Binding of [3H] monohydroxytamoxifen in ovarian carcinoma

A monoclonal antibody (D-547) against human breast cancer oestrogen receptor was used to demonstrate that the oestrogen receptor in ovarian epithelial carcinomata binds [3H]monohydroxytamoxifen. This binding was observed in sedimentation velocity analyses of both cytosol and nuclear compartments. Binding of [3H]monohydroxytamoxifen to the antibody-recognized moiety could be inhibited by diethylstilboestrol or oestradiol, but not by androgen, progestin or corticoid, indicating oestrogen specificity for the binding site. The sedimentation coefficient of the antibody-recognized [3H]monohydroxytamoxifen binding moiety was similar to that when 16 alpha-[125I]iodo-oestradiol was used as the ligand.

Estradiol-induced changes in rabbit luteal cell progestin production and cholesterol and cholesterol ester content

Estradiol deprivation in vivo causes accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol ester in the corpora lutea of pseudo-pregnant rabbits within 24 hours. These accumulations occur concomitantly with an abrupt cessation of progestin production. Retreatment with estradiol restores progestin production and can block further increases in cholesterol accumulation (per mg total tissue protein). Ample quantities of precursor cholesterol ester and cholesterol substrate are present in corpora lutea when progestin falls because of estradiol deprivation. We conclude therefore that the gonadotropic action of estradiol is, in part, because of its stimulation of cholesterol conversion to progestins.

Monoclonal antibody recognition of estrogen receptor in rabbit corpus luteum

We demonstrated previously by administering [3H]estradiol and using autoradiography that, in vivo, the exogenous estradiol that will sustain progesterone production is sequestered to nuclei of the luteal cells in corpora lutea of pseudopregnant rabbits. Our objective in the present experiments was to use an immunological method to demonstrate that estrogen receptor of the rabbit corpus luteum is associated with this uptake. For this purpose, we prepared nuclear extracts from corpora lutea removed from anesthetized pseudopregnant rabbits 10 min after arterial infusion of 125I-estradiol. These extracts were then analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence and absence of monoclonal antibody against human breast cancer estrogen receptor. We found that the 125I-estradiol-binding component extracted with 0.5 M KCl from the nuclear pellet sediments in the 3-4S region in high-salt gradients; in the presence of monoclonal antibody (D-547 Sp2 gamma), the entire estradiol-binding component is shifted to the 8-9S region, indicating the formation of immunocomplex with the 125I-estradiol-receptor moiety. The principal estradiol-binding component that can be observed in the 3-4S region of high-salt gradients of cytosol of rabbit corpora lutea reacts with this antibody regardless of whether 125I- or [3H]estradiol is given in vivo or in vitro. In both cytosol and nuclear extracts of luteal tissue, unlabeled diethylstibestrol totally inhibits the binding of radiolabeled estrogen to this antibody-shifted 125I- or [3H]estradiol-binding moiety; neither progesterone nor testosterone inhibit binding of radiolabeled estrogen to the antibody-shifted moiety. From these findings we conclude that sequestering of estradiol by the rabbit corpus luteum in vivo is accomplished by the steroid-specific estrogen receptor that shares characteristics of the estrogen receptor found in human breast cancers, including a) antigenic features and b) the capacity to translocate estrogens from the cytosol to the nuclear fraction.

Specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in the oviductal fluid of the rhesus monkey

Levels of specific antibodies against model antigens, immunoglobulins G and A and also albumin, in oviductal fluid were studied in the rhesus monkey during the periovulatory period. Animals were systemically or intravaginally immunized against T4 coliphages. Attempts to induce ovulation were made with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) monitored by radioimmunoassay of serum estrogen and progesterone. Collection of tubal fluid over 6 to 13 days was accomplished by surgical cannulation using a refrigerated extracorporeal collection device for each side. The results indicated the following: (1) The levels of specific antibodies against T4 coliphage and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA) in the oviduct fluid averaged approximately one tenth of the serum values and showed a characteristic decrease and subsequent increase by a factor of 4 to 5 during and following treatment with hMG/hCG. The nadir was observed on the first or second day after hCG injection. (2) This pattern was similar in both ovulatory or nonovulatory cycles; therefore, these changes seem to be associated with the changes in serum estrogen levels. (3) There was a striking difference in serum and tubal fluid antibody levels after systemic versus after vaginal immunization by a factor of 10(3) and 10(4); however, the patterns in tubal fluid under treatment with hMG/hCG were very similar. (4) Specific antibodies in oviductal fluid and serum were mainly of the IgG class. (5) A concomitant change of total protein and albumin in oviduct fluid was also observed. The presence of sperm agglutination antibody in oviductal fluid was demonstrated in two monkeys after systemic immunization with homologous spermatozoa. The sperm antibody titers showed a similar pattern of change after hMG/hCG treatment.

Cancer, a disease of defective glucose metabolism

The cancer cell appears to contain two non phosphorylating glycolytic pathways in addition to phosphorylating glycolysis and the aerobic citric acid and phosphogluconate cycles. It is hypothesised that these pathways are all interconnected and in the static adult cell non phosphorylating glycolysis is in a state of controlled inactivity. Cancer occurs when one or both non phosphorylating glycolytic pathways escape from control thereby producing an autonomous flow of energy and mitosis. Both pathways appear dependent upon glutathione to convert glucose to lactic acid. The pathways can be differentiated by their responses to ionising and 434MHz non ionising radiation, hyperthermia and biochemical environmental changes in vivo.

Sulfhydryl sensitivity and [125I]-16 alpha-IODO-17 beta-estradiol binding of estrogen receptor in ovarian epithelial carcinomas

We find that estrophilin from either the cytosolic or nuclear fractions of ovarian epithelial carcinomas (OVCA) binds irreversibly to controlled-pore glass beads (CPG). The CPG-adsorbed estrophilin releases [3H]-estradiol at 4 degrees C in the presence of 1.25 mM AgNO3; estradiol binding capacity from the nuclear fraction is restored by 10 mM dithiothreitol. The number of available estradiol binding sites in cytosol that are sensitive to AgNO3 correlate with (a) the number of estradiol-inhibitable binding sites found in the 8S region in low-salt sucrose gradients (r = 0.9) but not with (b) estradiol-inhibitable binding in the 4S region (r = 0.3) and thus, as expected, only poorly with (c) estimates of available cytoplasmic estrogen binding sites using a standard dextran-coated charcoal analysis (r = 0.7). Total estrogen binding extracted from the nuclear fraction with 0.5 M KCl and adsorbed to hydroxylapatite agreed with the sulfhydryl blocking reagent sensitive moiety (r = 0.9). Estrophilin from OVCA cytosol or nuclear fractions bound [125I]-16 alpha-iodo-estradiol indistinguishably from [3H]-estradiol. The two forms of radiolabelled-estradiol yielded equivalent data that demonstrated a shift in the estrogen binding moiety from the 8S region to the 4-5S region when 0.5 M KCl was added to gradient analyses of OVCA cytosols. From these observations we conclude that the estrophilin found in OVCA is similar to that found in normal and cancerous tissues of other female reproductive organs and that this estrophilin can bind a biologically active radiohalogenated estrogen potentially useful for imaging or treating these tumors.

Site of estrogen action in rabbit ovarian tissue

In superovulated or naturally mated pseudopregnant rabbits, an abrupt premature decline of progesterone production by the corpus luteum occurs after removal of polydimethylsiloxane capsules filled with 17 beta-estradiol. Reinsertion of the estradiol-filled capsules stimulates a striking restoration of progesterone production. We have given [3H]estradiol by arterial infusion to anesthetized rabbits to determine by cellular autoradiography whether the exogenous estradiol localizes to luteal tissues responsible for progesterone production. Autoradiography with both freeze-dried and touch-thaw mounted preparations demonstrated that tritium activity localized to the nuclei of luteal cells and that such uptake could be blocked by radioinert diethylstilbestrol. We extracted the tritium activity sequestered in vivo by the corpora lutea and cocrystallized the extract with 14C-labeled and radiostable 17 beta-estradiol to confirm its presence (greater than 90%) as [3H]estradiol. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that radiostable diethylstilbestrol blocked ovarian uptake of 16 alpha-125I-17 beta-estradiol in vivo. In concert, these observations provide compelling evidence that the exogenous estradiol responsible for restoring progesterone production may act through an estrogen-specific mechanism directly in the luteal cells.

Bone density and ash studies in avian osteopetrosis

Bone density and ash were measured in diaphyses of osteopetrotic and normal chicken tibiotarsi. In lesions of less than one year's duration, osteopetrotic bone was less dense than disease-free bone. The new osteopetrotic bone yielded approximately the same ash content per unit bone dry weight, as did disease-free bone of comparable age, but there was consistently less ash per unit bone wet volume in the diseased bones. This indicates that, in its early stages, osteopetrosis is characterized by spongy bone that lacks dense mineral deposition.

Nuclear progestin receptor-like component in human cervical tissue

To study progestin action in human glandular cervix, we extracted the nuclear pellet with 0.5 M KCl and immediately adsorbed a progestin-binding receptor-like component to hydroxylapatite. Binding of 2 nM [3H]R5020 at 4 degrees C for 18 h, in the presence or absence of 100-fold molar excess progesterone and other steroids, was used to measure the total extractable and adsorbed progestin-binding component. With this assay, the amounts of progestin-binding component in the nuclear-rich fraction in specimens from women in the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle were 930 +/- 143 and 995 +/- 148 fmol/g wet wt (+/- SE), respectively; total cytoplasmic progestin receptor was 2,989 +/- 812 and 1,861 +/- 188 fmol/g wet wt (+/- SE) in the follicular and luteal phases, respectively. The progestin-binding component extracted from the nuclear pellet has a sedimentation velocity coefficient in the 3.5 S region when measured in high salt on 5-20% linear sucrose density gradients that contain 10% glycerol. The progestin binding measured by the hydroxylapatite-exchange assay with [3H]R5020 and radio-insert progesterone is high affinity (Kd 2.6 X 10(-10) M) and heat labile and appears specific for progestins and progesterone target tissues.

Estrogen receptor and peroxidase activity in epithelial ovarian carcinomas

The endocrine biology of cancers originating from the ovarian epithelium was examined with respect to three sequential indicators for estrogen action: available estrogen receptor in the cytosol, total extractable estrogen receptor from the nucleus, and endogenous tissue peroxidase--a putative postnuclear marker for estrogen-induced growth in uteri of laboratory animals and in some mammary tumor models. Cancers of human ovarian epithelium were distinguished from other ovarian tumors by a higher incidence of detectable (greater than 50 fmol/g tissue wet wt) estrogen receptor in the cytosol (P less than 0.001). Approximately one-half (14/29) of the ovarian adenocarcinoma specimens had greater than 500 fmol available estrogen receptor/g tissue wet weight in their cytosols when assayed by a 2-hour incubation with 17 beta-[2,4,6,7-3H(N)]estradiol followed by treatment with dextran-coated charcoal. With a single exception, ovarian adenomas and nondiseased specimens of premenopausal and postmenopausal ovaries (n = 24) contained less than 500 fmol available estrogen receptor/g tissue wet weight in their cytosols. With respect to extractable estrogen receptor in the nucleus, 11/14 primary and 3/9 metastatic ovarian adenocarcinomas had greater than 50 fmol/g wet weight, as assayed by exchange at 30 degrees C for 5 hours after adsorption of the extracted receptor to hydroxylapatite. Endogenous peroxidase activity, measured in vitro by guaiacol oxidation, occurred in substantially higher amounts in the primary ovarian adenocarcinomas than in benign tumors and control ovaries and could be demonstrated within ovarian adenocarcinoma cells by electron microscopy.

Alternative therapy for recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Radiotherapy combined with hyperthermia by electromagnetic radiation to create complete remission in 11 patients without morbidity

Eleven patients with recurrent Hodgkin's disease have returned to apparent normality after simple treatment regimes with radiotherapy and hyperthermia from 434 MHz electromagnetic radiation. None have experienced any complication or sequelae from this treatment. All the patients with recurrent active Hodgkin's disease who attended the author's practice since February 1976 have been treated with this combined treatment and are reported here.

Microwave adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy for advanced lymphoma

Forty patients with intractable, recurrent Stage IV lymphoma were treated with applications of 434-MHz microwave radiation which were combined with small doses of cytotoxic drugs and/or supervoltage irradiation on an individual basis. Complete remission in 34 patients, and partial remission in four patients followed the treatment course; only two patients failed to improve. At the time of writing, 50% of these patients were alive; the average survival period being 47 months. The synergistic effect of the combination of microwave irradiation with conventional therapeutic agents is discussed.

The extra nuclear control of mitosis & cell function. A theory of cellular organisation

There is evidence to suggest that the extra nuclear cell constituents are the part of the cell which contains all the biochemical mechanisms responsible for implementing all cell functions. These functions include control of cell division, growth, response to injury, replacement of effete cells, maintenance of anatomical and spatial cellular relations and specific cellular function and structure. The energy to perform these functions is derived from the aerobic metabolism of glucose. The energy required for nuclear division appears to be wholly or partly derived from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Ethyl alcohol interferes with the aerobic metabolic pathways and thus disrupts or diminishes all aerobically activated cell functions. The speed of all activities motivated by aerobic glycolysis can be increased by appropriate electrical stimulations delivered from any of a range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies tested. In addition to the stimulant effect on aerobic metabolic processes, 434 MHz can stimulate the anaerobic glucose metabolism of cancer with consequent stimulation of cancer growth rate. 434 MHz appears to deliver energy to the anaerobic cancer metabolism by causing a resonance phenomenon amongst one or more of the substrates which comprise the first few stages of glycolysis. This phenomenon permits the selective delivery of electromagnetic radiation energy to cancer cells which, if sufficiently intense, causes injury to cancer cells without harm to the normal cells except when the latter are in the phase of anaerobic metabolism which occurs at some stage of the mitotic cycle. Streptokinase, ethanol and glucose analogues increase the lethal effects on cancers undergoing therapy with 434 MHz radiation and observations of such responses suggest a theoretical basis to explain the rare spontaneous remissions of human cancer. Cancer appears to protect its glucose supplies by elevating the blood glucose levels above normal and by some mechanism which reduces the effectiveness of the body's control of its fasting glucose level. The serum fibrinogen level rises when cancer involves the abdominal viscerae, particularly the liver. A raised serum fibrinogen level appears to be a direct indication that the liver must be included in the treatment regime if longer survival is desired. If the level cannot be corrected then death of that individual appears assured.

The cause of cancer: biochemical defects in the cancer cell demonstrated by the effects of electromagnetic radiation, glucose and oxygen

The responses of a person carrying a cancer to 434 MHz electromagnetic radiation are such that they demonstrate that each human cell contains at least two separate respiratory pathways which can convert glucose to energy. The first pathway produces energy by an anaerobic mechanism and it can be demonstrated that this energy is used for the purpose of cell replication. The second pathway(s) produces energy from glucose by aerobic oxidative processes which can be shown to energise other cellular functions. One of these functions is that of controlling its own cell division. Other demonstrable functions of this aerobic energy producing mechanism are concerned with individual cellular repair processes, multicellular organisation and repair and the preservation of gross anatomical perfection. Release of the first or anaerobic system from supervisory control by the second or aerobic sytem(s) permits the unlimited cell division which is the phenomenon known as cancer. The available circumstantial evidence suggests that this is not the result of nuclear or chromosomal defects or mutations but is due to direct irreversible sublethal damage to the cellular aerobic glucose metabolic system whilst the anaerobic system remains intact.

Estrogen and progestin binding in cytosols of ovarian adenocarcinomas

Because a few ovarian adenocarcinomas respond favorably to endocrine therapy, we tested the hypothesis that some ovarian adenocarcinomas have functional similarity with sex-hormone-sensitive endometrial and breast tumors. Cytosols from 23 ovarian adenocarcinomas and 27 control tissues were examined for receptorlike estrogen and/or progestin binding. Eight of 16 primary ovarian adenocarcinomas had estrogen and/or progestin receptorlike components; among the metastases tested, one third retained estrogen binding. No correlations were found between binding characteristics and histopathologic grade. The presence of estrogen binding in a lung lesion helped confirm recurrent ovarian disease. Estrogen binding occurred in specimens from women with no histories of exposure to exogenous estrogen. Because tamoxifen and nafoxidine could inhibit estradiol binding, it is likely that antiestrogens will prove beneficial against some ovarian cancers.

Combined microwave therapy

Fifty-two cases of advanced head and neck cancer were treated by 434-MHz radiowave hyperthermia which was combined with cobalt radiotherapy and/or radioactive gold grain implant. Complete resolution of primary and secondary lesions occurred in 94% of cases, and the survival rate after three years was 54%. Retrospective study of comparable series revealed 62.5% resolution rate, and 29% survival after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen and cobalt, while after conventional supervoltage therapy, the resolution rate was 36.5%, and only 19% survived for three years.

Ontogeny of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in male lambs

The ontogeny of pulsatile LH and testosterone (T) secretion was studied in the developing male sheep. Three variables of LH secretion (frequency of LH pulses, magnitude of LH pulses, and the levels between pulses) were determined during a 6-h period at each of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age in six male lambs. Pulsatile LH secretion was evident by 1-2 weeks of age in rapidly growing lambs and by 3-7 weeks of age in slowly growing lambs. Although mean height of LH discharges increased 2-fold after the onset of pulsatile release, levels between discharges remained constant throughout the entire study. The most striking change, however, occurred in the frequency of LH discharges. The frequency increased 20-fold between weeks 1 and 8 and then decreased 3-fold between weeks 8 and 16. In each lamb, a brief (less than 3 h), but marked rise (greater than 2 ng/ml) in levels of circulating T occurred after the first observed pulse of LH. Thereafter, as the lambs became older, increased concentrations of serum T were observed only during periods of pulsatile LH secretion, the highest mean level of T occurring about 1 h after each LH peak. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) iv to 2-day-old males resulted in a marked increase in circulating T. A greater increment in concentrations of serum T occurred after the same absolute dose (50 IU) of hCG at 8 weeks of age than at 2 days of age. These results indicate that in the male lamb 1) pulsatile secretion of LH is initiated shortly after birth and changes in mean levels of LH are primarily a reflection of changes in frequency of LH discharges; 2) before the onset of pulsatile LH secretion, the testes are capable of responding to an exogenous LH-like gonadotropin with increased secretion of T; 3) after the onset of pulsatile LH secretion, a rise in circulating T follows each pulse of LH; and 4) an increase in capacity of the testes to secret T occurs during the first 8 weeks of postnatal life. It is concluded that the pattern of LH secretion, coupled with the capacity of the testes to secrete T, determines the pattern and magnitude of T secretion in the developing male sheep.