Localized-Surface-Plasmon Enhanced the 357 nm Forward Emission from ZnMgO Films Capped by Pt Nanoparticles

The Pt nanoparticles (NPs), which posses the wider tunable localized-surface-plasmon (LSP) energy varying from deep ultraviolet to visible region depending on their morphology, were prepared by annealing Pt thin films with different initial mass-thicknesses. A sixfold enhancement of the 357 nm forward emission of ZnMgO was observed after capping with Pt NPs, which is due to the resonance coupling between the LSP of Pt NPs and the band-gap emission of ZnMgO. The other factors affecting the ultraviolet emission of ZnMgO, such as emission from Pt itself and light multi-scattering at the interface, were also discussed. These results indicate that Pt NPs can be used to enhance the ultraviolet emission through the LSP coupling for various wide band-gap semiconductors.

[Study on liver damage caused by anti-TB drug intermittent treatment on patients with HBV-TB co-infection]

OBJECTIVE

To study the features of liver damage caused by anti-TB medicines among patients with TB-HBV co-infection, in order to complement and improve the implementation of DOTs strategy in the region.

METHODS

A historical cohort study was conducted including the process of reviewing and analyzing files of the 781 naive TB patients hospitalized from June 2004 to October 2005. Cases were divided into HBsAg (+) group and HBsAg (-) group.

RESULTS

The overall damage rate among the 781 investigation cases was 20.74%, including 121 cases (74.69%) in HBsAg (+) group and 41 cases (25.31%) in HBsAg (-) group. Data showed that liver damage rate and average value of ALT and AST of HBsAg (+) group were higher than those in HBsAg (-) group. First case with liver damage in HBsAg (+) group happened on the 7th day of the treatment, while the first liver damage case happened in HBsAg (-) group was on the 16th day. The average onset in HBsAg (+) group was earlier than HBsAg (-) group for 18.09 days. The average time of liver function recovery in HBsAg (+) group was 57.02 days and in HBsAg (-) group it was 27.56 days while the appearance among HBsAg (+) group was 29.46 days later than in HBsAg (-) group.

CONCLUSION

The incidence rate of liver damage caused by anti-TB medicines was higher among HBV positive patients than those HBV negative patients. Patients co-infected with HBV infection appeared to be more serious, with higher incidence on liver damage and earlier onset, as well as with the degree of damage to the liver.

Composition deviation of arrays of FePt nanoparticles starting from poly(styrene)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) micelles

Ordered arrays of FePt nanoparticles were prepared using a diblock polymer micellar method combined with plasma treatment. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analyses reveal that the molar ratios of Fe to Pt in metal-salt-loaded micelles deviate from those when metal precursors are added, and that the plasma treatment processes have little influence upon the compositions of the resulting FePt nanoparticles. The results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that the maximum loadings of FeCl(3) and H(2)PtCl(6) inside poly(styrene)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) micelles are different. The composition deviation of FePt nanoparticles is attributed to the fact that one FeCl(3) molecule coordinates with a single 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) unit, while two neighboring and uncomplexed 4VP units are required for one H(2)PtCl(6) molecule. Additionally, we demonstrate that the center-to-center distances of the neighboring FePt nanoparticles can also be tuned by varying the drawing velocity.

Trapping of anionic organic radicals by (TpMe2)2Ln (Ln = Sm, Eu)

Stoichiometric reaction of [ Sm(Tp(Me2))2 ], 1, with a variety of reducible ketone- and quinone-type substrates gave thermally stable, isolable radical anions/ketyls in moderate to good yields. Thus reaction with benzophenone gave [Sm(Tp(Me2))2(OCPh2)], 2, with fluorenone [Sm(Tp(Me2))2(eta1-OC13H8)], 3, and di-tert-butylparaquinone [Sm(Tp(Me2))2(eta1-OC6H2(tBu)2O)], 4, each of which was structurally characterized. In the case of the less-hindered benzoquinone, an unimetallic semiquinone [Sm(Tp(Me2))2(OC6H4O)], 5, could be isolated, although it was unstable with respect to formation of the dimetallic complex [Sm(Tp(Me2))2]2(mu-OC6H4O), 6. Compound 6 was structurally characterized, as was its anthraquinone analogue [Sm(Tp(Me2))2]2(mu-OC14H8O), 7. When the analogous reaction was carried out between the less-reducing [Eu(Tp(Me2))2] and benzoquinone, only the europium analogue of the semiquinone 5, [Eu(Tp(Me2))2(OC6H4O)], 8, could be isolated. The use of the sterically hindered 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone allowed isolation of [Sm(Tp(Me2))2(DTBSQ)], 9.

Effects of copper-phenanthroline on pentachlorophenol-induced adaptation and cell death of Escherichia coli

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of copper-phenanthroline (CuOP) on pentachlorophenol (PCP)-induced adaptation and cell death of Escherichia coli.

METHODS

Bacterial growth and adaptation to PCP were monitored spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. Inactivation of bacterial cells was determined from colony count on agar dishes. Cellular ATP content and accumulation of PCP were assessed by chemiluminescence and HPLC analysis respectively. The formation of PCP-Cu-OP complex was shown by UV-visible spectra.

RESULTS

Escherichia coli (E. coli) could adapt to PCP, a wood preservative and insecticide used in agriculture. The adaptation of E. coli to PCP prevented its death to the synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP plus PCP and declined cellular accumulation and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of PCP. Furthermore, CuOP and PCP neither produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) nor had a synergistic effect on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in E. coli. The synergistic cytotoxicity of CuOP and PCP in E. coli might be due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggested that adaptation of E. coli to PCP decreased the synergistic effects of CuOP and PCP on prokaryotic cell death due to the formation of lipophilic PCP-Cu-OP complex, but it had no effect on the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species in E. coli.

Interactions of DNA with clay minerals and soil colloidal particles and protection against degradation by DNase

Adsorption, desorption, and degradation by nucleases of DNA on four different colloidal fractions from a Brown soil and clay minerals were studied. The adsorption of DNase I and the structures of native DNA, adsorbed and desorbed, were also investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence spectroscopy, to determine the protection mechanism of DNA molecules by soil colloids and minerals against enzymatic degradation. Kaolinite exhibited the highest adsorption affinity for DNA among the examined soil colloids and clay minerals. In comparison with organomineral complexes (organic clays), DNA was tightly adsorbed by H2O2-treated clays (inorganic clays). FTIR spectra showed that the binding of DNA on kaolinite and inorganic clays changed its conformation from the B-form to the Z-form, whereas montmorillonite and organic clays retained the original B-form of DNA. A structural change from the B- to the C-form in DNA molecules desorbed from kaolinite was observed by CD spectroscopy and confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The presence of soil colloids and minerals provided protection to DNA against degradation by DNase I. The higher level of protection was found with montmorillonite and organic clays compared to kaolinite and inorganic clays. The protection of DNA against nuclease degradation by soil colloids and minerals is apparently not controlled by the adsorption affinity of DNA molecules for the colloids and the conformational change of bound DNA. The higher stability of DNA seemed to be attributed mainly to the presence of organic matter in the system and the adsorption of nucleases on soil colloids and minerals. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the behavior of extracellular DNA in soil environment.

New genotype of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from tree sparrows in China

The 2004 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 disease in China led to a great poultry loss and society attention. A survey of avian influenza viruses was conducted on tree sparrows (Passer montanus) collected in China in 2004. Four viruses were isolated from free-living tree sparrows. The results of the whole-genome analysis indicated that an H5N1 virus with a new genotype is circulating among tree sparrows. The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the new genotype were derived from Gs/Gd/96-like viruses and the nuclear protein gene descended from the 2001 genotype A H5N1 viruses, while the other inner genes originated from an unknown influenza virus. In experimental infection, all four viruses were highly pathogenic to chickens but not pathogenic to ducks or mice. The four tree sparrow viruses were different from the 2003 tree sparrow strain (genotype Z) in Hong Kong. The results suggested that H5N1 viruses might be distributed widely in tree sparrows.

Effects of music on target-controlled infusion of propofol requirements during combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia

The sedative effects of music were evaluated using the bispectral index (BIS) during target-controlled infusion (TCI) propofol. A total of 110 women undergoing hysterectomy were randomly allocated to receive either music or no music. Propofol was administered using target-controlled infusion and the concentration adjusted gradually to achieve an observer's assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) score of 3 intra-operatively. The haemodynamic and bispectral index values during the sedation phase were recorded. Interleukin-6 was evaluated before, immediately after and 1 h following intervention. The music group had a significant reduction in mean (SD) induction time of sedation: 12 (12) min vs. 18 (12) min, p < 0.01; propofol target concentration: 1.6 (0.3) microg.ml(-1) vs. 2.4 (0.4) microg.ml(-1), p < 0.0001; intra-operative amount of propofol: 171 (98) mg vs. 251 (92) mg, p < 0.0001; and significantly higher levels of satisfaction with their peri-operative care: 9.6 (0.6) compared to the control group: 8.1 (1.0), p < 0.0001. No other differences were found. The results show the influence of music on the induction time of sedation, concentration and level of propofol during surgery, and suggest sedative benefits of music.

Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the SARS-associated coronavirus

The origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (SARS-CoV) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the SARS outbreak. In this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that SARS-CoV might have been derived from a recombinant virus. First, we blasted the whole SARS-CoV genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. Second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques well documented in successfully detecting recombination events to explore the presence of recombination in SARS-CoV genome. Finally, we conducted phylogenetic analyses to further explore whether recombination has indeed occurred in the course of coronaviruses history predating the emergence of SARS-CoV. Surprisingly, we found that 7 putative recombination regions, located in Replicase 1ab and Spike protein, exist between SARS-CoV and other 6 coronaviruses: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV), murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Thus, our analyses substantiate the presence of recombination events in history that led to the SARS-CoV genome. Like the other coronaviruses used in the analysis, SARS-CoV is also a mosaic structure.

[Genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in captive Amur tigers]

The tiger is one of the most threatened wildlife species since the abundance and distribution of tiger have decreased dramatically in the last century. The wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) only distributed in northeast China, the far east area of Russia and the north Korea and its size of wild population is about 450 in the world and 20 in China. Several hundred captive populations of Amur tigers are the main source to protect gene library of tiger and the source of recovering the wild populations. The Breeding Center for Felidae at Hengdaohezi and Haoerbin Tiger Park in Heilongjiang Province is the biggest captive breeding base in China. How to make clear the genetic pedigree and establish reasonable breeding system is the urgent issues. So we use the microsatellite DNA markers and non-invasive technology to research on the genetic diversity of captive Amur tiger in this study. Ten microsatellite loci (Fca005, Fca075, Fca094, Fca152, Fca161, Fca294, Pti002, Pti003, Pti007 and Pti010), highly variable nuclear markers, were studied their genetic diversity in 113 captive Amur tigers. The PCR amplified products of microsatellite loci were detected by non-denatured polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Allele numbers, allelic frequency, gene heterozygosity(H(e)), polymorphism information content(PIC) and effective number of allele(N(e)) were calculated. 41 alleles were found and their size were ranged from 110bp to 250bp in ten microsatellite loci, Fca152 had 6 alleles, Fca075, Fca094 and Fca294 had 5 alleles, Fca005 and Pti002 had 4 alleles and the others had 3 alleles in all tiger samples, respectively. The allelic frequencies were from 0.009 to 0.767; The He ranged from 0.385 to 0.707, and Fca294 and Pti010 locus had the highest and lowest value; the PIC were from 0.353 to 0.658, Fca294 and Pti010 locus had the highest and lowest value; and N(e) were from 1.626 to 3.409, Fca294 and Pti010 locus had the highest and lowest value, which showed the ten microsatellie loci had high or medium polymorphism in these Amur tigers and had high genetic diversity. At the same time, we only found even bases variability which showed the even bases repeat sequence (CA/GT) maybe the basic unit for length variability of microsatellite in all loci. In this study, the samples were made up of 75 hair specimens, 23 blood specimens and 15 tissue specimens, we obtained the genome DNA from hairs using the non-invasive DNA technology and demonstrated that DNA derived from hair samples is as good as that obtained from blood samples for the analysis of microsatellite polymorphism. These results imply that microsatellite DNA markers and non-invasive DNA technology can help study the genetic diversity of Amur tiger. This method could be used in the captive management of other endangered species.

Epitaxy of cubic boron nitride on (001)-oriented diamond

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN), although offering a number of highly attractive properties comparable to diamond, like hardness, chemical inertness and a large electronic bandgap, up to now has not found the attention it deserves. This mostly has to do with preparational problems, with easy chemical routes not available and, instead, the necessity to apply ion-bombardment-assisted methods. Hence, most of the c-BN samples prepared as thin films have been nanocrystalline, making the prospect of using this material for high-temperature electronic applications an illusion. Although heteroepitaxial nucleation of c-BN on diamond substrates has been demonstrated using the high-pressure-high-temperature technique, none of the low-pressure methods ever succeeded in the epitaxial growth of c-BN on any substrate. Here, we demonstrate that heteroepitaxial c-BN films can be prepared at 900 degrees C on highly (001)-oriented diamond films, formed by chemical vapour deposition, using ion-beam-assisted deposition as a low-pressure technique. The orientation relationship was found to be c-BN(001)[100]||diamond(001)[100]. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy additionally proved that epitaxy can be achieved without an intermediate hexagonal BN layer that is commonly observed on various substrates.

Roquinimex inhibits dextran sodium sulfate-induced murine colitis

OBJECTIVE

Roquinimex is a modulator of the immune system and has been shown to attenuate induction of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of roquinimex in a model of murine colitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this purpose, Balb/c mice were exposed to 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water for five to six days. Roquinimex (300 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was administered by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection 3 days prior to and throughout the treatment period with DSS. In separate experiments, 300 mg kg(-1) day(-1) of roquinimex was given therapeutically after initiation of DSS challenge.

RESULTS

DSS provoked clinical signs of colitis, reduced crypt height (CH) and increased mucosal damage score (MDS) as analyzed by histology. In addition, challenge with DSS increased the colonic content of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Prophylactic administration of DSS-treated mice with roquinimex significantly reduced clinical signs of colitis, MDS and the CH-reduction. Moreover, in roquinimex treated animals, the MPO activity was significantly reduced by more than 50% compared to DSS control mice. Notably, therapeutic administration of roquinimex in DSS-treated mice also significantly inhibited the MDS, CH-reduction and MPO activity.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that roquinimex strongly inhibits murine colitis and may provide a novel pharmacological approach to treat inflammatory bowel disease.

Acoustic characteristics of twin jets

Experiments were conducted to investigate the acoustic characteristics of underexpanded supersonic twin jets in different azimuthal measurement planes. Compared with two independent jets, the twin jets produced additional noise due to the enhanced mixing and entrainment. The larger pressure ratio for switching from the axisymmetric mode to the helical mode led to lower noise levels at 90 degrees than for two independent jets. For pressure ratios greater than 5.00, the noise reduction was due to cessation of screeching of the twin jets while screeching of a single jet was still detected. The apparent shielding phenomenon was measured for the screech helical mode. The screech tone intensities were attenuated largely due to the shielding effects. The noise reductions due to shielding were obtained over a wide range of pressure ratios relative to the sum of two independent jets.

Low molecular weight heparin inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced leukocyte rolling

OBJECTIVE

Heparins may exert several anti-inflammatory actions. This study investigated the impact of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-provoked leukocyte rolling, adhesion and extravascular accumulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Leukocyte-endothelium interactions and tissue accumulation of leukocytes were induced by TNF-alpha in Balb/c mice and analyzed by the use of intravital microscopy in the mouse cremaster muscle microcirculation.

RESULTS

We observed that administration of 5000 units/kg of LMWH, but not 50 and 500 units/kg, markedly reduced TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion and tissue infiltration. Notably, when LMWH was given after TNF-alpha only leukocyte rolling was reduced and no effect was observed on firm adhesion of leukocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, these findings indicate that LMWH inhibits TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte accumulation by inhibiting the rolling adhesive interaction which may help explain the anti-inflammatory effects of LMWH.

Neurotransmitter action in osteoblasts: expression of a functional system for serotonin receptor activation and reuptake

Neurotransmitter regulation of bone metabolism has been the subject of increasing interest and investigation. Because serotonin (5-HT) plays a role as a regulator of craniofacial morphogenesis, we investigated the expression and function of 5-HT receptors and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) in bone. Primary cultures of rat osteoblasts (rOB) and a variety of clonal osteoblastic cell lines, including ROS 17/2.8, UMR 106-H5, and Py1a, showed mRNA expression for 5-HTT as well as the 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1D), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2B) receptors by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Protein expression of the 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2B) receptors was confirmed by immunoblot. 5-HTT binding sites were assessed in ROS 17/2.8 and UMR 106-H5 cells by binding of the stable cocaine analog [125I]RTI-55, which showed a relatively high density of nanomolar affinity binding sites. Imipramine and fluoxetine, antagonists with specificity for 5-HTT, showed the highest potency to antagonize [125I]RTI-55 binding in ROS and UMR cells. GBR-12935, a relatively selective dopamine transporter antagonist, had a much lower potency, as did desipramine, a selective norepinephrine transporter antagonist. The maximal [3H]5-HT uptake rate in ROS cells was 110 pmol/10 min per well, with a K(m) value of 1.13 micromol/L. Imipramine and fluoxetine inhibited specific [3H]5-HT uptake with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. In normal differentiating rOB cultures, 5-HTT functional activity was observed initially at day 25, and activity increased almost eightfold by day 31. In mature rOB cultures, the estimated density of [125I]RTI-55 binding sites was 600 fmol/mg protein. Functional downregulation of transporter activity was assessed after PMA treatment, which caused a significant 40% reduction in the maximal uptake rate of [3H]5-HT, an effect that was prevented by pretreatment with staurosporine. The affinity of 5-HT for the transporter was significantly increased following PMA treatment. We assessed the functional significance of expression of the 5-HT receptors by investigating the interaction between 5-HT and parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling. 5-HT potentiates the PTH-induced increase in AP-1 activity in UMR cells. These results demonstrate that osteoblastic cells express a functional serotonin system, with mechanisms for responding to and regulating uptake of 5-HT.

Redundant function of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and KC in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced extravasation of neutrophils in vivo

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates the expression CXC chemokines, i.e. macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC), and neutrophil extravasation. However, the individual role of MIP-2 and KC in the recruitment process of neutrophils in vivo remains elusive. By use of intravital microscopy in the mouse cremaster muscle, we analyzed the effect of specific inhibition of CXC chemokines, alone and together, on TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte rolling, firm adhesion and recruitment. After stimulation with TNF-alpha, the mRNA levels of both MIP-2 and KC were increased. Notably, separate administration of antibodies directed against MIP-2 and KC had no effect on TNF-alpha-induced neutrophil extravasation. In contrast, combined injection of anti-MIP-2 and anti-KC antibodies markedly inhibited extravascular migration of neutrophils. Moreover, MIP-2 and KC dose-dependently increased neutrophil recruitment, however, no synergistic effect of combined stimulation with MIP-2 and KC on the neutrophil response was found. Taken together, these data suggest that MIP-2 and KC are functionally redundant in TNF-alpha-induced neutrophil accumulation and that neutralization of both MIP-2 and KC may be necessary in order to reduce accumulation of neutrophils in cytokine-activated tissues.

Inhibition of selectin function and leukocyte rolling protects against dextran sodium sulfate-induced murine colitis

BACKGROUND

The selectin family of adhesion molecules (P-, E- and L-selectin) plays an important role in inflammatory reactions by mediating interactions between leukocytes and activated endothelial cells. However, a recent study using gene-targeted mice has suggested that adhesion molecules (P- and E-selectin and ICAM-1) may not be relevant targets in intestinal inflammation. The objective of the present study was to re-evaluate the potential role of selectins in experimental colitis in wild-type mice using the polysaccharide fucoidan, which inhibits the function of P- and L-selectin.

METHODS

For this purpose, Balb/c mice were exposed to 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water for 5 days with and without daily administration of fucoidan (25 mg/kg, i.v.). In separate experiments, the effect of fucoidan on leukocyte-endothelium interactions was examined by use of intravital microscopy.

RESULTS

It was found that pretreatment with fucoidan (25 mg/kg/day) reduced mucosal damage and crypt destruction in the colon of DSS-treated mice. Moreover, this fucoidan treatment markedly reduced the colonic MPO activity in mice exposed to DSS. In vivo microscopy revealed that the dose of fucoidan used in the present study abolished TNF-alpha-induced venular leukocyte rolling and extravascular recruitment.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that selectins mediate leukocyte infiltration and tissue damage in experimental colitis. Moreover, our data support the concept that functional interference with adhesion molecules of the selectin family may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

[Repairing deformity of the head and face with tissue flap pedicled with the superficial temporal artery in children]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of tissue flap pedicled with the superficial temporal artery in repairing deformity of the head and face in children.

METHODS

From October 1986 to December 1996, 13 children with deformity of the head and face were repaired by this tissue flap. Among them, there were congenital deformity in 9 cases, burned scar in 3 cases and infection scar in 1 case. Among the flaps, 1 was temporal skin flap, 3 were temporal flap with hairbearing scalp, 1 was frontal skin flap, and 8 were posterio-uricular superficial fascia flap and skin flap. The area of tissue flap was ranged from 5.0 cm x 1.2 cm to 10.0 cm x 5.0 cm. The length of the pedicle was 5-8 cm.

RESULTS

All tissue flaps healed with first intention. Followed up for 6 months to 12 years, the appearance and function of tissue flaps were satisfactory.

CONCLUSION

The tissue flap pedicled with the superficial temporal artery is suitable to repair many kinds of deformities of the head and face in children. It has the advantages of good blood supply, closely acceptor area, easy operation and satisfactory appearance.

Linomide abolishes leukocyte adhesion and extravascular recruitment induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha in vivo

The immunomodulator Linomide (roquinimex) ameliorates the development of numerous inflammatory and immunological diseases, including sepsis, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis. However, the mechanism underlying this protective effect of Linomide remains unclear. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the effect of Linomide treatment on the different steps in the extravasation process of leukocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in vivo. For this purpose, we used intravital microscopy in the mouse cremaster muscle microcirculation. We found that pretreatment with Linomide dose-dependently (3-300 mg/kg) reduced TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte adhesion and tissue recruitment. Notably, at 300 mg/kg response to TNF-alpha was nearly abolished, i.e. leukocyte adhesion was decreased by 83% and recruitment by 86%. In fact, the anti-inflammatory effect of this dose of Linomide corresponded in magnitude to the potency of 10 mg/kg of dexamethasone. Moreover, administration of Linomide did not alter the systemic leukocyte counts. On the other hand, 1-10 mg/kg of dexamethasone decreased the circulating number of mononuclear leukocytes by 77%. Taken together, our novel findings demonstrate that Linomide is a potent inhibitor of leukocyte adhesion and recruitment in cytokine-activated tissues. These data may help explain the documented protection provided by Linomide in inflammatory diseases characterized by cytokine and leukocyte accumulation.

Important role of CD18 in TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte adhesion in muscle and skin venules in vivo

OBJECTIVE

To examine the role of CD 18 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced leukocyte adhesion and extravasation in vivo.

MATERIAL

Male wild-type (WT) and mutated mice with hypomorphic expression of CD 18.

METHODS

Intravital microscopy was used to quantitate leukocyte-endothelium interactions provoked by TNF-alpha (0.5 microg) in the cremaster muscle and dorsal skin microcirculation. Tissue recruitment of leukocytes was evaluated in wholemounts of the cremaster muscle and in air pouches in the dorsal skin after TNF-alpha stimulation.

RESULTS

TNF-alpha markedly increased venular leukocyte adhesion and recruitment in the cremaster muscle and skin in WT. Notably, in CD 18-targeted animals, leukocyte adhesion triggered by TNF-alpha challenge was significantly reduced by 58% and 72% in venules of the cremaster muscle and skin, respectively. Moreover, in CD18-mutants, tissue accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) provoked by TNF-alpha in the muscle and skin was decreased by 84% and 70%, respectively. Interestingly, the observed level of reduction in TNF-alpha-induced neutrophil adhesion and recruitment in CD18 gene-targeted animals corresponded well with the decrease in CD 18 expression on neutrophils from these mice, i.e. the surface density of CD18 was reduced by 77% in mutants compared to WT. Differential analysis revealed that the extravascular leukocytes comprised more than 90% PMNLs, indicating that neutrophils were the main inflammatory cell responding to TNF-alpha activation. Notably, the expression of CD18 increased by more than two-fold on extravasated neutrophils compared to circulating neutrophils in the peripheral blood both in WT and mutant animals.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that CD18 is a dominant mediator of firm neutrophil adhesion to venular endothelial cells in the muscle and skin stimulated by TNF-alpha in vivo. In addition, this decreased adhesion in CD18-mutants attenuates leukocyte extravasation in response to TNF-alpha activation. Thus, inhibition of CD 18-function may provide an important strategy to inhibit leukocyte recruitment in cytokine-dependent diseases.

Differential regulation of P53, c-Myc, Bcl-2, Bax and AFP protein expression, and caspase activity during 10-hydroxycamptothecin-induced apoptosis in Hep G2 cells

10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), a DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor, exhibited a remarkable apoptosis-inducing effect on human hepatoma Hep G2 cells. We studied the effect of HCPT upon the expression of P53, c-Myc, Bcl-2, Bax and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) proteins, and caspase (caspase-1 and caspase-3) activity of Hep G2 cells. It showed that HCPT at a dose of 0.1 microg/ml increased the expression of P53, c-Myc and Bax protein, and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and AFP. The increase of P53, which was remarkable after only 3 h incubation with HCPT, occurred much earlier than the changes of other proteins, suggesting that the increase of P53 expression may be the upstream event in the apoptosis of Hep G2 cells induced by HCPT. Both caspase-1 and caspase-3 were activated in Hep G2 cells by HCPT treatment, suggesting that caspase-1 and caspase-3 are involved in the process of apoptosis in Hep G2 cells, and may be the main effectors of the apoptosis.

Critical role of P-selectin-dependent rolling in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced leukocyte adhesion and extravascular recruitment in vivo

Leukocyte-endothelium interactions are dependent on a coordinated expression and function of specific adhesion molecules. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of selectin function and leukocyte rolling in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced leukocyte adhesion and extravasation in venules in vivo. For this purpose, we used intravital microscopy in the mouse cremaster muscle stimulated for 2-3 h with TNF-alpha intrascrotally. Pretreatment with fucoidan, which inhibits P- and L-selectin, and a P-selectin monoclonal antibody (RB40.34) abolished TNF-alpha-stimulated leukocyte rolling. This great reduction in rolling caused a marked attenuation of firm adhesion and extravascular accumulation of leukocytes. When fucoidan and RB40.34 were administrated after stimulation with TNF-alpha, it was found that leukocyte rolling was greatly reduced whereas the number of firmly adherent leukocytes was completely unchanged, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of blocking P-selectin function on firm leukocyte adhesion and recruitment was due to the reduction in leukocyte rolling along the endothelium. Moreover, pretreatment with a monoclonal antibody against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and a platelet-activating factor (PAF)-receptor antagonist had no effect of TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion, indicating that molecules other than ICAM-1 and PAF mediate firm adhesion and recruitment of leukocytes in TNF-alpha-activated tissues. Taken together, our data demonstrate that P-selectin function plays an important role in TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory cell recruitment by mediating leukocyte rolling as a precondition for cytokine-provoked firm adhesion and transmigration in vivo. These findings, thus, suggest that inhibition of P-selectin may be a central target for pharmacological intervention in inflammatory diseases.

Differentiation-inducing action of 10-hydroxycamptothecin on human hepatoma Hep G2 cells

AIM

To study the mechanism of differentiation-inducing action of 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) on human hepatoma Hep G2 cells.

METHODS

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was studied by immunocytochemical staining method. The cell cycle distribution and the wild-type protein p53 expression were measured by flow cytometry. Telomerase activity was assayed with telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP).

RESULTS

After treatment with HCPT at differentiation-inducing concentrations 5-20 micrograms.L-1 for 6 d, Hep G2 cells were mainly arrested at G2/M phase and the PCNA expression rate was lower than that of control cells. When Hep G2 cells grew in a medium containing HCPT 5 micrograms.L-1 for 6 d, the p53 expression level markedly increased in comparison with the control cells. The telomerase activity did not change in Hep G2 cells treated with HCPT 5-20 micrograms.L-1 for 8 d.

CONCLUSION

The differentiation-inducing effect of HCPT on Hep G2 cells is related with the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, down-regulation of PCNA and up-regulation of wild-type protein p53.

Predicting color kinetics during red Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) preparation

A red Asian ginseng preparation was prepared as follows: fresh Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots were first steamed for half an hour to several hours, and then the steamed roots were dried into died roots (red Asian ginseng, 10% moisture content, on a dry basis). During steaming, the color of ginseng (white) turned yellow and brown during subsequent steaming. Color is an important index for grading red Asian ginseng. In this study, the effects of drying time and temperature on the surface color formation (L, a/b) of the Asian ginseng, and the color formation (L, a/b) of the red Asian ginseng powder were investigated. The value of L decreased, while the value of a/b increased as drying proceeded; the value of L was slightly influenced by the drying temperature, but the value of a/b was markedly influenced. With respect to the color of the final product (red ginseng), the value of L was slightly influenced by steaming time and temperature, while the value of a/b was increased as steaming time and drying temperature increased. Based on the nth-order rate equation and Arrhenius equation, a kinetic model for describing these effects was established, and the results were satisfactorily fitting.

Inhibitory actions of ropivacaine on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced leukocyte adhesion and tissue accumulation in vivo

We have examined the effect of ropivacaine, a local anesthetic, on leukocyte-endothelium interactions induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in vivo by the use of intravital microscopy in the mouse cremaster microcirculation. It was found that ropivacaine markedly reduced venular leukocyte adhesion and tissue recruitment in response to TNF-alpha challenge, whereas leukocyte rolling was unchanged. Thus, treatment with ropivacaine may be a useful pharmacological tool to control acute inflammation.

Dexamethasone inhibits arteriolar leukocyte rolling and adhesion induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vivo

OBJECTIVE

Glucocorticoids are widely used in vasculitis syndromes, however, the protective mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we wanted to examine the effect of dexamethasone on leukocyte rolling and adhesion in arterioles in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

NMRI mice were treated intrascrotally with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 3-4 h: Intravital microscopy was used to study leukocyte-endothelium interactions in arterioles in the cremaster muscle.

RESULTS

It was found that TNF-alpha markedly increased the number of rolling and adherent leukocytes in the arterioles. Pretreatment (2 h) with dexamethasone significantly reduced TNF-alpha-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion. In fact, 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone decreased leukocyte rolling and adhesion by 76% and 87%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the beneficial effect of dexamethasone in vasculitis disorders may in part be attributable to an inhibitory impact on cytokine-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in arterioles.

Nuclear resonance scattering of synchrotron radiation by 40K

We have observed the excitation of the 29.83 keV nuclear level of the radioactive 40K nuclide, which level is not populated by any radioactive source, by synchrotron radiation for the first time. The absolute energy of the level of 29.834+/-0.011 keV and the half-life of 4.13+/-0.12 ns were obtained from our measurements. Our success in observing the nuclear excitation of radioactive 40K in a KCl powder sample shows the possibility for study of the local vibrational states and the electronic states of potassium in various areas of research.

Kinetic models for astaxanthin production by high cell density mixotrophic culture of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis

High cell density cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for astaxanthin production was carried out in batch and fed-batch modes in 3.7-L bioreactors with stepwise increased light intensity control mode. A high cell density of 2.65 g x L(-1) (batch culture) or 2.74 g x L(-1) (fed-batch culture) was obtained, and total astaxanthin production in the fed-batch culture (64.36 mg x L(-1)) was about 20.5% higher than in the batch culture (53.43 mg x L(-1)). An unstructured kinetic model to describe the microalga culture system including cell growth, astaxanthin formation, as well as sodium acetate consumption was proposed. Good agreement was found between the model predictions and experimental data. The models demonstrated that the optimal light intensity for mixotrophic growth of H. pluvialis in batch or fed-batch cultures in a 3.7-L bioreactor was 90-360 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), and that the stepwise increased light intensity mode could be replaced by a constant light intensity mode.

Apoptosis induction and cell cycle perturbation in human hepatoma hep G2 cells by 10-hydroxycamptothecin

10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from a Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata, and exhibits a remarkable antihepatoma effect. We studied HCPT to determine whether or not its anti-hepatoma activity occurs through apoptosis induction and cell cycle disturbance using the MTT method, DAPI staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometric analysis. The results showed that HCPT inhibited proliferation of human hepatoma Hep G2, Bel-7402 and Bel-7404 cells at an optimal concentration of 0.1 microg/ml. This growth inhibition was dose and time dependent, and was accompanied by evidence of apoptotic changes and cell cycle perturbation in Hep G2 cells. Chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation were observed in Hep G2 cells by fluorescence microscopy. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed internucleosomal DNA fragmentation ('ladder pattern') of Hep G2 cells following treatment with HCPT, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that HCPT induced a massive hypodiploid cell population and arrested cells in G2/M phase (at low dose) or in S phase (at high dose) in Hep G2 cells. The results of this study suggest that the anti-hepatoma effect of HCPT may result from apoptosis induction and cell cycle disturbance.

X-ray diffraction with a Bragg angle near pi/2 and its applications

X-ray dynamical diffraction phenomena at a Bragg angle near pi/2 are studied. The X-ray transmissivity as well as the reflectivity from the (991) lattice plane of a silicon thin plate is observed. It agrees fairly well with the diffraction pattern calculated on the basis of the Darwin approach. The possibility is discussed whether a set of two crystal plates arranged face to face, in which the diffraction condition with a Bragg angle near pi/2 is satisfied, may be used as a very high resolution monochromator.

X-ray parametric scattering by a diamond crystal

Spontaneous X-ray parametric scattering from a diamond single crystal has been observed at the Photon Factory. The high perfection of the diamond single crystal and the small angular divergence of synchrotron radiation has enabled down-converted X-ray photon pairs to scatter into two small solid angles which satisfy the phase-matching condition. High-efficiency noise reduction was performed using avalanche photodiode detectors with good time resolution.

X-ray characterization of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) single crystals containing 2.2% and 95% (57)Fe

alpha-Fe(2)O(3) single crystals containing 2.2% and 95% (57)Fe isotopes were characterized by means of X-ray topography, the diffraction rocking curve and the integrated intensity. These crystals were revealed to be nearly perfect and suitable for a further nuclear-resonant Bragg-scattering study.

A high-temperature environmental chamber for nuclear-resonant Bragg scattering studies

A compact environmental chamber with a furnace operating in the range from room temperature to about 900 K has been built for a high-temperature nuclear-resonant Bragg scattering study. The compact size (75 mm diameter and 70 mm depth) allows an external magnetic field to be applied from outside permanent Nd-Fe-B alloy magnets; a magnetic field up to 1000 G has been obtained. The chamber can be mounted on a precise theta-2theta goniometer so that in situ observations of X-ray diffraction from a single crystal can be carried out. The temperature is measured by two thermocouples placed at the top and back of the sample and controlled by a PID controller. The temperature fluctuation of the chamber is less than +/-1 K.

Antimalarial activity of radicicol, heptelidic acid and other fungal metabolites

In the course of our screening program for artemisinin-like antimalarial compounds from microorganisms, seven fungal metabolites such as radicicol and heptelidic acid were identified as active compounds. Some of them exhibited antimalarial activity in vitro against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to the extent of approximately 1/10 as potent as artemisinin. Radicicol was moderately active in vivo against Plasmodium berghei in mice.

Two new components of the aspochalasins produced by Aspergillus sp

Aspergillus sp. FO-4282 was found to produce two new components of the aspochalasins. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses.

Two-photon correlations in X-rays from a synchrotron radiation source

The intensity correlation experiment using visible light performed by Hanbury Brown & Twiss [Nature (London) (1956), 177, 27-29] is extended to X-ray wavelengths. Correlations of 14.4 keV X-ray photons from a synchrotron radiation source are observed by the coincidence counting technique. The high brilliance of synchrotron radiation available in the Tristan main ring enables the observation of two-photon correlations with a reasonable measurement time.

Estrogens induce apoptosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages

AIM

To study whether estrogen might induce apoptosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM).

METHOD

The MPM were isolated and incubated in culture medium containing 17-beta-estradiol, estrone, or equal volume of 100% ethanol as control. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis.

RESULTS

17-beta-Estradiol 0.01-1 mumol.L-1 or estrone 10-20 mumol.L-1 elicited typical morphological apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in a concentration-dependent manner in MPM. Staurosporine (Sta) 0.01 mumol.L-1, cycloheximide (Cyc) 1 mg.L-1, and tamoxifen (Tam) 10 mumol.L-1 inhibited the DNA fragmentation induced by 17-beta-estradiol 1 mumol.L-1 or estrone 20 mumol.L-1.

CONCLUSION

Estradiol and estrone induced apoptosis in MPM.

[Effect of xuefuzhuyu pill on patients with carotid atherosclerosis by colour Doppler ultrasonography]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effect of Xuefuzhuyu Pill (XFZYP) on carotid atherosclerosis.

METHODS

The patients were randomly divided into XFZYP group and aspirin control group. The status of the carotid plaque vessel wall and blood flow were observed by colored Doppler ultrasonography.

RESULTS

(1) Plaque of 6 cases regressed, of 6 cases unchanged, of 1 case progressed after treatment of XFZYP. The area of plaques between baseline and after treatment decreased 0.11 +/- 0.05 cm and that of thickness reduced for 0.09 +/- 0.04 cm2 (P < 0.05) in XFZYP group. While plaque of 3 cases regressed, of 6 unchanged, of 2 cases progressed after treatment of aspirin. The area and thickness of plaque were reduced to 0.05 +/- 0.04 cm and 0.04 +/- 0.03 cm respectively. There were no statistic difference in aspirin group. (2) The intima-media thickness of common carotid artery decreased 0.13 +/- 0.03 mm in XFZYP group (P < 0.001 versus baseline), but there were no significant change after treatment of aspirin (P > 0.05). (3) There were no distinct change about peak systole, minimal diastole time average peak, pulsative index, resistive index in common carotid artery and internal carotid artery after treatment of XFZYP and aspirin.

CONCLUSION

Colour Doppler ultrasonography of carotid artery provide a noninvasive, safe and valid opportunities for clinical trail. XFZYP can be useful for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis.

Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding mitochondrial very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase from bovine heart

AIM

To clone the cDNA encoding an isoenzyme of mitochondrial very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) from bovine heart lambda gt11 and lambda gt10 cDNA libraries.

METHODS

The clone was isolated with immunoscreening technique and validated by (1) the microsequences of the N-terminus and three internal proteolytic fragments from the purified enzyme; (2) identification of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (AD) signature sequence; and (3) high homology of the deduced peptide sequences, as expected, with those of rat liver mitochondrial VLCAD.

RESULTS

The cDNA (2203 bp) corresponds to a approximately 2.4-kb mRNA band from the same tissue source revealed by a Northern blotting. The deduced peptide sequence of 655 amino acids (70,537 Da) is composed of a 40-amino acid mitochondrial leader peptide moiety (4,346 Da) and a 615-amino acid peptide as a mature protein (66,191 Da). A comparison of the peptide sequences in the AD family shows the major diversity in their signal sequences, suggesting a structural basis for their different mitochondrial locations. The catalytic sites are all highly conserved among VLCAD. Ser-251 analogous to and Cys-215 diversified to other family members. A pseudo-consensus sequence of leucine zipper was found in the C-terminal region from Leu-568 to Leu-589, implying a mechanism whereby the dimer of this protein is formed by zipping these leucine residues from the alpha-helixes of 2 monomers.

CONCLUSION

The isolated cDNA clone encodes an isoenzyme of mitochondrial VLCAD in bovine heart.

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins induce apoptosis in macrophages

AIM

To examine whether oxidized low density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) might induce apoptosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM).

METHODS

Low density lipoproteins (LDL) were isolated from healthy human plasma by ultracentrifugation and oxidized by CuSO4 10 mumol.L-1. MPM were incubated in a medium containing ox-LDL, LDL, or phosphate-buffer solution (PBS) as control. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and determined quantitatively using Hoechst 33,258 fluorochrome.

RESULTS

Ox-LDL, not LDL, elicited typical apoptotic morphological changes (shrinkage of cytoplasm and condensation of chromatin) and DNA fragmentation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Incubation for 24 h was necessary for ox-LDL 200 mg protein.L-1 to induce DNA fragmentation, and the maximal effect reached at 72 h. The DNA fragmentation after 24 h incubation with ox-LDL at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg protein.L-1 amounted to 6.0% (P > 0.05), 9.3% (P < 0.05), and 30.9% (P < 0.01), respectively vs PBS control. Dextran sulfate, a scavenger receptor blocker and cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, exhibited no effect on DNA fragmentation. However, antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 20 mumol.L-1 completely inhibited Cu(2+)-mediated oxidation of LDL as well as the apoptosis-inducing effect of Cu(2+)-exposed LDL. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), an active component in ox-LDL, at concentration up to 60 mumol.L-1, did not elicit DNA fragmentation in MPM.

CONCLUSION

Ox-LDL induces apoptosis in MPM without involving LPC.

[Effects of vocalization and respiration and fiber connections on hyperstriatum ventrale pars caudale in Fringilla montifringilla]

In urethane-anesthetized Fringilla montifringilla, effects of electrically stimulating the hyperstriatum ventrale pars caudale (HVc) on vocalization and respiration were observed. Central connections of HVc were investigated by means of injecting CB-HRP into HVc. The results were as follows: (1) Electrical stimulation of HVc caused vocal response. (2) Long train electrical pulses stimulation of HVc elicited significant respiratory facilitating effects, that is, increase of respiratory rate and depth. (3) Short train stimulation administered in HVc during inspiratory phase terminated switching-off of inspiration, and during expiratory phases produced the prolongation of expiratory phase so to coordinate vocalization and then increasing the respiratory rate and depth. (4) CB-HRP traces revealed that HVc projected to robust nucleus of the archistriatum, and atea X of lobus parolfactorius. HVc received projections from medial nucleus magnocellularis of the anterior neostriatum, nucleus interfacialis of midneostriatum, telencephalic auditory nucleus-field L, nucleus uvaeformis of the thalamus, and locus ceruleus of the pons. These results showed that, besides vocal control, HVc may be involved in neural regulations of respiratory facilitation, the effect on respiration seeming specific. It is suggested that HVc may play an important role in coordinating singing and respiration.