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Dale CJ, Thomson S, De Rose R, Ranasinghe C, Medveczky CJ, Pamungkas J, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA, Kent SJ. Prime-boost strategies in DNA vaccines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2006; 127:171-97. [PMID: 16988455 DOI: 10.1385/1-59745-168-1:171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of HIV-specific T-cell responses by vaccines may facilitate efficient control of HIV replication. Plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) vaccines are promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates, although delivering either vaccine alone may be insufficient to induce sufficient T-cell responses. A consecutive immunization strategy, known as "prime-boost," involving priming with DNA and boosting with rFPV vaccines encoding multiple common HIV antigens, is used to induce broad and high-level T-cell immunity and ameliorate AIDS in macaques. This vaccine strategy is proceeding to clinical trials. This chapter describes the use of prime-boost vaccines to induce T-cell responses against HIV-1 and protective immunity against AIDS in macaques. Methods for the construction of the vaccines, the use of animal models, and the detection of immune responses are described.
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Ferrantelli F, Buttò S, Cafaro A, Wahren B, Ensoli B. Building collaborative networks for HIV/AIDS vaccine development: the AVIP experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:289-301. [PMID: 16983452 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The need for an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine is imperative to halt a pandemic that involves more than 40 million individuals worldwide as of 2005 and is causing enormous socio-economic losses, especially in developing countries (DC). The overall failure of more than two decades of HIV vaccine research justifies the demands for a concerted effort for the rapid development of new and efficacious vaccines against HIV/AIDS. In this context, building international collaborative networks is a must for speeding up scientific research and optimizing the use of funding in a synergistic fashion, as resources for HIV/AIDS are limited and do not involve most of the biggest Pharmas that are more interested in drug discovery. The AIDS Vaccine Integrated Project (AVIP) consortium is an example of synergistic partnership of international European Union and DC experts with a common research goal. AVIP is a European Commission-funded (FP-6), consortium-based, 5-year program directed to the fast development of new HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates to be tested in phase I clinical trials in Europe for future advancement to phase II/III testing in DC. To ensure their rapid development, AVIP novel combined vaccines include both regulatory and structural HIV antigens, which have already been tested, as single components, in phase I clinical trials. In particular, such combination vaccines may be superior to earlier vaccine candidates, the vast majority of which are based only on either structural or regulatory HIV products. In fact, the generation of immune responses to both types of viral antigens expressed either early (regulatory products) or late (structural products) during the viral life cycle can maximize immune targeting of both primary or chronic viral infection. Further, the rational design of combined vaccines allows exploitation of immunomodulatory functions of HIV regulatory proteins, which can improve immunity against structural vaccine components. The building of the AVIP consortium and its scientific strategy will be reviewed in this paper as an example of the establishment of a consortium regulated by a specific intellectual property agreement.
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Clarke DK, Cooper D, Egan MA, Hendry RM, Parks CL, Udem SA. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus as an HIV-1 vaccine vector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:239-53. [PMID: 16977404 PMCID: PMC7079905 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) is currently under evaluation as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccine vector. The most compelling reasons to develop rVSV as a vaccine vector include a very low seroprevalence in humans, the ability to infect and robustly express foreign antigens in a broad range of cells, and vigorous growth in continuous cell lines used for vaccine manufacture. Numerous preclinical studies with rVSV vectors expressing antigens from a variety of human pathogens have demonstrated the versatility, flexibility, and potential efficacy of the rVSV vaccine platform. When administered to nonhuman primates (NHPs), rVSV vectors expressing HIV-1 Gag and Env elicited robust HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and animals immunized with rVSV vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag and HIV Env were protected from AIDS after challenge with a pathogenic SIV/HIV recombinant. However, results from an exploratory neurovirulence study in NHPs indicated that these prototypic rVSV vectors might not be adequately attenuated for widespread use in human populations. To address this safety concern, a variety of different attenuation strategies, designed to produce a range of further attenuated rVSV vectors, are currently under investigation. Additional modifications of further attenuated rVSV vectors to upregulate expression of HIV-1 antigens and coexpress molecular adjuvants are also being developed in an effort to balance immunogenicity and attenuation.
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79
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Weaver EA, Lu Z, Camacho ZT, Moukdar F, Liao HX, Ma BJ, Muldoon M, Theiler J, Nabel GJ, Letvin NL, Korber BT, Hahn BH, Haynes BF, Gao F. Cross-subtype T-cell immune responses induced by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group m consensus env immunogen. J Virol 2006; 80:6745-56. [PMID: 16809280 PMCID: PMC1489064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02484-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity among globally circulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains is a serious challenge for HIV-1 vaccine design. We have generated a synthetic group M consensus env gene (CON6) for induction of cross-subtype immune responses and report here a comparative study of T-cell responses to this and natural strain env immunogens in a murine model. Three different strains of mice were immunized with CON6 as well as subtype A, B, or C env immunogens, using a DNA prime-recombinant vaccinia virus boost strategy. T-cell epitopes were mapped by gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot analysis using five overlapping Env peptide sets from heterologous subtype A, B, and C viruses. The CON6-derived vaccine was immunogenic and induced a greater number of T-cell epitope responses than any single wild-type subtype A, B, and C env immunogen and similar T-cell responses to a polyvalent vaccine. The responses were comparable to within-clade responses but significantly more than between-clade responses. The magnitude of the T-cell responses induced by CON6 (measured by individual epitope peptides) was also greater than the magnitude of responses induced by individual wild-type env immunogens. Though the limited major histocompatibility complex repertoire in inbred mice does not necessarily predict responses in nonhuman primates and humans, these results suggest that synthetic centralized env immunogens represent a promising approach for HIV-1 vaccine design that merits further characterization.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- AIDS Vaccines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, env/pharmacology
- Genetic Variation
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Antigens/pharmacology
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
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80
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Kumar S, Yan J, Muthumani K, Ramanathan MP, Yoon H, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Sidhu M, Boyer JD, Weiner DB. Immunogenicity testing of a novel engineered HIV-1 envelope gp140 DNA vaccine construct. DNA Cell Biol 2006; 25:383-92. [PMID: 16848679 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.25.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing the envelope (env) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been relatively ineffective at generating strong immune responses. In this study, we described the development of a recombinant plasmid DNA (pEK2P-B) expressing an engineered codon-optimized envelope gp140 gene of primary (nonrecombinant) HIV-1 subtype B isolate 6101. Codon usage and RNA optimization of HIV-1 structural genes has been shown to increase protein expression in vitro as well as in the context of DNA vaccines in vivo. To further increase the expression, a synthetic IgE leader with kozak sequences were fused into the env gene. The cytoplasmic tail of the gene was also truncated to prevent recycling. The expression of env by the recombinant pEK2P-B was evaluated using T7 coupled transcription/translation. The construct demonstrated high expression of the HIV-1 env gene in eukaryotic cells as demonstrated in transfected 293-T and RD cells. Immunogenicity of pEK2P-B was evaluated in mice using IFN-gamma ELISpot assay, and the construct was found to be highly immunogenic and crossreactive with HIV-1 clade C env peptides. Three immunodominant peptides were also mapped out. Furthermore, by performing a CFSE flow cytometry-based proliferation assay, 2.4 and 1.5% proliferation was observed in CD4+, CD8+, and CCR+ memory T cells, respectively. Therefore, this engineered synthetic optimized env DNA vaccine may be useful in DNA vaccine and other studies of HIV-1 immunogenicity.
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81
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Sathaliyawala T, Rao M, Maclean DM, Birx DL, Alving CR, Rao VB. Assembly of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens on bacteriophage T4: a novel in vitro approach to construct multicomponent HIV vaccines. J Virol 2006; 80:7688-98. [PMID: 16840347 PMCID: PMC1563720 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00235-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 capsid is an elongated icosahedron decorated with 155 copies of Hoc, a nonessential highly antigenic outer capsid protein. One Hoc monomer is present in the center of each major capsid protein (gp23*) hexon. We describe an in vitro assembly system which allows display of HIV antigens, p24-gag, Nef, and an engineered gp41 C-peptide trimer, on phage T4 capsid surface through Hoc-capsid interactions. In-frame fusions were constructed by splicing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes to the 5' or 3' end of the Hoc gene. The Hoc fusion proteins were expressed, purified, and displayed on hoc(-) phage particles in a defined in vitro system. Single or multiple antigens were efficiently displayed, leading to saturation of all available capsid binding sites. The displayed p24 was highly immunogenic in mice in the absence of any external adjuvant, eliciting strong p24-specific antibodies, as well as Th1 and Th2 cellular responses with a bias toward the Th2 response. The phage T4 system offers new direction and insights for HIV vaccine development with the potential to increase the breadth of both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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82
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Sarrami-Forooshani R, Das SR, Sabahi F, Adeli A, Esmaeili R, Wahren B, Mohraz M, Haji-Abdolbaghi M, Rasoolinejad M, Jameel S, Mahboudi F. Molecular analysis and phylogenetic characterization of HIV in Iran. J Med Virol 2006; 78:853-63. [PMID: 16721846 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in Iran has increased dramatically in the last few years. While the earliest cases were found in hemophiliacs, intravenous drug users are now fueling the outbreak. In this study, both the 122 clones of HIV-1 gag p17 and the 131 clones of env V1-V5 region were obtained from 61 HIV-1 seropositives belonging to these two groups in Iran. HIV-1 subtyping and phylogenetic analysis was done by heteroduplex mobility assays (HMA) and multiple clone sequencing. The result indicated all hemophiliacs are infected with HIV-1 subtype B and all intravenous drug users are infected with HIV-1 subtype A. Since intravenous drug abuse is the major transmission route in Iran, HIV-1 subtype A is likely to be the dominant viral subtype circulating in the country. The analysis of genetic distances showed subtype B viruses in Iran to be twice as heterogeneous as the subtype A viruses. In conclusion, this first molecular study of HIV-1 genotypes in Iran suggests two parallel outbreaks in distinct high-risk populations and may offer clues to the origin and spread of infection in Iran.
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83
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Kothe DL, Li Y, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Zammit KP, Salazar MG, Chen Y, Weng Z, Weaver EA, Gao F, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Korber BTM, Hahn BH. Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C. Virology 2006; 352:438-49. [PMID: 16780913 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunogens based on "centralized" (ancestral or consensus) HIV-1 sequences minimize the genetic distance between vaccine strains and contemporary viruses and should thus elicit immune responses that recognize a broader spectrum of viral variants. However, the biologic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of such inferred gene products have to be validated experimentally. Here, we report the construction and characterization of the first full-length ancestral (AncC) and consensus (ConC) env genes of HIV-1 (group M) subtype C. The codon-usage-optimized genes expressed high levels of envelope glycoproteins that were incorporated into HIV-1 virions, mediated infection via the CCR5 co-receptor and retained neutralizing epitopes as recognized by plasma from patients with chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Guinea pigs immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed high titer binding, but no appreciable homologous or heterologous neutralizing antibodies. When tested by immunoblot analysis, sera from AncC and ConC env immunized guinea pigs recognized a greater number of primary subtype C envelope glycoproteins than sera from guinea pigs immunized with a contemporary subtype C env control. Mice immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed gamma interferon T cell responses that recognized overlapping peptides from the cognate ConC and a heterologous subtype C Env control. Thus, both AncC and ConC env genes expressed functional envelope glycoproteins that were immunogenic in laboratory animals and elicited humoral and cellular immune responses of comparable breadth and magnitude. These results establish the utility of centralized HIV-1 subtype C Env immunogens and warrant their continued evaluation as potential components of future AIDS vaccines.
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84
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Hübner W, Chen BK. Inhibition of viral assembly in murine cells by HIV-1 matrix. Virology 2006; 352:27-38. [PMID: 16750235 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In human cells, the N-terminal matrix (MA) domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag targets assembly to specific membrane compartments. In murine fibroblasts, membrane targeting of Gag and assembly of HIV-1 are inefficient. These deficiencies are relieved by replacement of HIV-1 MA with murine leukemia virus (MLV) MA in chimeric proviruses. In this study, we examined chimeric HIV-1 carrying tandem MLV and HIV-1 MA domains and found that the addition of MLV MA to the N-terminus of HIV-1 Gag enhanced membrane binding in murine cells, but was not sufficient to stimulate virus production. Removal of HIV MA was required to observe more efficient Gag processing and increased virus production in murine cells. Deletion of the globular head of MA also alleviated the blocks to membrane binding and Gag processing in murine cells, yet did not lead to increased virus production. These MA-dependent, cell-type-specific phenotypes suggest that host factors interact with the globular head of MA to regulate membrane binding and additional membrane-independent step(s) required for assembly.
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85
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Fiorentini S, Becker PD, Marini E, Marconi P, Avolio M, Tosti G, Link C, Manservigi R, Guzman CA, Caruso A. HIV-1 Matrix Protein p17 Modulatesin VivoPreactivated Murine T-Cell Response and Enhances the Induction of Systemic and Mucosal Immunity Against Intranasally Co-administered Antigens. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:177-88. [PMID: 16817760 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 p17 is a viral cytokine that acts on preactivated, but not on resting, human T cells promoting proliferation, proinflammatory cytokines release and HIV-1 replication, after binding to a cellular receptor (p17R). Here, we demonstrate that p17Rs are expressed on activated murine T cells, which respond to p17 stimulation similarly to their human counterpart. We developed a mouse model of abortive HSV-1 infection to induce T cell activation in vivo. Preactivated cells expressed p17Rs and were highly susceptible to p17 stimulation, which triggered proinflammatory cytokines release and promoted CD4+ T cell survival and expansion. Coculture of in vivo activated splenocytes with macrophages in the presence of p17 further increased their ability to produce IFN-gamma. The presence of macrophages and activated T cells at mucosal sites prompted us to investigate the immunomodulatory activities of p17 in vivo. Intranasal coadministration of p17 with beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) resulted in improved beta-gal specific cellular and humoral immune responses at systemic and mucosal levels. It is well established that HIV-1 replication is driven in an autocrine/paracrine manner by endogenously produced proinflammatory cytokines. Our results highlight the role of p17 in sustaining cellular activation and inflammation, thereby promoting a permissive microenvironment for HIV-1 replication. In addition, p17 is a promising candidate antigen, exhibiting immunomodulatory/adjuvant properties, that need to be exploited in the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Antigens/metabolism
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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86
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Honeyborne I, Rathod A, Buchli R, Ramduth D, Moodley E, Rathnavalu P, Chetty S, Day C, Brander C, Hildebrand W, Walker BD, Kiepiela P, Goulder PJR. Motif inference reveals optimal CTL epitopes presented by HLA class I alleles highly prevalent in southern Africa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4699-705. [PMID: 16585563 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific CTL play a central role in immune control of HIV. The basis for understanding the success or failure of this immune response requires identification of the specific epitopes targeted by CTL. However, in populations most severely affected by the global epidemic, this fundamental knowledge is hindered by the lack of characterization of many of the HLA class I alleles highly prevalent in such populations. Overall, the peptide-binding motif has been determined for a small minority (9%) of HLA class I alleles, with a strong bias toward those alleles prevalent in Caucasoid populations. These studies therefore set out to define, in a South African Zulu/Xhosa population at the epicenter of the epidemic, the epitopes presented by alleles highly prevalent, but for which the peptide-binding motif had not been characterized. Using a method of motif inference, epitopes presented by four such alleles prevalent in the Zulu/Xhosa population of Durban, South Africa, namely, B*3910, B*4201, B*8101, and Cw*1801, are described. Importantly, this approach may additionally facilitate optimization of epitopes in certain instances where conflicting reports in the literature exist regarding the peptide-binding motif, such as for HLA-A*2902, also highly prevalent in southern African populations. These data indicate that the previously anomalous position of HLA-A*2902 among HLA-A alleles, outside any recognized HLA-A supertype, is artifactual, and the true position of the A*2902 motif overlaps those of the A1 and A24 supertypes.
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87
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Marcelino JM, Barroso H, Gonçalves F, Silva SM, Novo C, Gomes P, Camacho R, Taveira N. Use of a new dual-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect and characterize the human antibody response to the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope gp125 and gp36 glycoproteins. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:607-11. [PMID: 16455923 PMCID: PMC1392652 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.607-611.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) envelope proteins, ELISA-HIV2, was developed with two new recombinant polypeptides, rpC2-C3 and rgp36, derived from the HIV-2 envelope. The diagnostic performance was determined with HIV-2, HIV-1, and HIV-1/2 samples. Both polypeptides showed 100% specificity. Clinical sensitivity was 100% for rgp36 and 93.4% for rpC2-C3. ELISA-HIV2 may be used for the specific diagnosis and confirmation of HIV-2 infection.
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88
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Brooks JT, Robbins KE, Youngpairoj AS, Rotblatt H, Kerndt PR, Taylor MM, Daar ES, Kalish ML. Molecular analysis of HIV strains from a cluster of worker infections in the adult film industry, Los Angeles 2004. AIDS 2006; 20:923-8. [PMID: 16549978 PMCID: PMC6785735 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000218558.82402.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In April 2004, 13 susceptible women were exposed to a single acutely HIV-1-infected man while employed to perform various sex acts for the production of adult films; three women were subsequently found to have acquired HIV infection (23% attack rate). As part of the investigation of this infection cluster, we evaluated whether viral strains collected from infected individuals were significantly related. METHODS We determined nucleotide sequences from the C2V3C3 and gp41 region of env and the p17 region of gag in viruses from the three infected individuals from whom specimens were available. We then compared these sequences phylogenetically to comparable sequences from available reference strains. Genotypic and phenotypic antiretroviral drug resistance was determined for plasma virus from the male index case and one female contact at a separate commercial laboratory. RESULTS The env and gag sequences of the HIV strains from the male index case and two of the infected women were 100% similar. Genotyping of the male index case's virus identified 12 mutations, which represented known naturally occurring polymorphisms in the subtype B consensus sequence that are not associated with antiretroviral drug resistance. Genotyping of the virus from the female contact identified 10 mutations, all of which were shared by the virus from the male index case. Phenotyping demonstrated that both viruses were susceptible to all antiretroviral drugs tested. CONCLUSION Molecular and virological data strongly support the epidemiological conclusion that these women were infected with an identical strain of HIV through occupational exposure to an individual with an acute HIV infection.
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89
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Li Y, Svehla K, Mathy NL, Voss G, Mascola JR, Wyatt R. Characterization of antibody responses elicited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate trimeric and monomeric envelope glycoproteins in selected adjuvants. J Virol 2006; 80:1414-26. [PMID: 16415019 PMCID: PMC1346938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1414-1426.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that soluble, stable YU2 gp140 trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein immunogens could elicit improved breadth of neutralization against HIV-1 isolates compared to monomeric YU2 gp120 proteins. In this guinea pig immunization study, we sought to extend these data and determine if adjuvant could quantitatively or qualitatively alter the neutralizing response elicited by trimeric or monomeric immunogens. Consistent with our earlier studies, the YU2 gp140 immunogens elicited higher-titer neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous isolates than those elicited by monomeric YU2 gp120. Additionally, the GlaxoSmithKline family of adjuvants AS01B, AS02A, and AS03 induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared to emulsification of the same immunogens in Ribi adjuvant. Further analysis of vaccine sera indicated that homologous virus neutralization was not mediated by antibodies to the V3 loop, although V3 loop-directed neutralization could be detected for some heterologous isolates. In most gp120-inoculated animals, the homologous YU2 neutralization activity was inhibited by a peptide derived from the YU2 V1 loop, whereas the neutralizing activity elicited by YU2 gp140 trimers was much less sensitive to V1 peptide inhibition. Consistent with a less V1-focused antibody response, sera from the gp140-immunized animals more efficiently neutralized heterologous HIV-1 isolates, as determined by two distinct neutralization formats. Thus, there appear to be qualitative differences in the neutralizing antibody response elicited by YU2 gp140 compared to YU2 monomeric gp120. Further mapping analysis of more conserved regions of gp120/gp41 may be required to determine the neutralizing specificity elicited by the trimeric immunogens.
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90
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Coupar BEH, Purcell DFJ, Thomson SA, Ramshaw IA, Kent SJ, Boyle DB. Fowlpox virus vaccines for HIV and SHIV clinical and pre-clinical trials. Vaccine 2006; 24:1378-88. [PMID: 16257479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA prime and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) boost vaccines were designed to express multiple HIV or SIV antigens for use in human clinical trials and in pre-clinical trials in macaques. Three sets of vaccines with matching HIV or SIV antigen sets, modified for vaccine safety considerations, were constructed and shown to express the relevant proteins. The rFPV vaccines with inserts at up to three sites, were stable on passage in chick cell culture, including during GMP manufacture of vaccines for human Phase I clinical trials. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity in mice was demonstrated using a DNA prime/rFPV boost and vaccinia virus challenge model. These data establish a preliminary safety and efficacy profile for these multigenic vaccines suggesting they are suitable for advanced development as candidate HIV vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Fowlpox virus/genetics
- Fowlpox virus/growth & development
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- SAIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- SAIDS Vaccines/genetics
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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91
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McCormack GP, Glynn JR, Clewley JP, Crampin AC, Travers SAA, Redmond N, Keane TM, Sibande F, Mulawa D, Fine PEM. Emergence of a three codon deletion in gag p17 in HIV type 1 subtype C long-term survivors, and general population spread. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:195-201. [PMID: 16478403 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a population-based study in northern Malawi we investigated HIV-1 subtype C gag and env gene sequences associated with long-term survival. DNA samples were available from 31 individuals surviving between population surveys carried out in the 1980s and 1990s. Most survivors with paired sequences dating from the 1980s and the 1990s had a three codon deletion in the gag p17 region of the sequence retrieved from the sample collected in the 1990s that was not present in the sequence from the same individual dating from the 1980s. This deletion was also not present in any other 1980s sequences from Malawi, but was common in samples collected in Malawi in the 1990s. The deletion is equivalent to the loss of three amino acids in the D helix region of the gag protein, and may be associated with longer survival and onward transmission.
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93
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Iversen AKN, Stewart-Jones G, Learn GH, Christie N, Sylvester-Hviid C, Armitage AE, Kaul R, Beattie T, Lee JK, Li Y, Chotiyarnwong P, Dong T, Xu X, Luscher MA, MacDonald K, Ullum H, Klarlund-Pedersen B, Skinhøj P, Fugger L, Buus S, Mullins JI, Jones EY, van der Merwe PA, McMichael AJ. Conflicting selective forces affect T cell receptor contacts in an immunodominant human immunodeficiency virus epitope. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:179-89. [PMID: 16388312 DOI: 10.1038/ni1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for the control of human immunodeficiency virus, but containment of virus replication can be undermined by mutations in CTL epitopes that lead to virus escape. We analyzed the evolution in vivo of an immunodominant, HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope and found two principal, diametrically opposed evolutionary pathways that exclusively affect T cell-receptor contact residues. One pathway was characterized by acquisition of CTL escape mutations and the other by selection for wild-type amino acids. The pattern of CTL responses to epitope variants shaped which variant(s) prevailed in the virus population. The pathways notably influenced the amount of plasma virus, as patients with efficient CTL selection had lower plasma viral loads than did patients without efficient selection. Thus, viral escape from CTL responses does not necessarily correlate with disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/chemistry
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Variation
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/metabolism
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/chemistry
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiprotein Complexes
- Mutation
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Selection, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Viremia/immunology
- Viremia/virology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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94
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Frahm N, Kiepiela P, Adams S, Linde CH, Hewitt HS, Sango K, Feeney ME, Addo MM, Lichterfeld M, Lahaie MP, Pae E, Wurcel AG, Roach T, St John MA, Altfeld M, Marincola FM, Moore C, Mallal S, Carrington M, Heckerman D, Allen TM, Mullins JI, Korber BT, Goulder PJR, Walker BD, Brander C. Control of human immunodeficiency virus replication by cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting subdominant epitopes. Nat Immunol 2005; 7:173-8. [PMID: 16369537 DOI: 10.1038/ni1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite limited data supporting the superiority of dominant over subdominant responses, immunodominant epitopes represent the preferred vaccine candidates. To address the function of subdominant responses in human immunodeficiency virus infection, we analyzed cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses restricted by HLA-B*1503, a rare allele in a cohort infected with clade B, although common in one infected with clade C. HLA-B*1503 was associated with reduced viral loads in the clade B cohort but not the clade C cohort, although both shared the immunodominant response. Clade B viral control was associated with responses to several subdominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes, whereas their clade C variants were less well recognized. These data suggest that subdominant responses can contribute to in vivo viral control and that high HLA allele frequencies may drive the elimination of subdominant yet effective epitopes from circulating viral populations.
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95
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Ensoli B. Criteria for selection of HIV vaccine candidates—general principles. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:1433-5. [PMID: 16213181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a vaccine against HIV/AIDS is extremely challenging, as evidenced by more than 20 years of attempts. Here are highlighted the strategies adopted within the AIDS Vaccine Integrated project (AVIP) to speed up the clinical evaluation of novel vaccine candidates and to increase the chances to get an effective preventive and/or therapeutic vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Genes, Viral
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Animal
- Vaccines, Combined/genetics
- Vaccines, Combined/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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96
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Barin F, Meyer L, Lancar R, Deveau C, Gharib M, Laporte A, Desenclos JC, Costagliola D. Development and validation of an immunoassay for identification of recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections and its use on dried serum spots. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4441-7. [PMID: 16145089 PMCID: PMC1234099 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4441-4447.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to develop and to validate an immunossay to identify recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections that can be used on dried serum spots (DSS). A single, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantify antibodies toward four HIV-1 antigens: consensus peptides of the immunodominant epitope of gp41 (IDE), consensus V3 peptides, recombinant integrase, and recombinant p24. The parameters of the logistic regression used to classify the samples were estimated on a training sample (210 serum samples) using resampling techniques to get stable estimates and then applied to a validation sample (761 serum samples). The IDE and V3 peptides were the best able to discriminate between the antibodies present in serum from recently (< or =6 months) infected individuals and those with long-lasting infection. Combined quantification of antibody binding to these two synthetic antigens allowed us to identify recent infections with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.949 and a sensitivity of 88.3%, with a specificity of 97.6% in patients with long-term infection (but not AIDS) and 86.0% in patients suffering from AIDS with a threshold of 0.50 in the validation sample. This simple immunoassay can be used to identify recently HIV-1-infected patients. Its performance is compatible with its use in population-based studies including DSS.
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97
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McGettigan JP, Koser ML, McKenna PM, Smith ME, Marvin JM, Eisenlohr LC, Dietzschold B, Schnell MJ. Enhanced humoral HIV-1-specific immune responses generated from recombinant rhabdoviral-based vaccine vectors co-expressing HIV-1 proteins and IL-2. Virology 2005; 344:363-77. [PMID: 16226782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors expressing HIV-1 antigens have been shown to induce strong and long-lasting cellular but modest humoral responses against the expressed antigens in mice. However, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 may require stronger responses, and the development of such an immune response may depend on the presence of certain cytokines at the time of the inoculation. Here, we describe several new RV-based vaccine vehicles expressing HIV-1 Gag or envelope (Env) and murine IL-2 or IL-4. Cells infected with recombinant RVs expressed high levels of functional IL-2 or IL-4 in culture supernatants in addition to HIV-1 proteins. The recombinant RV expressing IL-4 was highly attenuated in a cytokine-independent manner, indicating that the insertion of two foreign genes into the RV genome is mainly responsible for the attenuation observed. The expression of IL-4 resulted in a decrease in the cellular immune response against HIV-1 Gag and Env when compared with the parental virus not expressing IL-4 and only 2 of 20 mice seroconverted to HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. The IL-2-expressing RV was completely apathogenic after direct intracranial inoculation of mice. In addition, mice immunized with IL-2 maintained strong anti-HIV-1 Gag and Env cellular responses and consistently induced seroconversion against HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. This suggests the potential use of IL-2 in RV-based HIV-1 vaccine strategies, which may require the induction of both arms of the immune response.
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98
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Wille-Reece U, Flynn BJ, Loré K, Koup RA, Kedl RM, Mattapallil JJ, Weiss WR, Roederer M, Seder RA. HIV Gag protein conjugated to a Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist improves the magnitude and quality of Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses in nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15190-4. [PMID: 16219698 PMCID: PMC1257732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507484102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction and maintenance of antibody and T cell responses will be critical for developing a successful vaccine against HIV. A rational approach for generating such responses is to design vaccines or adjuvants that have the capacity to activate specific antigen-presenting cells. In this regard, dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells for generating primary T cell responses. Here, we report that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and ligands that activate DCs in vitro influence the magnitude and quality of the cellular immune response in nonhuman primates (NHPs) when administered with HIV Gag protein. NHPs immunized with HIV Gag protein and a TLR7/8 agonist or a TLR9 ligand [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN)] had significantly increased Gag-specific T helper 1 and antibody responses, compared with animals immunized with HIV Gag protein alone. Importantly, conjugating the HIV Gag protein to the TLR7/8 agonist (Gag-TLR7/8 conjugate) dramatically enhanced the magnitude and altered the quality of the T helper 1 response, compared with animals immunized with HIV Gag protein and the TLR7/8 agonist or CpG ODN. Furthermore, immunization with the Gag-TLR7/8 conjugate vaccine elicited Gag-specific CD8+ T responses. Collectively, our results show that conjugating HIV Gag protein to a TLR7/8 agonist is an effective way to elicit broad-based adaptive immunity in NHPs. This type of vaccine formulation should have utility in preventive or therapeutic vaccines in which humoral and cellular immunity is required.
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99
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Mannioui A, Nelson E, Schiffer C, Felix N, Le Rouzic E, Benichou S, Gluckman JC, Canque B. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 KK26-27 matrix mutants display impaired infectivity, circularization and integration but not nuclear import. Virology 2005; 339:21-30. [PMID: 15963546 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 matrix protein (MA) during the virus replication afferent phase. Single-round infection of H9 T lymphocytes showed that the combined mutation of MA Lys residues 26-27 in MA reported nuclear localization signal (NLS)-1 impaired infectivity, abrogated 2-LTR-circle formation and significantly reduced integration. However, the mutation did not affect viral DNA docking to chromatin in either interphasic or mitotic cells, indicating that MA N-terminal basic domain should not represent a major determinant of HIV-1 nuclear import in T lymphocytes. These data point to a previously unreported role of MA in the late, post-chromatin-binding, afferent phase of HIV-1 replication cycle.
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100
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Pillay T, Zhang HT, Drijfhout JW, Robinson N, Brown H, Khan M, Moodley J, Adhikari M, Pfafferott K, Feeney ME, St John A, Holmes EC, Coovadia HM, Klenerman P, Goulder PJR, Phillips RE. Unique acquisition of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape mutants in infant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2005; 79:12100-5. [PMID: 16140787 PMCID: PMC1212591 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.18.12100-12105.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape in rapidly progressive infant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is undefined. The data presented here demonstrate that infant HIV-1-specific CTL can select for viral escape variants very early in life. These variants, furthermore, may be selected specifically in the infant, despite the same CTL specificity being present in the mother. Additionally, pediatric CTL activity may be compromised both by the transmission of maternal escape variants and by mother-to-child transmission of escape variants that originally arose in the father. The unique acquisition of these CTL escape forms may help to explain the severe nature of some pediatric HIV infections.
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