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Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris RC, Sebastian A. Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55:M585-92. [PMID: 11034231 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/55.10.m585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip fracture, a major health problem in elderly persons, varies in incidence among the populations of different countries and is directly related to animal protein intake, a finding that suggests that bone integrity is compromised by endogenous acid production consequent to the metabolism of animal proteins. If that is so, vegetable foods might provide a countervailing effect, because they are a rich source of base (bicarbonate) in the form of metabolizable organic anions, which can neutralize protein-derived acid and supply substrate (carbonate) for bone formation. METHODS We analyzed reported hip fracture incidence (HFI) data among countries (N = 33) in women aged 50 years and older, in relation to corresponding country-specific data on per capita consumption of vegetable and animal foods as reported by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. RESULTS HFI varied directly with total (r = +.67, p < .001) and animal (r = +.82, p < .001) protein intake and inversely with vegetable protein intake (r = .37, p < .04). The countries in the lowest tertile of HFI (n = 11) had the lowest animal protein consumption, and invariably, vegetable protein (VP) consumption exceeded the country's corresponding intake of animal protein (AP): VP/AP > 1.0. By contrast, among the countries in the highest tertile of HFI, animal protein intake exceeded vegetable protein intake in nearly every case (10 of 11 countries). Among all countries, HFI correlated inversely and exponentially with the ratio of vegetable/animal protein intake (r = -.84, p < .001) and accounted for 70% of the total variation in HFI. Adjusted for total protein intake, vegetable food consumption was an independent negative predictor of HFI. All findings were similar for the subset of 23 countries whose populations are predominantly Caucasian. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the critical determinant of hip fracture risk in relation to the acid-base effects of diet is the net load of acid in the diet, when the intake of both acid and base precursors is considered. Moderation of animal food consumption and an increased ratio of vegetable/animal food consumption may confer a protective effect.
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Frassetto LA, Nash E, Morris RC, Sebastian A. Comparative effects of potassium chloride and bicarbonate on thiazide-induced reduction in urinary calcium excretion. Kidney Int 2000; 58:748-52. [PMID: 10916098 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic low-grade metabolic acidosis that occurs in various renal disorders and in normal people, and that is related both to dietary net acid load and age-related renal functional decline, may contribute to osteoporosis by increasing urine calcium excretion. Administration of potassium (K) alkali salts neutralizes acid and lowers urine calcium excretion. Urine calcium excretion also can be reduced by the administration of thiazide diuretics, which are often given with supplemental K to avoid hypokalemia. We determined whether the K alkali salt potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) and the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combined is more effective in reducing urinary calcium than KHCO3 alone or HCTZ combined with the conventionally coadministered nonalkalinizing K salt potassium chloride (KCl). METHODS Thirty-one healthy men and women aged 50 or greater were recruited for a four-week, double-blind, randomized study. After a baseline period of 10 days with three 24-hour urine and arterialized blood collections, subjects were randomized to receive either HCTZ (50 mg) plus potassium (60 mmol daily) as either the chloride or bicarbonate salt. Another 19 women received potassium bicarbonate (60 mmol) alone. After two weeks, triplicate collections of 24-hour urines and arterialized bloods were repeated. RESULTS Urinary calcium excretion decreased significantly in all groups. KHCO3 alone and HCTZ + KCl induced similar decreases (-0.70 +/- 0.60 vs. -0.80 +/- 1. 0 mmol/day, respectively). Compared with those treatments, the combination of HCTZ + KHCO3 induced more than a twofold greater decrease in urinary calcium excretion (-1.8 +/- 1.2 mmol/day, P < 0. 05). Both HCTZ + KHCO3 and KHCO3 alone reduced net acid excretion significantly (P < 0.05) to values of less than zero. CONCLUSIONS KHCO3 was superior to KCl as an adjunct to HCTZ, inducing a twofold greater reduction in urine calcium excretion, and completely neutralizing endogenous acid production so as to correct the pre-existing mild metabolic acidosis that an acid-producing diet usually induces in older people. Accordingly, for reducing urine calcium excretion in stone disease and osteoporosis, the combination of HCTZ + KHCO3 may be preferable to that of HCTZ + KCl.
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Emre S, Sebastian A, Chodoff L, Boccagni P, Meyers B, Sheiner PA, Mor E, Guy SR, Atillasoy E, Schwartz ME, Miller CM. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract helps prevent bacterial infections in the early postoperative period after liver transplant. THE MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK 1999; 66:310-3. [PMID: 10618730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In liver transplant (LTx) recipients, gut-associated bacterial and fungal organisms produce significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. We sought to assess the role of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) in preventing postoperative infections in a large single-center cohort of liver recipients transplanted under two non-simultaneous protocols. In 212 consecutive patients transplanted between 1/1/91 and 7/31/92, SDD (gentamicin 80 mg, polymyxin B 100 mg, nystatin suspension 10 mL) was employed, starting after induction of anesthesia and continued until POD 21 (SDD Group). In 157 consecutive patients transplanted between 1/1/93 and 12/31/93, SDD was not used (non-SDD Group). Both groups received IV vancomycin and cefotaxime prophylaxis. All culture-positive infections within the first 30 days post-LTx were recorded and classified as bacterial or fungal. Infection-related mortality (patients who died of infectious complications without any technical complication) was recorded. Groups did not differ in patient demographics, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status, use of veno-venous bypass, total/warm ischemia, or length of ICU stay. Infections developed in fewer SDD patients (56/212; 26%) than non-SDD patients (69/157; 44%) (p<0.001). The incidence of gram-negative infection was less in the SDD group (11% vs. 26%, p<0. 001) as was gram-positive infection (16% vs. 26%, p<0.001). Among patients who developed infection, there was no difference between groups in infections per patient. Primary graft non-function (PNF) developed in 20 SDD patients (7/20 had infections) and 8 non-SDD patients (6/8 had infections) (p=0.06). There were no differences in incidence of fungal infections or of infection-related mortality between groups. In the SDD group, there were fewer abdominal (p<0. 001), lung (p<0.001), wound (p<0.01), and urinary tract infections (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Use of SDD in liver recipients early after transplant was associated with significantly fewer infections in the early postoperative period.
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Morris RC, Schmidlin O, Tanaka M, Forman A, Frassetto L, Sebastian A. Differing effects of supplemental KCl and KHCO3: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Semin Nephrol 1999; 19:487-93. [PMID: 10511388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the prehistoric diet, the modern human diet contains not only excessive NaCl and deficient K+, but also deficient precursors of HCO3- and sometimes excessive precursors of nonvolatile acid. The mismatch between the modern diet and the still ancient biological machinery of humans subtly but chronically disorders their internal milieu, giving rise to a prolonged state of low-grade potassium deficiency and low-grade metabolic acidosis whose severity increases with age. Supplemental KCI cannot redress this mismatch and correct this state. However, the mismatch is redressed and the state corrected by restoring intakes of K+ and HCO3- to levels approaching those in the diet of our prehistoric forebearers, with either fruits and vegetables or with supplemental KHCO3. So restored, KHCO3 can: 1) attenuate hypertension and possibly prevent its occurrence by suppressing the phenomenon of normotensive NaCl-sensitivity, in part by its natriuretic effect; (2) prevent kidney stones by reducing urinary excretion of calcium and increasing urinary excretion of citrate; (3) ameliorate and protect against the occurrence of osteoporosis by increasing the renal retention of calcium and phosphorus, and by suppressing bone resorption and enhancing bone formation; and (4) likely prevent stroke.
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Paris W, Dunham S, Sebastian A, Jacobs C, Nour B. Medication nonadherence and its relation to financial restriction. JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANT COORDINATION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TRANSPLANT COORDINATORS ORGANIZATION (NATCO) 1999; 9:149-52. [PMID: 10703398 DOI: 10.7182/prtr.1.9.3.j28354x695735514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The question of patient nonadherence has always been an important factor in determining candidate suitability for organ transplantation. Data that explore the association of financial problems and posttransplant medication nonadherence are limited. Findings suggest that medication nonadherence was more likely to occur when recipients did not have insurance coverage and had to rely on Medicaid or indigent drug programs. Our center developed a formalized program within the outpatient pharmacy, including a full-time medication counselor who helped recipients secure resources to pay for pre- and posttransplant medications. To determine whether the availability of posttransplant medications could reduce medication nonadherence, we conducted a survey with 50 consecutive liver transplant recipients in the outpatient clinic. Nonadherence rates were significantly reduced from 25% to 10% (P < .01) compared with recipients who had been transplanted before the development of our drug program. These results suggest that optimum medication adherence can be obtained when recipients are provided guidance in securing their necessary medications without financial restriction.
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McLaughlin JP, Hill KP, Jiang Q, Sebastian A, Archer S, Bidlack JM. Nitrocinnamoyl and chlorocinnamoyl derivatives of dihydrocodeinone: in vivo and in vitro characterization of mu-selective agonist and antagonist activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 289:304-11. [PMID: 10087018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two 14beta-p-nitrocinnamoyl derivatives of dihydrocodeinone, 14beta-(p-nitrocinnamoylamino)-7,8-dihydrocodeinone (CACO) and N-cyclopropylmethylnor-14beta-(p-nitrocinnamoylamino)- 7, 8-dihydrocodeinone (N-CPM-CACO), and the corresponding chlorocinnamoylamino analogs, 14beta-(p-chlorocinnamoylamino)-7, 8-dihydrocodeinone (CAM) and N-cyclopropylmethylnor-14beta-(p-chlorocinnamoylamino) -7, 8-dihydrocodeinone (MC-CAM), were tested in opioid receptor binding assays and the mouse tail-flick test to characterize the opioid affinity, selectivity, and antinociceptive properties of these compounds. In competition binding assays, all four compounds bound to the mu opioid receptor with high affinity. When bovine striatal membranes were incubated with any of the four dihydrocodeinones, binding to the mu receptor was inhibited in a concentration-dependent, wash-resistant manner. Saturation binding experiments demonstrated that the wash-resistant inhibition of mu binding was due to a decrease in the Bmax value for the binding of the mu-selective peptide [3H][D-Ala2, MePhe4,Gly(ol)5] enkephalin and not a change in the Kd value, suggesting an irreversible interaction of the compounds with the mu receptor. In the mouse 55 degrees C warm water tail-flick test, both CACO and N-CPM-CACO acted as short-term mu-selective agonists when administered by i. c.v. injection, whereas CAM and MC-CAM produced no measurable antinociception at doses up to 30 nmol. Pretreatment of mice for 24 h with any of the four dihydrocodeinone derivatives produced a dose-dependent antagonism of antinociception mediated by the mu but not the delta or kappa receptors. Long-term antagonism of morphine-induced antinociception lasted for at least 48 h after i.c. v. administration. Finally, shifts in the morphine dose-response lines after 24-h pretreatment with the four dihydrocodeinone compounds suggest that the nitrocinnamoylamino derivatives may produce a greater magnitude long-term antagonism of morphine-induced antinociception than the chlorocinnamoylamino analogs.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Cattle
- Cinnamates/chemical synthesis
- Cinnamates/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-
- Enkephalins/metabolism
- Hydrocodone/analogs & derivatives
- Hydrocodone/chemical synthesis
- Hydrocodone/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Ligands
- Male
- Membranes/drug effects
- Membranes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
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Schmidlin O, Forman A, Tanaka M, Sebastian A, Morris RC. NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction in salt-sensitive African Americans: antipressor and hemodynamic effects of potassium bicarbonate. Hypertension 1999; 33:633-9. [PMID: 10024319 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.33.2.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In 16 African Americans (blacks, 14 men, 2 women) with average admission mean arterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) 99.9+/-3.5 (mean+/-SEM), we investigated whether NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction attends salt sensitivity and, if so, whether supplemental KHCO3 ameliorates both conditions. Throughout a 3-week period under controlled metabolic conditions, all subjects ate diets containing 15 mmol NaCl and 30 mmol potassium (K+) (per 70 kg body wt [BW] per day). Throughout weeks 2 and 3, NaCl was loaded to 250 mmol/d; throughout week 3, dietary K+ was supplemented to 170 mmol/d (KHCO3). On the last day of each study week, we measured renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using renal clearances of PAH and inulin. Ten subjects were salt sensitive (SS) (DeltaMAP >+5%) and 6 salt resistant (SR). In NaCl-loaded SS but not SR subjects, RBF (mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 920+/-75 to 828+/-46 (P<0.05); filtration fraction (FF, %) increased from 19. 4+/- to 21.4 (P<0.001); and renal vascular resistance (RVR) (10(3)xmm Hg/[mL/min]) increased from 101+/-8 to 131+/-10 (P<0.001). In all subjects combined, DeltaMAP varied inversely with DeltaRBF (r =-0.57, P=0.02) and directly with DeltaRVR (r = 0.65, P=0.006) and DeltaFF (r = 0.59, P=0.03), but not with MAP before NaCl loading. When supplemental KHCO3 abolished the pressor effect of NaCl in SS subjects, RBF was unaffected but GFR and FF decreased. The results show that in marginally K+-deficient blacks (1) NaCl-induced renal vasoconstrictive dysfunction attends salt sensitivity; (2) the dysfunction varies in extent directly with the NaCl-induced increase in blood pressure (BP); and (3) is complexly affected by supplemented KHCO3, GFR and FF decreasing but RBF not changing. In blacks, NaCl-induced renal vasoconstriction may be a pathogenetic event in salt sensitivity.
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Morris RC, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka M, Schmidlin O. Normotensive salt sensitivity: effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension 1999; 33:18-23. [PMID: 9931076 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.33.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
-Normotensive salt sensitivity, a putative precursor of hypertension, might be quite frequent in African Americans (blacks) and less frequent in Caucasian Americans (whites), but only when dietary potassium is deficient and not when maintained well within the normal range. We tested this hypothesis in 41 metabolically controlled studies of 38 healthy normotensive men (24 blacks, 14 whites) who ate a basal diet low in sodium (15 mmol/d) and marginally deficient in potassium (30 mmol/d) for 6 weeks. Throughout the last 4 weeks, NaCl was loaded (250 mmol/d); throughout the last 3, potassium was supplemented (as potassium bicarbonate) to either mid- or high-normal levels, 70 and 120 mmol/d. Salt sensitivity, defined as an increase in mean arterial blood pressure >/=3 mm Hg with salt loading, was deemed "moderate" if increasing </=10 mm Hg and "severe" if increasing more. When dietary potassium was 30 mmol/d, salt loading induced a mean increase in blood pressure only in blacks (P<0.001), and salt sensitivity occurred in most blacks but not whites (79% vs 36% (P<0.02). Supplementing potassium only to 70 mmol/d attenuated moderate salt sensitivity similarly in blacks and whites; 120 mmol/d abolished it, attenuated severe salt sensitivity, which occurred in a quarter of affected blacks, and suppressed the frequency and severity of salt sensitivity in blacks to levels similar to those observed in whites. These observations demonstrate that in most normotensive black men but not white men, salt sensitivity occurs when dietary potassium is even marginally deficient but is dose-dependently suppressed when dietary potassium is increased within its normal range. Such suppression might prevent or delay the occurrence of hypertension, particularly in the many blacks, in whom dietary potassium is deficient.
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Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris RC, Sebastian A. Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:576-83. [PMID: 9734733 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/68.3.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal adult humans eating Western diets have chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis, the severity of which is determined in part by the net rate of endogenous noncarbonic acid production (NEAP), which varies with diet. To prevent or reverse age-related sequelae of such diet-dependent acidosis (eg, bone and muscle loss), methods are needed for estimating and regulating NEAP. Because NEAP is difficult to measure directly, we sought a simple method to estimate it from diet-composition data. We focused on protein and potassium contents because the production of sulfuric acid from protein metabolism and bicarbonate from dietary potassium salts of organic acids are the major variable components of NEAP. Using steady state renal net acid excretion (RNAE) as an index of NEAP in 141 normal subjects eating 20 different diets, we found by multiple linear regression analysis that RNAE [mEq/d x 10460 kJ diet (mEq/d 2500 kcal)] was predictable (R2 = 0.62) from protein [g/d x 10460 kJ diet (g/d 2500 kcal); positive regression coefficient, P < 0.001] and potassium [mEq/d x 10460 kJ diet (mEq/d x 2500 kcal): negative regression coefficient, P = 0.001] contents, which were not themselves correlated. Among diets, 71% of the variation in RNAE could be accounted for by the ratio of protein (Pro) to potassium (K) content: RNAE = 62Pro/K - 17.9 (r = 0.84, R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001). Thus, by considering both the acidifying effect of protein and the alkalinizing effect of potassium (organic anions), NEAP can be predicted with confidence from the readily available contents of only 2 nutrients in foods. Provisionally, these findings allow estimation and regulation of NEAP through diet modification.
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Sebastian A, Cuenca A, Li SF, Carlson J, Lancaster M, Cardello J, Nour B, Katz E. Pancreas transplant graft evaluation using the MIBI scan--a useful tool. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:257-60. [PMID: 9532022 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)01251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Katz E, Miller CM, Nour B, Schwartz ME, Sebastian A, Emre S. The first in situ split of a liver in the USA performed by two geographically distant transplant centers--enhancing, sharing, and expanding the cadaveric liver organ pool. THE JOURNAL OF THE OKLAHOMA STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1997; 90:442-3. [PMID: 9816390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In situ split of the liver was performed in a heart-beating cadaveric organ donor for the first time in the U.S.A. by two geographically distant transplant centers. The procedure, initiated by a transplant team in Oklahoma City, was a joint project of the transplant teams from Oklahoma City and New York City. The in situ split resulted in two liver grafts. A left graft (left lateral segment) which was transplanted into a 7-year-old pediatric recipient in Oklahoma City and a right graft (right lobe and segment IV) which was transplanted into a 52-year-old adult recipient in New York City. Initial graft function was excellent in the two patients. The adult recipient was discharged home 10 days after the transplant and is doing well. The pediatric recipient died two and a half months later from multi-system organ failure. The recently introduced in situ split technique provides two excellent liver grafts from one donor and enhances sharing of liver grafts between transplant centers.
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Katz E, Sebastian A, Vanhooser D. Is it necessary to use venous-right atrial bypass in orthotopic liver transplantation? Transplantation 1997; 64:792. [PMID: 9311726 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199709150-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sudhir K, Forman A, Yi SL, Sorof J, Schmidlin O, Sebastian A, Morris RC. Reduced dietary potassium reversibly enhances vasopressor response to stress in African Americans. Hypertension 1997; 29:1083-90. [PMID: 9149670 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.29.5.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute vasopressor responses to stress are adrenergically mediated and hence potentially subject to differential modulation by dietary potassium and sodium. The greater vasopressor responsiveness in blacks compared with whites might then be consequent not only to a high dietary salt intake but also to a marginally reduced dietary potassium intake. Under controlled metabolic conditions, we compared acute vasopressor responses to cold and mental stress in black and white normotensive men during three successive dietary periods: (1) while dietary potassium was reduced (30 mmol K+/70 kg per day) and salt was restricted (10 to 14 days); (2) while salt was loaded (15 to 250 mmol Na+/70 kg per day) (7 days); and (3) while salt loading was continued and potassium was either supplemented (70 mmol K+/70 kg per day) (7 to 21 days) in 9 blacks and 6 whites or continued reduced (30 mmol K+/70 kg per day) (28 days) in 4 blacks (time controls). At the lower potassium intake, cold-induced increase in forearm vascular resistance in blacks was twice that in whites during both salt restriction and salt loading. Normalization of dietary potassium attenuated cold-induced increases in both forearm vascular resistance and systolic and diastolic blood pressures in blacks but only in systolic pressure in whites. In blacks but not in whites, normalization of dietary potassium attenuated mental stress-induced increases in systolic and diastolic pressures. In normotensive blacks but not whites, a marginally reduced dietary intake of potassium reversibly enhances adrenergically mediated vasopressor responsiveness to stress. That responsiveness so enhanced over time might contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in blacks.
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Negita M, Nour B, Sebastian A, Griggs JR, Torres-Pinedo RB, Wright HI, Katz E. Living related liver transplantation in Oklahoma. THE JOURNAL OF THE OKLAHOMA STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1997; 90:89-93. [PMID: 9097497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Living related liver transplantation (LRLT) presents several advantages as compared to cadaveric liver transplantation, and it has become an increasingly popular option for children with end-stage liver diseases. Since 1995, five LRLT procedures have been performed at the authors' facility. Recipients were three boys and two girls, whose mean age was 2.6 years. Recipients' primary diagnoses were primary hyperoxaluria (PH) (n = 3), Alagille's syndrome (n = 1), and Byler's disease (n = 1). Left lateral segments harvested from their parents were used as the liver grafts on all patients. The donors included three mothers and two fathers, with a mean age of 29 years. Tacrolimus with steroids was used as immunosuppressive therapy. In all cases (mean follow-up time of 11 months), graft function was excellent and four children are doing very well. One boy died of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) 7 months after LRLT. All donors are doing very well with no postoperative complications. The authors believe that LRLT is a safe procedure for both the donor and the recipient, and provides, in children, an excellent alternative to cadaveric liver transplantation.
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McLaughlin JP, Sebastian A, Archer S, Bidlack JM. 14 beta-Chlorocinnamoylamino derivatives of metopon: long-term mu-opioid receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 320:121-9. [PMID: 9059844 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(96)00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The affinity, selectivity and antinociceptive properties of 5 beta-methyl-14 beta-(p-chlorocinnamoylamino)-7,8-dihydromorphinone (MET-Cl-CAMO) and N-cyclopropyl-methyl-5 beta-methyl-14 beta-(p-chlorocinnamoylamino)-7, 8-dihydronormorphinone (N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO) for the multiple opioid receptors were characterized. In competition binding assays using bovine striatal membranes, both compounds inhibited the binding of 0.25 nM [3H][D-Ala2, (Me)-Phe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO) with IC 50 values of less than 2 nM. Preincubation of membranes with MET-CI-CAMO and N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO produced a concentration-dependent, wash-resistant inhibition of mu-opioid receptor binding. Saturation binding experiments with N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO showed a reduction in the number of mu-opioid binding sites without a change in affinity. In the mouse 55 degrees C warm-water tail-flick assay, neither MET-Cl-CAMO nor N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO at doses up to 100 nmol produced antinociception after intracerebroventricular administration, but morphine-induced antinociception was antagonized in a time- and dose-dependent manner by both compounds. The antagonism produced by 1 nmol of either MET-Cl-CAMO or N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO reached a maximal effect after 24 h, and lasted up to 48 h. Analgesia mediated by delta- or kappa-opioids was not altered by either compound. In summary, the data suggest that MET-Cl-CAMO and N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO are long-term, mu-opioid receptor antagonists, devoid of agonist properties in the mouse tail-flick assay, and that N-CPM-MET-Cl-CAMO may produce its antagonistic effects by binding irreversibly to the mu-opioid receptor.
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Frassetto L, Morris RC, Sebastian A. Potassium bicarbonate reduces urinary nitrogen excretion in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:254-9. [PMID: 8989270 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.1.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that low grade chronic metabolic acidosis exists normally in humans eating ordinary diets that yield normal net rates of endogenous acid production (EAP), and that the degree of acidosis increases with age. We hypothesize that such diet-dependent and age-amplifying low grade metabolic acidosis contributes to the decline in skeletal muscle mass that occurs normally with aging. This hypothesis is based on the reported finding that chronic metabolic acidosis induces muscle protein breakdown, and that correction of acidosis reverses the effect. Accordingly, in 14 healthy postmenopausal women residing in a General Clinical Research Center and eating a constant diet yielding a normal EAP rate, we tested whether correcting their "physiological" acidosis with orally administered potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3; 60-120 mmol/day for 18 days) reduces their urinary nitrogen loss. KHCO3 reduced EAP to nearly zero, significantly reduced the blood hydrogen ion concentration (P < 0.001), and increased the plasma bicarbonate concentration (P < 0.001), indicating that pre-KHCO3, diet-dependent EAP was significantly perturbing systemic acid-base equilibrium, causing a low grade metabolic acidosis. Urinary ammonia nitrogen, urea nitrogen, and total nitrogen levels significantly decreased. The cumulative reduction in nitrogen excretion was 14.1 +/- 12.3 g (P < 0.001). Renal creatinine clearance and urine volume remained unchanged. We conclude that in postmenopausal women, neutralization of diet-induced EAP with KHCO3 corrects their preexisting diet-dependent low grade metabolic acidosis and significantly reduces their urinary nitrogen wasting. The magnitude of the KHCO3-induced nitrogen-sparing effect is potentially sufficient to both prevent continuing age-related loss of muscle mass and restore previously accrued deficits.
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93
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Frassetto LA, Morris RC, Sebastian A. Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal functional decline. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 271:F1114-22. [PMID: 8997384 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.6.f1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In 64 apparently healthy adult humans (ages 17-74 yr) ingesting controlled diets, we investigated the separate and combined effects of age, glomerular filtration rate (GFR, index of age-related renal functional decline), renal net acid excretion [NAE, index of endogenous acid production (EAP)], and blood PCO2 (PbCO2, index of respiratory set point) on steady-state blood hydrogen ion ([H+]b) and plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]p). Independent predictors of [H+]b and [HCO3-]p were PbCO2, NAE, and either age or GFR, but not both, because the two were highly correlated (inversely). [H+]b increased with increasing PbCO2, NAE, and age and with decreasing GFR. [HCO3-]p decreased with increasing NAE and age but increased with increasing PbCO2 and GFR. Age (or GFR) at constant NAE had greater effect on both [H+]b and [HCO3-]p than did NAE at constant age (or GFR). Neither PbCO2 nor NAE correlated with age or GFR. Thus two metabolic factors, diet-dependent EAP and age (or GFR), operate independently to determine blood acid-base composition in adult humans. Otherwise healthy adults manifest a low-grade diet-dependent metabolic acidosis, the severity of which increases with age at constant EAP, apparently due in part to the normal age-related decline of renal function.
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94
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Emre S, Schwartz ME, Altaca G, Sethi P, Fiel MI, Guy SR, Kelly DM, Sebastian A, Fisher A, Eickmeyer D, Sheiner PA, Miller CM. Safe use of hepatic allografts from donors older than 70 years. Transplantation 1996; 62:62-5. [PMID: 8693547 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199607150-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Between March 1991 and August 1995, 36 livers from donors >/=70 years old were transplanted. In donors, we recorded the following risk factors: alanine aminotransferase > 120 and rising, dopamine dose > 15 microg/kg/min, hypotension (systolic blood pressure <80) >1 hr, stay in the intensive care unit >5 days and body mass index >/=27. In 35 recipients, we recorded pretransplant United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status, cold/warm ischemia time, intraoperative blood loss, and occurrence of poor early graft function or primary nonfunction. Mean recipient age was 55 years (range, 25-75 years). Four recipients were UNOS status 1, 19 were UNOS 2, and 12 were UNOS 3. Two livers were used as second grafts for primary graft nonfunction. Mean donor age was 73 years (range, 70-84 years). Intracranial bleeding was the cause of death in the majority of donors. The 36 donors had 40 risk factors; 10 donors had >1 risk factor. Mean cold and warm ischemia times were 9:08 +/- 2:57 hr and 51 +/- 9 min. Mean total operative time was 7.5 hr. Posttransplant mean peak alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were 937.3 +/- 703.1 IU/L and 923.3 +/- 708.5 IU/L, respectively. Mean prothrombin time on postoperative day 2 was 14.9 +/- 1.6 sec. Average total bilirubin on postoperative day 5 was 4.9 mg/dl. Median length of stay in the intensive care unit was 4 days. One recipient had poor early graft function; two recipients had primary nonfunction. Mean follow-up was 503 days (range, 110-1714 days). Three-month actual graft and patient survival rates were 85% and 91%, respectively. One-year actuarial graft and patient survival rates were also 85% and 91%, respectively. We conclude that older livers can be used safely. Advanced donor age should not be a contraindication to liver procurement.
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95
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Schultz AG, Wang A, Alva C, Sebastian A, Glick SD, Deecher DC, Bidlack JM. Asymmetric syntheses, opioid receptor affinities, and antinociceptive effects of 8-amino-5,9-methanobenzocyclooctenes, a new class of structural analogues of the morphine alkaloids. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1956-66. [PMID: 8642554 DOI: 10.1021/jm950817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several 8-amino-5,9-methanobenzocyclooctenes have been prepared by asymmetric organic synthesis techniques. Opioid receptor affinity studies have revealed the virtual absence of enantioselectivity for receptor binding, particularly at the mu-receptor, for the (+)-3a-f and the (-)-3a-f series. It is noteworthy that inversion of configuration at the nitrogen-bearing carbon atom [5S,8S,9S)-8-amino-3-hydroxy-5, 9-methano-9-(methoxymethyl)-5-methylbenzocyclooctene, (+)-3a vs (5S,8S,9R)-8-amino-3-hydroxy-5, 9-methano-9-(methoxymethyl)-5-methylbenzocyclooctene, (dl)-22] resulted in a > 10-fold increase in kappa-receptor affinity. Antinociceptive studies demonstrated that (dl)-22 was a full kappa-agonist while (+)-3a and (-)-3a did not possess kappa-activity. Although both (dl)-22 and (+)-3a/(-)-3a had high affinity for the mu-receptor, these compounds did not act as high-affinity agonists or antagonists at this receptor.
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96
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Frassetto L, Sebastian A. Age and systemic acid-base equilibrium: analysis of published data. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996; 51:B91-9. [PMID: 8548506 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/51a.1.b91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether systemic acid-base equilibrium changes with aging in normal adult humans, we reviewed published articles reporting the acid-base composition of arterial, arterialized venous, or capillary blood in age-identified healthy subjects. We extracted or calculated blood hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3(-)]), blood PCO2, and age, and computed a total of 61 age-group means, distributed among eight 10-year intervals from age 20 to 100 years. Using linear regression analysis, we found that with increasing age, there is a significant increase in the steady-state blood [H+] (p < .001), and reduction in steady-state plasma [HCO3(-)] (p < .001), indicative of a progressively worsening low-level metabolic acidosis. Blood PCO2 decreased with age (p < .05), in keeping with the expected respiratory adaptation to metabolic acidosis. Such age-related increasing metabolic acidosis may reflect in part the normal decline of renal function with increasing age. The role of age-related metabolic acidosis in the pathogenesis of the degenerative diseases of aging warrants consideration.
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97
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McLaughlin JP, Nowak D, Sebastian A, Schultz AG, Archer S, Bidlack JM. Metopon and two unique derivatives: affinity and selectivity for the multiple opioid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 294:201-6. [PMID: 8788432 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
5 beta-Methyl-7,8-dihydromorphinone (metopon), an isomer [6aS-(6a alpha,9a alpha, 10 beta)13aS]-1,10-methano-4-hydroxy-11-methyl- 6,6a,8,9,10,11,12,13-octahydro-[1]-benzopyrano[4,3,e]isoquinoline- 7-(9aH)-one (compound 1) derived from a photochemical rearrangement of 5 beta-methylmorphinone, and [6aS-(6a alpha,9a alpha,10 beta)13aS]-1,10-methano-4-hydroxy-11-methyl- 6,6a,8,9, 10,11,12,13-octahydro-[1]-benzopyrano[4,3,e]-14 beta- (p-nitrocinnamoylamino) isoquinoline-7-(9aH)-one (compound 2) were characterized for opioid receptor affinity, selectivity and analgesic properties. In competition binding assays using bovine striatal membranes, the three compounds inhibited the binding of 0.25 nM [3H][D-Ala2,(Me)-Phe4,Gly(ol)5]enkephalin (DAMGO), a mu-selective peptide, with IC50 values less than 5 nM. All three compounds exhibited lower affinity for delta- and kappa-opioid receptors. In the mouse 55 degrees C warm-water tail-flick assay, both metopon and compound 1 displayed antinociception that lasted for 60 min after i.c.v. injection. Morphine sulfate, metopon and compound 1 produced 50% antinociception with i.c.v. doses of 0.83, 2.0 and 4.0 nmol, respectively. The mu-selective, irreversible opioid receptor antagonist beta-funaltrexamine blocked antinociception induced by metopon and compound 1, while delta- and kappa-opioid receptor selective antagonists did not effect antinociception. These findings demonstrate metopon and its isomer bound with high affinity to the mu-opioid receptor and produced antinociception through this receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Cattle
- In Vitro Techniques
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Morphinans/administration & dosage
- Morphinans/pharmacokinetics
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Morphine/pharmacokinetics
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Kusumoto F, Venet T, Schiller NB, Sebastian A, Foster E. Measurement of aortic blood flow by Doppler echocardiography: temporal, technician, and reader variability in normal subjects and the application of generalizability theory in clinical research. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8:647-53. [PMID: 9417207 DOI: 10.1016/s0894-7317(05)80378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although Doppler echocardiographic measurements of aortic flow have been found to correlate with stroke volume, the reliability of this technique is unknown. The purpose of this study was to measure the reliability of Doppler estimates of cardiac output by identifying and estimating the magnitude of different sources of error. We measured the reliability of Doppler estimates of cardiac output by identifying the magnitude of sources of error in 11 subjects with studies performed by two technicians and read by two readers. Analysis with generalizability theory demonstrated that the largest portion of the total variance was from differences among patients, with a smaller contribution due to day-to-day variability. Variability due to technician was low for continuous wave Doppler (2.0%), but high for pulsed wave (23.2%). Thus continuous wave, but not pulsed wave Doppler measurements, can be used to detect serial changes in cardiac output due to an intervention.
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99
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Jiang Q, Seyed-Mozaffari A, Sebastian A, Archer S, Bidlack JM. Preventing morphine antinociceptive tolerance by irreversible mu opioid antagonists before the onset of their antagonism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 273:680-8. [PMID: 7752070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreversible opioid antagonists, when administered at small doses, require several hours to display their antagonism of antinociception mediated by opioid receptors. However, most opioid affinity ligands only need a few minutes to produce wash-resistant inhibition of opioid binding to brain membranes. Our study investigated whether the irreversible antagonists, beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA), 14 alpha, 14'beta-[dithiobis[(2-oxo-2,1-ethanediyl)imino]]-7,8-dihydro-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)normorphine (N-CPM-TAMO), and N-cyclopropylmethyl-5 beta-methyl- beta-(p-nitrocinnamoylamino)-7,8-dihydromorphinone (N-CPM-MET-CAMO) had any effect on morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance before the appearance of their antagonism in the mouse tail-flick assay. All opioids were given by i.c.v. administration. The irreversible antagonists, beta-FNA (20 nmol), N-CPM-TAMO (0.5 nmol) and N-CPM-MET-CAMO (1 nmol) did not produce any antagonism of morphine-induced analgesia until at least 8 hr after administration. Pretreatment with morphine (3 nmol, -140 min) produced acute antinociceptive tolerance as demonstrated by a 45-fold rightward shift of the morphine dose-response curve. When coadministered with morphine, beta-FNA, N-CPM-TAMO and N-CPM-MET-CAMO completely prevented the development of morphine tolerance 140 min after administration in a dose-dependent manner. This preventive effect lasted for up to 420 min, during which time, morphine was given repeatedly up to four times. This antinociception produced by morphine after coadministration with irreversible antagonists was antagonized by naloxone, demonstrating that morphine-induced analgesia was still mediated by opioid receptors. The kappa- and delta-selective opioid antagonists, nor-binaltorphimine and ICI 174,864, respectively, did not block the preventive effect produced by the irreversible antagonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Jiang Q, Seyed-Mozaffari A, Sebastian A, Archer S, Bidlack JM. Preventing morphine antinociceptive tolerance by irreversible mu opioid antagonists before the onset of their antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(94)90428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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