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Majewska J, Beta W, Lecion D, Hodyra-Stefaniak K, Kłopot A, Kaźmierczak Z, Miernikiewicz P, Piotrowicz A, Ciekot J, Owczarek B, Kopciuch A, Wojtyna K, Harhala M, Mąkosa M, Dąbrowska K. Oral Application of T4 Phage Induces Weak Antibody Production in the Gut and in the Blood. Viruses 2015; 7:4783-99. [PMID: 26308042 PMCID: PMC4576206 DOI: 10.3390/v7082845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific humoral response to bacteriophages may follow phage application for medical purposes, and it may further determine the success or failure of the approach itself. We present a long-term study of antibody induction in mice by T4 phage applied per os: 100 days of phage treatment followed by 112 days without the phage, and subsequent second application of phage up to day 240. Serum and gut antibodies (IgM, IgG, secretory IgA) were analyzed in relation to microbiological status of the animals. T4 phage applied orally induced anti-phage antibodies when the exposure was long enough (IgG day 36, IgA day 79); the effect was related to high dosage. Termination of phage treatment resulted in a decrease of IgA again to insignificant levels. Second administration of phage induces secretory IgA sooner than that induced by the first administrations. Increased IgA level antagonized gut transit of active phage. Phage resistant E. coli dominated gut flora very late, on day 92. Thus, the immunological response emerges as a major factor determining phage survival in the gut. Phage proteins Hoc and gp12 were identified as highly immunogenic. A low response to exemplary foreign antigens (from Ebola virus) presented on Hoc was observed, which suggests that phage platforms can be used in oral vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Majewska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Weronika Beta
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Dorota Lecion
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Hodyra-Stefaniak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Kłopot
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Miernikiewicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Piotrowicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Ciekot
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kopciuch
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Wojtyna
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marek Harhala
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Mąkosa
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
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2
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Stewart-Jones GBE, Thomas PV, Chen M, Druz A, Joyce MG, Kong WP, Sastry M, Soto C, Yang Y, Zhang B, Chen L, Chuang GY, Georgiev IS, McLellan JS, Srivatsan S, Zhou T, Baxa U, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Kwong PD. A Cysteine Zipper Stabilizes a Pre-Fusion F Glycoprotein Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128779. [PMID: 26098893 PMCID: PMC4476739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant subunit vaccines should contain minimal non-pathogen motifs to reduce potential off-target reactivity. We recently developed a vaccine antigen against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which comprised the fusion (F) glycoprotein stabilized in its pre-fusion trimeric conformation by "DS-Cav1" mutations and by an appended C-terminal trimerization motif or "foldon" from T4-bacteriophage fibritin. Here we investigate the creation of a cysteine zipper to allow for the removal of the phage foldon, while maintaining the immunogenicity of the parent DS-Cav1+foldon antigen. Constructs without foldon yielded RSV F monomers, and enzymatic removal of the phage foldon from pre-fusion F trimers resulted in their dissociation into monomers. Because the native C terminus of the pre-fusion RSV F ectodomain encompasses a viral trimeric coiled-coil, we explored whether introduction of cysteine residues capable of forming inter-protomer disulfides might allow for stable trimers. Structural modeling indicated the introduced cysteines to form disulfide "rings", with each ring comprising a different set of inward facing residues of the coiled-coil. Three sets of rings could be placed within the native RSV F coiled-coil, and additional rings could be added by duplicating portions of the coiled-coil. High levels of neutralizing activity in mice, equivalent to that of the parent DS-Cav1+foldon antigen, were elicited by a 4-ring stabilized RSV F trimer with no foldon. Structure-based alteration of a viral coiled-coil to create a cysteine zipper thus allows a phage trimerization motif to be removed from a candidate vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul V. Thomas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Srivatsan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tao P, Mahalingam M, Kirtley ML, van Lier CJ, Sha J, Yeager LA, Chopra AK, Rao VB. Mutated and bacteriophage T4 nanoparticle arrayed F1-V immunogens from Yersinia pestis as next generation plague vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003495. [PMID: 23853602 PMCID: PMC3708895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonic plague is a highly virulent infectious disease with 100% mortality rate, and its causative organism Yersinia pestis poses a serious threat for deliberate use as a bioterror agent. Currently, there is no FDA approved vaccine against plague. The polymeric bacterial capsular protein F1, a key component of the currently tested bivalent subunit vaccine consisting, in addition, of low calcium response V antigen, has high propensity to aggregate, thus affecting its purification and vaccine efficacy. We used two basic approaches, structure-based immunogen design and phage T4 nanoparticle delivery, to construct new plague vaccines that provided complete protection against pneumonic plague. The NH2-terminal β-strand of F1 was transplanted to the COOH-terminus and the sequence flanking the β-strand was duplicated to eliminate polymerization but to retain the T cell epitopes. The mutated F1 was fused to the V antigen, a key virulence factor that forms the tip of the type three secretion system (T3SS). The F1mut-V protein showed a dramatic switch in solubility, producing a completely soluble monomer. The F1mut-V was then arrayed on phage T4 nanoparticle via the small outer capsid protein, Soc. The F1mut-V monomer was robustly immunogenic and the T4-decorated F1mut-V without any adjuvant induced balanced TH1 and TH2 responses in mice. Inclusion of an oligomerization-deficient YscF, another component of the T3SS, showed a slight enhancement in the potency of F1-V vaccine, while deletion of the putative immunomodulatory sequence of the V antigen did not improve the vaccine efficacy. Both the soluble (purified F1mut-V mixed with alhydrogel) and T4 decorated F1mut-V (no adjuvant) provided 100% protection to mice and rats against pneumonic plague evoked by high doses of Y. pestis CO92. These novel platforms might lead to efficacious and easily manufacturable next generation plague vaccines. Plague caused by Yersinia pestis is a deadly disease that wiped out one-third of Europe's population in the 14th century. The organism is listed by the CDC as Tier-1 biothreat agent, and currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this pathogen. Stockpiling of an efficacious plague vaccine that could protect people against a potential bioterror attack has been a national priority. The current vaccines based on the capsular antigen (F1) and the low calcium response V antigen, are promising against both bubonic and pneumonic plague. However, the polymeric nature of F1 with its propensity to aggregate affects vaccine efficacy and generates varied immune responses in humans. We have addressed a series of concerns and generated mutants of F1 and V, which are completely soluble and produced in high yields. We then engineered the vaccine into a novel delivery platform using the bacteriophage T4 nanoparticle. The nanoparticle vaccines induced robust immunogenicity and provided 100% protection to mice and rats against pneumonic plague. These highly efficacious new generation plague vaccines are easily manufactured, and the potent T4 platform which can simultaneously incorporate antigens from other biothreat or emerging infectious agents provides a convenient way for mass vaccination of humans against multiple pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Bacteriophage T4/chemistry
- Bacteriophage T4/immunology
- Bacteriophage T4/metabolism
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/immunology
- Capsid/metabolism
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutant Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Particle Size
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Plague/immunology
- Plague/microbiology
- Plague/prevention & control
- Plague/virology
- Plague Vaccine/chemistry
- Plague Vaccine/immunology
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/chemistry
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/chemistry
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Yersinia pestis/immunology
- Yersinia pestis/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Marthandan Mahalingam
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Kirtley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christina J. van Lier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Linsey A. Yeager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashok K. Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKC); (VBR)
| | - Venigalla B. Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AKC); (VBR)
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Ren S, Zuo S, Zhao M, Wang X, Wang X, Chen Y, Wu Z, Ren Z. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis in lung cancer by T4 phage surface displaying mVEGFR2 vaccine. Vaccine 2011; 29:5802-11. [PMID: 21482223 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been known as a potential vasculogenic and angiogenic factor and its receptor (VEGFR2) is a major receptor to response to the angiogenic activity of VEGF. The technique that to break the immune tolerance of "self-antigens" associated with angiogenesis is an attractive approach for cancer therapy with T4 phage display system. In this experiment, mouse VEGFR2 was constructed on T4 phage nanometer-particle surface as a recombinant vaccine. T4-mVEGFR2 recombinant vaccine was identified by PCR and western blot assay. Immunotherapy with T4-mVEGFR2 was confirmed by protective immunity against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in mice. The antibody against mVEGFR2 was detected by ELISPOT, ELISA and Dot ELISA. The inhibitive effects against angiogenesis were studied using CD31 and CD105 via histological analysis. VEGF-mediated endothelial cells proliferation and tube formation were inhibited in vitro by immunoglobulin induced by T4-mVEGFR2. The antitumor activity was substantiated from the adoptive transfer of the purified immunoglobulin. Antitumor activity and autoantibody production of mVEGFR2 could be neutralized by the depletion of CD4+T lymphocytes. These studies strongly suggest that T4-mVEGFR2 recombinant vaccine might be a promising antitumor approach.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Bacteriophage T4/genetics
- Bacteriophage T4/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Cell Proliferation
- Endoglin
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/blood
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/administration & dosage
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxiang Ren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Shivachandra SB, Li Q, Peachman KK, Matyas GR, Leppla SH, Alving CR, Rao M, Rao VB. Multicomponent anthrax toxin display and delivery using bacteriophage T4. Vaccine 2006; 25:1225-35. [PMID: 17069938 PMCID: PMC1888565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a multicomponent antigen display and delivery system using bacteriophage T4. Two dispensable outer capsid proteins, Hoc (highly antigenic outer capsid protein, 155 copies) and Soc (small outer capsid protein, 810 copies), decorate phage T4 capsid. These proteins bind to the symmetrically localized capsid sites, which appear following prohead assembly and expansion. We hypothesized that multiple antigens fused to Hoc can be displayed on the same capsid and such particles can elicit broad immunological responses. Anthrax toxin proteins, protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), and their functional domains, were fused to Hoc with an N-terminal hexa-histidine tag and the recombinant proteins were over-expressed in E. coli and purified. Using a defined in vitro assembly system, the anthrax-Hoc fusion proteins were efficiently displayed on T4 capsid, either individually or in combinations. All of the 155 Hoc binding sites can be occupied by one antigen, or they can be split among two or more antigens by varying their molar ratio in the binding reaction. Immunization of mice with T4 phage carrying PA, LF, and EF elicited strong antigen-specific antibodies against all antigens as well as lethal toxin neutralization titers. The triple antigen T4 phage elicited stronger PA-specific immune responses than the phage displaying PA alone. These features offer novel avenues to develop customized multicomponent vaccines against anthrax and other pathogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish B Shivachandra
- Department of Biology, 103 McCort Ward Hall, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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6
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Sathaliyawala T, Rao M, Maclean DM, Birx DL, Alving CR, Rao VB. Assembly of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens on bacteriophage T4: a novel in vitro approach to construct multicomponent HIV vaccines. J Virol 2006; 80:7688-98. [PMID: 16840347 PMCID: PMC1563720 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00235-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 capsid is an elongated icosahedron decorated with 155 copies of Hoc, a nonessential highly antigenic outer capsid protein. One Hoc monomer is present in the center of each major capsid protein (gp23*) hexon. We describe an in vitro assembly system which allows display of HIV antigens, p24-gag, Nef, and an engineered gp41 C-peptide trimer, on phage T4 capsid surface through Hoc-capsid interactions. In-frame fusions were constructed by splicing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes to the 5' or 3' end of the Hoc gene. The Hoc fusion proteins were expressed, purified, and displayed on hoc(-) phage particles in a defined in vitro system. Single or multiple antigens were efficiently displayed, leading to saturation of all available capsid binding sites. The displayed p24 was highly immunogenic in mice in the absence of any external adjuvant, eliciting strong p24-specific antibodies, as well as Th1 and Th2 cellular responses with a bias toward the Th2 response. The phage T4 system offers new direction and insights for HIV vaccine development with the potential to increase the breadth of both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taheri Sathaliyawala
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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7
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Shivachandra SB, Rao M, Janosi L, Sathaliyawala T, Matyas GR, Alving CR, Leppla SH, Rao VB. In vitro binding of anthrax protective antigen on bacteriophage T4 capsid surface through Hoc-capsid interactions: a strategy for efficient display of large full-length proteins. Virology 2005; 345:190-8. [PMID: 16316672 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro binding system is described to display large full-length proteins on bacteriophage T4 capsid surface at high density. The phage T4 icosahedral capsid features 155 copies of a nonessential highly antigenic outer capsid protein, Hoc, at the center of each major capsid protein hexon. Gene fusions were engineered to express the 83-kDa protective antigen (PA) from Bacillus anthracis fused to the N-terminus of Hoc and the 130-kDa PA-Hoc protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified PA-Hoc was assembled in vitro on hoc(-) phage particles. Binding was specific, stable, and of high affinity. This defined in vitro system allowed manipulation of the copy number of displayed PA and imposed no significant limitation on the size of the displayed antigen. In contrast to in vivo display systems, the in vitro approach allows all the capsid binding sites to be occupied by the 130-kDa PA-Hoc fusion protein. The PA-T4 particles were immunogenic in mice in the absence of an adjuvant, eliciting strong PA-specific antibodies and anthrax lethal toxin neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro display on phage T4 offers a novel platform for potential construction of customized vaccines against anthrax and other infectious diseases.
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8
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9
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Baschong W, Hasler L, Häner M, Kistler J, Aebi U. Repetitive versus monomeric antigen presentation: direct visualization of antibody affinity and specificity. J Struct Biol 2004; 143:258-62. [PMID: 14572480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The concept of presenting antigens in a repetitive array to obtain high titers of specific antibodies is increasingly applied by using surface-engineered viruses or bacterial envelopes as novel vaccines. A case for this concept was made 25 years ago, when producing high-titer antisera against ordered arrays of gp23, the major capsid protein of bacteriophage T4 (Aebi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74 (1977) 5514-5518). In view of the current interest in this concept we thought it useful to employ this system to directly visualize the dependence of antibody affinity and specificity on antigen presentation. We compared antibodies raised against T4 polyheads, a tubular variant of the bacteriophage T4 capsid, which have gp23 hexamers arranged in a crystalline lattice (gp23(repetitive)), with those raised against the hexameric gp23 subunits (gp23(monomeric)). The labeling patterns of Fab-fragments prepared from these antibodies when bound to polyheads were determined by electron microscopy and image enhancement. Anti-gp23(repetitive) bound in a monospecific, stoichiometric fashion to the gp23 units constituting the polyhead surface. In contrast, anti-gp23(monomeric) decorated the polyhead surface randomly and with a 40-fold lower occupancy. These results concur with the difference in titers established by ELISA for the antisera against the repetitively displayed form of antigen (anti-gp23(repetitive)) and the randomly presented antigen (gp23(monomeric)), and they constitute a compelling visual documentation of the concept of repetitive antigen presentation to elicite a serotype-like immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Baschong
- Biozentrum, M. E. Mueller Institute for Structural Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
Antigenic peptides that bind pathogen-specific Abs are a potential source of subunit vaccine components. To be effective the peptides must be immunogenically fit: when used as immunogens they must elicit Abs that cross-react with native intact pathogen. In this study, antigenic peptides obtained from phage display libraries through epitope discovery were systematically examined for immunogenic fitness. Peptides selected from random peptide libraries, in which the phage-displayed peptides are encoded by synthetic degenerate oligonucleotides, had marginal immunogenic fitness. In contrast, 50% of the peptides selected from a natural peptide library, in which phage display segments of actual pathogen polypeptides, proved very successful. Epitope discovery from natural peptide libraries is a promising route to subunit vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Bacteriophage T4/immunology
- Bacteriophage T4/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Immune Sera/biosynthesis
- Immunity, Innate
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Mimicry
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Library
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/isolation & purification
- Peptides/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/isolation & purification
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Matthews
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7400, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Filamentous phage can be cross-linked to make a hydrophilic aggregate that is pelleted by low-speed centrifugation. The aggregate is stable at near-neutral pHs, and withstands exposure to the acid buffers (pH down to 2.2) that are often used as eluents in immunoaffinity purification. If a peptide epitope is genetically fused to a coat protein on the virion surface, the aggregate serves as an effective affinity matrix for absorbing and affinity-purifying antibodies that bind the peptide. When the peptide epitope is first obtained in this form by selection from large phage display libraries, this ability to fashion an affinity matrix directly from the selected phage represents a significant streamlining of research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA.
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12
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Abstract
We report a prediction that the highly immunogenic outer capsid (Hoc) protein of the prokaryotic phage T4 contains three tandem immunoglobulin-like domains. Immunoglobulin-like folds have previously been identified in prokaryotic proteins but these share no recognizable sequence similarity with eukaryotic immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) folds, and may represent products of convergent evolution. In contrast, the Hoc immunoglobulin-like folds are proposed, based on immunoglobulin-like sequence consensus matches detected by hidden Markov modeling. We propose that the Hoc immunoglobulin-like domains and eukaryotic immunoglobulin-like domains are likely to be related by divergence from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bateman
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England
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13
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Ren ZJ, Lewis GK, Wingfield PT, Locke EG, Steven AC, Black LW. Phage display of intact domains at high copy number: a system based on SOC, the small outer capsid protein of bacteriophage T4. Protein Sci 1996; 5:1833-43. [PMID: 8880907 PMCID: PMC2143533 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptides fused to the coat proteins of filamentous phages have found widespread applications in antigen display, the construction of antibody libraries, and biopanning. However, such systems are limited in terms of the size and number of the peptides that may be incorporated without compromising the fusion proteins' capacity to self-assemble. We describe here a system in which the molecules to be displayed are bound to pre-assembled polymers. The polymers are T4 capsids and polyheads (tubular capsid variants) and the display molecules are derivatives of the dispensable capsid protein SOC. In one implementation, SOC and its fusion derivatives are expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, purified in high yield, and then bound in vitro to separately isolated polyheads. In the other, a positive selection vector forces integration of the modified soc gene into a soc-deleted T4 genome, leading to in vivo binding of the display protein to progeny virions. The system is demonstrated as applied to C-terminal fusions to SOC of (1) a tetrapeptide; (2) the 43-residue V3 loop domain of gp120, the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein; and (3) poliovirus VP1 capsid protein (312 residues). SOC-V3 displaying phage were highly antigenic in mice and produced antibodies reactive with native gp120. That the fusion protein binds correctly to the surface lattice was attested in averaged electron micrographs of polyheads. The SOC display system is capable of presenting up to approximately 10(3) copies per capsid and > 10(4) copies per polyhead of V3-sized domains. Phage displaying SOC-VP1 were isolated from a 1:10(6) mixture by two cycles of a simple biopanning procedure, indicating that proteins of at least 35 kDa may be accommodated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Ren
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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14
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Schwarz H, Riede I, Sonntag I, Henning U. Degrees of relatedness of T-even type E. coli phages using different or the same receptors and topology of serologically cross-reacting sites. EMBO J 1983; 2:375-80. [PMID: 11894952 PMCID: PMC555143 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatedness of a series of T-even like phages which use the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein OmpA as a receptor, and the classical phages T2, T4 and T6 has been investigated. Immunoelectron microscopy and the pattern of phage resistance in bacterial mutants revealed that: (i) phages of this morphology do not necessarily cross-react serologically; (ii) phages using different receptors may bind heterologous IgG everywhere except to the tip (comprising approximately 10% of one fiber polypeptide) of the long tail fibers; (iii) cross-reacting OmpA-specific phages may bind heterologous IgG only to the tip of these fibers: (iv) OmpA-specific phages not cross-reacting at the tip of the tail fibers use different receptor sites on the protein. Absence of cross-reactivity appears to reflect high degrees of dissimilarity. A DNA probe consisting of genes encoding the two most distal tail fiber proteins of T4 detected homologies only in DNA from phages serologically cross-reacting at this fiber. Even under conditions of low stringency, allowing the formation of stable hybrids with almost 30% base mismatch, no such homologies could be found in serologically unrelated phages. Thus, in the collection of phages examined, there are sets of very similar and very dissimilar tail fiber genes and even of such gene segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Tübingen, FRG
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