[Endometriosis in adolescents: analysis of 6 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To review the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis in adolescents and to evaluate the surgical and medical treatment options for this special population.

METHOD

To review the 6 cases of adolescent endometriosis and to review the literature research.

RESULTS

Three hundred and ninety nine cases under age 18 had undergone gynecological operation. So the incidence among this period is 1.8% (6/339) in hospitalized adolescents. Four cases have complicated genital tract anomalies. Preoperative diagnosis is rare. Good prognosis is expected in most patients. Only 1 case relapsed 9 years after medical therapy. Endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic pelvic pain in adolescents. There may be a natural progression of endometriosis from atypical lesions in adolescents to classic lesions in adults. Congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract are the main reason for the adolescent endometriosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Endometriosis should be strongly suspected in adolescent with chronic pelvic pain especially with no response to oral contraceptives and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medicine. The treatment involves the surgical operation and medicine. Adolescence;

[The impact of calpain-10 gene combined-SNP variation on type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related metabolic traits]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of calpain-10 gene (CAPN-10) combined single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related clinical metabolic traits in Chinese.

METHODS

The study population consisted of 268 Chinese residents in Shanghai. Among them, 144 were subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 124, with T2DM. Plasma glucose (PG), insulin (INS), c-peptide (CP) and free fatty acids (FFA) levels were measured at fasting and 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after oral 75 g glucose challenge. The islet beta-cell insulin secretion and tissue insulin sensitivity were assessed. CAPN-10 UCSNP44,-43,-19 and -63 were genotyped.

RESULTS

(1) In Chinese NGT subjects, the major allele of UCSNP-44 was allele T (frequency=91%), of UCSNP43 was G(89%), of UCSNP-19 was I (3 repeats of a 32 bp sequence) (67%) and of UCSNP-63 was C allele (79%). Significant differences were observed in comparison of these allele frequencies in Chinese to those in other ethnic groups reported in the literature. (2) 14 genotype combinations of these four SNPs were observed in Chinese NGT subjects. 69% of the NGT population was composed of four genotype combinations, in the order of UCSNP44,-43,-19 and -63, i.e., combination A:TT-GG-DI-CC(haplotype combination was 1121/1111) (frequency=10%), combination B:TT-GA-II-CC(1121/1221)(10%), combination C:TT-GG-II-CC(1121/1121)(26%) and combination D:TT-GG-DI-CT(1121/1112)(22%).(3) The frequencies of the above mentioned SNP in single or in combinations were not different significantly between NGT and T2DM groups. (4) The variation of clinical metabolic parameter levels shifted from completely normal towards abnormal glucose intolerance among genotype combination subgroups. In comparison between combination A and combination D, subjects in the former subgroups had: higher PG levels with delayed peak after glucose challenge; less and lower decrement of FFA levels after challenge with no rising in late stage; higher insulin levels with delayed peak after challenge; and the tendency of decreased insulin sensitivity. More than half of the comparisons remained statistically significant after adjusted with age, gender, body mass index and waist circumference.

CONCLUSION

The variation of calpain-10 gene has impact on the variation of clinical metabolic parameter levels related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Such impact depends upon the haplotypes as well as the haplotype combination of calpain-10 gene variations.

[Determination of trace iodine based on kinetic-spectrophotometry with malachite green-chloramine T system]

In this paper, a new kinetic-spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amount of iodine has been proposed. It is based on the iodine catalysed the reaction of malachite green oxidized by chloramine T in hydrochloric acid medium. The method is sensitive, simple and with good selectivity. The linear range of determination of iodine is 0-48 micrograms.L-1, the detection limit is 4.9 x 10(-10) g.mL-1. The method has been used for the determination of trace amount of iodine in food with satisfactory results.

[Relationship of vitamin D receptor polymorphism with breast cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To detect the association between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and breast cancer.

METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) method was used. Two restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the 3'region of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, Taq I and Apa I, were tested for association with breast cancer risk in 86 females with breast cancer and 134 healthy female controls.

RESULTS

Allele frequencies of the 3'Taq I polymorphism showed a significant association (P=0.0004, OR:5.39,CI:1.81-17.20). The further study of genotype found the association of Tt, tt with breast cancer. The haplotype analysis of Apa I and Taq I showed a linkage disequilibrium between t-allele and A-allele. The frequency of tA haplotype was higher in breast cancer patients than in controls (P=0.001), indicating that tA haplotype is associated with breast cancer. The alleles and haplotype of the two loci had not any difference among the clinical subgroups.

CONCLUSION

There is association between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and breast cancer.

[Treatment of childhood genital malignancies]

OBJECTIVE

To present the clinical profile and the result of treatment in childhood genital malignancies.

METHODS

Twenty seven childhood patients (< 12 years) with genital malignancies diagnosed and treated in Peking Union Medical College hospital were analyzed retrospectively focusing on the clinical characteristics and outcome of the treatment.

RESULTS

Patients ranged in age from 2 to 12 years with mean 6.5 years at diagnosis. Of the 27 patients, 23 had ovarian malignancies including 21 (77.8%) germ cell tumor. Four of the patients had extragonadal tumors with 2 endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina, and 2 embryonic rhabdomysarcoma. In ovarian malignancies, abdominal mass and abdominal pain were main clinical features accounting for 77.8% and 74.1% respectively. In vaginal malignancies, vaginal bleeding and polypoid tumor of the vagina were important clinical manifestations. 91.3% (21/23) of the patients underwent only unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with preservation of contralateral ovary and the uterus. Childhood genital malignancies were very sensitive to the chemotherapy. Postoperative vincristine, actinomycine, cyclophosphamide (VAC) or cisplatine, vincristine, blyomycine (PVB) chemotherapy was individualized according to the tumor site, International Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics stage and histopathology. Survival rate in our series was 71.4% during the follow-up time (mean 47.4 months).

CONCLUSIONS

Malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary is the most common tumor in the childhood genital malignancies. Principle of primary surgery is preservation of fertility and chemotherapy is also considered as a very important treatment modality.

[Evaluation of cervical conization in diagnosis and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether cervical conization can be instead of colposcopic multiple biopsies and to evaluate the clinical value of cervical conization in diagnosis and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

METHODS

Fifty four patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) diagnosed and treated at Peking Union Medical College hospital were retrospectively analyzed focusing on the comparative study in pathology between cerical conization and colposcopic multiple biopsies.

RESULTS

Of the 54 patients, there was a correlation in pathology between cervical conization and colposcopic multiple biopsies in 22 cases (40.7%), but there was not much correspondence between cervical conization and colposcopic multiple biopsies in 32 cases (59.3%). In 31 cases conization performed for ruling out invasive cancer, there was a correlation in pathology between cervical conization and colposcopic multiple biopsies in only 13 cases (41.9%). After conization radical hysterectomy was performed in 2 cases (3.7%) because of early invasive carcinoma and simple hysterectomy was performed in 13 cases (24.1%) because of CINIII involved the gland and microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. 39 cases (73.2%) were closely followed-up postoperatively with preservation of fertility. During the mean follow-up time of 18.3 months, no cytology abnormality was detected and 3 patients had pregnancy and delivery. Postoperative hemorrhage was main side effect for conization.

CONCLUSIONS

Cervical conization plays a very important role in diagnosis and treatment of CIN and it can not be instead of colposcopic multiple biopsies. Cervical conization is a good choice for patient with CINIII and desired childbearing.

[Loop electrosurgical excision procedure: a valuable method for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effectiveness and safety of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and the significance of positive margins in cervical cone biopsy specimens with the relationship of prognosis.

METHODS

LEEP under local anesthesia and colposcopic guidance was performed in an outpatient of colposcopic clinic. Records of 135 patients treated between Feb 1992 and Jul 1999 were reviewed prospectively.

RESULTS

The median age of patients in this study was 42 years (range 18-67 years), parity 2.2 times (range 0-8 times). High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) accounted for majority of diagnosis according to pap smear (65.9%) and colposcopy (75.6%) respectively. The results of LEEP demonstrated negative histology in 7 patients (5.2%), human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in 2 patients (1.5%), CINI in 15 patients (11.1%), HGSIL in 108 patients (80.0%) which including 20 patients (14.8%) of CINII, 88 patients (65.2%) of CINIII, microinvasion in 3 patients (2.2%). Clear resection margin of lesion in cervix was noted in 78 (57.8%) patients. Unclear margins were appeared in 57 (42.2%) patients including 21 cases (15.6%) of resection margin positive and 36 cases(26.7%) of resection margin undetermined. HGSIL accounted for the majority (54 cases, 94.7%) in this kind of patients. The residual CIN occurred in 1 patient (4.8%) with the resection margin positive and 3 patients(8.3%) with the resection margin undetermined respectively. In 2 patients (2.6%) with the resection margin clear. Recurrence CIN occurred in 1 patient (4.8%) with the resection margin positive and 2 patients (5.6%) with the resection margin undetermined respectively, none of the patients (0.0%) with the resection margin clear. The overall cure rate in this study was 93.3% after first LEEP done. The residual CIN was identified in 6 (4.4%) patients. The recurrence CIN occurred in 3 (2.2%) patients. Complications of LEEP occurred in 14.1% (19/135) patients in this study.

CONCLUSIONS

LEEP is a kind of effective and safe method for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The status of resection margin should be concerned. Margin involvement of specimen is the risk factor for residual and recurrence of CIN.

[A cross-sectional study on the promotion and execution of "the practiced guidelines for the management of common malignant gynecological tumors"]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the promotion and execution of "the practice guidelines for the management of common malignant gynecological tumors (draft)" (guidelines).

METHODS

Cross sectional study was applied. All obstetricians and gynecologists (Obs/Gyns) who attended the Chinese Medical Association's Senior Workshop for Department Chairmen of Obstetrics and Gynecology were included.

RESULTS

Three hundred and fifty Obs/Gyns were inquired, while two hundred and eighty-one questionnaires were available. Ninety percent (253/281) of Obs/Gyns declared that they had read the guidelines, and 96.4% (271/281) of them thought it necessary to establish the guidelines. In those Obs/Gyns who read the guidelines, 87.7% (222/253) of them managed gynecological tumors according to the guidelines. In those who did not read the guidelines, most were obstetricians or worked in special hospitals, while all gynecological oncologists read the guidelines. In addition, there were still many suggestions on the guidelines.

CONCLUSION

The guidelines has been playing a role in the management of common malignant gynecological tumors and need to be revised regularly.

Controlling spatiotemporal chaos via phase space compression

We present a simple and effective method for controlling spatiotemporal chaos (STC) via phase space compression, by compressing the evolution orbit of the chaotic attractor. In numerical simulations, we obtain global and local control in coupled map lattice (CML) systems by the same phase space compression in different situations, and find that the functional relationship of control results to control parameters in a certain region is the same as the local dynamics expression of the CML. According to the control equation, using different phase space compressions we successfully control a CML exhibiting STC into various desired stable states.

Multiple regions of MAP kinase phosphatase 3 are involved in its recognition and activation by ERK2

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3) is a specific regulator of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2). Association of ERK2 with MKP3 results in a powerful increase in MKP3 phosphatase activity. To determine the molecular basis of the specific ERK2 recognition by MKP3 and the ERK2-induced MKP3 activation, we have carried out a systematic mutational and deletion analysis of MKP3. Using activation-based and competition-based assays, we are able to quantitatively evaluate the contributions that residues/regions within MKP3 make to ERK2 binding and ERK2-induced MKP3 activation. Our results show that recognition and activation of MKP3 by ERK2 involves multiple regions of MKP3. Thus, the kinase interaction motif (KIM; residues 61--75) in MKP3 plays a major role (135-fold) for high affinity ERK2 binding. The most important residue in the KIM sequence of MKP3 is Arg(65), which probably interacts with Asp(319) in ERK2. In addition to KIM, a unique sequence conserved in cytosolic MKPs (residues 161--177 in MKP3) also contributes to ERK2 binding (15-fold). However, these two regions are not essential for ERK2-induced MKP3 activation. A third ERK2 binding site is localized in the C terminus of MKP3 (residues 348--381). Although deletion of this region or mutation of the putative ERK specific docking sequence (364)FTAP(367) in this region reduces MKP3's affinity for ERK2 by less than 10-fold, this region is absolutely required for ERK2-induced MKP3 activation.

[Effect of a risk of malignancy index in preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the ability of a risk of malignancy index (RMI), based on a serum CA125 level, ultrasound findings and menopausal status, to discriminate a benign from a malignant pelvic mass.

METHODS

One hundred and forty women with a pelvic mass, 30 years or older, admitted between January 1998 and June 1999, were studied. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of serum CA125 level, ultrasound findings and the menopausal status separately and combined into the RMI, to diagnose ovarian cancer.

RESULTS

RMI was more accurate than any individual criterion in diagnosing cancer. Using a RMI cut-off level of 200 to indicate malignancy, the RMI derived from this data set gave a sensitivity of 87.3%, specificity of 84.4%, and positive predictive value of 82.1%.

CONCLUSIONS

RMI is able to correctly discriminate between malignant and benign pelvic mass. It can be introduced easily into clinical practice to facilitate the selection of patients for primary surgery.

Multiple regions of MAP kinase phosphatase 3 are involved in its recognition and activation by ERK2

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3) is a specific regulator of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2). Association of ERK2 with MKP3 results in a powerful increase in MKP3 phosphatase activity. To determine the molecular basis of the specific ERK2 recognition by MKP3 and the ERK2-induced MKP3 activation, we have carried out a systematic mutational and deletion analysis of MKP3. Using activation-based and competition-based assays, we are able to quantitatively evaluate the contributions that residues/regions within MKP3 make to ERK2 binding and ERK2-induced MKP3 activation. Our results show that recognition and activation of MKP3 by ERK2 involves multiple regions of MKP3. Thus, the kinase interaction motif (KIM; residues 61--75) in MKP3 plays a major role (135-fold) for high affinity ERK2 binding. The most important residue in the KIM sequence of MKP3 is Arg(65), which probably interacts with Asp(319) in ERK2. In addition to KIM, a unique sequence conserved in cytosolic MKPs (residues 161--177 in MKP3) also contributes to ERK2 binding (15-fold). However, these two regions are not essential for ERK2-induced MKP3 activation. A third ERK2 binding site is localized in the C terminus of MKP3 (residues 348--381). Although deletion of this region or mutation of the putative ERK specific docking sequence (364)FTAP(367) in this region reduces MKP3's affinity for ERK2 by less than 10-fold, this region is absolutely required for ERK2-induced MKP3 activation.

Partial purification and characterization of 12-lipoxygenase in bullfrog erythrocytes

12-Lipoxygenase (12-LO) in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) erythrocytes was purified partially by ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography. Bullfrog 12-LO was a single chain protein with a pI of 7.1-7.8 and MW of 7.77 kDa. This enzyme did not show typical Michaelis Menten type kinetics. At low substrate concentrations, it had a lag phase and at higher substrate concentrations, the activity was inhibited. The product of linoleic acid (LA), 13-hydroperoxy-9, 11-octadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE), was an activator for the enzyme. When arachidonic acid (AA) was used as substrate, 13-HpODE also affected the Km of bullfrog 12-LO towards AA. The affinity of LA towards bullfrog 12-LO was higher than the affinity of AA. Suicide inactivation was much more rapid than that of any mammalian 12-LO reported. Hemoglobin (Hb) inhibited the activity of 12-LO partially and removing Hb eliminated this inhibition. Both Hb and Met-Hb inhibited the 12-LO activity but did not denatured completely the Hb, suggesting that the inhibition was a direct interaction between 12-LO and Hb protein chain and was not due to competition between 12-LO and Hb for oxygen. This study characterizes bullfrog 12-LO with respect to stability, optimal pH, suicide inactivation and interaction with Hb and provides important evolutionary information about this enzyme.

Comparison of K-ras point mutations at codon 12 and p21 expression in pancreatic cancer between Japanese and Chinese patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

K-ras (Kirsten-ras) point mutation (PM) in codon 12 are suggested to be significantly associated with the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer. The incidences of K-ras PMs in human pancreatic cancer are reported to be different between Europeans and Japanese. The present study was designed to compare the incidences and profile of K-ras PMs and ras-p21 expression in primary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the pancreas between Japanese and Chinese.

METHODS

The specimens included 51 Japanese and 34 Chinese patients with the primary IDC of the pancreas. K-ras PMs were tested by allele specific oligonucleotide dot blot hybridization methods and ras-p21 expression was stained by the immunohistochemical method.

RESULTS

K-ras PMs were detected in 48 Japanese IDCs (94%) and in 24 Chinese ones (71%). There was a significant difference between the two groups. The GAT mutation was more frequent both in Japanese (61%, 33/54) and in Chinese (60%, 18/30) IDCs. The transitions/transversions ratio in the Japanese group was 2.4 in this study. By contrast, that in the Chinese group was 1.5. The expression of p21 was detected in 24 Japanese IDCs (47%) and in 24 Chinese IDCs (71%). There was a significant difference between the two groups. The expression of p21 and the patterns of K-ras PMs did not show any significant influence on the survival of the patients both in Japanese and Chinese. In the present study, Chinese IDC had a lower frequency of K-ras PMs in codon 12 than Japanese IDC. The pattern of K-ras PMs in Chinese IDC was different from that in Japanese and European IDC, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Ki-ras PM and p21 expression were frequently seen both in Japanese and Chinese patients with pancreatic cancer. Factors such as lifestyle and environment may have influences on pancreatic carcinogenesis in various populations.

Production and processing of erythropoietin receptor transcripts in brain

The expression of erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) in brain and neuronal cells, and hypoxia-responsive production of erythropoietin (Epo) in the brain suggests that the function of Epo as a survival or viability factor may extend beyond hematopoietic tissue and erythroid progenitor cells. Epo, produced by astrocytes and neurons, can be induced by hypoxia by severalfold, and in animal models Epo administration is neuroprotective to ischemic challenge. We characterized the human EpoR transcript in brain and neuronal cells to determine its contribution in regulating the Epo response in brain. Screening of a human brain cDNA library and quantitative analysis of EpoR transcripts indicate that the EpoR gene locus is transcriptionally active in brain. In addition to the proximal promoter that is active in hematopoietic cells, a significant proportion of transcripts originates far upstream from the EpoR coding region. Unlike erythroid cells with efficient splicing of EpoR transcripts to its mature form, brain EpoR transcripts are inefficiently or alternately processed with a bias towards the 3' coding region. In human EpoR transgenic mice, anemic stress induces expression of the transgene and endogenous EpoR gene in hematopoietic tissue and brain. In culture of neuronal cells, hypoxia induces EpoR expression and increases sensitivity to Epo. Induction of EpoR expression appears to be a consequence of increased transcription from the upstream region and proximal promoter, and a shift towards increased processing efficiency. These data suggest that in contrast to erythropoiesis where erythroid progenitor cells express high levels of EpoR and are directly responsive to Epo stimulation, the neuroprotective effect of Epo and its receptor may require two molecular events: the induction of Epo production by hypoxia and an increase in EpoR expression in neuronal cells resulting in increased sensitivity to Epo.

Molecular memory by reversible translocation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

Synaptic plasticity is thought to be a key process for learning, memory and other cognitive functions of the nervous system. The initial events of plasticity require the conversion of brief electrical signals into alterations of the biochemical properties of synapses that last for much longer than the initial stimuli. Here we show that a regulator of synaptic plasticity, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKII), sequentially translocates to postsynaptic sites, undergoes autophosphorylation and gets trapped for several minutes until its dissociation is induced by secondary autophosphorylation and phosphatase 1 action. Once dissociated, CaMKII shows facilitated translocation for several minutes. This suggests that trapping of CaMKII by its targets and priming of CaMKII translocation may function as biochemical memory mechanisms that change the signaling capacity of synapses.

[Surgical treatment and prognostic analysis of 39 cases invasive vulvar cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the procedure of operations and evaluate the prognostic factors in the invasive vulvar cancer.

METHODS

Thirty nine cases with invasive vulvar cancer admitted in our hospital from 1979 to 1997 were retrospectively analyzed. Three kinds of operations were used: 5 by local excision, 13 by modified radical vulvectomy and 21 by radical vulvectomy. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to compare the different strategy of operation and analyze the prognostic factors.

RESULTS

Thirty three patients (84.6%) had squamous cell carcinoma and 26 of them (78.8%) were well differentiated and 2 poorly differentiated. Seven cases (17.9%) were in FIGO stage I; 17 (43.6%) in stage II; 13 (33.3%) in stage III, and 2(5.1%) in stage IV, 58.3% of tumor in stage I and II were lateral while 73.3% of tumor in stage III and IV were median type. Hospitalization time for local excision, modified radical vulvectomy and radical vulvectomy (separated and en-bloc incision) were 9.1, 20.6, 41.2 and 62.2 days (P < 0.01) and the incision infection rate were 0%, 30.8%, 66.7% and 88.9% (P < 0.01) respectively. Median survival time for stage I, II, II and IV were 132.0, 121.5, 67.5 and 21.5 months (P = 0.01) and the 5-year survival rates of them were 85.7%, 70.6%, 46.2% and 0.0% (P < 0.05) respectively. Median survival time for patients with or without lymph nodes involvement were 66.0 and 121.5 months (P < 0.01) and the 5-year survival rates were 30.0% and 71.5% (P < 0.05) respectively. Median survival time for well or poor differentiation were 97.0 and 64.0 months (P > 0.05) and the 5-year survival rates were 62.0% and 43.0% (P > 0.05) respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The important prognostic factors for invasive vulvar cancer were sites(lateral/median), stage, differentiation and lymph nodes involvement. Individualized treatment should be considered.

[The diagnostic and prognostic values of assay of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in epithelial ovarian cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To detect the level of the preoperative serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, and to evaluate the correlation between preoperative serum VEGF level and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer.

METHODS

Forty-one patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), 10 patients with borderline ovarian tumor (BOT), and 25 women with benign ovarian tumor (BET) were included as three study groups, while 20 healthy women were selected as a control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to measure the serum VEGF level.

RESULTS

The serum VEGF levels in patients with EOC were higher than those in patients with BOT, or with BET, or those in healthy women. The median and ranges of serum VEGF levels were as follows: EOC: median 415.0 pg/ml, range 110-2,120 pg/ml; BOT: median 312.5 pg/ml, range 100-1,250 pg/ml; BET: median 170 pg/ml, range 70-925 pg/ml; healthy women: median 165 pg/ml, range 100-735 pg/ml. When median preoperative serum VEGF levels were grouped by tumor stages, histological grade of tumor cells, histological type of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and omentum involvement, significant correlations between serum levels of VEGF and histological grade, lymph node involvement and omentum involvement were found. The patients with high serum VEGF appeared to be accompanied with poor 3-year survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative serum VEGF levels seemed to be correlated with the malignant behavior of ovarian cancer, which might provide some prognostic value.

Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in ovarian cancer patients

AIM

To characterize the disposition of paclitaxel in patients with ovarian carcinoma after a 3-h infusion.

METHODS

Fifteen patients with advanced ovarian cancer were enrolled and were administered paclitaxel in a 3-h infusion at dosing levels of 135 mg/m2, 175 mg/m2, and 235 mg/m2. Thirteen plasma samples were obtained during the infusion and up to 24 h after the infusion. Paclitaxel concentrations in plasma were determined by HPLC assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed with noncompartment model and model-dependent method.

RESULTS

The disposition of paclitaxel in patients with ovarian cancer conformed to a two-compartment model. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of three groups were T1/2 beta (5.18 +/- 3.49), (6.26 +/- 2.21), and (6.99 +/- 1.45) h, AUC (14.71 +/- 0.76), (39.09 +/- 13.10), and (66.52 +/- 12.23) mg.h.L-1, Cl (14.29 +/- 0.74), (7.52 +/- 2.15), and (6.25 +/- 1.93) L.h-1, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The disposition of paclitaxel was nonlinear after a 3-h infusion. There was individual variability of metabolism among patients.

In and out of the postsynaptic region: signalling proteins on the move

Reversible translocation of signalling proteins to and from their sites of action has emerged as an important theme in signal transduction. The recent findings of the stimulus-induced translocation of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor to and from the postsynaptic region are model cases for understanding how the dynamic localization of signalling proteins is used to regulate signal transduction.

[Fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with intraductal papillary lesions]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical significance of fiberoptic ductoscopy in patients with intraductal papillary lesions.

METHODS

Fiberoptic ductoscopy was applied to patients with nipple discharge. The characteristics of those with intraductal papillary lesion were analysed.

RESULTS

92 patients were found to have intraductal papillary lesions. 68 patients were revealed to have single papillomas and 21 multiple papilloma. Three patients were diagnosed with papillomatosis. A total of 114 lesions were observed. 29.8% of these lesions were located in the segmental duct. 43.9% lesions were located in the first branch of the segmental duct and 17.5% in the second branch. Only 7.9% and 0.9% lesions were located in the third and the fourth branch. The average distance from lacteous pore to papillary lesion was 2.7 cm. Fiberoptic ductoscopy did not find lesions in 5 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Fiberoptic ductoscopy can be used to diagnose and locate intraductal papillary lesions. It is an effective diagnostic method for nipple discharge.

[Treatment and prognostic factors for stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer]

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of surgical debulking and chemotherapy on survival in patients with stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer.

METHODS

Medical records and follow-up sheets were retrospectively reviewed for all women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer treated between January, 1982 and December, 1997 in our hospital. Survival analysis and comparison were performed using Kaplan-Meier method and t-test. The COX proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent variables associated with survival improvement.

RESULTS

Twenty-five women with stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer were available. Median age was 51 years (range 33-72 years). Papillary serous histology was found in 12/75 patients (48%). Thirteen patients (52%) had grade 3 tumors. Metastases by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria were found in 7 cases in supraclavicular lymph node (28%), 6 cases in liver (24%) and 4 cases with malignant pleural effusion. All patients received surgical debulking with 9 cases (36%) having in optimal cytoreduction. Overall median survival of 15.0 months was achieved, while optimal debulked patients' median survival was 28.4 months compared to 14.7 months for the patients with bulky residual disease (P < 0.01). Median survival for the patients with 6 or more courses of chemotherapy postoperatively was 28.5 months, compared to 6.5 months for the patients with less than 6 courses (P < 0.01). Optimal debulking surgery and courses of chemotherapy retained significance as indepent predictors of survival based on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Optimal surgical debulking and active postoperative chemotherapy appear to improve the prognosis of the patients with stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer under the premise of keeping quality of life.

[Influence of estrogen on the epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro]

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of 17-beta estradiol on the growth of the epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines in vitro.

METHODS

The proliferative capacity of the ovarian carcinoma cell lines CAOV3 and OVCAR3 in the culture medium with 17-beta estradiol was evaluated by the means of the mircoculture tetrazolium assay (MTT) and cell kinetics was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). The expression of estrogen receptor (ER) of the two cell lines was examined by the immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

The growth of both two epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines was slightly inhibited by 17-beta estradiol (0.25-5.00 nmol/L), and the inhibitive rate was 6.3%-36.0%. FCM showed that the kinetics of the two cell lines were obviously changed. Comparing with the kinetics of CAOV3 without estradiol, the cell rate of Stage G0/G1 of CAOV3 with estradiol decreased from 55.0% to 19.0%-30.0%, cell rate of Stage S increased from 30.0% to 52.0%, cell rate of Stage G2/M increased from 14.0% to 17.0%-28.0%; In OVCAR3, cell rate of Stage C2/M decreased from 37% to 22.0%-30.0%, cell rate of Stage S increased from 31.0% to 38.0%-51.0%, cell rate of Stage C0/G1 did not changed much (cell rate without estradiol was 32.0%, while cell rate with estradiol 29.0%-31.0%). Estrogen receptors of the two cell lines were positive and not changed after cultured in the medium with 17-beta estradiol.

CONCLUSION

The proliferate capacity of the two epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines CAOV3 and OVCAR3 can be inhibited by the estrogen (0.25-5.00 nmol/L), possibly through the change of the tumor cell kinetics.

Long-term effects of troglitazone: open-label extension studies in type 2 diabetic patients

OBJECTIVE

To determine the long-term effects of troglitazone as monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylureas or insulin regarding glycemic and lipid measures.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients who completed one of three double-blind studies (a 6-month troglitazone monotherapy study, a 52-week study of troglitazone in combination with micronized glyburide, or a 6-month study of troglitazone in combination with insulin) were allowed to enter open-label extensions of their respective double-blind studies. Troglitazone dose titrations were allowed to a maximum of 600 mg in response to inadequate glycemic control during the open-label phases of troglitazone monotherapy or sulfonylurea combination therapy but not with insulin combination therapy. This article focuses on the effectiveness of the highest dose of troglitazone used in these studies (600 mg daily). Safety data from all patients studied at all doses are also presented.

RESULTS

For patients who received a fixed dose of 600 mg troglitazone, mean changes in fasting serum glucose and HbA1c levels from baseline to the end of the open-label phase were -57 mg/dl and -0.4%, respectively (monotherapy); -49 mg/dl and -1.8%, respectively (sulfonylurea combination); and -31 mg/dl and -1.0%, respectively (insulin combination). The proportion of patients achieving an HbA1c level of < or =8% from the combined cohort of all three studies was 54% versus only 19% at baseline. The mean decrease in triglycerides from baseline to the end of the open-label phase was 18% among all patients in the three studies who received a fixed dose of 600 mg troglitazone. Troglitazone was well tolerated in these three open-label studies; a total of 758 patients completed a total exposure of 16,264 patient-months to troglitazone in these three studies with minimal adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term use of troglitazone alone or in combination with sulfonylureas or insulin is safe and effective in sustaining glycemic control and in reducing hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetic patients.

Enhanced analgesic potency and reduced tolerance of morphine in 129/SvEv mice: evidence for a deficiency in GM1 ganglioside-regulated excitatory opioid receptor functions

10-fold higher doses in SW mice. Furthermore, cotreatment of 129/SvEv mice with morphine plus a low dose of naltrexone (ca. 0.1 microgram/kg) that markedly enhances and prolongs morphine's antinociceptive effects in SW mice did not enhance, and often attenuated6 h. The marked GM1-induced attenuation of morphine's antinociceptive effects in 129/SvEv mice may be due to conversion of some of the opioid receptors in these mice from an inhibitory Gi/Go-coupled to an excitatory Gs-coupled mode. Exogenous GM1 supplementation can, therefore, reverse the anomalous lack of morphine tolerance displayed by this mouse strain in comparison to SW and other mice. The present study may provide insights into factors that regulate the marked variability in nociceptive sensitivity and opioid tolerance/dependence liability among individual humans.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate functions as a second messenger that regulates cytoskeleton-plasma membrane adhesion

Binding interactions between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton define cell functions such as cell shape, formation of cell processes, cell movement, and endocytosis. Here we use optical tweezers tether force measurements and show that plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) acts as a second messenger that regulates the adhesion energy between the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. Receptor stimuli that hydrolyze PIP2 lowered adhesion energy, a process that could be mimicked by expressing PH domains that sequester PIP2 or by targeting a 5'-PIP2-phosphatase to the plasma membrane to selectively lower plasma membrane PIP2 concentration. Our study suggests that plasma membrane PIP2 controls dynamic membrane functions and cell shape by locally increasing and decreasing the adhesion between the actin-based cortical cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane.

A versatile microporation technique for the transfection of cultured CNS neurons

The application of molecular techniques to cultured central nervous system (CNS) neurons has been limited by a lack of simple and efficient methods to introduce macromolecules into their cytosol. We have developed an electroporation technique that efficiently transfers RNA, DNA and other large membrane-impermeant molecules into adherent hippocampal neurons. Microporation allowed the use of either in vitro transcribed RNA or cDNA to transfect neurons. While RNA transfection yielded a higher percentage of transfected neurons and produced quantitative co-expression of two proteins, DNA transfection yielded higher levels of protein expression. Dextran-based calcium indicators also were efficiently delivered into the cytosol. Microporated neurons appear to survive poration quite well, as indicated by their morphological integrity, electrical excitability, ability to produce action potential-evoked calcium signals, and intact synaptic transmission. Furthermore, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged marker proteins were expressed and correctly localized to the cytosol, plasma membrane, or endoplasmic reticulum. The microporation method is efficient, convenient, and inexpensive: macromolecules can be introduced into most adherent neurons in a 3 mm2 surface area while requiring as little as 1 microl of the material to be introduced. We conclude that the microporation of macromolecules is a versatile approach to investigate signaling, secretion, and other processes in CNS neurons.

[The effect of hydroxycamptothecin and topotecan to SKOV3 and CAOV3 in vitro]

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effect of hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) and topotecan, two kinds of derivative of camptothecin, to two ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and CAOV3.

METHODS

Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was used to establish the dose-effect curves. The ability of these two drugs to induce apoptosis of the two cell lines was determined by the method of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA Ladder. The morphological changes of the cells were observed by electronic microscope. Expression of c-myc, bcl-2, and fas was estimated by the immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS

The inhibition of HCPT and topotecan to the growth of SKOV3 and CAOV3 was dose-dependent. 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) of HCPT and topotecan to SKOV3 was 72 ng/ml and 160 ng/ml, respectively; IC10 of HCPT and topotecan to CAOV3 was 141 ng/ml and 12 ng/ml, respectively. The inhibition of HCPT and topotecan to clone forming rate of two cell lines was significant. The growing curves of SKOV3 and CAOV3 treated by HCPT and topotecan were significantly lower than controls. HCPT and topotecan of 5 ng/ml can elongate the double time of SKOV3 for 49.00 and 1.75 times, respectively. They can elongate the double time of CAOV3 for 2.77 and 1.94 times, respectively. After treated by HCPT or topotecan, SKOV3 generated DNA Ladder. Positive rates of TUNEL of SKOV3 and CAOV3 were elevated by HCPT and topotecan notably. HCPT and topotecan did not affect the expression of c-myc, bcl-2, fas of SKOV3 and CAOV3. Observed by electronic microscope, heterochromatin of SKOV3 and CAOV3 coagulated after treated by HCPT. Micro villi of SKOV3 and CAOV3 were damaged, and some vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm.

CONCLUSIONS

HCPT and topotecan can inhibit growth of SKOV3 and CAOV3 significantly. HCPT and topotecan can induce apoptosis of SKOV3 and CAOV3.

[Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis in gynecologic onocology]

OBJECTIVE

To describe the clinical profile of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after operation on pelvic tumours and to study how to choose the methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of DVT.

METHODS

The clinical characteristics, the methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of 11 cases with DVT and 18 cases with the tendency to DVT were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Old age, fatness and oringinal pelvic malignant tumours were the high risk factors for postoperative DVT. Especially the patients with endometrial carcinoma were with the high incidence of DVT. Colour-code Doppler ultrasonography was the best choice to diagnose DVT. Heparin or low molecule weight heparin (LMWH) anticoagulation was effective treatment in postoperative DVT.

CONCLUSIONS

Old age, fatness and gynecologic malignant tumours should be considered as highrisk factors for postoperative DVT. Preoperative or postoperative prophylatic treatment of DVT should be considered in high risk population. Anticoagulation was effective in postoperative DVT.

Functional analysis of DNA sequences located within a cluster of DNase I hypersensitive sites colocalizing with a MAR element at the upstream border of the chicken alpha-globin gene domain

We have cloned and sequenced a genomic DNA fragment of chicken containing a cluster of DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHS) located 11-15 kb upstream from the first gene of the alpha-globin gene domain and including a constitutive DHS flanked by two erythroid-specific ones. A 1.2-kb subfragment of the DNA fragment under study located upstream to the constitutive DHS and colocalizing roughly with one of the erythroid-specific DHS was shown to possess the properties of a matrix association region (MAR). The cloned DNA sequences were tested for their ability to serve as promoters and/or influence transcription from the promoter of the alphaD globin gene. In the region studied, we did not find any promoters or enhancers that were active in erythroid cells. The whole DNase I hypersensitive region and some of its subfragments showed a silencing effect when placed downstream from the reporter gene. The expression of the reporter gene was completely abolished, however, when these DNA fragments were placed between the alphaD promoter and the reporter gene. Thus, they seem to act as transcription "terminators." Numerous polyadenylation signals (AATAAA) and an AT-rich palindrome were found within the sequenced DNA fragment. These observations are discussed within the frame of the hypothesis postulating that continuous transcription is essential for maintaining the active status of genomic domains. Furthermore, it is suggested that the DNA fragment studied contains a negative control element that keeps globin genes silent within the chromatin domain permanently open in nonerythroid cells.

Dynamic control of CaMKII translocation and localization in hippocampal neurons by NMDA receptor stimulation

Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is thought to increase synaptic strength by phosphorylating postsynaptic density (PSD) ion channels and signaling proteins. It is shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation reversibly translocates green fluorescent protein-tagged CaMKII from an F-actin-bound to a PSD-bound state. The translocation time was controlled by the ratio of expressed beta-CaMKII to alpha-CaMKII isoforms. Although F-actin dissociation into the cytosol required autophosphorylation of or calcium-calmodulin binding to beta-CaMKII, PSD translocation required binding of calcium-calmodulin to either the alpha- or beta-CaMKII subunits. Autophosphorylation of CaMKII indirectly prolongs its PSD localization by increasing the calmodulin-binding affinity.

Potent and highly selective inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Several protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) have been implicated as regulatory agents in the insulin-stimulated signal transduction pathway, including PTP1B, PTPalpha, and LAR. Furthermore, since all three enzymes are suggested to serve as negative regulators of insulin signaling, one or more may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. We report herein the acquisition of highly selective PTP1B-targeted inhibitors. We recently demonstrated that PTP1B contains two proximal aromatic phosphate binding sites [Puius, Y. A., Zhao, Y., Sullivan, M., Lawrence, D. S., Almo S. C., and Zhang, Z. Y. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 13420-5], and we have now employed this structural feature to design and synthesize an array of bis(aryldifluorophosphonates). Not only do the lead compounds serve as potent inhibitors of PTP1B but, in addition, several exhibit selectivities for PTP1B versus PTPalpha, LAR, and VHR that are greater than 2 orders in magnitude.

[Diagnosis and treatment of endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina]

OBJECTIVES

To describe the clinical characteristics and the role of chemotherapy in endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina.

METHOD

Two patients with endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina were presented focusing on the clinical manifestations and outcome of the chemotherapy.

RESULTS

Patient's age was quite young, 2 and 3 years old respectively. Vaginal bleeding and a polypoid and fragile tumor of the vagina were main clinical features. Elevated serum alpha-FP was found before chemotherapy and dropped dramatically to normal if the tumor was sensitive to chemotherapy. Diagnosis was made by pathology and alpha-FP immunohistochemical staining. Both two patient was well responded to cisplatin vincristine bleomycin (PVB) and cisplatin etoposide bleomycin (PEB) chemotherapy. Clinical and pathological complete remission was obtained after 2-3 courses of chemotherapy without radical surgery and radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Endodermal sinus tumor of vagina in infant was very sensitive to the chemotherapy. Serum alpha-FP was very useful in diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.

[Recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the factors of influence on recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and to make strategy of treatment.

METHODS

Retrospective study of 189 cases of ovarian cancer admitted in our hospital from Jan, 1987 to Dec, 1997. All of these cases had postoperative pathological diagnosis.

RESULTS

Of 31 recurrent cases, 19 cases had first cytoreductive surgery in our hospital, while other 12 cases were done in other hospitals. According to FIGO criteria, stage I, II 4 cases (12.9%), III, IV 27 cases (87.1%). The mean recurrent time of no-residual disease was 17.2 months, while that of residual disease < or = 2 cm was 10.1 months (P < 0.01). The mean recurrent time of those having chemotherapy > or = 6 cycles was 13.1 months, while that of those having chemotherapy < 6 cycles was 10.1 months (P > 0.05). The five-year survival rate of 18 cases having secondary cytoreductive surgery was 27.3%, while that of 4 cases having chemotherapy only was 7.1% (P < 0.01). The five-year survival rate of 7 cases abandoning any therapy was 4.8% (P < 0.01). 2 cases had only irradiation therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Histology, stage, degree of tumor differentiation, chemotherapy and the residual disease of cytoreductive surgery all influence recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Secondary cytoreductive surgery along with chemotherapy can raise recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer's five-year survival rate.

The mammalian Rad24 homologous to yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad24 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rad17 is involved in DNA damage checkpoint

Cell cycle checkpoint proteins play critical roles in maintaining genomic stability and integrity to prevent the development of cancer and hereditary diseases. Here we report the isolation of a novel mouse gene encoding the protein MmRad24 [MmRad24 is the mouse homologue of HRad17, which was described recently by A. E. Parker et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 273: 18340-18346, 1998)], which shares significant sequence and structural homology with the budding yeast Rad24 and its fission yeast counterpart Rad17, both of which are required for DNA damage checkpoints. Confocal microscopy revealed that the green fluorescent protein-tagged MmRad24 protein is localized to the nucleus in living cells. Fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis showed that overexpression of the wild-type MmRad24 in diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells caused a significant G2 arrest of the cell cycle, whereas overexpression of a mutant MmRad24 (mutated on the nucleotide-binding site) that likely functions as a dominant-negative protein resulted in a defect in cell cycle arrest after DNA damage treatment as measured by bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase labeling experiments. Taken together, these results suggest that the mammalian Rad24 protein may function as a critical gatekeeper in DNA damage checkpoint control.

[Effect of vasectomy on apoptosis in spermatogenic cells of the male rat]

To explore the effect of vasectomy on apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, we have detected apoptosis in the testis of vasectomized and sham-operated adult rats within a period of 12 postoperative weeks by means of flow cytometry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuride triphosphate nick-end labeling) method. Flow cytometry found that, in vasectomized rat, the sub-haploid peak was higher and the percentage of cells with sub-haploid was increased. The total number of positive TUNEL cells in the vasectomized group was greater than that in the sham-operated group (P < 0.001). Compared with the same time-phased sham-operated subgroups, the number of apoptotic spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in the testes of the subgroups 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 10 weeks after vasectomy as well as the number of spermatogonia of the subgroup 12 weeks after vasectomy were significantly higher (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that vasectomy could enhance the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

Effects of proglumide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, on human large intestine carcinoma SW480 cell line

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects of proglumide, a gastrin receptor antagonist, on the amount of viable cells, synthesis of DNA and protein, and cell proliferation cycle in human large intestine carcinoma SW480 cell line in order to provide experimental basis for treatment of large intestine carcinoma using proglumide.

METHODS

Large intestine carcinoma SW480 cells at logarithmic growth stage were cultivated with different concentrations of proglumide for different periods of time, then the amount of viable cells was determined by MTT colorimetric analysis. The SW480 cells were cultivated with proglumide, pentagastrin, proglumide + pentagastrin for the same period of time, then the contents of DNA and protein and the cell proliferation cycle were determined by flow-cytometry.

RESULTS

The amount of viable cells, synthesis of DNA and protein, distribution of cell cycle, and proliferation index (PI) in the proglumide group did not differ significantly from those in the pentagastrin group (P > 0.05). The amount of viable cells in the pentagastrin group was significantly higher than that in the pentagastrin group (P < 0.01). In the proglumide + pentagastrin group the amount of viable cells, synthesis of DNA and protein, amount of S and G2M phase cells, and PI were all significantly lower than those in the pentagastrin group (all P < 0.01), and the amount of G0/G1 phase cells was significantly higher than that in the pentagastrin group (P < 0.01), but none of the above differed from those in the control group (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Proglumide has no obvious effect on the growth of human large intestine carcinoma SW480 cell line, but can inhibit the growth-promoting effect of pentagastrin on large intestine carcinoma cells. The mechanism may be that proglumide inhibits the promoting effect of pentagastrin on the synthesis of DNA and protein of carcinoma cells, and then inhibits carcinoma cell growth from G0/G1 phase to S and G2M phase.

Chromosome 2 sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Chromosome 2 of Plasmodium falciparum was sequenced; this sequence contains 947,103 base pairs and encodes 210 predicted genes. In comparison with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, chromosome 2 has a lower gene density, introns are more frequent, and proteins are markedly enriched in nonglobular domains. A family of surface proteins, rifins, that may play a role in antigenic variation was identified. The complete sequencing of chromosome 2 has shown that sequencing of the A+T-rich P. falciparum genome is technically feasible.

[The comparison of biological characteristics between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated lymphocytes in ascites of epithelial ovarian carcinoma]

OBJECTIVE

To compare biological charicteristics between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and tumor-associated lymphocytes (TAL) in epithelial ovarian carcinomas.

METHODS

The surgical samples of four ovarian specimens and eight cancer ascites from epithelial ovarian carcinoma were collected, and ascites were divided into bloody and non-bloody groups. The cancer tissue was dissected to yield single cells suspensions. TIL and TAL were grown in coculture with autologous tumor cells and 500 U/ml recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Phenotype was studied using flow cytometry for a varity of human immunocompetent cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25). Cytotoxicity was investigated using 4-hr 51Cr-release assays with primary ovarian carcinoma cell cultures and the CAOV3 cell line and the K562 cell line as target cells in cultured period.

RESULTS

(1) There was no significant difference in CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD25 expression among the three groups (P > 0.05). CD4 to CD8 (CD4/CD8) ratio was consistently more than 1 in cultured period. (2) In all three groups, Natural killer (NK) acitivity was high and no difference among them (P > 0.05). (3) In all twelve cases, TIL and TAL in the non-bloody ascites possess higher potential to lyse the autologous tumor target than TAL in the bloody ascites (P < 0.01) when effector cell to target cell (E:T) was 50 to 1 (50:1). Lytic activity was 30.2%-51.0% and 10.8%-15.8% respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

TIL and TAL in non-bloody ascites in epithelial ovarian cancer have the same biological characteristics.

CaMKIIbeta functions as an F-actin targeting module that localizes CaMKIIalpha/beta heterooligomers to dendritic spines

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates long-term potentiation and other forms of neuronal plasticity. Functional differences between the neuronal CaMKIIalpha and CaMKIIbeta isoforms are not yet known. Here, we use green fluorescent protein-tagged (GFP-tagged) CaMKII isoforms and show that CaMKIIbeta is bound to F-actin in dendritic spines and cell cortex while CaMKIIalpha is largely a cytosolic enzyme. When expressed together, the two isoforms form large heterooligomers, and a small fraction of CaMKIIbeta is sufficient to dock the predominant CaMKIIalpha to the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, CaMKIIbeta functions as a targeting module that localizes a much larger number of CaMKIIalpha isozymes to synaptic and cytoskeletal sites of action.

[Role of CAAT/enhancer binding protein in IL-6 regulation of angiotensinogen gene expression]

OBJECTIVE

Angiotensinogen is the only known precursor of vasoactive angiotensin II and also one of the acute phase proteins. This study was intended to understand the regulation of angiotensinogen gene expression induced by IL-6.

METHODS

Northern hybridization, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and transient transfections were conducted.

RESULTS

Northern hybridization showed increase of angiotensinogen mRNA treated by IL-6 in Hep3B cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay further indicated the HAG IL-6RE homologous to IL-6 responsive element at -568 site of the angiotensinogen promoter binds C/EBP(CAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein). Consistent with this binding studies were the transient transfections of the expression vector in which 6 copies of HAG-IL-6RE linked to TK core promoter and fused to CAT reporter gene, revealing that C/EBPalpha was a transactivator under IL-6-induced condition.

CONCLUSION

These observations suggest that C/EBP plays regulatory role in IL-6-induced angiotensinogen gene expression.

[Effect of xueling on relating substances of renal hypertension in rats]

Xueling(p.o.) obviously reduces the aldosterone content of renal hypertension rats, but not affecting markedly the endothelin, atrial natriuretic factor, calcitonin gene-related peptide, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. The content reduction of aldosterone is one of the mechanisms to lower blood pressure.

Cellular composition and anatomic distribution in nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors: immunohistochemical study of 30 cases

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the cytological pattern and distribution in nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors.

METHODS

Using labeled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB), immunohistochemical staining for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide and gastrin was performed on 30 nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors from 30 patients. The cellular composition and anatomic distribution in these tumors were analyzed.

RESULTS

Of 30 tumor tissues, 22 (73.3%) were found to contain cells immunoreactive to 1-4 kinds of peptide hormones; 17 (56.7%) showed positive staining for more than one peptide and up to 4 peptides; and 8 (26.7%) showed negative immunoreaction to all antiserum applied. No tumor was found to contain immunoreactive gastrin. Among 17 multihormonal tumors, 4 contained 2 kinds of peptide hormones, 8 had 3 kinds, and 5 harbored 4 kinds of peptide hormones. In addition, the difference in the number and type of positive endocrine cells between the tumors arising from the head of the pancreas and those arising from the body and tail of the pancreas were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Immunohistochemically, the high positive rate to peptide hormones suggests that the nonfunctioning pancreatic endocrine tumors are actually not nonfunctioning; they are asymptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Moreover, an uneven distribution of positive endocrine cells in the nonfunctioning pancreas endocrine tumors within the pancreas was identified.

In vivo and in vitro characterization of the sequence requirement for oligomer formation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates ion channels, metabolic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, and possibly transcription factors. CaMK II holoenzymes have been shown to be large oligomers built from eight or more subunits. The oligomeric structure of CaMK II is required for a critical trans-autophosphorylation step by which each subunit traps bound calmodulin and renders the enzyme partially active in the absence of Ca2+/calmodulin. Here we define a minimal C-terminal domain of alphaCaMK II that is necessary and sufficient for oligomerization. The oligomeric structure of alphaCaMK II deletion mutants was investigated in vitro by gel filtration chromatography and in living cells by measuring nuclear exclusion and diffusion coefficients of green fluorescent protein-tagged mutants. These studies showed that a C-terminal region of alphaCaMK II of 135 amino acids is sufficient for oligomer formation. Oligomer formation was abolished by further C-terminal and N-terminal deletions, indicating that the same region is not only sufficient but also necessary for oligomerization. Thus, an oligomerization domain of only 15 kDa is sufficient to build the circular structure of CaMK II holoenzyme.

Regulated human erythropoietin receptor expression in mouse brain

Erythropoietin (Epo) is known for its role in erythropoiesis and acts by binding to its receptor (EpoR) on the surface of erythroid progenitors. EpoR activity follows the site of hematopoiesis from the embryonic yolk sac to the fetal liver and then the adult spleen and bone marrow. Expression of EpoR has also been observed in selected cells of non-hematopoietic origin, such as the embryonic mouse brain during mid-gestation, at levels comparable to adult bone marrow. EpoR transcripts in brain decrease during development falling by birth to less than 1-3% of the level in hematopoietic tissue. We have now recapitulated this pattern of expression using a human EpoR transgene consisting of an 80-kb human EpoR genomic fragment. The highest level of expression was observed in the embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver, analogous to the endogenous gene, in addition to expression in adult spleen and bone marrow. Although activity of this transgene in brain is initially lower than the endogenous gene, it does exhibit the down-regulation observed for the endogenous gene in adult brain. The expression pattern of hybrid transgenes of an hEpoR promoter fused to beta-galactosidase in 9. 5-day embryos suggested that the hEpoR promoter region between -1778 and -150 bp 5' of the transcription start site is necessary to direct EpoR expression in the neural tube. EpoR expression in the neural tube may be the origin of the EpoR transcripts detected in brain during development. These data demonstrate that both the mouse and human EpoR genes contain regulatory elements to direct significant levels of expression in a developmentally controlled manner in brain and suggest that in addition to its function during erythropoiesis, EpoR may play a role in the development of selected non-hematopoietic tissue.