A suite-level review of the neutron single-crystal diffraction instruments at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The nascent suite of single-crystal neutron diffractometers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has no equal at any other neutron scattering facility worldwide and offers the potential to re-assert single-crystal diffraction using neutrons as a significant tool to study nuclear and magnetic structures of small unit cell crystals, nuclear structures of macromolecules, and diffuse scattering. Signature applications and features of single-crystal neutron diffraction are high resolution nuclear structure analysis, magnetic structure and spin density determinations, contrast variation (particularly D₂O/H₂O) for nuclear structural studies, lack of radiation damage when using crystals of biological molecules such as proteins, and the fidelity to measure nuclear and magnetic diffuse scattering with elastic discrimination.

Next-generation diamond cell and applications to single-crystal neutron diffraction

A diamond cell optimized for single-crystal neutron diffraction is described. It is adapted for work at several of the single-crystal diffractometers of the Spallation Neutron Source and the High Flux Isotope Reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). A simple spring design improves portability across the facilities and affords load maintenance from offline pressurization and during temperature cycling. Compared to earlier prototypes, pressure stability of polycrystalline diamond (Versimax®) has been increased through double-conical designs and ease of use has been improved through changes to seat and piston setups. These anvils allow ∼30%-40% taller samples than possible with comparable single-crystal anvils. Hydrostaticity and the important absence of shear pressure gradients have been established with the use of glycerin as a pressure medium. Large single-crystal synthetic diamonds have also been used for the first time with such a clamp-diamond anvil cell for pressures close to 20 GPa. The cell is made from a copper beryllium alloy and sized to fit into ORNL's magnets for future ultra-low temperature and high-field studies. We show examples from the Spallation Neutron Source's SNAP and CORELLI beamlines and the High Flux Isotope Reactor's HB-3A and IMAGINE beamlines.

From the source: student-centred guest lecturing in a chemical crystallography class

Guest lecturing is an underutilized teaching strategy that provides depth and richness in college-level chemistry courses. The authors have found that student-centred guest lecturing that combines themed guest presentations, hands-on workshops (whenever possible) and small group conversations has yielded tremendous benefits. As a result, students have developed a lasting interest in chemical crystallography and have employed advanced experiments in their own research. The authors report on their experience in planning student-centred guest lecturing, advise on best practices, and demonstrate the long lasting positive impact on student learning and engagement.

Fast Rotational Diffusion of Water Molecules in a 2D Hydrogen Bond Network at Cryogenic Temperatures

Individual water molecules or small clusters of water molecules contained within microporous minerals present an extreme case of confinement where the local structure of hydrogen bond networks are dramatically altered from bulk water. In the zinc silicate hemimorphite, the water molecules form a two-dimensional hydrogen bond network with hydroxyl groups in the crystal framework. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study of the structure and dynamics of water molecules within this network. The water molecules undergo a continuous phase transition in their orientational configuration analogous to a two-dimensional Ising model. The incoherent dynamic structure factor reveals two thermally activated relaxation processes, one on a subpicosecond timescale and another on a 10-100 ps timescale, between 70 and 130 K. The slow process is an in-plane reorientation of the water molecule involving the breaking of hydrogen bonds with a framework that, despite the low temperatures involved, is analogous to rotational diffusion of water molecules in the bulk liquid. The fast process is a localized motion of the water molecule with no apparent analogs among known bulk or confined phases of water.

Determination of hydrogen site and occupancy in hydrous Mg2SiO4 spinel by single-crystal neutron diffraction

A single-crystal neutron diffraction study was performed on hydrogen incorporation in ringwoodite, which is the most important host mineral of water in the Earth’s deep mantle. Its hydrogen incorporation mechanism, bonding geometry and occupancy at the relevant hydrogen site were unambiguously revealed.

Ringwoodite [(Mg,Fe²⁺)₂SiO₄ spinel] has been considered as one of the most important host minerals of water in the Earth’s deep mantle. Its extensive hydration was observed in high-pressure synthesis experiments and also by its natural occurrence. Water can dissolve into ringwoodite as structurally bound hydrogen cations by substituting other cations, although the hydrogen site and its occupancy remain unclear. In this study, neutron time-of-flight single-crystal Laue diffraction analysis was carried out for synthetic hydrous ringwoodite. Hydrogen cations were found only in the sites in MgO₆ octahedra in the ringwoodite structure, which compensated the reduced occupancies of both magnesium and silicon cations. The refined cation occupancies suggest that the most plausible hydration mechanism is that three hydrogen cations simultaneously occupy an MgO₆ octahedron, whereas four such hydrogenated octahedra surround a vacant SiO₄ tetrahedron.

Comprehensive genomic profiling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals FGFR1 amplifications and tumour genomic alterations burden as prognostic biomarkers of survival

BACKGROUND

We aimed at identifying deleterious genomic alterations from untreated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, and assessing their prognostic value.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrieved 122 HNSCC patients who underwent primary surgery. Targeted NGS was used to analyse a panel of 100 genes selected among the most frequently altered genes in HNSCC and potential therapeutic targets. We selected only deleterious (activating or inactivating) single nucleotide variations, and copy number variations for analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the prognostic value of altered genes.

RESULTS

A median of 2 (range: 0-10) genomic alterations per sample was observed. Most frequently altered genes involved the cell cycle pathway (TP53 [60%], CCND1 [30%], CDKN2A [25%]), the PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway (PIK3CA [12%]), tyrosine kinase receptors (EGFR [9%], FGFR1 [5%]) and cell differentiation (FAT1 [7%], NOTCH1 [4%]). TP53 mutations (p = 0.003), CCND1 amplifications (p = 0.04), CDKN2A alterations (p = 0.02) and FGFR1 amplifications (p = 0.003), correlated with shorter overall survival (OS). The number of genomic alterations was significantly higher in the HPV-negative population (p = 0.029) and correlated with a shorter OS (p < 0.0001). Only TP53 mutation and FGFR1 amplification status remained statistically significant in the multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that genomic alterations involving the cell cycle (TP53, CCND1, CDKN2A), as well as FGFR1 amplifications and tumour genomic alterations burden are prognostic biomarkers and might be therapeutic targets for patients with HNSCC.

A retrospective study of ketamine administration and the development of acute or post-traumatic stress disorder in 274 war-wounded soldiers

The objective of this study was to explore whether ketamine prevents or exacerbates acute or post-traumatic stress disorders in military trauma patients. We conducted a retrospective study of a database from the French Military Health Service, including all soldiers surviving a war injury in Afghanistan (2010-2012). The diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder was made by a psychiatrist and patients were analysed according to the presence or absence of this condition. Analysis included the following covariables: age; sex; acute stress disorder; blast injury; associated fatality; brain injury; traumatic amputation; Glasgow coma scale; injury severity score; administered drugs; number of surgical procedures; physical, neurosensory or aesthetic sequelae; and the development chronic pain. Covariables related to post-traumatic and acute stress disorders with a p ≤ 0.10 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. The data from 450 soldiers were identified; 399 survived, of which 274 were analysed. Among these, 98 (36%) suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder and 89 (32%) had received ketamine. Fifty-four patients (55%) in the post-traumatic stress disorder group received ketamine vs. 35 (20%) in the no PTSD group (p < 0.001). The 89 injured soldiers who received ketamine had a median (IQR [range]) injury severity score of 5 (3-13 [1-26]) vs. 3 (2-4 [1-6] in the 185 patients who did not (p < 0.001). At multivariable analysis, only acute stress disorder and total number of surgical procedures were independently associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. In this retrospective study, ketamine administration was not a risk factor for the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in the military trauma setting.

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value Changes and Clinical Correlation in 90 Cases of Cytomegalovirus-Infected Fetuses with Unremarkable Fetal MRI Results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cytomegalovirus is the leading intrauterine infection. Fetal MR imaging is an accepted tool for fetal brain evaluation, yet it still lacks the ability to accurately predict the extent of the neurodevelopmental impairment, especially in fetal MR imaging scans with unremarkable findings. Our hypothesis was that intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection causes diffusional changes in fetal brains and that those changes may correlate with the severity of neurodevelopmental deficiencies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on 90 fetal MR imaging scans of cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses with unremarkable results and compared with a matched gestational age control group of 68 fetal head MR imaging scans. ADC values were measured and averaged in the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; basal ganglia; thalamus; and pons. For neurocognitive assessment, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS-II) was used on 58 children in the cytomegalovirus-infected group.

RESULTS

ADC values were reduced for the cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses in most brain areas studied. The VABS-II showed no trend for the major domains or the composite score of the VABS-II for the cytomegalovirus-infected children compared with the healthy population distribution. Some subdomains showed an association between ADC values and VABS-II scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Cytomegalovirus infection causes diffuse reduction in ADC values in the fetal brain even in unremarkable fetal MR imaging scans. Cytomegalovirus-infected children with unremarkable fetal MR imaging scans do not deviate from the healthy population in the VABS-II neurocognitive assessment. ADC values were not correlated with VABS-II scores. However, the lack of clinical findings, as seen in most cytomegalovirus-infected fetuses, does not eliminate the possibility of future neurodevelopmental pathology.

Enhancing the genome editing toolbox: genome wide CRISPR arrayed libraries

CRISPR-Cas9 technology has accelerated biological research becoming routine for many laboratories. It is rapidly replacing conventional gene editing techniques and has high utility for both genome-wide and gene-focussed applications. Here we present the first individually cloned CRISPR-Cas9 genome wide arrayed sgRNA libraries covering 17,166 human and 20,430 mouse genes at a complexity of 34,332 sgRNAs for human and 40,860 sgRNAs for the mouse genome. For flexibility in generating stable cell lines the sgRNAs have been cloned in a lentivirus backbone containing PiggyBac transposase recognition elements together with fluorescent and drug selection markers. Over 95% of tested sgRNA induced specific DNA cleavage as measured by CEL-1 assays. Furthermore, sgRNA targeting GPI anchor protein pathway genes induced loss of function mutations in human and mouse cell lines measured by FLAER labelling. These arrayed libraries offer the prospect for performing screens on individual genes, combinations as well as larger gene sets. They also facilitate rapid deconvolution of signals from genome-wide screens. This set of vectors provide an organized comprehensive gene editing toolbox of considerable scientific value.

Integrating insulin-like growth factor 1 and sex hormones into neuroprotection: Implications for diabetes

Brain integrity and cognitive aptitude are often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus, presumably a result of the metabolic complications inherent to the disease. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated the central role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its relation to sex hormones in many neuroprotective processes. Both male and female patients with diabetes display abnormal IGF1 and sex-hormone levels but the comparison of these fluctuations is seldom a topic of interest. It is interesting to note that both IGF1 and sex hormones have the ability to regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases-extracellular signal-related kinase signaling cascades in animal and cell culture models of neuroprotection. Additionally, there is considerable evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective coupling of IGF1 and estrogen. Androgens have also been implicated in many neuroprotective processes that operate on similar signaling cascades as the estrogen-IGF1 relation. Yet, androgens have not been directly linked to the brain IGF1 system and neuroprotection. Despite the sex-specific variations in brain integrity and hormone levels observed in diabetic patients, the IGF1-sex hormone relation in neuroprotection has yet to be fully substantiated in experimental models of diabetes. Taken together, there is a clear need for the comprehensive analysis of sex differences on brain integrity of diabetic patients and the relationship between IGF1 and sex hormones that may influence brain-health outcomes. As such, this review will briefly outline the basic relation of diabetes and IGF1 and its role in neuroprotection. We will also consider the findings on sex hormones and diabetes as a basis for separately analyzing males and females to identify possible hormone-induced brain abnormalities. Finally, we will introduce the neuroprotective interplay of IGF1 and estrogen and how androgen-derived neuroprotection operates through similar signaling cascades. Future research on both neuroprotection and diabetes should include androgens into the interplay of IGF1 and sex hormones.

Self-assembly of molecular ions via like-charge ion interactions and through-space defined organic domains

Select tertiary ammonium bicarbonates self-assemble assisted by the first bicarbonate like-charge hydrogen-bonded ion pairs documented in an aqueous solution.

Prenatal Brain Imaging in Isolated vs. Complicated Club Foot: A Cohort Study

Purpose: Talipes equinovarus (TEV) is a common birth defect. Differentiation between isolated and complex TEV is fundamental due to its effect on prognosis. Association between TEV and poor neurological outcome is more prominent in complex cases and highlights the significance of brain evaluation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the contribution of fetal brain MRI to sonographic evaluation. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study we evaluated charts of all pregnant patients referred for fetal brain MRI due to fetal TEV between 1/1/2011 and 12/31/14 in a single tertiary referral center. Isolated and complex TEV were differentiated according to associated anomalies. Brain US and MRI results were compared. Results: 28 pregnant patients were included with an average gestation and parity of 2.5 and 1.5, respectively. Both isolated and complicated TEV groups included 14 fetuses after initial TEV diagnosis on anatomical survey. Brain sonography and MRI were normal among 12/14 patients with isolated TEV while two patients were later diagnosed with mild ventriculomegaly. US brain evaluation has revealed pathologic findings in 4 (28.6 %) cases in the complicated TEV group, while MRI demonstrated abnormal findings in 8 (57.1 %) fetuses with notable severity diversity. In 6 cases, MRI diagnosed additional pathologies which were not demonstrated by US. Conclusion: Brain fetal MRI is an efficient tool during antenatal evaluation of complicated TEV with a high percentage of additional findings not demonstrated songraphically while its efficacy in isolated cases is in doubt. The current study expands the relevance of fetal brain MRI in cases of non-CNS anomalies.

Higher rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events leading to dolutegravir discontinuation in women and older patients

OBJECTIVES

Dolutegravir (DTG), a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), is now among the most frequently used antiretroviral agents. However, recent reports have raised concerns about potential neurotoxicity.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of HIV-infected patients who had initiated an INSTI in two large German out-patient clinics between 2007 and 2016. We compared discontinuation rates because of adverse events (AEs) within 2 years of starting treatment with dolutegravir, raltegravir or elvitegravir/cobicistat. We also evaluated factors associated with dolutegravir discontinuation.

RESULTS

A total of 1950 INSTI-based therapies were initiated in 1704 patients eligible for analysis within the observation period. The estimated rates of any AE and of neuropsychiatric AEs leading to discontinuation within 12 months were 7.6% and 5.6%, respectively, for dolutegravir (n = 985), 7.6% and 0.7%, respectively, for elvitegravir (n = 287), and 3.3% and 1.9%, respectively, for raltegravir (n = 678). Neuropsychiatric AEs leading to dolutegravir discontinuation were observed more frequently in women [hazard ratio (HR) 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23-5.65; P = 0.012], in patients older than 60 years (HR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.42-5.77; P = 0.003) and in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701-negative patients who initiated abacavir at the same time (HR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.38-4.24; P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

In this large cohort, the rate of discontinuation of dolutegravir because of neuropsychiatric adverse events was significantly higher than for other INSTIs, at almost 6% within 12 months. Despite the limitations of this retrospective study, the almost three-fold higher discontinuation rates observed amongst women and older patients underscore the need for further investigation, especially in patient populations usually underrepresented in clinical trials.

S, Daly F, Nasri R, Ben Lakhal S, Paramba F, Purayil N, Naushad V, Mohammad O, Negi V, Chandra P, Kleinsasser A, Witrz MR, Buchner-Doeven JF, Tuip-de Boer AM, Goslings JC, Juffermans NP, Van Hezel M, Straat M, Boing A, Van Bruggen R, Juffermans N, Markopoulou D, Venetsanou K, Kaldis V, Koutete D, Chroni D, Alamanos I, Koch L, Jancik J, Rhodes H, Walter E, Maekawa K, Hayakawa M, Kushimoto S, Shiraishi A, Kato H, Sasaki J, Ogura H, Matauoka T, Uejima T, Morimura N, Ishikura H, Hagiwara A, Takeda M, Tarabrin O, Shcherbakow S, Gavrychenko D, Mazurenko G, Ivanova V, Chystikov O, Plourde C, Lessard J, Chauny J, Daoust R, Shcherbakow S, Tarabrin O, Gavrychenko D, Mazurenko G, Chystikov O, Vakalos A, Avramidis V, Kropman L, In het Panhuis L, Konings J, Huskens D, Schurgers E, Roest M, De Laat B, Lance M, Durila M, Lukas P, Astraverkhava M, Jonas J, Budnik I, Shenkman B, Hayami H, Koide Y, Goto T, Iqbal R, Alhamdi Y, Venugopal N, Abrams S, Downey C, Toh CH, Welters ID, Bombay VB, Chauny JM, Daoust RD, Lessard JL, Marquis MM, Paquet JP, Siemens K, Sangaran D, Hunt BJ, Durward A, Nyman A, Murdoch IA, Tibby SM, Ampatzidou F, Moisidou D, Dalampini E, Nastou M, Vasilarou E, Kalaizi V, Chatzikostenoglou H, Drossos G, Spadaro S, Fogagnolo A, Fiore T, Schiavi A, Fontana V, Taccone F, Volta C, Chochliourou E, Volakli E, Violaki A, Samkinidou E, Evlavis G, Panagiotidou V, Sdougka M, Mothukuri R, Battle C, Guy K, Mills G, Evans P, Wijesuriya J, Keogh S, Docherty A, O’Donnell R, Brunskill S, Trivella M, Doree C, Holst L, Parker M, Gregersen M, Almeida J, Walsh T, Stanworth S, Moravcova S, Mansell J, Rogers A, Smith RA, Hamilton-Davies C, Omar A, Allam M, Bilala O, Kindawi A, Ewila H, Ampatzidou F, Moisidou D, Nastou M, Dalampini E, Malamas A, Vasilarou E, Drossos G, Ferreira G, Caldas J, Fukushima J, Osawa EA, Arita E, Camara L, Zeferino S, Jardim J, Gaioto F, Dallan L, Jatene FB, Kalil Filho R, Galas F, Hajjar LA, Mitaka C, Ohnuma T, Murayama T, Kunimoto F, Nagashima M, Takei T, Tomita M, Omar A, Mahmoud K, Hanoura S, Sudarsanan S, Sivadasan P, Othamn H, Shouman Y, Singh R, Al Khulaifi A, Mandel I, Mikheev S, Suhodolo I, Kiselev V, Svirko Y, Podoksenov Y, Jenkins SA, Griffin R, Tovar Doncel MS, Lima A, Aldecoa C, Ince C, Taha A, Shafie A, Mostafa M, Syed N, Hon H, Righetti F, Colombaroli E, Castellano G, Righetti F, Colombaroli E, Hravnak M, Chen LC, Dubrawski AD, Clermont GC, Pinsky MR, Gonzalez S, Macias D, Acosta J, Jimenez P, Loza A, Lesmes A, Lucena F, Leon C, Tovar Doncel MS, Ince C, Aldecoa C, Lima A, Bastide M, Richecoeur J, Frenoy E, Lemaire C, Sauneuf B, Tamion F, Nseir S, Du Cheyron D, Dupont H, Maizel J, Shaban M, Kolko R, Salahuddin N, Sharshir M, AbuRageila M, AlHussain A, Mercado P, Maizel J, Kontar L, Titeca D, Brazier F, Riviere A, Joris M, Soupison T, De Cagny B, Slama M, Wagner J, Körner A, Kubik M, Kluge S, Reuter D, Saugel B, Colombaroli E, Righetti F, Castellano G, Tran T, De Bels D, Cudia A, Strachinaru M, Ghottignies P, Devriendt J, Pierrakos C, Martínez González Ó, Blancas R, Luján J, Ballesteros D, Martínez Díaz C, Núñez A, Martín Parra C, López Matamala B, Alonso Fernández M, Chana M, Huber W, Eckmann M, Elkmann F, Gruber A, Klein I, Schmid RM, Lahmer T, Moller PW, Sondergaard S, Jakob SM, Takala J, Berger D, Bastoni D, Aya H, Toscani L, Pigozzi L, Rhodes A, Cecconi M, Ostrowska C, Aya H, Abbas A, Mellinghoff J, Ryan C, Dawson D, Rhodes A, Cecconi M, Cronhjort M, Wall O, Nyberg E, Zeng R, Svensen C, Mårtensson J, Joelsson-Alm E, Aguilar Arzapalo M, Barradas L, Lopez V, Cetina M, Parenti N, Palazzi C, Amidei LA, Borrelli FB, Campanale SC, Tagliazucchi FT, Sedoni GS, Lucchesi DL, Carella EC, Luciani AL, Mackovic M, Maric N, Bakula M, Aya H, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Fletcher N, Cecconi M, Avard B, Zhang P, Mezidi M, Charbit J, Ould-Chikh M, Deras P, Maury C, Martinez O, Capdevila X, Hou P, Linde-Zwirble WZ, Douglas ID, Shapiro NS, Ben Souissi A, Mezghani I, Ben Aicha Y, Kamoun S, Laribi B, Jeribi B, Riahi A, Mebazaa MS, Pereira C, Marinho R, Antunes R, Marinho A, Crivits M, Raes M, Decruyenaere J, Hoste E, Bagin V, Rudnov V, Savitsky A, Astafyeva M, Korobko I, Vein V, Kampmeier T, Arnemann P, Hessler M, Wald A, Bockbreder K, Morelli A, Van Aken H, Rehberg S, Ertmer C, Arnemann P, Hessler M, Kampmeier T, Rehberg S, Van Aken H, Ince C, Ertmer C, Reddy S, Bailey M, Beasley R, Bellomo R, Mackle D, Psirides A, Young P, Reddy S, Bailey M, Beasley R, Bellomo R, Mackle D, Young P, Venkatesh H, Ramachandran S, Basu A, Nair H, Egan S, Bates J, Oliveira S, Rangel Neto NR, Reis FQ, Lee CP, Lin XL, Choong C, Eu KM, Sim WY, Tee KS, Pau J, Abisheganaden J, Maas K, De Geus H, Lafuente E, Marinho R, Moura J, Antunes R, Marinho A, Doris TE, Monkhouse D, Shipley T, Kardasz S, Gonzalez I, Stads S, Groeneveld AJ, Elsayed I, Ward N, Tridente A, Raithatha A, Steuber A, Pelletier C, Schroeder S, Michael E, Slowinski T, Kindgen-Milles D, Ghabina S, Turani F, Belli A, Busatti S, Barettin G, Candidi F, Gargano F, Barchetta R, Falco M, Demirkiran O, Kosuk M, Bozbay S, Weber V, Hartmann J, Harm S, Linsberger I, Eichhorn T, Valicek G, Miestinger G, Hoermann C, Faenza S, Ricci D, Mancini E, Gemelli C, Cuoghi A, Magnani S, Atti M, Laddomada T, Doronzio A, Balicco B, Gruda MC, O’Sullivan P, Dan VP, Guliashvili T, Scheirer A, Golobish TD, Capponi VJ, Chan PP, Kogelmann K, Drüner M, Jarczak D, Turani F, Belli AB, Martni SM, Cotticelli VC, Mounajergi F, Barchetta R, Morimoto S, Ishikura H, Hussain I, Salahuddin N, Nadeem A, Ghorab K, Maghrabi K, Kloesel SK, Goldfuss C, Stieglitz A, Stieglitz AS, Krstevska L, Albuszies G, Aguilar Arzapalo M, Barradas L, Lopez V, Escalante A, Jimmy G, Cetina M, Izawa J, Iwami T, Uchino S, Takinami M, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, Powell-Tuck JG, Crichton S, Raimundo M, Camporota L, Wyncoll D, Ostermann M, Hana A, De Geus HR, De Geus HR, Hana A, Aydogdu M, Boyaci N, Yuksel S, Gursel G, Cayci Sivri AB, Meza-Márquez J, Nava-López J, Carrillo-Esper R, Dardashti A, Grubb A, Maizel J, Wetzstein M, Titeca D, Kontar L, Brazier F, De Cagny B, Riviere A, Soupison T, Joris M, Slama M, Peters E, Njimi H, Pickkers P, Vincent JL, Waraich M, Doyle J, Samuels T, Forni L, Desai N, Baumber R, Gunning P, Sell A, Lin S, Torrence H, O’Dwyer M, Kirwan C, Prowle J, Kim T, O’Connor ME, Hewson RW, Kirwan CJ, Pearse RM, Prowle J, Hanoura S, Omar A, Othamn H, Sudarsanan S, Allam M, Maksoud M, Singh R, Al Khulaifi A, O’Connor ME, Hewson RW, Kirwan CJ, Pearse RM, Prowle J, Uzundere O, Memis D, Ýnal M, Gultekin A, Turan N, Aydin MA, Basar H, Sencan I, Kapuagasi A, Ozturk M, Uzundurukan Z, Gokmen D, Ozcan A, Kaymak C, Artemenko VA, Budnyuk A, Pugh R, Bhandari S, Mauri T, Turrini C, Langer T, Taccone P, Volta CA, Marenghi C, Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Sweeney L, O’Sullivan A, Kelly P, Mukeria E, MacLoughlin R, Pfeffer M, Thomas JT, Bregman GB, Karp GK, Kishinevsky EK, Stavi DS, Adi NA, Poropat T, Knafelj R, Llopart E, Batlle M, De Haro C, Mesquida J, Artigas A, Pavlovic D, Lewerentz L, Spassov 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Correa M, Carvalho RT, Forte D, Fernandez A, McBride C, Koonthalloor E, Walsh C, Webber A, Ashe M, Smith K, Jeanrenaud P, Marudi A, Baroni S, Ragusa F, Bertellini E, Volakli EA, Chochliourou E, Dimitriadou M, Violaki A, Mantzafleri P, Samkinidou E, Vrani O, Arbouti A, Varsami T, Sdougka M, Bollen JA, Van Smaalen TC, De Jongh WC, Ten Hoopen MM, Ysebaert D, Van Heurn LW, Van Mook WN, Sim K, Fuller A, Roze des Ordons A, Couillard P, Doig C, Van Keer RV, Deschepper RD, Francke AF, Huyghens LH, Bilsen JB, Nyamaizi B, Dalrymple C, Molokhia A, Dobru A, Marrinan E, Ankuli A, Molokhia A, McPeake J, Struthers R, Crawford R, Devine H, Mactavish P, Quasim T, Morelli P, Degiovanangelo M, Lemos F, MArtinez V, Verga F, Cabrera J, Burghi G, Rutten A, Van Ieperen S, De Geer S, Van Vugt M, Der Kinderen E, Giannini A, Miccinesi G, Marchesi T, Prandi E. Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.].

Dietary fat and gut microbiota interactions determine diet-induced obesity in mice

Objective

Gut microbiota may promote positive energy balance; however, germfree mice can be either resistant or susceptible to diet-induced obesity (DIO) depending on the type of dietary intervention. We here sought to identify the dietary constituents that determine the susceptibility to body fat accretion in germfree (GF) mice.

Methods

GF and specific pathogen free (SPF) male C57BL/6N mice were fed high-fat diets either based on lard or palm oil for 4 wks. Mice were metabolically characterized at the end of the feeding trial. FT-ICR-MS and UPLC-TOF-MS were used for cecal as well as hepatic metabolite profiling and cecal bile acids quantification, respectively. Hepatic gene expression was examined by qRT-PCR and cecal gut microbiota of SPF mice was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results

GF mice, but not SPF mice, were completely DIO resistant when fed a cholesterol-rich lard-based high-fat diet, whereas on a cholesterol-free palm oil-based high-fat diet, DIO was independent of gut microbiota. In GF lard-fed mice, DIO resistance was conveyed by increased energy expenditure, preferential carbohydrate oxidation, and increased fecal fat and energy excretion. Cecal metabolite profiling revealed a shift in bile acid and steroid metabolites in these lean mice, with a significant rise in 17β-estradiol, which is known to stimulate energy expenditure and interfere with bile acid metabolism. Decreased cecal bile acid levels were associated with decreased hepatic expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis. These metabolic adaptations were largely attenuated in GF mice fed the palm-oil based high-fat diet. We propose that an interaction of gut microbiota and cholesterol metabolism is essential for fat accretion in normal SPF mice fed cholesterol-rich lard as the main dietary fat source. This is supported by a positive correlation between bile acid levels and specific bacteria of the order Clostridiales (phylum Firmicutes) as a characteristic feature of normal SPF mice fed lard.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study identified dietary cholesterol as a candidate ingredient affecting the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host metabolism.

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Cholesterol-based but not plant sterol-based high-fat diet protects germfree (GF) mice from diet-induced obesity (DIO).

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DIO resistant GF mice show preferential carbohydrate oxidation, higher energy expenditure and energy and fat excretion.

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DIO resistance in GF mice is accompanied by increased steroid hormone levels but decreased bile acid levels in the cecum.

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Substrate oxidation and fat excretion in DIO resistant GF mice is linked to decreased hepatic Cyp7a1 and Nr1h4 expression.