151
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Abstract
A discussion of possible mechanism for virus-induced wheezing in normal and asthmatic children is presented. Presently attractive theories for immune injury in viral bronchiolitis include those which depend on pathology induced by types 1, 3, and 4 of Gell and Coombs. The continuum of viral bronchiolitis with virus-induced wheezing in young children who are labeled "asthmatic" argues for some common mechanism of bronchiolar obstruction.
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152
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Albegger KW. [Virology of acute upper respiratory tract infections (author's transl)]. HNO 1976; 24:73-9. [PMID: 184067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The virology of acute upper respiratory tract infections is presented in a survey. The first part includes general properties of viruses (structure, replication, maturation, classification), aetiological and immunological problems of viral infections. The different respiratory viruses and their clinical picture in particular are summarized in the second part.
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153
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Demikhovskiĭ EI. [The relationship between the mechanisms of transmission and the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections]. ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGII I IMMUNOBIOLOGII 1975:5-12. [PMID: 176850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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154
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Reed SE. An investigation of the possible transmission of Rhinovirus colds through indirect contact. J Hyg (Lond) 1975; 75:249-58. [PMID: 170332 PMCID: PMC2130306 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400047288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhinovirus was recovered from the fingers of 16 of 38 volunteers and others, who were swabbed during the acute stages of their colds. Very low titres of virus were also recovered from 6 of 40 objects recently handled by infected volunteers, but not from the fingers of 18 non-infected subjects whose flat-mates were shedding virus. When rhinovirus from nasal secretions was dried on skin or other surfaces during laboratory experiments, approximately 40-99% of infectivity was lost. Virus could be transferred from surface to surface by rubbing, the transfer being more efficient if it was carried out while the inoculum was still damp. Volunteers could infect themselves if a moderately heavy dose (88 TCD50) of virus was inoculated on the finger and then rubbed into the conjunctiva or nostril, especially if the inoculum was still damp. From estimates of virus titres in nasal washings and on fingers, and of amounts transferred by rubbing, it was concluded that apread of colds is unlikely to occur via objects contaminated by the hands of the virus-shedder, but that a receipient might pick up enough virus on his fingers by direct contact with heavily infected skin or secretions to constitute a risk of self-inoculation via the conjunctiva or nostril.
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155
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Dreĭzin RS. [Viruses in the etiology of diseases of the upper respiratory tracts]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 1975:8-14. [PMID: 167497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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156
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Fox JP, Cooney MK, Hall CE. The Seattle virus watch. V. Epidemiologic observations of rhinovirus infections, 1965-1969, in families with young children. Am J Epidemiol 1975; 101:122-43. [PMID: 164769 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections in Seattle Virus Watch (VW) families (1965-1969) were monitored by screening respiratory specimens in WI-38 cell cultures and by homotypic neutralization tests on sera related to family episodes revealed by RV isolation. Temporally related illness in members not proven infected was also taken to indicate infection. RV isolates (including those from the New York VW, 1961-1965) were typed within the official 90-serotype frame. Typed isolates from New York (165 with 39 serotypes) and Seattle (456 with 59 serotypes) were compared with the Tecumseh Study to test the hypothesis that some serotypes are "common," persisting because of greater infectivity. Of 32 serotypes qualifying as "common" in at least 1 study, 4 were "common" in all 3 studies and 8 in 2 studies. The 23 "common" Seattle serotypes differed from the remaining 36 serotypes in being more infective and in their more frequent association with prolonged shedding. The New York and Seattle isolates together revealed an increase over time in the proportion not typable or of of higher numbered types, consistent with progressive shift in RV antigenic character. WI-38 isolates indicated spring peaks of RV all 4 years but a fall peak only in 1967. An even larger fall peak was seen when all specimens from September-November 1968 were re-examined in fetal tonsil diploid cells. Thus, both spring and fall peaks appear to describe RV seasonality. RV infections explained 16% of all reported respiratory illness (20% of upper respiratory), but RV-associated illness in young children, especially under 2 years, was more severe and almost twice as frequent as in adults. The age of introducers and the direct relation of family size to frequency of episodes indicate that community spread depends largely on preschool children, including infants. Within families, the secondary attack rate (SAR) was highest following paternal introduction and, for all introducers, the SAR varied inversely with age (mother excepted). RV shedding was observed most often (85% of specimens) from the day before to 6 days after illness onset but prolonged shedding was common (to 21 days in 20% and 28 days in 1.4% of infections). RV infectivity, reflected by SAR among nonimmunes, was highest for infants (78%) and, for all ages, was greater with ill than with well introducers (71% versus 27%). Immunogenicity of RV was poor (Seroresponse: 48% of shedders, 32% of nonshedding contacts) but varied greatly with serotype. Illness frequencies among non-immunes were 59% for all proven infections and 35% when infection was not shown..
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157
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Tsareva AA, Fadeeva LL, Dreĭzin RS. [Stabilization of the infectious activity of rhinovirus in prolonged storage]. Vopr Virusol 1974:550-6. [PMID: 4373933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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158
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Panusarn C, Stanley ED, Dirda V, Rubenis M, Jackson GG. Prevention of illness from rhinovirus infection by a topical interferon inducer. N Engl J Med 1974; 291:57-61. [PMID: 4365144 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197407112910201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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159
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Döhner L, Walther H. [Ambulatory treatment of virus-related respiratory tract diseases. 2. Biology and diagnosis of viruses of the respiratory tract]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ARZTLICHE FORTBILDUNG 1974; 68:642-7. [PMID: 4373945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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160
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Douglas RG, Couch RB, Baxter BD, Gough M. Attenuation of rhinovirus type 15: relation of illness to plaque size. Infect Immun 1974; 9:519-23. [PMID: 4361354 PMCID: PMC414837 DOI: 10.1128/iai.9.3.519-523.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus type 15 passaged three times in WI-38 cells produced illness in only one of 35 volunteers, but infection resulted in formation of significant quantities of antibodies in the serums of 100%, and in nasal secretions of 89%, of infected volunteers. The inoculum contained large- (60%) and small- (40%) plaque variants. "Purified" large- and small-plaque inocula were prepared, and each was administered to 20 volunteers. There was a significant association of illness with the small-plaque inocula (P < 0.01) but the incidence of infection, quantitative virus shedding patterns, and mean serum and nasal secretory antibodies were not significantly different between the two groups. These findings suggest that plaque size may be an in vitro marker of attenuation of illness production by rhinoviruses.
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161
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Editorial: Where do cold viruses come from? Lancet 1974; 1:199-200. [PMID: 4129879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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162
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Hughes JH, Thomas DC, Hamparian VV, Cramblett HG. Acid liability of rhinovirus type 14: effect of pH, time, and temperature. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1973; 144:555-60. [PMID: 4355755 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-144-37634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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163
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Dreĭzin RS, Lutsevich IA, Borovkova NM, Konstantinova LA, Slepushkin AN. [Study of the etiology of respiratory diseases]. Vopr Virusol 1973; 18:732-6. [PMID: 4364052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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164
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165
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Lonberg-Holm K, Noble-Harvey J. Comparison of in vitro and cell-mediated alteration of a human Rhinovirus and its inhibition by sodium dodecyl sulfate. J Virol 1973; 12:819-26. [PMID: 4359954 PMCID: PMC356699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.4.819-826.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV-2) attaches to HeLa cells, two types of subviral particles are formed which closely resemble particles produced in vitro by acid or heat. One type of particle contains RNA whereas the second sediments as an empty capsid and is RNA-deficient. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 10(-4) M inhibits the cell-mediated formation of these particles from HRV-2 virions and the ability of HRV-2 to form plaques, but it does not inhibit the formation of plaques by human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14). SDS also stabilizes HRV-2 against inactivation by acid or heat to a much greater extent than it does HRV-14. In a similar manner, SDS protects against the acid inactivation of the subpopulation of HRV-2 natural top component particles which attach to virus-specific cellular receptors. This suggests that the loss of native properties of natural top component particles and of virion are related processes. The basis for this alteration and also its role in infection are discussed.
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166
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Reeves JD, Mayor HD. The effects of hydrogen ions on the morphology and infectivity of rhinovirions. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 40:325-33. [PMID: 4121664 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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167
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Stoker D, Kiernat J, Gauntt C. Interferon induction by rhinoviruses and effect of interferon on rhinovirus yields in human cell lines. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1973; 143:23-7. [PMID: 4349971 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-143-37245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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168
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Ponomareva TI, Borovkova NM, Vikhnovich EM, Dreizin RS. [Interferonogenic activity and sensitivity of rhinoviruses to interferon]. Vopr Virusol 1973; 18:239-40. [PMID: 4350243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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169
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170
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171
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Ide PR, Darbyshire JH. Studies with a rhinovirus of bovine origin. I. Growth in vitro of strain RS 3x. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 36:166-76. [PMID: 4335022 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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172
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Dreizin RS, Vikhnovich EM, Borovkova NM, Ponomareva TI. The use of indirect fluorescent antibody technique in studies on the reproduction of rhinoviruses and for the detection of rhinoviral antigen in materials from patients with acute respiratory diseases and conjunctivitides. Acta Virol 1971; 15:520. [PMID: 4400434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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173
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Oxford JS, Potter CW, McLaren C, Hardy W. Inactivation of influenza and other viruses by a mixture of virucidal compounds. Appl Microbiol 1971; 21:606-10. [PMID: 4102573 PMCID: PMC377239 DOI: 10.1128/am.21.4.606-610.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of benzalkonium chloride, Triton X100, and citric acid (Resiguard F) had a marked virucidal effect on lipid-containing deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid viruses, such as vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, and influenza virus. Adenoviruses and picornaviruses were more resistant to inactivation. Electron microscopy showed that influenza particles became aggregated in the presence of Resiguard F and that the outer fringe of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes seen in control virus preparations became indistinct. The mixture had no detectable antiviral activity in mice infected with influenza AO/PR/8/34 virus, and this was attributed to the reduced virucidal effect of Resiguard F in the presence of serum proteins.
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174
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York CJ. Comments on immunology of the cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1971; 158:Suppl 2:854-6. [PMID: 4102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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175
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Abstract
Ribonucleic acid extracted from the virions of two human rhinoviruses is infective and is similar in size to poliovirus ribonucleic acid.
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176
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Tjotta E. [Virus etiology of the common cold]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 1971; 91:115-9. [PMID: 4321880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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177
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Stott EJ, Taylor-Robinson D. The common cold. THE PRACTITIONER 1970; 205:735-43. [PMID: 4321876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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178
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Abstract
Rhinoviruses have been isolated from the serum of two infants at necropsy. Failure to isolate viruses from ten other sera from infants who yielded rhinoviruses from their respiratory tracts suggests that true rhinoviraemia occurs rarely, and is infrequently associated with rhinovirus infections, both clinical and subclinical, and death. It is suggested that this is the first report of isolations of human rhinoviruses from the blood.
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179
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Phillips CA, Melnick JL, Sullivan L. Characterization of four new rhinovirus serotypes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1970; 134:933-5. [PMID: 4318666 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-134-34914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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180
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181
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Fiala M, Guze LB. The rhinoviruses of man. Calif Med 1970; 112:1-6. [PMID: 4322204 PMCID: PMC1501277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses, prominent agents of the common cold syndrome in man, are small ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses resembling enteroviruses in their physicochemical properties except for high density and lability to acid pH. Rhinoviruses are propagated in human and monkey cells. Highest titers of virus are obtained in HeLa cell cultures. Rhinoviruses produce characteristic cytopathic effect in diploid fibroblasts. A plaque assay in HeLa cells is useful for their titration. The rhinovirus group includes many serotypes. Although rhinoviruses cause predominantly upper respiratory tract symptoms, they may on occasion infect the lower respiratory tract. Volunteers with specific antibody, when challenged with homotypic rhinovirus, are protected against the common cold.
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182
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Fiala M, Guze LB. The rhinoviruses of man. ARIZONA MEDICINE 1970; 27:1-6. [PMID: 4316720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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183
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Perkins JC, Tucker DN, Knopf HL, Wenzel RP, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM. Comparison of protective effect of neutralizing antibody in serum and nasal secretions in experimental rhinovirus type 13 illness. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 90:519-26. [PMID: 4312066 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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184
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Martin GV, Heath RB. Rhinovirus infection of vervet monkeys. A model of human rhinovirus disease. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1969; 50:516-9. [PMID: 4310539 PMCID: PMC2072133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Experiments are described which indicate that equine rhinovirus infection of vervet monkeys can be used as an in vivo model of human rhinovirus infection. It is, however, shown that the equine rhinovirus has properties which are not typical of human rhinoviruses. The equine virus produced clinical signs in the monkeys and the infection could be estimated quantitatively by measuring the duration of virus excretion and the antibody response. The possible use of this rhinovirus model system for the testing of antiviral compounds is discussed.
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185
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Ketler A, Hall CE, Fox JP, Elveback L, Cooney MK. The virus watch program: a continuing surveillance of viral infections in metropolitan New York families. 8. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 90:244-54. [PMID: 4309412 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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186
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187
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Draper CC, Stott EJ, Whitaker AM. Oral administration of rhinoviruses grown at different temperatures in human diploid cells. (Briefeport). ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1969; 28:93-6. [PMID: 4315818 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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188
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Fletcher R, Davis A. Infectious rhinovirus RNA in susceptible and non-susceptible tissue culture systems. Acta Virol 1969; 13:79. [PMID: 4387635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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189
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Conant RM, Somerson NL, Hamparian VV. Plaque formation by rhinoviruses. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1968; 128:51-6. [PMID: 4297821 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-128-32941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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190
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Koch H. [Comparative studies on the behavior of equine rhinopneumonitis virus in different cell cultures]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1967; 14:493-506. [PMID: 4299641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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191
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Keck CW, Rosenthal MS. The cytopathic effects of HGP virus and Coxsackievirus B type 5 on HEp2 cells. J Gen Virol 1967; 1:239-42. [PMID: 4168516 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-1-2-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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192
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Cherry JD, Diddams JA, Dick EC. Rhinovirus infections in hospitalized children. Provocative bacterial interrelationships. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1967; 14:390-6. [PMID: 4378115 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1967.10664760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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193
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Hlaca D, Birtasević B, Vidaković J. [Common cold caused by the common cold virus and other rhinoviruses]. MEDICINSKI GLASNIK 1966; 20:427-31. [PMID: 4294386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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194
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Wizigmann G. [The significance of rhinoviruses in calf diseases]. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1966; 13:185-6. [PMID: 4290671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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