151
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Göbel E, Riessner R, Pohl P. [Influence of DCMU on the formation of lipids and fatty acids, and on the ultrastructure of Euglena gracilis (author's transl)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG. SECTION C, BIOSCIENCES 1976; 31:687-92. [PMID: 138287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z) was grown heterotrophically in the dark for 6 days. Subsequently, the cells were grown photoautotrophically under white fluorescent light with varying amounts of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl urea (DCMU) (1.7X10(-9)--1.0X10(-5)mol/l) added to the nutrient medium. Under non-photosynthetic conditions (addition of 10(-6)--10(-5)mol DCMU/l), the cells still produced chloroplast structures and a considerable percentage of compounds typical for chloroplasts, such as galactolipids (40-50%), chlorophylls (40%), and polyunsaturated C16 and C18 fatty acids (16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:2, 18:3) (65%). The results indicate that under these conditions the above compounds are synthesized from carbon sources outside the chloroplasts.
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152
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Matson RS, Kimura T. Ferredoxin biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 442:76-87. [PMID: 821536 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of ferredoxin content in cultures of Euglena gracilis grown in the presence of selective antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis resulted in the following conclusions: 1. Ferredoxin is synthesized from cytoplasmic (80s-type) ribosomes; cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of 80s translation completely abolished the synthesis, while the inhibitors of 70s translation chloramphenicol and erythromycin were not effective. In addition, ferredoxin was detected in a streptomycin-bleached mutant that lacks the chloroplast structure and chloroplast DNA. 2. Ferredoxin's transcript is presumably of nuclear origin; rifampicin, an inhibitor of chloroplast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase did not inhibit synthesis, while the streptomycin-bleached mutant continued to synthesize ferredoxin without chloroplast DNA.
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153
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Carell EF, Goetz GH. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in vitamin B-12-deficient Euglenagracilis. Biochem J 1976; 156:473-5. [PMID: 821480 PMCID: PMC1163771 DOI: 10.1042/bj1560473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The size of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools of vitamin B-12-deficient cells of Euglena gracilis, and of vitamin B-12-deficient cells repleted with the vitamin, were measured. We found that the pools were very small, if they exist at all, in deficient cells but expand rapidly with the addition of the vitamin. The sizes of the pools decrease when DNA synthesis is completed, and are very small when the cells begin to divide.
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154
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Edmunds LN, Jay ME, Kohlmann A, Liu SC, Merriam VH, Sternberg H. The coupling effects of some thiol and other sulfur-containing compounds on the circadian rhythm of cell division in photosynthetic mutants of Euglena. Arch Microbiol 1976; 108:1-8. [PMID: 818971 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated a persisting, free-running, circadian rhythm of cell division in the P4ZUL photosynthetic mutant of the alga Euglena gracilis Klebs (Strain Z) Pringsheim grown organotrophically in continuous light or darkness at 19 degrees C following prior synchronization by a repetitive LD:10,14 light cycle. A similar circadian rhythmicity has been recently discovered in the W6ZHL heat-bleached and the Y9ZNalL naladixic acid-induced mutants of Euglena grown under comparable conditions. Over extended timespans, however, these mutants appear to gradually lose first their ability to display persisting overt rhythms, and then even their capability of being entrained by imposed LD cycles. These properties can be restored by the addition of certain sulfur-containing compounds to the medium including cysteine, methionine, dithiothreital, sodium monosulfide, sodium sulfite, and sodium thiosulfate, as well as thioglycolic [mercaptoacetic] acid. The implications of these findings toward biological clock mechanisms are discussed: It appears that some sort of coupling process is operating as opposed to the initiation of an underlying oscillation.
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155
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Ebringer L, Jurásek A, Konicek J, Konícková M, Lahitová N, Trubacík S. Mutagenic action of nitrofurans on Euglena gracilis and Mycobacterium phlei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 9:682-9. [PMID: 817666 PMCID: PMC429598 DOI: 10.1128/aac.9.4.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pronounced difference between the action of antibiotics and nitrofurans on Euglena gracilis. Those antibiotics that induce hereditary loss of chloroplasts do so only when they affect dividing cells. On the other hand, nitrofurans induce a mass mutation in both dividing and nondividing cells (under conditions of continuous illumination of cultures). It was found that a breakdown product, 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde, is liberated from furadantin and furoxone. This intermediate is responsible for the observed specific mutagenicity of 5-nitrofuran drugs. The mutagenic action of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde is very similar to that of nitrosoguanidine. Both compounds induce bleached mutants of E. gracilis when acting on growing or resting cells, regardless of the dark or light conditions. Similarly, both compounds induce reverse mutations in auxotrophic strains of Mycobacterium phlei.
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156
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Elstner EF, Wildner GF, Heupel A. Oxygen activation by isolated chloroplasts from Euglena gracilis. Ferredoxin-dependent function of a fluorescent compound and photosynthetic electron transport close to photosystem. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:623-30. [PMID: 179469 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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157
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Mikolajczyk E, Diehn B. The effect of potassium iodide on photophobic responses in Euglena: evidence for two photoreceptor pigments. Photochem Photobiol 1975; 22:269-71. [PMID: 814554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1975.tb06748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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158
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Lesiewicz JL, Herson DS. A reinvestigation of the sites of transcription and translation of Euglena chloroplastic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. Arch Microbiol 1975; 105:117-21. [PMID: 976 DOI: 10.1007/bf00447124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An attempt was made to determine the sites of chloroplast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase transcription and translation. Inhibitors of bacterial RNA and protein synthesis were added to logarithmic and stationary phase cultures of Euglena gracilis wild-type B. Logarithmic phase cultures were sensitive to both types of inhibitors. In stationary phase cultures plastid synthetase was reduced by RNA but not by protein synthesis inhibitors. The effect of the antibiotics on the mitochondrial enzyme was also noted. Several possible explanations of these resuults are discussed.
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159
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Verdier G. Synthesis and translation site of light-induced mRNAs in etiolated Euglena gracilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 407:91-8. [PMID: 810174 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(a)-mRNA synthesis has been studied in etiolated Euglena gracilis exposed to 1 or 2 h of illumination. 1. Labeling kinetics of mRNAs containing poly(A) sequences, during illumination or after return to darkness, reach a plateau in 10 or 20 min according to nutritional conditions. When the cultures are returned to darkness, the mRNA synthesis decreases rapidly. Thus, the synthesis of these mRNAs (light-induced mRNAs) is dependent on light and their half-life can be evaluated. 2. Cycloheximide induces accumulation of label in poly(A)-containing mRNA; such an accumulation is not observed after addition of lincomycin. Labeling during illumination of mRNA in a chloroplast mutant is similar to that in the wild type strain. These data suggest that the poly(A)-mRNAs synthesized in the two first hours of illumination are translated on cytoplasmic polyribosomes.
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160
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Piccinni E. ATPase activity in flagella from Euglena gracilis. Localization of the enzyme and effects of detergents. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1975; 22:331-5. [PMID: 125790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1975.tb05182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical effects of some detergents on the ATPase activity of isolated flagella from Euglena gracilis are related to morphologic obliterations induced by those detergents. Enzymic activity can be localized by electron microscopy along the microtubules and also on the paraflagellar rod. The nonionic detergent digitonin solubilizes the enzyme linked to dyneinic arms, whereas the activity linked to residual structures appears enhanced. These results support the hypothesis that the paraflagellar rod may be a structure activity related to the motility of this type of flagellum.
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161
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Falchuk KH, Drishan A, Vallee BL. DNA distribution in the cell cycle of Euglena gracilis. Cytofluorometry of zinc deficient cells. Biochemistry 1975; 14:3439-44. [PMID: 807244 DOI: 10.1021/bi00686a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of DNA content of intact cells by laser induced cytofluorometry permits dynamic studies of the cell cycle in the synchronously dividing eukaryote Euglena gracilis. In this manner, the effects of zinc deficiency and cadmium toxicity on in situ DNA synthesis and cell division of this organism have been studied. In the G-1 hase of the cell cycle, prior to initiation of DNA synthesis, the DNA content of synchronously growing E. gracilis is characteristic of cells with an ureplicated genome. In S phase there is a progressive increase in DNA content which leads to genome duplication as the cells enter G2. In the subsequent mitosis all cells divide. Cytofluorometric definition of DNA content serves as a standard of reference to study variables which alter or block each stage of the cell cycle. Growth in zinc dificient media inhibits cell division. The DNA content of such zinc dificnet cells is characteristic of a population of cells blocked in S/G2 with a small fraction in G1. Moreover, cells synchronized in G1 and placed in zinc deficient media do not progress into S phase. Cadmium also inhibits cell division, and the DNA content of these blocked cells is three to four times greater than that of cells in G1. Zinc is essential for the biochemical events of the premitotic state which include initiation of DNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, and progression from G-2 to mitosis. Cadminum-induced derangements of the cell cycle include alterations in regulation cellular DNA content.
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162
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Woodward J, Merrett MJ. Induction potential for glyoxylate cycle enzymes during the cell cycle of Euglena gracilis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 55:555-9. [PMID: 240700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In light/dark synchronized cultures of Euglena gracilis Klebs Z the enzymes malate synthase, isocitrate lyase and acetate thiokinase were induced upon addition of acetate at all stages of the cell cycle. Cycloheximide and p-fluorophenylalanine inhibited the development of enzyme activity, showing that induction was dependent on protein synthesis. The maximum rate of induction for all three enzymes was constant for much of the cell cycle but doubles in a single step during the period of DNA replication. Although these data indicate that enzyme potential was regulated by gene dosage and that the structural gene for each enzyme was continuously available for transcription during the cell-cycle it was not possible by using inhibitors of RNA synthesis, to demonstrate concurrent transcription during enzyme induction.
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163
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Bishop DG, Nolan WG. Inhibition by dibromothymoquinone of photosynthetic electron transfer in chloroplasts of differing ultrastructure. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:594-600. [PMID: 806266 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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164
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Diamond J, Schiff JA, Kelner A. Photoreactivating enzyme from euglena and the control of its intracellular level. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 167:603-14. [PMID: 804861 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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165
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Smarda J, Ebringer L, Mach J. The effect of colicin E2 on the flagellate Euglena gracilis. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 86:363-6. [PMID: 803552 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-86-2-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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166
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Nicolas P, Nigon V. Chloroplast and non-chloroplast adenosine-3':5'-cyclic-monophosphate-receptor-proteins in Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 1974; 49:254-9. [PMID: 4374397 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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167
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Vaidehi BK, Delcourt A, Mestre JC. [Toxicity of phenylmercury hydroxide on the fresh water algae Scenedesmus subspicatus W. and W. and Euglena gracilis Klebs]. COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE D: SCIENCES NATURELLES 1974; 279:1081-4. [PMID: 4218534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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168
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Pienkos P, Walfield A, Hershberger CL. Effect of nalidixic acid on Euglena gracilis: induced loss of chloroplast deoxyribonucleic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 165:548-53. [PMID: 4216299 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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169
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Christopher AR, Dobrosielski-Vergona K, Goetz G, Johnston PL, Carell EF. Vitamin B12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. I. Kinetic analysis of the cell cycle and chloroplast replication. Exp Cell Res 1974; 89:71-8. [PMID: 4215667 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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170
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Schwartzbach SD, Schiff JA. Chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes of Euglena: selective binding of dihydrostreptomycin to chloroplast ribosomes. J Bacteriol 1974; 120:334-41. [PMID: 4138802 PMCID: PMC245768 DOI: 10.1128/jb.120.1.334-341.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrostreptomycin binds preferentially to chloroplast ribosomes of wild-type Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Pringsheim. The K(diss) for the wild-type chloroplast ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex is 2 x 10(-7) M, a value comparable with that found for the Escherichia coli ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex. Chloroplast ribosomes isolated from the streptomycin-resistant mutant Sm(1) (r)BNgL and cytoplasmic ribosomes from wild-type have a much lower affinity for the antibiotic. The K(diss) for the chloroplast ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex of Sm(1) (r) is 387 x 10(-7) M, and the value for the cytoplasmic ribosome-dihydrostreptomycin complex of the wild type is 1,400 x 10(-7) M. Streptomycin competes with dihydrostreptomycin for the chloroplast ribosome binding site, and preincubation of streptomycin with hydroxylamine prevents the binding of streptomycin to the chloroplast ribosome. These results indicate that the inhibition of chloroplast development and replication in Euglena by streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin is related to the specific inhibition of protein synthesis on the chloroplast ribosomes of Euglena.
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171
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Wildner GF, Hauska G. Localization of the reaction site of cytochrome 552 in chloroplasts from Euglena gracilis. Effects of a specific antibody on endogenous, external and reincorporated cytochrome 552 in chloroplast membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:136-44. [PMID: 4154725 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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172
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Kahn JS. Physiological adaptation of Euglena gracilis to uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:266-74. [PMID: 4279625 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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173
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Wildner GF, Hauska G. Localization of the reaction site of cytochrome 552 in chloroplasts from Euglena gracilis. Cytochrome content and photooxidation in different chloroplast preparations. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:127-35. [PMID: 4154724 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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174
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Bovarnick JG, Chang SW, Schiff JA, Schwartzbach SD. Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts: experiments with streptomycin in non-dividing cells. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1974; 83:51-62. [PMID: 4213098 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-83-1-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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175
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Krizková L, Balan J, Balanová J, Nemec P. Incidence of antiprotozoal and antivermal antibiotics in fungi. IV. Fungi imperfecti, order Moniliales, collected in China. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1974; 27:234-9. [PMID: 4212080 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.27.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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176
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Nobel PS. Ozone effects on chlorophylls a and b. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1974; 61:80-1. [PMID: 4209300 DOI: 10.1007/bf00596204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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177
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Parthier B. Cytoplasmic site synthesis of chloroplast aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 1973; 38:70-4. [PMID: 4204052 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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178
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Kimimura M, Kato S. Studies on electron transport associated with photosystem I. 3. The reduction sites of various Hill oxidants in the photosynthetic electron transport system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 325:167-74. [PMID: 4203736 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(73)90162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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179
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Sulzman FM, Edmunds LN. Characterization of circadian oscillations in alanine dehydrogenase activity in non-dividing populations of Euglena gracilis (Z). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 320:594-609. [PMID: 4201692 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(73)90139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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180
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Neumann D, Parthier B. Effects of nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, and anisomycin on structure and development of plastids and mitochondria in greening Euglena gracilis. Exp Cell Res 1973; 81:255-68. [PMID: 4202355 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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181
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Nass MM, Ben-Shaul Y. Effects of Ethidium Bromide on Growth, Chlorophyll Synthesis, Ultrastructure and Mitochondrial Dna in Green and Bleached Mutant Euglena Gracilis. J Cell Sci 1973; 13:567-90. [PMID: 4357367 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.13.2.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Green Euglena cells were grown with 1, 5, 20, 50 and 100 µg/ml ethidium bromide (EB), a DNA-intercalating dye and cytoplasmic mutagen. Treatment with 50 µg EB/ml for 3 days in growing medium, pH 3.3 (heterotrophic growth) was maximally effective and inhibited cell division by 70% and chlorophyll formation by 60%. Similar results were obtained in Cramer Meyers medium, pH 6.8 without acetate (autotrophic growth). When dark-grown cells were shifted from heterotrophic to autotrophic medium and exposed to light and 20 or 50 µg EB/ml for 3 days, the cells barely divided and chlorophyll formation (greening) was inhibited by 30 and 60% with 20 and 50 µg EB/ml, respectively. Greening was similarly inhibited in heterotrophic medium. The ultrastructure of chloroplasts appeared normal in all conditions, but mitochondria of EB-treated cells had fewer cristae than control cells and frequently concentrically arranged cristae. Dark-grown cells were treated with 5, 20, 50, 100 and 150 µg EB/ml for 24 h, transferred to resting medium, pH 4.5, and exposed to EB and light for 3 days. Chlorophyll synthesis was significantly inhibited even with 5 µg EB/ml. The ultrastructure of chloroplasts and mitochondria appeared normal.
Bleached mutant Euglena were treated with 1, 5, 10 and 20 µg EB/ml in growing medium. Cell division was inhibited by 70% after 7 days of culture with 20 µg EB/ml. Inhibition was greater in the light than in the dark. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was strikingly changed even with 1 or 5 µg EB/ml for 5 days, and there were 2 types: mitochondrial profiles with few and/or concentrically arranged cristae and electron-lucid matrix, and fused sheets of mitochondrial membranes encircling the periphery of the cell. Cytochrome oxidase activity was partially inhibited. The ultrastructural changes in mitochondria after growth of bleached Euglena in 1, 5 and 10 µg EB/ml for 10 days were reversed (partially in some cells) when cells were transferred to EB-free medium for another 20 days. There was a 10-15 day lag in the recovery of cell division rate. Re-exposure of reversed cells to 20 µg EB/ml showed a progressively greater resistance to the drug directly proportional to the original concentration of EB.
The yield of mitochondrial DNA after exposure to EB was slightly lowered after 3 days, and after 8 days was reduced from 1.84 µg M-DNA/mg M-protein (control) to 1.69 and 0.98 (with 1 and 5 µg EB/ml, respectively). Mitochondrial DNA synthesis, as reflected by the incorporation of [3H]guanine and [3H]adenine into DNA, was unaffected after 3 days of growth in 1 and 5 µg EB/ml, but was inhibited by 70% after 8 days. Nuclear DNA synthesis was not significantly inhibited. The specific activities of circular satellite DNA were lowered by 50%.
The results demonstrate that EB inhibits cell division in both strains of Euglena, that ultra-structure is changed only in mitochondria of growing cells, not in chloroplasts, and that some chloroplast but mainly mitochondrial functions are inhibited under suitable conditions. The results also indicate that resistance to the drug can be developed.
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182
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Keirns JJ, Carritt B, Freeman J, Eisenstadt JM, Bitensky MW. Adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate in Euglena gracilis. Life Sci 1973; 13:287-302. [PMID: 4356580 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(73)90220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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183
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Mo Y, Harris BG, Gracy RW. Triosephosphate isomerases and aldolases from light- and dark-grown Euglena gracilis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 157:580-7. [PMID: 4199859 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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184
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Richard F, Nigon V. [Synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid and chlorophyll during illumination of etiolated Euglena gracilis]. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 313:130-49. [PMID: 4200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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185
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Johnston PL, Carell EF. Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1973; 57:668-74. [PMID: 4633443 PMCID: PMC2109004 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.57.3.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When vitamin B(12) is added to B(12)-deficient cultures of Euglena gracilis, the cells undergo two relatively synchronous cell divisions within a shorter than usual period of time, apparently as a result of a transitory shortening of the cell cycle. The first cell division pulse, occurring 4.5 h after addition of B(12), is preceded by the completion of DNA duplication, but appears to involve no net synthesis of RNA or protein. Before the second round of cell division at about 11 h, a significant amount of DNA synthesis is observed. This time it is accompanied by a minor increase in the RNA and protein content of the culture. The cellular contents of RNA and protein were observed to decrease steadily after the resumption of cell division in B(12)-depleted cultures receiving the vitamin. Ultimately all three macromolecules returned to their nondeficient, plateau stage levels; by this time, cell division had ceased.
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186
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Zeldin MH, Skea W, Matteson D. Organelle formation in the presence of a protease inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 52:544-9. [PMID: 4197074 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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187
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Khan AA, Kolattukudy PE. Control of synthesis and distribution of acyl moieties in etiolated Euglena gracilis. Biochemistry 1973; 12:1939-48. [PMID: 4634163 DOI: 10.1021/bi00734a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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188
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Brody M, White JE. Environmental regulation of enzymes in the microbodies and mitochondria of dark-grown, greening, and light-grown Euglena graclis. Dev Biol 1973; 31:348-61. [PMID: 4207017 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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189
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Van Pel B, Cocito C. Formation of chloroplast ribosomes and ribosomal RNA in Euglena incubated with protein inhibitors. Exp Cell Res 1973; 78:111-7. [PMID: 4632304 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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190
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Van Pel B, Bronchart R, Kebers F, Cocito C. Structure and function of cytoplasmic organelles in transiently and permanently bleached Euglena. Exp Cell Res 1973; 78:103-10. [PMID: 4632303 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(73)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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191
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Harris EH, Preston JF, Eisenstadt JM. Amino acid incorporation and products of protein synthesis in isolated chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. Biochemistry 1973; 12:1227-34. [PMID: 4347459 DOI: 10.1021/bi00730a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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192
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Peak MJ, Peak JG, Ting IP. Function and regulation of NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase in Euglena gracilis Z. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 293:312-21. [PMID: 4145814 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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193
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Bertaux O, Valencia R. [Blocking of cell division and malformations induced by vitamin B 12 deficiency in synchronic cells of Euglena gracilis Z]. COMPTES RENDUS HEBDOMADAIRES DES SEANCES DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE D: SCIENCES NATURELLES 1973; 676:753-6. [PMID: 4200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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194
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Perl M. A possible ribosomal-directed regulatory system in Euglena gracilis. Chlorophyll synthesis. Biochem J 1972; 130:813-8. [PMID: 4198358 PMCID: PMC1174520 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cycloheximide at concentrations of 0.1-100mum stimulated chlorophyll synthesis when dark-grown cells of Euglena were illuminated. Chloramphenicol (1-4mm) inhibited chlorophyll synthesis. The effect of cycloheximide on the incorporation of [(14)C]leucine into material insoluble in trichloroacetic acid, and its failure to affect the incorporation of [(32)P]orthophosphate into such material in short incubations, are interpreted as evidence that cycloheximide specifically inhibits protein synthesis by 80S ribosomes. Since the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol on chlorophyll synthesis is counteracted by the presence of cycloheximide, it is suggested that chlorophyll synthesis is subject to control by a cytoplasmic repressor synthesized on 80S ribosomes, and to a de-repressor synthesized on 70S ribosomes.
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195
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Wolfovitch R, Perl M. A possible ribosomal-directed regulatory system in Euglena gracilis. Carbon dioxide fixation. Biochem J 1972; 130:819-23. [PMID: 4198359 PMCID: PMC1174521 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that cycloheximide inhibits CO(2) fixation in Euglena cells in the dark, but no effect of chloramphenicol was found. The light-dependent CO(2) fixation was inhibited by chloramphenicol and by large amounts of cycloheximide, but was stimulated by small amounts of cycloheximide. The presence of the stimulatory concentration of cycloheximide abolished the inhibition effect of high concentrations of chloramphenicol. The results indicate that the light-dependent CO(2) fixation is controlled by a repression-derepression regulatory system, which seems to be independent of chlorophyll synthesis.
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196
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Biedermann E, Bräuniger H. [Studies on the isolation and elucidation of constitution of the rhyodomycin antibiotic agent in the streptomyces strain JA 8467]. DIE PHARMAZIE 1972; 27:782-9. [PMID: 4198117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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197
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Peak MJ, Peak JG, Ting IP. Isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase and their regulation in Euglena gracilis Z. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 284:1-15. [PMID: 4627451 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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198
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Nass MM, Ben-Shaul Y. A novel closed circular duplex DNA in bleached mutant and green strains of Euglena gracilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 272:130-6. [PMID: 4625469 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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199
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Brody M, White JE. Environmental factors controlling enzymatic activity in microbodies and mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 1972; 23:149-52. [PMID: 4628856 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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200
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Ebringer L. Are plastids derived from prokaryotic micro-organisms? Action of antibiotics on chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1972; 71:35-52. [PMID: 4339049 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-71-1-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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