p<0.01) was observed in animals with lifelong exposure. Tooth Mn and Mn levels in bone were also significantly positively associated in animals exposed only early in life (rho 0.76, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Teeth are a sensitive biomarker of active and past Mn exposure and Mn burden in tissues. Unlike blood, teeth retain information on exposure history over the short and long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, and Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cardius Richardson
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Donald Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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196
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Chen SX, Wiseman CLS, Chakravartty D, Cole DC. Metal Concentrations in Newcomer Women and Environmental Exposures: A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14030277. [PMID: 28282863 PMCID: PMC5369113 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Newcomer women from developing countries are recognized to be at risk for elevated exposures to environmental contaminants and associated negative health effects. As such, data on exposure sources and contaminant body burden concentrations is critical in the development of effective public health policies and interventions in support of newcomer health. We conducted a scoping review to gather evidence on important toxic metals of health concern, lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd), and their concentrations and potential exposure sources among newcomer women. An initial 420 articles were identified through the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus, many reporting by ethnicity rather than newcomer/immigrant status. Several articles reported metal concentrations for other biomarkers but did not include blood, nor stratify results. From the remainder, we selected a total of 10 articles for full textual review, which reported blood Pb, Hg or Cd levels for newcomer women and/or stratified blood metal results according to foreign birth or country of origin. Three of the articles reported higher Pb, Hg and Cd concentrations in newcomer women compared to their native-borne counterparts. Exposures identified as contributing to elevated Pb, Hg and Cd blood concentrations included: pica behaviour, the use of lead-glazed cookware or eye cosmetics, and fish/shellfish consumption. The review revealed a limited availability of data on metal body burden concentrations, exposure sources and routes among newcomer women specifically. More research is needed to better understand the extent to which newcomer women are disproportionately at risk of elevated metal exposures due to either country of origin or current exposures and to inform relevant, multi-national risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley X Chen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada.
| | - Clare L S Wiseman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada.
| | - Dolon Chakravartty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada.
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197
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Jain RB. Factors affecting the variability in the observed levels of cadmium in blood and urine among former and current smokers aged 20-64 and ≥ 65years. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:8837-8851. [PMID: 28214937 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1999-2012 were used to evaluate factors that affect observed levels of blood cadmium (BCd) and urine cadmium (UCd) among former and current smokers aged 20-64 and ≥65 years. Adjusted levels (AGM) for BCd and UCd were higher among females as compared to males. The order of AGM for BCd by race/ethnicity for 20-64 years old was non-Hispanic white (NHW) < non-Hispanic black (NHB) and NHW > NHB for ≥65 years old. The order of AGMs for UCd for 20-64-year-old current smokers was NHW > NHB and NHW > NHB for former smokers. For 20-64-year-old current smokers, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home was associated with higher levels of BCd. Levels of both UCd and BCd increased with age, but the rate of increase was as much as seven times higher among ≥65 years old than 20-64 years old. For current smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked inside home was positively associated with the levels of BCd. For current smokers aged 20-64 years, the number of cigarettes smoked inside home was positively associated with the levels of UCd (p < 0.01), and the number of cigarettes smoked every day on the days they were smoked was also positively associated with the levels of UCd (p < 0.01). Among former smokers, levels of both UCd and BCd were positively associated (p < 0.1) with the number of cigarettes smoked per day at the time of quitting smoking and negatively associated with the time since smoking was quitted (p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- , 2959 Estate View Ct, Dacula, GA, 30019, USA.
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198
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Li Y, Li J, Wang H, Wang A. A new method of estimation of dose conversion coefficients for aquatic biota. J Radiol Prot 2017; 37:31-42. [PMID: 27922828 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/37/1/31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop the basis of an approach, through which we can comprehend the relationships of radiation exposures and dose, and dose and radiological effects, large numbers of dosimetric data are required. It is complex to estimate the dosimetry involved due to enormous variability of organism shapes, masses, and their natural habitats. This paper aims to develop an empirical equation, which correlates dose conversion coefficients (DCCs) with organism volume V, density ρ, source energy E and curve fitting coefficients. Compared with the values calculated by a Monte Carlo method, the mean relative deviation of the empirical-fitted DCCs are reasonably low for gamma external exposure and beta internal exposure. The empirical-fitted values are very close to those calculated using a simplified anatomical phantom, the ERICA Tool or a voxel phantom.
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199
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Lamart S, Griffiths NM, Tchitchek N, Angulo JF, Van der Meeren A. Analysis methodology and development of a statistical tool for biodistribution data from internal contamination with actinides. J Radiol Prot 2017; 37:296-308. [PMID: 28245201 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/37/1/296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a computational tool that integrates several statistical analysis features for biodistribution data from internal contamination experiments. These data represent actinide levels in biological compartments as a function of time and are derived from activity measurements in tissues and excreta. These experiments aim at assessing the influence of different contamination conditions (e.g. intake route or radioelement) on the biological behavior of the contaminant. The ever increasing number of datasets and diversity of experimental conditions make the handling and analysis of biodistribution data difficult. This work sought to facilitate the statistical analysis of a large number of datasets and the comparison of results from diverse experimental conditions. Functional modules were developed using the open-source programming language R to facilitate specific operations: descriptive statistics, visual comparison, curve fitting, and implementation of biokinetic models. In addition, the structure of the datasets was harmonized using the same table format. Analysis outputs can be written in text files and updated data can be written in the consistent table format. Hence, a data repository is built progressively, which is essential for the optimal use of animal data. Graphical representations can be automatically generated and saved as image files. The resulting computational tool was applied using data derived from wound contamination experiments conducted under different conditions. In facilitating biodistribution data handling and statistical analyses, this computational tool ensures faster analyses and a better reproducibility compared with the use of multiple office software applications. Furthermore, re-analysis of archival data and comparison of data from different sources is made much easier. Hence this tool will help to understand better the influence of contamination characteristics on actinide biokinetics. Our approach can aid the optimization of treatment protocols and therefore contribute to the improvement of the medical response after internal contamination with actinides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lamart
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91297 Arpajon, France
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Domienik J. A methodology to split the total cumulative Hp(10) dose into the Hp(10) i doses received during various procedures performed by interventional cardiologist. J Radiol Prot 2017; 37:N1-N4. [PMID: 27922829 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/37/1/n1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The methodology describing how to split the cumulative Hp(10) dose of interventional cardiologists into Hp(10) i doses received during procedures of various types based on procedure-specific ELDO coefficients and Hp(3) doses per procedure is presented. The appropriate equations for Hp(10) i (Hp(10) for procedure type i), depending on the number of various procedure types (i = 1 … 4) performed by a particular physician, are derived. The methodology can be applied to whole-body doses measured on the lead apron and therefore can be used for optimisation of work practices in those catheterisation labs where routine dosimeter is worn above the apron.
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