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Fuhrman J, Shafer L, Repertinger S, Chan T, Hansen LA. Mechanisms of SEPA 0009-induced tumorigenesis in v-rasHa transgenic Tg.AC mice. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 33:623-30. [PMID: 16176921 DOI: 10.1080/01926230500278975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models with altered oncogene or tumor suppressor gene activity have been utilized recently for carcinogen identification. The v-rasHa transgenic Tg.AC mouse, with its enhanced susceptibility to skin tumorigenesis, is thought to be well suited for examining the carcinogenicity of topically applied agents. Tg.AC mice were used to examine the carcinogenicity of SEPA 0009, a rationally designed organic molecule designed to enhance drug penetration through the skin. Fifty mg SEPA 0009/kg body weight, 1500 mg SEPA 0009/kg body weight, or the vehicle alone was applied daily to the skin of Tg.AC mice. Nontransgenic FVB/N mice were also treated with the vehicle alone or 1500 mg SEPA 0009. Daily application of a high-dose of SEPA 0009 caused severe and chronic irritation by 1 week that was maintained throughout the experiment. The irritation was accompanied by increased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and expression of the wound-associated keratin 6. High-dose SEPA 0009 induced squamous papillomas in Tg.AC, but not in nontransgenic mice, by 6 weeks. In mice treated with the high dose SEPA 0009, transgene expression was detected in papillomas at week 9, well after the onset of skin irritation and hyperplasia. In contrast, low-dose SEPA 0009 was not irritating to the skin and did not induce papillomas. Thus, SEPA 0009-induced tumorigenesis was associated with chronic and severe irritation. We propose that SEPA 0009-induced tumorigenesis in Tg.AC mice proceeds through an indirect mechanism that is secondary to cutaneous irritation.
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77
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Kato Y, Tsukuda M, Nagashima Y, Koshika S, Sakai N, Yao M, Kubota Y, Aoki I, Colledge WH, Foidart JM, Hata RI, Thompson EW. Reduced excision repair cross-complementing 1 expression associates with enhanced papilloma formation and fibroblast transformation after genetic disruption of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine. Int J Oncol 2005; 27:759-68. [PMID: 16077926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine)/ osteonectin/BM-40 is a matricellular protein implicated in development, cell transformation and tumorigenesis. We have examined the role of SPARC in cell transformation induced chemically with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in embryonic fibroblasts and in the skin of mice. Embryonic fibroblasts from SPARCnull mice showed increases in cell proliferation, enhanced sensitivity to DMBA and a higher number of DMBA/TPA-induced transformation foci. The number of DMBA-DNA adducts was 9 times higher in SPARCnull fibroblasts and their stability was lower than wild-type fibroblasts, consistent with a reduction in excision repair cross-complementing 1 the nucleotide excision repair enzyme in these cells. The SPARCnull mice showed an increase in both the speed and number of papillomas forming after topical administration of DMBA/TPA to the skin. These papillomas showed reduced growth and reduced progression to a more malignant phenotype, indicating that the effect of SPARC on tumorigenesis depends upon the transformation stage and/or tissue context. These data reinforce a growing number of observations in which SPARC has shown opposite effects on different tumor types/stages.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/chemistry
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Adducts/chemistry
- DNA Adducts/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genotype
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteonectin/genetics
- Osteonectin/metabolism
- Papilloma/genetics
- Papilloma/metabolism
- Papilloma/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/toxicity
- Time Factors
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78
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Aaltonen LM, Cajanus S, Bäck L, Nieminen P, Paavonen J, Ranki A. Extralaryngeal HPV infections in male patients with adult-onset laryngeal papillomatosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005; 262:708-12. [PMID: 16133466 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-004-0811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult-onset laryngeal papillomatosis is a frequently relapsing disease affecting especially males. We studied the history and prevalence of extralaryngeal HPV infections in these patients to find out their susceptibility to HPV. Of adult-onset laryngeal papilloma male patients treated at Helsinki University Central Hospital over 25 years, we examined 50 for clinical findings, examined Pap and cytological samples from the oral mucosa and urethra and biopsied HPV-suspect lesions. Fifteen female sexual partners underwent gynecological examinations. The history of HPV-associated diseases was also determined from age- and sex-matched control subjects. Of the patients, 16% (8) had a history of genital warts and of the controls, 12.5% (6 of 48). A history of skin warts was more common in patients. Their prevalence of genital warts was higher (3 of 50, 6%) than in the general population (1%, earlier study). Prevalence of oral HPV DNA was 8% (4 of 50). Patients' sexual habits were unexceptional except for an over-representation of high-frequency orogenital sex initiated at a mean of 9.7 years before diagnosis. However, a lack of orogenital contact did not protect them from severe laryngeal disease. Patients with adult-onset laryngeal papillomatosis seem to be prone to HPV infections. Primary laryngeal HPV infection in adolescence may remain latent, requiring cofactors to develop into the clinical disease.
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79
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Formisano P, Perruolo G, Libertini S, Santopietro S, Troncone G, Raciti GA, Oriente F, Portella G, Miele C, Beguinot F. Raised expression of the antiapoptotic protein ped/pea-15 increases susceptibility to chemically induced skin tumor development. Oncogene 2005; 24:7012-21. [PMID: 16044159 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ped/pea-15 is a cytosolic protein performing a broad antiapoptotic function. We show that, upon DMBA/TPA-induced skin carcinogenesis, transgenic mice overexpressing ped/pea-15 (Tg(ped/pea-15)) display early development of papillomas and a four-fold increase in papilloma number compared to the nontransgenic littermates (P<0.001). The malignant conversion frequency was 24% for the Tg(ped/pea-15) mice and only 5% in controls (P<0.01). The isolated application of TPA, but not that of DMBA, was sufficient to reversibly upregulate ped/pea-15 in both untransformed skin and cultured keratinocytes. ped/pea-15 protein levels were also increased in DMBA/TPA-induced papillomas of both Tg(ped/pea-15) and control mice. Isolated TPA applications induced Caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in nontransformed mouse epidermal tissues. The induction of both Caspase-3 and apoptosis by TPA were four-fold inhibited in the skin of the Tg(ped/pea-15) compared to the nontransgenic mice, accompanied by a similarly sized reduction in TPA-induced JNK and p38 stimulation and by constitutive induction of cytoplasmic ERK activity in the transgenics. ped/pea-15 expression was stably increased in cell lines from DMBA/TPA-induced skin papillomas and carcinomas, paralleled by protection from TPA apoptosis. In the A5 spindle carcinoma cell line, antisense inhibition of ped/pea-15 expression simultaneously rescued sensitivity to TPA-induced Caspase-3 function and apoptosis. The antisense also reduced A5 cell ability to grow in semisolid media by 65% (P<0.001) and increased by three-fold tumor latency time (P<0.01). Thus, the expression levels of ped/pea-15 control Caspase-3 function and epidermal cell apoptosis in vivo and determine susceptibility to skin tumor development.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cocarcinogenesis
- DNA, Antisense/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Papilloma/chemically induced
- Papilloma/genetics
- Papilloma/pathology
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Sarcoma/chemically induced
- Sarcoma/genetics
- Sarcoma/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/toxicity
- Transfection
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80
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Drusco A, Zanesi N, Roldo C, Trapasso F, Farber JL, Fong LY, Croce CM. Knockout mice reveal a tumor suppressor function for Testin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10947-51. [PMID: 16033868 PMCID: PMC1182460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504934102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Testin (TES) gene was previously identified as a putative human tumor suppressor gene at 7q31.2, a region that is frequently deleted in hematopoietic malignancies, as well as in epithelial tumors. To determine whether TES acts as a tumor suppressor in vivo, we generated a Tes knockout mouse and then used it in an established model of carcinogen-induced gastric cancer. In mice a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet enhances cellular proliferation in the forestomach and susceptibility to N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced carcinogenesis. Five-week-old Tes wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), and homozygous (-/-) mice were divided into four groups: mice fed a zinc-sufficient diet (ZS); mice fed a ZD diet; ZS fed plus NMBA-treated mice (ZS+NMBA), and ZD fed plus NMBA-treated mice (ZD+NMBA). After 4 weeks, the ZS+NMBA and ZD+NMBA groups were treated with three intragastric doses of NMBA. Animals were killed 8 weeks after NMBA administration: 25% of +/+ mice developed benign lesions; 88% of +/- showed multiple papillomas, atypical glandular metaplasia, and squamous cell carcinomasl; and 81% of -/- mice displayed very large papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas. A statistically significant difference in tumor incidence was found between +/- versus +/+ and -/- versus +/+ (P < 0.0001). These data suggest that Tes functions as a tumor suppressor gene in vivo.
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81
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Jansen AP, Camalier CE, Colburn NH. Epidermal expression of the translation inhibitor programmed cell death 4 suppresses tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6034-41. [PMID: 16024603 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is a novel repressor of in vitro transformation. Pdcd4 directly inhibits the helicase activity of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, a component of the translation initiation complex. To ascertain whether Pdcd4 suppresses tumor development in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice that overexpress Pdcd4 in the epidermis (K14-Pdcd4). K14-regulated Pdcd4 expression caused a neonatal short-hair phenotype due to early catagen entry compared with matched wild-type siblings. In response to the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) mouse skin carcinogenesis protocol, K14-Pdcd4 mice showed significant reductions in papilloma formation, carcinoma incidence, and papilloma-to-carcinoma conversion frequency compared with wild-type mice. The translational efficiency of an mRNA engineered to form a structured 5' untranslated region (UTR) was attenuated in primary keratinocytes when Pdcd4 was overexpressed. Pdcd4 inhibited by 46% TPA-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1)-dependent transcription, an event required for tumorigenesis. CDK4 and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are candidates for Pdcd4-regulated translation as their mRNAs contain 5'structured UTRs. In K14-Pdcd4 primary keratinocytes expressing activated Ha-Ras to mimic DMBA-initiated epidermis, ODC and CDK4 protein levels were decreased by 40% and 46%, respectively. Expression of a protein encoded by 5' unstructured mRNA showed no change. These results extend to an in vivo model the observations that Pdcd4 inhibits both translation initiation and AP-1 activation while decreasing benign tumor development and malignant progression. The K14-Pdcd4 mice seem to validate translation initiation as a novel target for cancer prevention.
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82
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Hutt JA, Vuillemenot BR, Barr EB, Grimes MJ, Hahn FF, Hobbs CH, March TH, Gigliotti AP, Seilkop SK, Finch GL, Mauderly JL, Belinsky SA. Life-span inhalation exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke induces lung cancer in B6C3F1 mice through genetic and epigenetic pathways. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1999-2009. [PMID: 15944214 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cigarette smoke has been epidemiologically associated with lung cancer in humans for many years, animal models of cigarette smoke-induced lung cancer have been lacking. This study demonstrated that life time whole body exposures of female B6C3F1 mice to mainstream cigarette smoke at 250 mg total particulate matter/m(3) for 6 h per day, 5 days a week induces marked increases in the incidence of focal alveolar hyperplasias, pulmonary adenomas, papillomas and adenocarcinomas. Cigarette smoke-exposed mice (n = 330) had a 10-fold increase in the incidence of hyperplastic lesions, and a 4.6-fold (adenomas and papillomas), 7.25-fold (adenocarcinomas) and 5-fold (metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinomas) increase in primary lung neoplasms compared with sham-exposed mice (n = 326). Activating point mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras gene were identified at a similar rate in tumors from sham-exposed mice (47%) and cigarette smoke-exposed mice (60%). The percentages of transversion and transition mutations were similar in both the groups. Hypermethylation of the death associated protein (DAP)-kinase and retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-beta gene promoters was detected in tumors from both sham- and cigarette smoke-exposed mice, with a tendency towards increased frequency of RAR-beta methylation in the tumors from the cigarette smoke-exposed mice. These results emphasize the importance of the activation of K-ras and silencing of DAP-kinase and RAR-beta in lung cancer development, and confirm the relevance of this mouse model for studying lung tumorigenesis.
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83
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Soliman A, Khurana JS, Punnett HH. Clonal abnormalities in a recurrent laryngeal papilloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 159:190-1. [PMID: 15899398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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84
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Bhatia N, Spiegelman VS. Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2005; 42:213-21. [PMID: 15765534 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway has been shown to be an important factor in the development of many malignancies including colorectal, ovarian, prostate, and many other cancers, little is known about its role in non-melanoma skin cancers. Here, we report the first evidence that beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway is constitutively activated in non-melanocytic skin tumors induced by two stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol. Mouse skin tumors showed cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin, and upregulation of beta-catenin/Tcf target genes (c-myc and c-jun). We found high levels of skin-expressed Wnt proteins (Wnt 3, 4, and 10b) in different parts of the tumors, likely representing key upstream events in beta-catenin/Tcf activation during mouse skin carcinogenesis. Inhibition of beta-catenin/Tcf signaling by ectopic expression of dominant negative Tcf4 resulted in significant inhibition of growth in squamous cell carcinoma cells. A role of the constitutive activation of beta-catenin/Tcf signaling in skin carcinogenesis is discussed.
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85
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Szládek G, Juhász A, Kardos G, Szoke K, Major T, Sziklai I, Tar I, Márton I, Kónya J, Gergely L, Szarka K. High co-prevalence of genogroup 1 TT virus and human papillomavirus is associated with poor clinical outcome of laryngeal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:402-5. [PMID: 15790705 PMCID: PMC1770630 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.022103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology and factors leading to the progression of laryngeal cancer are still unclear. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) has been suggested to play a role, reports concerning the effect of HPV infection on tumour development are controversial. Recently, transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) was suggested to play a role in certain infections as a causative or coinfecting agent. AIMS To investigate whether the development and progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with coinfection with TTV and HPV. METHODS The prevalence of TTV and HPV was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction in tissue samples from 40 healthy individuals, 10 patients with recurrent papillomatosis, five patients with papillomatosis with malignant transformation, and 25 patients with laryngeal carcinoma. The obtained prevalence data were compared and analysed statistically. RESULTS In the 11 patients with carcinoma who had metastasis or relapse there was a high rate of coinfection with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV (eight of 11), whereas in the 14 without tumour progression no coinfection was found. Coinfection was associated with significantly lower tumour free survival in patients with carcinoma (p < 0.001). Furthermore, four of five patients who had papillomatosis with malignant transformation were coinfected with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV. CONCLUSIONS Although the nature of cooperation between HPV and TTV needs to be investigated further, coinfection with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV appears to be associated with poor clinical outcome in laryngeal cancer.
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86
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Kwei KA, Finch JS, Thompson EJ, Bowden GT. Transcriptional repression of catalase in mouse skin tumor progression. Neoplasia 2005; 6:440-8. [PMID: 15548352 PMCID: PMC1550329 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the elevation of reactive oxygen species levels and the repression of the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, played a critical role in the in vitro progression of benign papilloma cells to malignant carcinoma cells. Catalase message, protein levels, and activity levels were found to be downregulated in the malignantly progressed cells. The goal of this study is to further characterize the repression of catalase in malignant progression of mouse skin tumors. To validate the in vitro observations, we examined catalase expression in tumor samples generated by the multistep chemical carcinogenesis protocol. Higher levels of catalase mRNA and protein were observed in benign papillomas versus malignant carcinomas. Nuclear run-on analysis showed that catalase repression in the cultured malignant cells was transcription-dependent. Results from luciferase reporter assays indicated that malignant cells have lower catalase promoter activities than benign papilloma cells, in part through the Wilm's tumor suppressor 1 (WT1) binding site within the proximal promoter region. The WT1 protein levels were found to be inversely correlated with the observed catalase promoter activities, with higher levels observed in the malignant cells versus the benign cells. These results led us to conclude that WT1 is acting as a transcription repressor in catalase gene regulation during tumor progression.
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87
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Kurtz A, Aigner A, Cabal-Manzano RH, Butler RE, Hood DR, Sessions RB, Czubayko F, Wellstein A. Differential regulation of a fibroblast growth factor-binding protein during skin carcinogenesis and wound healing. Neoplasia 2005; 6:595-602. [PMID: 15548369 PMCID: PMC1531664 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of premalignant lesions is associated with subtle cellular and gene expression changes. Here we describe a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse xenograft model with human adult skin and compare chemical carcinogenesis and wound healing. We focus on a secreted binding protein for fibroblast growth factors (FGF-BP) that enhances the activity of locally stored FGFs and is expressed at high levels in human epithelial cancers. Carcinogen treatment of murine skin induced papilloma within 6 weeks, whereas the human skin grafts displayed no obvious macroscopic alterations. Microscopic studies of the human skin, however, showed p53-positive keratinocytes in the epidermis, increased angiogenesis in the dermis of the treated skin, enhanced proliferation of keratinocytes in the basal layer, and an increase of FGF-BP protein and mRNA expression. In contrast, after surgical wounding of human skin grafts or of mouse skin, FGF-BP expression was upregulated within a few hours and returned to control levels after 2 days with wound closure. Enhanced motility of cultured keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts by FGF-BP supports a role in wound healing. We conclude that adult human skin xenografts can be used to identify early molecular events during malignant transformation as well as transient changes during wound healing.
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88
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Ito A, Asamoto M, Hokaiwado N, Takahashi S, Shirai T. Tbx3 expression is related to apoptosis and cell proliferation in rat bladder both hyperplastic epithelial cells and carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2005; 219:105-12. [PMID: 15694670 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Tbx3, a member of the T-box family of transcription factors, was identified as an up-regulated gene by mRNA differential display in the regression (apoptosis) stage after uracil-induction of papillomatosis in the rat urinary bladder. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that apoptosis cells are negative and apoptosis resistant cells are positive for Tbx3 expression. That suggests that Tbx3 is an apoptosis resistant gene rather than an apoptosis induced gene. We have found the rat bladder carcinoma cell line, BC31, to feature Tbx3 expression detectable by RT-PCR. To investigate its role in such cancer cells, they were transfected with an anti-sense Tbx3 expression vector. The obtained stable transfectant clones showed reduced expression of Tbx3 and much slower cell growth, as compared with mock transfectants, and many apoptotic cells were observed under normal culture conditions. These results indicate that Tbx3 is a negative regulator of apoptosis in bladder normal epithelial cells and suppression of Tbx3 expression causes inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in BC31, a rat bladder carcinoma cells.
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89
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Kim E, Rundhaug JE, Benavides F, Yang P, Newman RA, Fischer SM. An antitumorigenic role for murine 8S-lipoxygenase in skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2005; 24:1174-87. [PMID: 15558016 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The levels of 8S-lipoxygenase (8S-LOX) expression and of its arachidonic acid metabolite, 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8-HETE), are highly elevated in the early stages of mouse skin carcinogenesis. On the other hand, several reports showing that 8-HETE is also closely associated with keratinocyte differentiation raise a question concerning the role of 8S-LOX/8-HETE in skin carcinogenesis. To address that question, here we conducted a series of gain-of-function studies. Skin targeted loricrin 8S-LOX/C57BL/6J transgenic mice showed a more differentiated epidermal phenotype as well as a 64% reduced papilloma development in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol. Forced expression of 8S-LOX in MT1/2 cells, a murine papilloma cell line, also caused a more differentiated appearance as well as keratin 1 expression. Overexpression of 8S-LOX in CH72 cells, a murine carcinoma cell line, inhibited cell proliferation by 30% in vitro and by 86% in in vivo xenografts. Exogenous addition of 5 muM 8-HETE to CH72 cells caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses showed 8S-LOX protein expression was strictly confined to the differentiated compartment of mouse skin and throughout tumorigenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that 8S-LOX plays a role as a prodifferentiating, antitumorigenic, and tumor suppressing gene in mouse skin carcinogenesis.
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90
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DeVoti JA, Steinberg BM, Rosenthal DW, Hatam L, Vambutas A, Abramson AL, Shikowitz MJ, Bonagura VR. Failure of gamma interferon but not interleukin-10 expression in response to human papillomavirus type 11 E6 protein in respiratory papillomatosis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 11:538-47. [PMID: 15138179 PMCID: PMC404580 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.3.538-547.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic, debilitating disease of the upper airway caused by human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6) or HPV-11. We describe responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and T cells from RRP patients and controls to the HPV-11 early proteins E6 and E7. PBMC were exposed in vitro to purified E6 or E7 proteins or transduced with fusion proteins containing the first 11 amino acids of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein tat fused to E6 or E7 (tat-E6/tat-E7). T(H)1-like (interleukin-2 [IL-2], gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], IL-12, and IL-18), and T(H)2-like (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine mRNAs were identified by reverse transcription-PCR, and IFN-gamma and IL-10 cytokine-producing cells were identified by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. These studies show that HPV-11 E6 skews IL-10-IFN-gamma expression by patients with RRP toward greater expression of IL-10 than of IFN-gamma. In addition, there is a general cytokine hyporesponsiveness to E6 that is more prominent for T(H)1-like cytokine expression by patients with severe disease. Patients showed persistent IL-10 cytokine expression by the nonadherent fraction of PBMC when challenged with E6 and tat-E6, and, in contrast to controls, both T cells and non-T cells from patients expressed IL-10. However, E7/tat-E7 cytokine responses in patients with RRP were similar to those of the controls. In contrast, E6 inhibited IL-2 and IL-18 mRNA expression that would further contribute to a cytokine microenvironment unfavorable to HPV-specific, T-cell responses that should control persistent HPV infection. In summary, E6 is the dominant inducer of cytokine expression in RRP, and it induces a skewed expression of IL-10 compared to the expression of IFN-gamma.
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91
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Silverman DA, Pitman MJ. Current diagnostic and management trends for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 12:532-7. [PMID: 15548913 DOI: 10.1097/01.moo.0000144392.33250.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss recent literature regarding diagnostic and management trends for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) published within the past year. This includes a discussion of new information regarding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of RRP and an update on adjuvant therapy and new surgical techniques. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies have confirmed that juvenile-onset RRP is the most common and most aggressive form of the disease. Age at diagnosis is the most important determinant of disease severity, with younger patients requiring significantly more annual surgeries and more likely to have multicentric disease. Distal tracheal or pulmonary RRP is rare, but carries a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Research into the pathogenesis of RRP has focused on the genetics of HPV infection and host-virus interactions, suggesting a genetic basis for host susceptibility to RRP. At the present time, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for RRP. However, recurrence after surgery is common and the search for effective adjuvant therapies is ongoing. The antiviral drug cidofovir has demonstrated efficacy against RRP and is considered a promising new adjuvant treatment of this disease. In an attempt to minimize the untoward effects of surgery, the pulsed-dye laser (PDL) has emerged as a safe and efficacious treatment for select patients with RRP. SUMMARY While a cure for RRP remains elusive, there has been substantial progress in the diagnosis and management of this disease. Significant advances in clinical and basic science research have dramatically improved our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease and led to the development of promising new adjuvant therapies and surgical techniques. This has translated to an improved quality of life for many patients with RRP.
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92
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Ghosh I, Chowdhury AR, Rajeswari MR, Datta K. Differential expression of Hyaluronic Acid Binding protein 1 (HABP1)/P32/C1QBP during progression of epidermal carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 267:133-9. [PMID: 15663194 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000049362.04033.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has characterized a novel cell surface glycoprotein, Hyaluronic Acid Binding Protein 1 (HABP1), interacting specifically with hyaluronan (HA) and regulating HA-mediated cellular event. The involvement of HA in different stages of carcinoma is well documented. In the present communication, the expression profile of HABP1 was investigated from initiation to progression of epidermal carcinoma in mice, induced by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) exposure. During tumor initiation, HABP1 accumulated in inflammatory subsquamous tissue and with progression, the protein, was also seen to overexpress in papillomatic and acanthotic tissue. With the onset of metastasis, HABP1 overexpression was confined to metastatic islands, while it disappeared gradually from the surrounding mass. Such expression profiles in metastasized tissue were supported by decreased levels of HABP1, both at protein and transcript levels. These observations taken together suggest that the changes in HABP1 level coincide with specific stages of tumor progression, that lead to disruption of its interaction with HA, implying a role in the regulation of tumor metastasis.
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93
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Bonagura VR, Vambutas A, DeVoti JA, Rosenthal DW, Steinberg BM, Abramson AL, Shikowitz MJ, Gjertson DW, Reed EF. HLA alleles, IFN-gamma responses to HPV-11 E6, and disease severity in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Hum Immunol 2004; 65:773-82. [PMID: 15336778 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) remains an immunologic enigma. Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 are the predominant HPV viruses that cause papilloma development. However, it is unclear why only a very small fraction of HPV-exposed individuals develop RRP. We performed high-resolution HLA class I and II genotyping on 70 randomly selected patients (56 Caucasians and 14 African-Americans) with RRP. We report, for the first time, an increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*0102 in Caucasian patients with RRP, suggesting that this allele predisposes individuals to RRP. Additionally, HLA-DRB1*0301, DQB1*0201, and DQB1*0202 alleles were selectively enriched in Caucasians with severe disease, suggesting that these alleles may regulate disease severity. In contrast, HLA-DQB1*0602 was more frequent in controls than in Caucasians with severe disease, suggesting a severity-sparing effect of this allele. Furthermore, both DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0202 were enriched, whereas DQB1*0602 was absent, in African-Americans. Interestingly, HLA-DRB1*0301 and DQB1*0201 correlated with reduced interferon-gamma expression in patients with RRP. Larger studies are needed to identify other class II major histocompatibility complex alleles that may influence disease predisposition, disease severity, or both, especially in African-American patients, to ultimately illuminate the regulatory effects of these alleles in the predisposition and severity of RRP.
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94
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Caulin C, Nguyen T, Longley MA, Zhou Z, Wang XJ, Roop DR. Inducible activation of oncogenic K-ras results in tumor formation in the oral cavity. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5054-8. [PMID: 15289303 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models for cancer represent powerful tools to analyze the causal role of genetic alterations in cancer development. We have developed a novel mouse model that allows the focal activation of mutations in stratified epithelia. Using this system, we demonstrate that activation of an oncogenic K-rasG12D allele in the oral cavity of the mouse induces oral tumor formation. The lesions that develop in these mice are classified as benign squamous papillomas. Interestingly, these tumors exhibit changes in the expression pattern of keratins similar to those observed in human premalignant oral tumors, which are reflective of early stages of tumorigenesis. These results demonstrate a causal role for oncogenic K-ras in oral tumor development. The inducible nature of this model also makes it an ideal system to study cooperative interactions between mutations in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes that are similar to those observed in human tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first reported inducible mouse model for oral cancer.
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95
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Mao JH, To MD, Perez-Losada J, Wu D, Del Rosario R, Balmain A. Mutually exclusive mutations of the Pten and ras pathways in skin tumor progression. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1800-5. [PMID: 15289454 PMCID: PMC517400 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1213804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pten heterozygous (Pten+/-) mice develop increased papilloma numbers and show decreased carcinoma latency time in comparison with controls after skin treatment with dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA) and tetradecanoyl-phorbol acetate (TPA). H-ras mutation is normally a hallmark of DMBA-TPA-induced skin tumors, but 70% of carcinomas from Pten+/- mice do not exhibit this mutation, and in all cases have lost the wild-type Pten allele. Tumors that retain the Pten wild-type allele also have H-ras mutations, indicating that activation of H-ras and complete loss of Pten are mutually exclusive events in skin carcinomas. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is consistently activated in the tumors with H-ras mutations, but is strongly down-regulated in Pten-/- tumors, suggesting that this pathway is dispensable for skin carcinoma formation. These data have important implications in designing individual therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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96
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Flores I, Murphy DJ, Swigart LB, Knies U, Evan GI. Defining the temporal requirements for Myc in the progression and maintenance of skin neoplasia. Oncogene 2004; 23:5923-30. [PMID: 15208685 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The homeostatic integrity of skin epidermis is maintained by a balance between keratinocyte proliferation, on one hand, and terminal differentiation combined with outward migration and shedding, on the other. Perturbation of this balance in favor of proliferation can result in hyperplasia and, potentially, tumorigenesis. We have previously described a reversible transgenic mouse model of epidermal neoplasia in which expression of an acutely regulatable form of Myc, MycERTAM, is targeted to epidermis via the involucrin promoter. In this model, sustained activation of MycERTAM induces a complex neoplastic lesion involving marked hyperplasia of less-differentiated suprabasal cells, angiogenesis and overt papillomatosis. Subsequent deactivation of MycERTAM triggers complete papilloma regression. Here, we provide evidence that Myc-induced papillomas are self-limiting because of the eventual differentiation of MycERTAM-expressing keratinocytes. Thus, keratinocyte differentiation eventually prevails over Myc-induced proliferation. We also show that regression of Myc-induced papillomas following MycERTAM deactivation occurs through a combination of growth arrest and irreversible differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that transient deactivation of Myc is sufficient to expel keratinocytes irreversibly from the proliferative compartment and render them refractory to the mitogenic influence of subsequent Myc reactivation. Such observations illustrate the potential utility of even short-term inhibition of oncogenic lesions in the treatment of cancer.
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97
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Kelly-Spratt KS, Gurley KE, Yasui Y, Kemp CJ. p19Arf suppresses growth, progression, and metastasis of Hras-driven carcinomas through p53-dependent and -independent pathways. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E242. [PMID: 15314658 PMCID: PMC509304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of oncogenes such as Ras induces expression of p19Arf, which, in turn, activates p53 and growth arrest. Here, we used a multistage model of squamous cell carcinoma development to investigate the functional interactions between Ras, p19Arf, and p53 during tumor progression in the mouse. Skin tumors were induced in wild-type, p19Arf-deficient, and p53-deficient mice using the DMBA/TPA two-step protocol. Activating mutations in Hras were detected in all papillomas and carcinomas examined, regardless of genotype. Relative to wild-type mice, the growth rate of papillomas was greater in p19Arf-deficient mice, and reduced in p53-deficient mice. Malignant conversion of papillomas to squamous cell carcinomas, as well as metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs, was markedly accelerated in both p19 Arf- and p53-deficient mice. Thus, p19Arf inhibits the growth rate of tumors in a p53-independent manner. Through its regulation of p53, p19Arf also suppresses malignant conversion and metastasis. p53 expression was upregulated in papillomas from wild-type but not p19 Arf-null mice, and p53 mutations were more frequently seen in wild-type than in p19 Arf-null carcinomas. This indicates that selection for p53 mutations is a direct result of signaling from the initiating oncogenic lesion, Hras, acting through p19Arf. A squamous cell carcinoma model shows Ras mutation not only initiates tumor development but, through Arf and p53, directly influences the subsequent evolutionary trajectory of the tumors
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98
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Komazawa N, Suzuki A, Sano S, Horie K, Matsuura N, Mak TW, Nakano T, Takeda J, Kondoh G. Tumorigenesis facilitated by Pten deficiency in the skin: evidence of p53-Pten complex formation on the initiation phase. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:639-43. [PMID: 15298725 PMCID: PMC11159272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pten, a tumor suppressor gene, is mutated in various human cancers and in hereditary cancer syndromes, such as Cowden disease. We have previously developed a knockout mouse in which Pten is specifically disrupted in the skin, resulting in hyperproliferation and spontaneous tumorigenesis of the skin keratinocytes. In this study, we further clarified the effects of Pten deficiency in tumorigenesis, by using a two-step model in intact skin of Pten knockout mouse. Although the conventional protocol requires serial exposures to DMBA and TPA, mice deficient for Pten developed skin papilloma within 6 weeks after a single exposure to DMBA, indicating that loss of Pten has a tumor-promoting effect. Serial exposure to DMBA-TPA ointments produced 10-fold more papillomas in the skin of knockout mice than in the wild-type counterpart, suggesting an increased rate of initiation. Therefore, we precisely examined the effect of DMBA. This treatment was highly apoptotic in wild-type mice, whereas the number of apoptotic cells was diminished in Pten-deficient skin. Moreover, primary keratinocytes isolated from Pten-deficient mice were also resistant to the apoptotic effect of DMBA. The status of p53, Pten proteins and downstream targets of p53, such as p21, 14-3-3, and Reprimo, were also examined, and we found that accumulation of p53 protein and up-regulation of p53 targets were delayed in Pten-knockout skin. These observations suggest that Pten is involved in rapid recruitment of p53 in the tumor initiation phase.
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99
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Christensen LA, Conti CJ, Fischer SM, Vasquez KM. Mutation frequencies in murine keratinocytes as a function of carcinogenic status. Mol Carcinog 2004; 40:122-33. [PMID: 15170817 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A link between genetic abnormalities and carcinogenesis is well established. It follows that a correlation exists between mutation frequency and malignant progression. We have determined the spontaneous and DNA damage-induced mutation frequencies for a series of cell lines derived from SENCAR mouse keratinocytes at various stages of malignant progression. Nontumorigenic mouse keratinocytes (3PC), papillomas (MT1/2), squamous-cell carcinomas (CH72), and spindle-cell carcinomas (CH72T4) were transfected with damaged or undamaged shuttle vectors containing a supF mutation reporter gene. The plasmid mutation frequencies were determined by blue/white screening. The spontaneous plasmid mutation frequency of the squamous-cell carcinoma line was slightly higher than the mutation frequencies of the other cell lines tested. The DNA damage induced by triplex-directed psoralen crosslinks increased the mutation frequencies sixfold to eighteenfold in all cell lines tested, with no significant differences among the cell lines. Sequence analyses revealed that the spindle-cell carcinoma line had a different spontaneous mutation spectrum from the other cell lines. DNA damage-induced mutations were predominantly point mutations at the triplex-duplex junction in all of the cell lines tested, as expected. These data suggested that a strong mutator phenotype was not required for progression to an advanced malignant phenotype in our model system.
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100
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Mancuso M, Pazzaglia S, Tanori M, Rebessi S, Di Majo V, Covelli V, Saran A. Only a subset of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted mouse skin papillomas are promotable by benzoyl peroxide. Mutat Res 2004; 548:35-45. [PMID: 15063134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The two-stage skin carcinogenesis model of initiation and promotion in Carcinogenesis-susceptible (Car-S) mice has been used to investigate the pathways of promotional activity of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a phorbol ester tumor promoter, and benzoyl peroxide (BzPo), a free radical-generating compound. To test whether distinct populations of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)-initiated epidermal keratinocytes are responsive to the two promoters, tandem experiments were performed. DMBA-initiated Car-S mice were promoted twice weekly with maximal promoting doses of TPA or BzPo. When the number of papillomas/mouse reached a plateau, promotion in the TPA and BzPo groups was switched to BzPo or TPA, respectively, until achievement of a new plateau. Mice promoted with BzPo developed 11.0 +/- 1.3 papillomas/mouse and subsequent TPA promotion induced 13.8 additional papillomas, for a total of 24.8 +/- 2.1 papillomas/mouse. TPA-promoted mice developed 23.3 +/- 1.1 papillomas/mouse, and subsequent BzPo promotion for 91 days did not promote additional papillomas. Our results show a less than additive tumor response after sequential promotion with BzPo and TPA, or vice versa, indicating that the pathways of promotional activity of TPA and BzPo are interacting. While the final papilloma yield was similar at the end of the two tandem promotion experiments independently of promoter sequence, the percentage of mice developing carcinomas was significantly higher in mice that were promoted with BzPo in the first stage. No significant differences in the frequency and type of c-Ha-ras mutations were observed in TPA- and BzPo-promoted tumors, suggesting that promotion of DMBA-initiated cells by BzPo requires introduction of additional molecular alterations compared to TPA.
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