151
|
Ferguson JK, Gill A. Risk-stratified nosocomial infection surveillance in a neonatal intensive care unit: report on 24 months of surveillance. J Paediatr Child Health 1996; 32:525-31. [PMID: 9007784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the nosocomial infection rate in a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in terms of patient workload and device utilization. METHODOLOGY Nosocomial infections have been identified and documented by the methodology described by the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS), Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta. In addition, antibiotic usage has been surveyed in the NICU and standardized measures of patient exposure to antibiotics stratified by birthweight and gestational age have been described. RESULTS Overall nosocomial infection rates compared favourably with the published NNIS figures at 6.2 infections per 100 admissions or 4.8 per 1000 patient days. Infection rates were significantly higher in lower birthweight groups. Device-related infection rates in each birthweight cohort were also very close to published figures and varied less with birthweight group. Antibiotic exposure averaged 12% of total admission days, less than previously published data. CONCLUSIONS The NNIS system is applicable to Australian NICU and provides an effective tool for monitoring infection episodes.
Collapse
|
152
|
Lobb RR, Abraham WM, Burkly LC, Gill A, Ma W, Knight JA, Leone DR, Antognetti G, Pepinsky RB. Pathophysiologic role of alpha 4 integrins in the lung. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 796:113-23. [PMID: 8906218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for a central role for the integrins alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 7 in leukocyte pathophysiology is rapidly accumulating. Five distinct alpha 4 mAbs, each able to block alpha 4-dependent adhesion in vitro, show beneficial effects in vivo in six different species, and in a wide variety of organ systems, including colon, lung, skin, neural tissue, pancreas, peritoneum, and the vessel wall. In particular, a clear role for these integrins in lung pathophysiology is implied on the basis of in vivo studies in four different species. Although several issues remain to be resolved, including the relative importance of alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 4 beta 7, and the relative roles of their counterligands, VCAM1, fibronectin, and MAdCAM, the data argue that alpha 4 integrins will likely be critical to both the normal physiology and pathology of the lung in man. To this end, we (Adams, Lin, Lobb, and Gill, unpublished data) and others have generated peptidomimetic small molecule antagonists of VLA4 based on the connecting segment 1 (CS1) peptide sequence of fibronectin that are potent blockers of integrin adhesive function in vitro and show efficacy in vivo. We have found that our inhibitors are excellent blockers of both murine contact hypersensitivity, and of the LPR and AHR in the sheep allergic airways model (Abraham, Lobb, Adams, and Gill, unpublished data), and are therefore possible candidates for clinical intervention in human asthma. The use of the VCAM-Ig fusion protein as a probe for high-affinity alpha 4 integrins has further enhanced our understanding of alpha 4 integrin function in the lung. While integrin upregulation in vitro has been observed many times, and high affinity (as opposed to avidity) of integrins seen in vitro in several systems, in vivo proof of integrin upregulation to a high-affinity state has been difficult to obtain in the absence of selective probes. Our data provide key information in this regard and strongly argue not only that integrin upregulation does indeed occur in vivo, but also that it is in fact obligatory for the leukocyte pathologies we have examined to date. Further studies are clearly warranted to further examine mechanisms of action, and to confirm and extend these studies, both with the alpha 4 integrins and with other integrin families. In summary, our studies of alpha 4 integrins continue to provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of integrin function and into future directions for drug discovery.
Collapse
|
153
|
Wilkinson I, Bear J, Smith J, Gill A, Challinor C, Jones W, Shahidullah M, Wooderson S. Neurological outcome of severe cystic periventricular leukomalacia. J Paediatr Child Health 1996; 32:445-9. [PMID: 8933408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1996.tb00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the neurological outcome of a cohort of premature babies having ultrasound diagnoses of severe cystic periventricular leukomalacia. METHODOLOGY All neonatal intensive care unit admissions born at less than 35 weeks gestation or weighing less than 1500 g underwent serial cranial ultrasounds. Those developing severe bilateral cystic periventricular leukomalacia (12 patients) were then followed clinically to a mean age of 27.3 months. RESULTS Ten of the 12 patients fulfilling strict ultrasound criteria survived. All had a major neurological handicap, all having spastic quadriparesis and visual impairments, with most suffering global developmental delay and epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Severe bilateral cystic periventricular leukomalacia results in major permanent handicap. It is currently impossible to identify most patients with this condition while they are being ventilated. Non-ultrasound techniques are needed to diagnose the condition earlier, and to give guidance to management.
Collapse
|
154
|
|
155
|
Gill A, Leatherbarrow RJ, Hoare M, Pollard-Knight DV, Lowe PA, Fortune DH. Analysis of kinetic data of antibody-antigen interaction from an optical biosensor by exponential curve fitting. J Biotechnol 1996; 48:117-27. [PMID: 8818278 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(96)01410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An optical biosensor system employing a resonant mirror (RM), with a stirred cuvette has been used to follow the interaction of a recombinant antibody fragment with its antigen, hen egg lysozyme. The data generated by the biosensor were analysed in order to determine the kinetic constants for the interaction using a linear transform (derivative analysis). For comparison the data were also analysed using an exponential curve fitting routine. It was demonstrated that the exponential curve fitting method produced results which were in agreement with the existing linear transform method. It was also shown that early fitting of the association phase response, using the exponential curve fitting routine between 0 and 70 s after sample addition, yielded sufficient information to provide a prediction of Kon. The potential use of the optical biosensor for the rapid monitoring of protein production and purification is discussed.
Collapse
|
156
|
Turner S, Gill A, Nunn T, Hewitt B, Choonara I. Use of "off-label" and unlicensed drugs in paediatric intensive care unit. Lancet 1996; 347:549-50. [PMID: 8596300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
157
|
Edwards PR, Gill A, Pollard-Knight DV, Hoare M, Buckle PE, Lowe PA, Leatherbarrow RJ. Kinetics of protein-protein interactions at the surface of an optical biosensor. Anal Biochem 1995; 231:210-7. [PMID: 8678303 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1995.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Methods based on the use of optical biosensors have recently become available to provide a convenient means of determining the rate and equilibrium constants for bimolecular interactions between immobilized ligands and soluble ligate molecules. However, the association data that these methods provide are not always accurately described by the expected pseudo-first-order reaction mechanism, particularly when the ligand is immobilized on a dextran matrix. We show that a better description of the association data, especially at higher ligate concentrations, is achieved with a double exponential function, indicating that at least two rate-limiting processes are involved. Various models are considered in order to explain these observations: the presence of two (or more) distinct populations of immobilized ligand; a change, possibly conformational, in the immobilized ligand before or after ligate binding; or the hindrance of ligate binding to immobilized ligand. We suggest that steric hindrance caused by ligate binding to the dextran-coated sensor surface seems the most likely explanation for the observed biphasic association kinetics and that the faster initial phase should be used in oder to determine association constants that can be compared to those in solution.
Collapse
|
158
|
Meier W, Gill A, Rogge M, Dabora R, Majeau GR, Oleson FB, Jones WE, Frazier D, Miatkowski K, Hochman PS. Immunomodulation by LFA3TIP, an LFA-3/IgG1 fusion protein: cell line dependent glycosylation effects on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic markers. THERAPEUTIC IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 2:159-71. [PMID: 8885134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
LFA3TIP, a fusion protein comprised of the first extracellular domain of LFA-3 fused to the hinge, CH2, and CH3 domains of human IgG1 inhibits responses of human and non-human primate T cells in vitro. In seeking to optimize the expression efficiency to prepare large quantities of LFA3TIP for primate studies, the protein was produced in both the CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) and murine NS-0 myeloma cell lines. Although LFA3TIP derived from these cell lines performs identically in vitro in CD2 receptor binding and T cell assays, examination of a pharmacodynamic marker-the reduction in CD2+ lymphocyte numbers-following the administration of equal doses of NS-0 or CHO derived LFA3TIP to baboons, suggested that the effect of the NS-0 derived material was less sustained. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the materials in baboons and mice shows that LFA3TIP produced by NS-0 cells is rapidly cleared from circulation relative to the product derived from CHO cells. The disparate clearance profiles correlate with distinct glycosylation patterns, with LFA3TIP derived from NS-0 cells being less extensively sialylated than that from CHO cells due in part to alpha-galactosyl capping of selected lactosamine moieties in the N-linked glycans of NS-0 derived LFA3TIP. Moreover, enzymatic desialylation of CHO derived LFA3TIP results in a glycoprotein with an evanescent serum profile when administered to mice and baboons. These results correlate the extent of N-acetylneuraminic acid capping with the clearance rates of LFA3TIP derived from the two distinct cell lines, and underscore the importance of evaluating glycosylation dependent PK parameters when choosing production cell lines for recombinant immunotherapeutics.
Collapse
|
159
|
Yeung D, Gill A, Maule C, Davies R. Detection and quantification of biomolecular interactions with optical biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(95)91472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
160
|
Korenbrot CC, Gill A, Clayson Z, Patterson E. Evaluation of California's statewide implementation of enhanced perinatal services as Medicaid benefits. Public Health Rep 1995; 110:125-33. [PMID: 7630988 PMCID: PMC1382091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors evaluated enhanced perinatal services developed by public health specialists that were implemented statewide through specially certified Medicaid providers to find out whether they were as effective as those services originally tested in the public health agency's pilot project, and more effective than services from regular Medicaid providers. Multivariate logistic regression analyses yielded adjusted odds ratios of use of care and health outcome measures for the statewide services compared with both the pilot project and routine Medicaid care. Although women receiving the enhanced services implemented statewide did not return for prenatal visits as well as those in the pilot project, they did better than women with routine Medicaid providers. Women who kept at least the eight prenatal visits recommended by the Public Health Service in 1989 had risks of low weight births no different from those in the pilot project and significantly better than those for women with at least eight visits with routine Medicaid providers (adjusted odds ratio 0.70 with a 95 percent confidence interval from 0.54 to 0.91). Thus, there is evidence for the efficacy of the services, but additional improvement could be realized through improving the use of care.
Collapse
|
161
|
Hughes J, Gill A, Leach HJ, Nunn AJ, Billingham I, Ratcliffe J, Thornington R, Choonara I. A prospective study of the adverse effects of midazolam on withdrawal in critically ill children. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:1194-9. [PMID: 7841736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb18280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-three critically ill infants and children received midazolam as sedation in a regional intensive care unit. Assessment of the level of sedation was carried out at regular intervals on withdrawal of midazolam. Forty-nine patients were fully alert within 4 h of midazolam being stopped. Four patients took from 6 h to 1 week to become fully alert. Four patients had abnormal behaviour highly suggestive of midazolam withdrawal. The onset of abnormal behaviour was within 12 h of discontinuation of midazolam. The duration of the abnormal behaviour ranged from 3 h to 1 week. One child had a paradoxical reaction to midazolam. The overall incidence of adverse effects to midazolam in the patients studied was 17%. No adverse effects were observed in infants; all adverse effects were observed in children. We have shown that it is possible to prospectively study the toxicity of sedatives in critically ill infants and children.
Collapse
|
162
|
Carey WF, Poulos A, Sharp P, Nelson PV, Robertson EF, Hughes JL, Gill A. Pitfalls in the prenatal diagnosis of peroxisomal beta-oxidation defects by chorionic villus sampling. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14:813-9. [PMID: 7845889 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970140909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Variability in the level of expression of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) is documented in cultured chorionic villus (CV) cells derived from two fetuses, one at risk for an unusual peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation defect, and the other at risk for the X-linked form of adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD). Cells from early subcultures of chorionic cells from both cases gave normal values for VLCFA ratios. The results for the fetus at risk for the beta-oxidation defect were interpreted to indicate that the fetus was not affected; however, at birth, the infant was clinically and biochemically affected. In the case of the fetus at risk for X-linked ALD, although VLCFAs were normal in subculture 1, the levels of these fatty acids increased dramatically in subculture 3, suggesting an abnormal fetus. Termination of the pregnancy and subsequent biochemical and morphological follow-up confirmed that the fetus was indeed affected by ALD.
Collapse
|
163
|
Warner SA, Gill A, Draper J. The developmental expression of the asparagus intracellular PR protein (AoPR1) gene correlates with sites of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 6:31-43. [PMID: 7920702 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1994.6010031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have described the induction, by either wounding or attempted pathogen invasion, of an Asparagus officinalis intracellular pathogenesis-related (AoPR1) promoter-GUS gene fusion in transgenic tobacco. Here we describe the unexpected developmental expression pattern of the AoPR1-GUS gene which correlates well, temporally and spatially, with the developmental expression observed for GUS fusions with promoters derived from genes coding for enzymes in the 'core phenylpropanoid pathway'. Analysis of endogenous AoPR1 gene expression in asparagus and both AoPR1-GUS and AoPR1-luciferase gene fusions in transgenic tobacco suggests that the AoPR1 promoter directs similar cell-specific transcription patterns in both asparagus and transgenic tobacco. The AoPR1 promoter contains sequence motifs similar to those implicated as important in the regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway genes and another 'intracellular' PR gene. Treatment with salicylic acid enhances AoPR1 promoter gene activity both in tobacco and in asparagus.
Collapse
|
164
|
Adil GK, Gill A. An Efficient Formulation for an Equipment Replacement Problem. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION & OPTIMIZATION SCIENCES 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/02522667.1994.10699175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
165
|
Gill A, Bector C, Hawaleshka O. Sample Size Formula in Work Measurement under a Fuzzy Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS & PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT 1994. [DOI: 10.1108/01443579410049270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
166
|
Bector CR, Hawaleshka O, Gill A. The Equipment Replacement Problem : A Simple Solution Technique. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION & OPTIMIZATION SCIENCES 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/02522667.1993.10699155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
167
|
Bandurco V, Murray W, Gill A, Addo M, Lewis J, Wachter M, Hadden S, Underwood D, Cheung WM. 1,3- And 1,5-bisbiphenylyl substituted 3-metcaptotriazoles as angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
168
|
Lowry M, Gill A. Taking the heat out of burns. Nursing management of burns. PROFESSIONAL NURSE (LONDON, ENGLAND) 1992; 8:26, 28-30. [PMID: 1480640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Burns constitute a serious and distressing injury. It is essential that nursing care takes on an holistic approach, focusing jointly on the physical and psychological effects.
Collapse
|
169
|
Raffa RB, Addo MF, Gill A. Supraspinal administration of [D-Met2]FMRFamide produces a naloxone-sensitive increase in heart rate in unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuropeptides 1992; 21:201-5. [PMID: 1355596 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(92)90023-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of either Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide; molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide; 3-30 micrograms) or the FMRFamide analog Phe-D-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 ([D-Met2]FMRFamide; 15 micrograms) to conscious unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) produced a relatively long lasting (greater than 1 h) increase in heart rate. The increase in heart rate produced by [D-Met2]FMRFamide was attenuated by i.c.v. injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone (2 micrograms). These results extend to a second endpoint an apparent opioid agonist-like (naloxone-reversible) action of [D-Met2]FMRFamide.
Collapse
|
170
|
Abstract
Bepridil is an antianginal agent with multiple therapeutic actions. It decreases calcium influx through potential-dependent and receptor-operated sarcolemmic calcium channels and acts intracellularly as a calmodulin antagonist and calcium sensitizer. Thus, in cardiac muscle it enhances the sensitivity of troponin C to calcium, stimulates myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity, removes calmodulin's inhibitory effect on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release, and inhibits sodium-calcium exchange--actions that tend to offset the effects of calcium influx blockade on cardiac contractile force. However, in vascular smooth muscle where the calcium-calmodulin complex promotes muscle contraction by activating myosin light-chain kinase phosphorylation of contractile proteins, calmodulin antagonism, coupled with bepridil's blockade of calcium influx, leads to vasorelaxation. In animal models of ischemia, bepridil and other calmodulin inhibitors show antiarrhythmic efficacy following reperfusion. Additionally, interfering with calmodulin's role in sympathetic nerve terminal function may help to limit the ischemia-induced catecholamine release that contributes to arrhythmogenesis. Bepridil shows a lidocaine-like fast kinetic block of inward sodium current (as distinct from the slow or intermediate kinetic inhibition expressed by encainide or quinidine, respectively). This inhibition is pH-dependent; activity is expressed to a greater degree at lower pH levels. This, this potentially antiarrhythmic mechanism is activated by conditions of ischemia. Bepridil's blockade of outward potassium currents and its inhibition of sodium-calcium exchange increase action potential duration and ventricular refractoriness, prolong the QT interval, and form the basis for a class III antiarrhythmic mechanism. Because hypokalemia also prolongs the QT interval, the addition of bepridil in the presence of hypokalemia can lead to excessive prolongation. Bepridil both increases myocardial oxygen supply through coronary vasodilation and decreases myocardial oxygen demand through mild heart rate and afterload reduction, and shows potential antiarrhythmic activity through class IB, III, and IV mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
171
|
Sands R, Roberts JT, Marsh M, Gill A. Low dose ondansetron and dexamethasone: a cost effective alternative to high dose metoclopramide/dexamethasone/lorazepam in the prevention of acute cisplatin induced emesis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1992; 4:67. [PMID: 1531293 DOI: 10.1016/s0936-6555(05)80784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
172
|
Flaim SF, Gleason MM, Hedberg A, Shank RP, McCullough JR, Gill A, Damiano BP, Brannan MD, Carson JR. Structurally novel antihypertensive compound, McN-5691, is a calcium channel blocker in vascular smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256:279-88. [PMID: 1846419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
These studies were conducted to gain greater understanding of the mechanism of action of the chemically novel antihypertensive agent, McN-5691. McN-5691 (1 and 10 microM) prevented 60 mM KCl-induced contraction and calcium uptake and caused concentration-dependent relaxation (EC50 = 190 microM) of 30 mM KCl-contracted aortic rings. At or below 10 microM, McN-5691 had no effects on basal tone or calcium uptake (45Ca) in isolated rings of rabbit thoracic aorta. McN-5691 caused complete high affinity inhibition (Kd = 39.5 nM) of specific diltiazem binding to the benzothiazepine receptor on the voltage-sensitive calcium channel in skeletal muscle microsomal membranes. In contrast to diltiazem, McN-5691 inhibited specific dihydropyridine receptor binding, but the effect was biphasic with high (Kd = 4.7 nM) and low (Kd = 919.8 nM) affinity components. These findings suggest that McN-5691 is a voltage-sensitive calcium channel blocker. Unlike other calcium channel blockers, McN-5691 inhibited norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction (10 microM) and calcium uptake (1 and 10 microM) and caused concentration-dependent relaxation (EC50 = 159 microM) of 1 microM NE-contracted rings of rabbit thoracic aorta. The vascular relaxant effects of McN-5691 were not related to increased calcium (45Ca) efflux from vascular smooth muscle cells. The effects of McN-5691 on NE-induced contraction were unrelated to intracellular mechanisms because McN-5691 did not affect NE-induced contraction in the absence of extracellular calcium. McN-5691 had weak activity in rat cerebral cortical membrane alpha-1 or alpha-2 adrenergic receptor binding assays. McN-5691-induced vasodilation of phenylephrine-contracted rat aortic strips was not reversible by high potassium, indicating that McN-5691 does not induce relaxation of blood vessels through potassium channel activation. In summary, these studies suggest that the primary vasodilator mechanism of McN-5691 is calcium channel blockade through competitive binding at the diltiazem site on the voltage sensitive calcium channel. McN-5691 may possess an additional vasodilator mechanism of action distinct from alpha adrenergic receptor blockade but involving a cell membrane-related event apparently leading to attenuation of receptor-operated calcium channel activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Buffers
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Guinea Pigs
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels/drug effects
- Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Propylamines/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism
Collapse
|
173
|
Damiano BP, Flaim SF, Gill A, Stump GL, Brannan MD. Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of McN-5691, a new calcium-channel blocking antihypertensive agent. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 16:546-56. [PMID: 1706795 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199010000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiac electrophysiological effects of McN-5691, a new calcium-channel blocking antihypertensive drug. In anesthetized dogs, the primary electrophysiological effect of McN-5691 was dose-related prolongation of AV-nodal conduction time and refractoriness (0.1-1.0 mg/kg i.v.), which correlated with McN-5691 plasma levels. There were no significant effects on atrial or ventricular conduction times, QTc, or ventricular monophasic action potential duration. This profile was similar to that of verapamil. McN-5691 caused concentration-related, rate-dependent reductions in Vmax and amplitude of slow-response action potentials in guinea pig papillary muscle: ED-20% for depression of Vmax was 0.72 +/- 0.32 microM. Verapamil was more potent in depressing these action potentials: ED-20% for depression of Vmax was 0.03 +/- 0.01 microM. McN-5691 also caused rate-dependent reduction in Vmax and amplitude of canine Purkinje fiber action potentials, but only at relatively high concentrations: ED-20% for depression of Vmax was 55 +/- 12 microM. McN-5691 also reduced the action potential duration (0.3-30 microM) without affecting the slope of phase 4 depolarization and the maximum diastolic potential. Verapamil also reduced Vmax in Purkinje fibers (ED-20% for depression of Vmax was 32 +/- 3 microM) and shortened the action potential duration. The results show that McN-5691 has cardiac electrophysiological effects consistent with blockade of the slow inward calcium current, and that this activity occurs at concentrations well below those having local anesthetic activity. In addition, its lower potency in comparison to verapamil in depressing slow responses suggests a lesser propensity for negative inotropic effects.
Collapse
|
174
|
Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Alexandrov YA, Ameeva ZV, Andreeva NP, Anzon ZV, Arora R, Badyal SK, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bubnov VI, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chasnikov IY, Chernova LP, Chernyavski MM, Dressel B, Eligbaeva GZ, Eremenko LE, Friedlander EM, Gadzhieva SI, Gaitinov AS, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Gill A, Grote JG, Gulamov KG, Gulyamov UG, Gupta VK, Hackel S, Heckman HH, Haung H, Judek B, Kachroo S, Kadyrov FG, Kalyachkina GS, Kanygina EK, Kaul GL, Kaur M, Kharlamov SP, Koss T, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lindstrom PJ, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord JJ, Lukicheva NS, Luo SB, Maslennikova NV, Mangotra LK, Mittra IS, Mookerjee S, Mueller C, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Peresadko NG, Persson S, Petrov NV. Scaled-factorial-moment analysis of 200A-GeV sulfur+gold interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 65:412-415. [PMID: 10042914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
175
|
Flaim SF, Stranieri MT, Gill A, Carson JR, Brannan MD. Effects of the novel coronary selective calcium channel blocker, McN-6186, on cardiocirculatory dynamics, coronary vascular resistance, and cardiac output distribution in normal, conscious rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 15:780-90. [PMID: 1692939 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199005000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the cardiocirculatory effects of the novel calcium channel blocker, McN-6186 (McN), normal, conscious rats. Animals were instrumented under halothane anesthesia for right atrial, left ventricular, arterial, and venous pressure recordings. The radioactive microsphere technique was used to measure regional blood flow (RBF) and cardiac output (CO) before (control) and during intravenous (i.v.) infusion of either McN at three doses (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle at an equal infusion rate (0.0408 ml/min). Nifedipine (NIF) was also studied at three similar blood pressure (BP)-lowering doses (0.025, 0.150, and 0.375 mg/kg). The predominant effect of McN in conscious rats was to cause coronary vasodilation. The coronary vasodilator potency of McN was similar to NIF (ED25, McN = 0.03 mg/kg, NIF = 0.025 mg/kg). Neither McN nor NIF significantly changed systemic vascular resistance (SVR) over their respective coronary vasodilator dose ranges, suggesting that both compounds are selective coronary vasodilators. The doses of McN and NIF that reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 25% (ED25) were similar (McN = 0.3 mg/kg, NIF = 0.375 mg/kg). At equal BP-lowering doses, McN increased coronary flow by 145% versus 110% for NIF. McN did not have major effects on other regions of the peripheral circulation. There was, however, some vasodilator activity in the renal and cerebral vascular beds. Because McN reduced coronary vascular resistance at a dose lower than that required to reduce resistance in other vascular beds, this compound appears to be a selective coronary vasodilator and may have therapeutic efficacy as an antianginal agent.
Collapse
|
176
|
Oldham JW, Carson JR, Gill A, Preston RF, Sedor DD. Genetic toxicity of a pharmacologically active group of ortho-(arylalkynyl)phenoxypropanolamines. FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF TOXICOLOGY 1990; 14:376-85. [PMID: 2180764 DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of ortho-(arylalkynyl)phenoxypropanolamines with antihypertensive activity in laboratory animals was screened in vitro for mutagenicity using the Ames test and the mouse lymphoma assay, and for DNA damaging potential in the primary rat hepatocyte/DNA repair assay. Those compounds with a dialkylamino group on the para position of the arylalkynyl function were shown to be genotoxic in both mutagenicity assays when tested in the presence of an Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9 mix. They were also active in the DNA repair assay. Removal of the para-dialkylamino group or changing the position of this group on the aryl ring eliminated the genotoxic effect in these test systems. This collaborative effort between chemists, pharmacologists, and toxicologists successfully identified the structural feature responsible for the genotoxic activity and indicated structural alterations that would yield a pharmacologically active compound with no genotoxicity in these in vitro assays.
Collapse
|
177
|
Abstract
Dihydropyridines with 1,4,4-trisubstitution were synthesized and tested for antihypertensive activity in a spontaneously hypertensive rat model. This substitution pattern on the dihydropyridine nucleus differs markedly from that found most active in the structure-activity relationship established for nifedipine-like compounds. However, some were found to significantly lower blood pressure at testing doses (30 mg/kg, ip and 100 mg/kg, po) for up to 24 h. Methyl 1,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-1-pyridinepropanoate (2-1), for example, lowered blood pressure 71 mmHg at 30 mg/kg, ip and the effect endured for greater than 24 h. Unlike prototypical dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, these compounds did not seem to have any effect on calcium channels.
Collapse
|
178
|
Fagan K, Gill A, Henry R, Wilkinson I, Carey B. A summary of 7q interstitial deletions and exclusion mapping of the gene for beta-glucuronidase. J Med Genet 1989; 26:619-25. [PMID: 2486209 PMCID: PMC1015712 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.10.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three patients are described with different phenotypes and differing de novo interstitial deletions of the long arm of a chromosome 7. The first patient has a deletion with loss of the proximal 7q11.23 band. Only three other cases have been reported with this particular deletion. Our second case shows mild dysmorphism similar to the other four patients reported with deletion of bands 7q21.12----21.3. Our third patient has a deletion of the 7q22.1----32.2 segment and has many of the phenotypic features of the other reported cases of del 7q22----32. GUSB, the gene for beta-glucuronidase, has been localised to the 7cen----q22 region. Analysis of beta-glucuronidase levels in blood leucocytes of our patients has helped more precisely to assign this gene locus to 7q21.11 or 7q22.1.
Collapse
|
179
|
Abstract
A unique case of de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 4 is described involving loss of band q21. The male newborn had multiple abnormalities including frontal bossing, prominent occiput, low set ears, micrognathia, short sternum, short, broad hands and feet, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and cardiac defects. The phenotypic abnormalities are compared with other reported cases of deletion 4q involving adjacent regions.
Collapse
|
180
|
Adamovich MI, Aggarwal MM, Arora R, Alexandrov YA, Azimov SA, Basova E, Bhalla KB, Bhasin A, Bhatia VS, Bondarenko RA, Burnett TH, Cai X, Chernova LP, Chernyavski MM, Dressel B, Friedlander EM, Gadzhieva SI, Ganssauge ER, Garpman S, Gerassimov SG, Gill A, Grote J, Gulamov KG, Gulyamov UG, Hackel S, Heckman HH, Jakobsson B, Judek B, Kachroo S, Kadyrov FG, Kallies H, Karlsson L, Kaul GL, Kaur M, Kharlamov SP, Kumar V, Lal P, Larionova VG, Lindstrom PJ, Liu LS, Lokanathan S, Lord J, Lukicheva NS, Mangotra LK, Maslennikova NV, Mittra IS, Monnand E, Mookerjee S, Mueller C, Nasyrov SH, Navotny VS, Orlova GI, Otterlund I, Peresadko NG, Persson S, Petrov NV, Qian WY, Raniwala R, Raniwala S, Rao NK, Rhee JT, Saidkhanov N, Salmanova NA, Schultz W. Limiting fragmentation in oxygen-induced emulsion interactions at 14.6, 60, and 200 GeV/nucleon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 62:2801-2804. [PMID: 10040095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
181
|
Flaim SF, Stranieri MT, Gill A, Carson JR, Brannan MD. Effects of the novel calcium channel blocker, McN-5691, on cardiocirculatory dynamics and cardiac output distribution in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988; 11:489-500. [PMID: 2453755 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-198804000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the cardiocirculatory effects of McN-5691 in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and in age matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats. Animals were instrumented under halothane anesthesia for right atrial, left ventricular arterial, and venous pressure recordings. The radioactive microsphere technique was used to estimate regional blood flow and cardiac output before (control) and during intravenous (i.v.) infusion of either McN-5691 at three dosage levels (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg), or vehicle (VH) at an infusion rate of 0.0408 ml/min. The predominant hemodynamic effect of McN-5691 (cumulative dose = 0.3-4.3 mg/kg i.v.) in conscious SHR was dose-related reduction in mean arterial pressure with normalization occurring at a cumulative dose of 1.3 mg/kg i.v. The antihypertensive effect of McN-5691 was accompanied by reductions in left ventricular peak systolic pressure (cumulative dose = 1.0-4.3 mg/kg i.v.), arterial pressure-rate product (1.3-4.3 mg/kg i.v.), and systemic vascular resistance (4.3 mg/kg i.v.). McN-5691 had no statistically significant effect on heart rate or cardiac contractility as measured by dP/dt/peak left ventricular pressure. The predominant peripheral vascular effects of McN-5691 were increases in skeletal muscle blood flow (4.3 mg/kg i.v.) and reductions in skeletal muscle (1.3-4.3 mg/kg i.v.), renal (1.3-4.3 mg/kg i.v.), gastrointestinal (4.3 mg/kg i.v.), and coronary (1.3-4.3 mg/kg i.v.) vascular resistances. Despite the fall in renal vascular resistance, renal blood flow was not changed by McN-5691. McN-5691 did not have major effects on other regions of the peripheral circulation. Thus, McN-5691 is an antihypertensive agent as defined by its ability to normalize blood pressure in the SHR, and the hemodynamic mechanism leading to this effect is reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. This antihypertensive effect is not accompanied by reflex tachycardia and is not associated with negative inotropic activity or detrimental peripheral circulatory changes in the conscious SHR.
Collapse
|
182
|
Carson JR, Almond HR, Brannan MD, Carmosin RJ, Flaim SF, Gill A, Gleason MM, Keely SL, Ludovici DW, Pitis PM. 2-Ethynylbenzenealkanamines. A new class of calcium entry blockers. J Med Chem 1988; 31:630-6. [PMID: 3346879 DOI: 10.1021/jm00398a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-(aryl- or alkylethynyl)benzenealkanamines were synthesized. They exhibit antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats and coronary vasodilator activity with minimal negative inotropic activity in the "Langendorff" guinea pig heart in vitro. They have been shown to exert their activity by inhibition of Ca2+ influx across cell membranes. Optimal activity is found among the N-(arylethyl)-5-methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)ben zeneethanamines and -propanamines.
Collapse
|
183
|
Foerster K, Gill A. [Suicide in inpatient psychiatric treatment--on the problem of incidence and predictability]. DER NERVENARZT 1987; 58:505-8. [PMID: 3498911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
184
|
Glatt J, Lee S, Brackpool P, Brison D, Amarin Z, Gill A, Mabbett K, Smedley M, Sidhu B. Progress report on in vitro fertilization at a recently established clinic, London Bridge Hospital, London, United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYO TRANSFER : IVF 1987; 4:190-1. [PMID: 3611933 DOI: 10.1007/bf01555473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
185
|
Gill A, Timms P, Kemp DJ. cDNA clone encoding a high molecular weight antigen of Babesia bovis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1987; 22:195-202. [PMID: 3033495 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(87)90050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An expression library was constructed by inserting cDNA copied from mRNA of the blood stages of Babesia bovis isolate KA into bacteriophage lambda gt11-amp3. An antigen-positive cDNA clone detected by screening the library with antibodies from cattle vaccinated with the KA isolate was shown to encode part of a high-molecular weight polypeptide antigen of B. bovis. This molecule was a dominant immunogen and was found by immunofluorescence to be within the parasite in infected erythrocytes.
Collapse
|
186
|
Abstract
The postnatal weight pattern up to 14 weeks after birth was determined in 184 singleton survivors born at 23 to 29 weeks' gestation in whom routine parenteral nutrition was used before milk feeding was established. A mean postnatal weight loss of 14% of birth weight occurred at a mean of 6 days. The more immature infants had significantly higher postnatal weight loss and longer time to regain birth weight despite a higher volume intake in the first week. From the fourth postnatal week all gestational subgroups had a mean weight gain at above intrauterine growth rate. As a result of the initial period of weight loss, however, the mean body weight remained below the 10th percentile of the intrauterine growth curve. The early growth rate in infants small for gestational age was higher than those who were appropriate weight for gestation, although the mean body weight of the former group remained significantly lower at 2 years.
Collapse
|
187
|
Gleason MM, Gill A, Brannan MD, Flaim SF. Effects of bepridil hydrochloride on calcium-induced responses in guinea pig Langendorff heart. Pharmacology 1986; 33:76-85. [PMID: 3488555 DOI: 10.1159/000138204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A spontaneously beating guinea pig Langendorff heart preparation was used to evaluate and compare the effects of bepridil hydrochloride (BP) and other Ca blockers. Cardiac contractile force was measured in isolated hearts perfused at constant pressure with nonrecirculating Krebs-Henseleit physiological salt solution (PSS). The calcium-induced inotropic response was assessed by measuring contractile force during stepwise increases in PSS Ca concentration. The results suggest that the effects of BP on cardiac muscle are different from those of the other Ca blockers tested and may involve multiple cellular mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
188
|
Bell WO, Gill A, Babiak T, Patterson RH. Epidural myxoma causing compression of the cauda equina. Neurosurgery 1983. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-198303000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
189
|
Bell WO, Gill A, Babiak T, Patterson RH. Epidural myxoma causing compression of the cauda equina: a case report. Neurosurgery 1983; 12:325-6. [PMID: 6843805 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-198303000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A unique case of a patient with an epidural myxoma arising at L-3, L-4 presented with a history mimicking lumbar spinal stenosis. Tumor removal with decompression of the cauda equina was curative.
Collapse
|
190
|
Gill A, Beyer KH. Sustained concurrent blood pressure and salt/water balance in unrestrained rats. Pharmacology 1983; 26:303-12. [PMID: 6878423 DOI: 10.1159/000137816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Methodology is detailed that provides sustained concurrent measurement of fluid volume and electrolyte intake and output with direct measurement of arterial pressure in unrestrained, unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). This method employs an all-Teflon arterial pressure conduction system, an air-pressurized infusion system, and standard rat metabolism cages. Blood pressure-salt/water balance studies comparing SHR unoperated, sham operated, and infused at several infusion rates and saline normalities indicated that infusion of 0.25 N saline at 0.5 ml/h sustained a patent system for high-fidelity recording of systolic and diastolic blood pressure without distortion of homeostasis over a 3-week period. Studies of basal SHR blood pressure and salt/water balance suggested that the SHR primarily used renal water-conserving mechanisms to dilute net acquired salt over an 11-day period. This methodology for sustained blood pressure measurement appears to represent a significant improvement for direct blood pressure measurement in unrestrained, unanesthetized rats.
Collapse
|
191
|
Gill A, Johnston DG, Orskov H, Batstone GF, Alberti KG. Metabolic interactions of glucagon and cortisol in man--studies with somatostatin. Metabolism 1982; 31:305-11. [PMID: 6123061 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(82)90104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic response to pathophysiologic concentrations of glucagon, induced by glucagon infusion, has been examined in normal man before and after 36-60 hr hypercortisolaemia, induced by administration of tetracosactrin-depot. Glucagon alone increased serum insulin levels twofold but blood glucose was unaltered. Plasma NEFA and blood ketone body concentrations were decreased by glucagon infusion. Tetracosactrin produced a threefold rise in serum cortisol levels and caused mild fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Subsequent glucagon infusion had no effect on circulating insulin, glucose, NEFA or ketone body concentrations. Simultaneous infusion of somatostatin, to produce partial insulin-deficiency, unmasked a hyperglycemic action of glucagon (+ 3.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/l at 90 min, p less than 0.02). This glucagon-induced rise in blood glucose was diminished by prior tetracosactrin administration. Tetracosactrin revealed a mild lipolytic action of glucagon in partial insulin deficiency, not apparent in the euadrenal state. Glucagon was equally hyperketonemic during somatostatin infusion before and after tetracosactrin. Thus the hyperglycemic and hyperketonemic actions of glucagon at pathophysiologic levels are restricted to insulin deficiency. Hypercortisolaemia reveals a lipolytic action of glucagon in insulin-deficient man but does not potentiate the hyperglycemic or hyperketonemic effects.
Collapse
|
192
|
Johnston DG, Gill A, Orskov H, Batstone GF, Alberti KG. Metabolic effects of cortisol in man--studies with somatostatin. Metabolism 1982; 31:312-7. [PMID: 6123062 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(82)90105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic effects of chronic hypercortisolaemia were studied by administration of tetracosactrin-depot, 1 mg I.M. daily for 36-60 hr to normal subjects. Partial insulin and glucagon deficiency were induced at the end of the period by infusion of somatostatin, 100 micrograms/h for 210 min. Tetracosactrin alone induced a three fold rise in basal serum cortisol levels and fasting blood glucose concentration rose from 5.2 +/- 0.2 to 7.2 +/- 0.2 mmole/l (p less than 0.01) with a rise in fasting serum insulin from 5.2 +/- 1.2 to 13.1 +/- 1.9 mU/l (p less than 0.02). Concentrations of the gluconeogenic precursors lactate, pyruvate and alanine were also raised, but non-esterified fatty acid, glycerol and ketone body levels were unchanged. Somatostatin infusion caused a 30%-50% decrease in serum insulin and a 20%-60% decrease in plasma glucagon concentrations both before and after tetracosactrin administration. A similar rise in blood glucose concentration, relative to the saline control, occurred over the period of somatostatin infusion both with and without elevated cortisol levels. However, prior tetracosactrin administration caused a 100% greater rise in blood ketone body concentrations during infusion of somatostatin than was seen in the euadrenal state, despite similar plasma NEFA concentrations. Hypercortisolaemia causes hyperglycaemia and elevated gluconeogenic precursor concentrations but the associated rise in serum insulin concentrations limits lipolysis and ketosis. In insulin deficiency, a ketotic effort of glucocorticoid excess is evident which may be independent of lipolysis and occurs despite concurrent glucagon deficiency. These catabolic actions of cortisol are likely to be of major importance in the metabolic response to stress.
Collapse
|
193
|
Hoffman JW, Benson H, Arns PA, Stainbrook GL, Landsberg GL, Young JB, Gill A. Reduced sympathetic nervous system responsivity associated with the relaxation response. Science 1982; 215:190-2. [PMID: 7031901 DOI: 10.1126/science.7031901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system activity was assessed in experimental and control subjects who were exposed to graded orthostatic and isometric stress during monthly hospital visits. After the first session, the experimental subjects practiced a technique that elicited the relaxation response. Their concentrations of plasma norepinephrine during subsequent graded stresses were significantly higher. No such changes were noted in the control group. These results were than replicated in the control group in a crossover experiment. The groups did not differ in their heart rate and blood pressure responses. These observations are consistent with reduced norepinephrine end-organ responsivity after regular elicitation of the relaxation response.
Collapse
|
194
|
Sifneos PE, Apfel RJ, Bassuk E, Fishman G, Gill A. Ongoing outcome research on short-term dynamic psychotherapy. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 1980; 33:233-41. [PMID: 7208762 DOI: 10.1159/000287436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STAPP) is described briefly in terms of its selection criteria and technique, and the preliminary findings of an ongoing outcome study are presented. Of 22 experimental patients who were treated with STAPP, 14 were rated as 'recovered' by two evaluators, 4 were 'much better', 3 'little better' and 1 was 'unchanged'. Of 8 controls who waited a period of 2--5 months, 5 were 'unchanged' and 3 'a little better' at the end of their waiting period. When they were treated subsequently, 4 had 'recovered', 2 were 'much better' and 2 withdrew having moved from the Boston area. The complexities inherent in psychotherapy evaluation are described, and the 3 patients who improved 'a little' and the 1 who was 'unchanged' are discussed briefly.
Collapse
|
195
|
Leatherdale BA, Jhittay P, Gill A. Communication with Asian diabetics. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1978; 2:1197-8. [PMID: 719348 PMCID: PMC1608308 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6146.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
196
|
Johnston DG, Gill A, Hanson R, Alberti KG, Batstone G, Orskov H. Somatostatin: a tool for investigation of the metabolic effects of cortisol and glucagon. Metabolism 1978; 27:1445-7. [PMID: 683014 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(78)90090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
197
|
Berlin CI, Gill A, Leffler M. Hearing in mice by GSR audiometry. I. Magnitude of unconditioned GSR as an index of frequency sensitivity. JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH 1968; 11:159-68. [PMID: 5648530 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.1101.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments show that the magnitude of the unconditioned GSR to tones of equal intensity is largest between 10,000 and 20,000 Hz and is a valid index of the frequency sensitivity of the mouse. These findings agree well with cochlear potential findings and single unit response areas, and suggest that the magnitude of the unconditioned GSR might be used as a screening device for frequency sensitivity. A fourth experiment, studying responses of humans to a similar regiment of 100 dB SPL tones, showed a relatively flat response curve unrelated to frequency sensitivity and more closely related to equal loudness contouring. Habituation of the unconditioned GSR in the human was more rapid than in the mouse, suggesting marked differences between the species in either the auditory systems and/or the mechanisms of auditory inhibition and GSR excitation.
Collapse
|
198
|
Gill A, Berlin CI. Hearing in mice by GSR audiometry. II. Magnitude of unconditioned GSR as a function of intensity and frequency interactions. JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING RESEARCH 1968; 11:169-78. [PMID: 5648531 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.1101.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The unconditioned GSR’s elicited by tones of 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB SPL were largest in the mouse in the ranges around 10,000 Hz. The growth of response magnitude with intensity followed a power law (10
.17
to 10
.22
, depending upon frequency) and suggested that the unconditioned GSR magnitude assessed overall subjective magnitude of tones to the mouse in an orderly fashion. It is suggested that hearing sensitivity as assessed by these means may be closely related to the spectral content of the mouse’s vocalization as well as to the number of critically sensitive single units in the mouse’s VIIIth nerve.
Collapse
|
199
|
|
200
|
|