Reducing interference from heterophilic antibodies in a two-site immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by using a human/mouse chimeric antibody to CEA as the tracer

To reduce heterophilic antibody interference in a two-site immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), we utilized a human/mouse chimeric antibody to CEA as the tracer. One mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb), F82-61, which reacts with an epitope present on the domain N of CEA, was immobilized on 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates. A human/mouse chimeric antibody (Ch F11-39), which recognizes an epitope present on the domain B3 of CEA, was biotinylated for the tracer (Ch F11-39 system). Another MAb F11-39, the parental MAb of Ch F11-39, was also biotinylated and used as the control tracer (F11-39 system). For a fair comparison, the same 503 serum samples from healthy individuals were simultaneously assayed in the present study. When a tentative common reference limit of 5 ng/ml was used, the false positive rate with the Ch F11-39 system was only 2.8% (14/503) and that with the F11-39 system was 29.0% (146/503). Adding normal mouse serum (NMS; 1%) or a mixture of purified mouse IgG subclasses (heterophilic blocking reagent (HBR, 15 micrograms/test)) to the F11-39 system reduced the false positive rate from 29.0% to 6.2% (31/503) or 4.8% (24/503), respectively, suggesting that heterophilic antibodies reactive with mouse IgG gave rise to the high positive rate in normal populations with the F11-39 system. On the other hand, the false positive rate with the Ch F11-39 system was only slightly reduced from 2.8% to 2.6% (13/503) or to 2.0% (10/503) by adding NMS or HBR to the Ch F11-39 system. The false positive rates with two commercially available assay systems, CEA Roche EIA.DM or Abbott IMx CEA, were 5.4% (27/503) and 5.8% (29/503), respectively, which both corresponded roughly to that with the F11-39 system including NMS or HBR. These results indicate that the application of human/mouse chimeric antibodies in two-site immunoassays is more effective for reducing interference from heterophilic antibodies than the adding of NMS or purified mouse IgG in the assay using conventional MAbs.

Histamine chloramines have a persistent stimulating effect on histamine H2 receptors and gastric acid secretion

Histamine plays an important role in the control of gastric acid secretion. Recently, chlorinated derivatives of histamine have been identified as having multiple effects on the intestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of histamine chloramines on gastric acid secretion. We compared the effects of histamine and histamine chloramines on the histamine H2 receptors in vitro using guinea pigs and on gastric acid secretion in rats. With respect to the effects on histamine H2 receptors, histamine monochloramine showed agonist effects similar to those seen with histamine, but the agonist effects of histamine dichloramine were about half those of histamine. Unlike histamine effects, the histamine H2 receptor agonist effects of histamine monochloramine and histamine dichloramine did not disappear after repeated washout. With respect to the stimulation of gastric acid secretion in vivo, histamine monochloramine was similar to histamine, while the effect of histamine dichloramine was 42.2-52.7% of that of histamine. The recovery time to the basal secretory level after completion of stimulation by histamine chloramines was significantly prolonged compared with histamine. These results suggest that histamine chloramines, which bind strongly with histamine H2 receptors, may delay the termination of gastric acid secretion and increase the burden on the gastric and duodenal mucosa.

Tetraethylammonium-insensitive, Ca(2+)-activated whole-cell K+ currents in rat submandibular acinar cells

Using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques, we demonstrate, for the first time, that rat submandibular acinar cells contain a tetraethylammonium (TEA)-insensitive, Ca(2+)-activated K+ conductance which is not attributable to large conductance, voltage-sensitive, Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels (maxi-K+ channels). Taken together with our recent K+ efflux and fluid secretion studies in intact rat submandibular gland, we postulate that the K+ conductance reported here may be involved in the basolateral K+ efflux pathway activated by cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during secretion by this gland.

[Yearly changes and geographical distribution of allergic rhinitis morbidity estimated from records of the national health insurance]

The age-adjusted morbidity of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Ibaraki prefecture in May, estimated from data of national health insurance records, increased remarkably from 1980 to 1992 with varying yearly rates of increase. High AR morbidity years coincided with years of high Japanese cedar and cypress pollen counts, and moreover, an estimate equation of the morbidity using as explanatory variables, year and the yearly total count of pollen, accurately estimated AR morbidity. The AR morbidity varied with the size of the municipality. The AR morbidity of the town group and village group were about 80% and about 60% respectively of the city group in 1992. The map of the AR morbidity of each municipality showed that urbanized districts had higher morbidity than areas with cedar forests, which are supposedly sources of the cedar pollen. Continuous increase of morbidity of districts with much cedar forests terminated in 1986. Since then only the fluctuation of the morbidity corresponding to the pollen count was observed. The ratio of the morbidity of the years with much pollen to that of the years with little pollen was mapped. The map showed good agreement with the map of cedar forests. The results obtained above demonstrate the usefulness of the data of the national health insurance records.

[Diagnostic and clinical features of clinicopathomorphological--findings in multiple myeloma]

The intramedullary infiltration type, cell morphology and the pathological condition of bone lesion are closely related to diagnostic and clinical features in multiple myeloma. They are important factors to evaluate treatment effects and prognosis and to determine therapeutic strategy. In addition to various clinical parameters to determine prognosis, including M protein level, they should be minutely observed because the obtained findings provide useful basic data for monitoring multiple myeloma. In the future, much progress should be made towards identifying various factors which regulate dynamics of myeloma cell proliferation and bone remodeling.

c-kit ligand mediates increased expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2, prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1, and hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase and increased IgE-dependent prostaglandin D2 generation in immature mouse mast cells

We have examined the cytokine regulation of IgE-dependent prostaglandin (PG) D2 generation in mouse mast cells by assessing the changes in the levels of the transcript, translated protein, and activity of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of PGD2 from endogenous arachidonic acid. When mouse mast cells, derived by culture of bone marrow cells with WEHI-3 cell-conditioned medium as a source of interleukin (IL)-3 (BMMC), were cultured in recombinant ckit ligand (KL), sensitized with IgE, and stimulated with antigen, PGD2 generation increased 3-fold; when KL was combined with IL-3, IL-9, or IL-10, PGD2 generation increased 6-8-fold above that produced by the cells cultured in IL-3 alone. The increased IgE-dependent PGD2 generation by BMMC was apparent after 1 day of culture, reached a maximum after 2-4 days of culture, and was dose-dependent for KL and for each of the accessory cytokines. IgE-dependent generation of leukotriene C4 increased 2-fold after the cells were cultured with KL and was not increased by the addition of IL-3, IL-9, or IL-10. Assays for steady-state transcripts by RNA blotting, for protein by SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting, and for function by enzymatic activities revealed that KL alone stimulated the increased expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS)-1, and the terminal enzyme, hematopoietic PGD2 synthase, without a change in expression of 5-lipoxygenase. IL-3, IL-9, and IL-10 each enhanced the KL-induced expression of PGHS-1. In contrast, transcripts for PGHS-2, which were detected transiently after the cells had been cultured for 5 h in KL+IL-3, were not expressed during the period of subsequent increase in IgE-dependent PGD2 generation. These findings demonstrate that KL up-regulates expression of cPLA2, PGHS-1, and hematopoietic PGD2 synthase, leading to a relatively selective increase in IgE-dependent production of PGD2 from endogenously released arachidonic acid in BMMC, and they provide the first example of cytokine regulation of hematopoietic PGD2 synthase.

fra-2 promoter can respond to serum-stimulation through AP-1 complexes

fra-2 (fos-related antigen-2) expression is detected at a basal level even in growth-arrested chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), but upon serum-stimulation high levels of its transcripts are transiently observed. This induction is delayed and prolonged compared to that of c-fos. Transient expression experiments in CEF using a series of constructs of chicken fra-2 promoter region linked to the CAT reporter gene indicated previously that serum response element (SRE) is not required for full serum inducibility. In this report, we show that constructs in which the CRE-like sequence and both AP-1 binding sites are disrupted lack serum inducibility, suggesting that either of these enhancers is important in serum induction of fra-2. In growth-arrested CEF, small amounts of Fra-2/c-Jun complex bind to the AP-1 consensus sequences in fra-2 promoter, while a significant part of the enhanced AP-1 binding activity after 60-120 min of serum stimulation is attributable to c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimer. At later times Fra-2/c-Jun again becomes the main complex. Transient expression assays in F9 cells indicated that c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers have strong stimulatory effects on fra-2 promoter activity, while Fra-2/c-Jun complex has lower transcriptional activity than that of c-Jun homodimer. These results suggest that c-Fos (induced at earlier times) and c-Jun proteins are at least partly responsible for serum-induced expression of fra-2.

Human prochymase activation. A novel role for heparin in zymogen processing

Human prochymase is packaged with heparin in mast cell granules and appears to be activated by dipeptidylpeptidase I. We show that a high affinity interaction between heparin and prochymase allows the 2-residue propeptide to be cleaved by dipeptidylpeptidase I. A conserved Glu in the propeptide is necessary for this heparin effect. Following propeptide cleavage, capture of the newly generated NH2 terminus by an "activation groove" on the enzyme activates the enzyme and concurrently prevents a progressive degradation of the NH2 terminus by dipeptidylpeptidase I. Surrogate peptide studies show that the activation groove is unoccupied in prochymase and is specific for the chymase NH2 terminus. These observations indicate that heparin is an important cofactor in the prochymase activation process and explain how dipeptidylpeptidase I, a nonspecific processing enzyme, can effect a specific cleavage of the zymogen propeptide.

Human interferon-beta therapy for cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumors--two case reports

A 5-year-old girl and a 2-year-old boy presented with recurrent cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) and were treated with intravenous administration of human fibroblast interferon (HuIFN-beta) which was continued as outpatient maintenance therapy. Both patients showed a partial response and were still alive 14 months and 2 years after diagnosis. Our results suggest that HuIFN-beta is an effective therapy for PNET, and can be used as long-term maintenance therapy without serious side effects.

Western blot analysis of rat pituitary antigens recognized by human antipituitary antibodies

Antipituitary antibodies have been reported to exist in sera of patients with autoimmune endocrine disorders. In order to investigate the pituitary antigens recognized by antipituitary antibodies, we studied the autoantigens in rat pituitary membrane and cytosolic fractions recognized by human antipituitary antibodies and anti-human pituitary hormone antibodies. Sera from 6 patients which showed positive antipituitary antibodies by immunofluorescence methods were studied. Each serum identified some proteins with 14.5, 22, 47, 49, 65, 84 and 97.5 kDa. Anti-GH antibodies and anti-PRL antibodies identified a positive band with 22 kDa, suggesting that anti-GH and anti-PRL antibodies may be present in patients' sera. These results indicate that Western blot analysis of rat pituitary antigens recognized by human antipituitary antibodies is a useful method to elucidate the pathophysiology of autoimmune endocrine disorders.

[Effect of intraperitoneal chemotherapy with implantable reservoir against unresectable gastric cancer]

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy was applied for eight unresectable gastric cancer patients, including two exploratory laparotomy and six gastrojejunostomy. Chemotherapeutic agents were given ip at a dose of 75 mg/body of cisplatin and 150 mg/body etoposide and iv at a dose of 10 mg/body of mitomycin C as well as orally 5-FU. This treatment was repeated three to ten times. An overall response rate against primary lesion was 40%. Six month and 1 year survival rate of this therapy were 87.5% and 75% respectively, while those of control group were 42% and 0%. Median duration of survival was 518 days in this chemotherapy group and 172 days in the control. In this study, intraperitoneal chemotherapy group showed a significant improvement of survival compared to the control. All patients were able to stay home between therapies. This method seemed to be beneficial to the unresectable gastric cancer patients.

Changes of P300 latency with age in childhood epilepsy

Auditory event-related potentials (P300 latency; odd-ball paradigm) were examined in 129 patients with childhood epilepsies and 53 controls. The P300 latency in the patients with epilepsies (373 +/- 39.4 ms) was significantly longer than in controls (356 +/- 38.4), and the prolongation was greatest in the patients with symptomatic partial epilepsies (390 +/- 40.5), mild in those with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (370 +/- 24.3), and minimum in those with idiopathic partial epilepsies (363 +/- 28.9). Abnormal P300 latency occurred at all ages during childhood in patients with symptomatic partial epilepsies, and at older ages in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. The shortening of latency with age was relatively small in patients with epilepsies compared with controls. These results suggest that the prolongation of P300 latency (i.e., existence of cognitive disturbance) displays characteristic changes with age in each epileptic syndrome.

Regional cerebral blood flow, blood volume, oxygen extraction fraction, and oxygen utilization rate in normal volunteers measured by the autoradiographic technique and the single breath inhalation method

By means of a high resolution PET scanner, the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV), oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), and metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2) for major cerebral gyri and deep brain structures were studied in eleven normal volunteers during an eye-covered and ear-unplugged resting condition. Regional CBF was measured by the autoradiographic method after intravenous administration of H2(15)O. Regional OEF and rCMRO2 were measured by the single inhalation of 15O2. With MR T1-weighted images as an anatomical reference, thirteen major cerebral gyri, caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum and vermis were defined on the CMRO2 images. Values were read by using circular regions of interest 16 mm in diameter. The posterior part of the cingulate gyri had the highest rCBF and rCMRO2 values among brain structures, followed by the lentiform nucleus, the cerebellum, the caudate nucleus, and the thalamus. Parahippocampal gyri had the lowest rCBF and rCMRO2 values among the cortical gyri. Regional OEF for the pontine nuclei (0.34 +/- 0.04), the midbrain (0.35 +/- 0.05), the parahippocampal gyri (0.35 +/- 0.04 for the right and 0.37 +/- 0.05 for the left), and the thalami (0.37 +/- 0.05 for the right and 0.36 +/- 0.04 for the left) were significantly lower than the mean OEF for the cerebral cortices (0.42 +/- 0.04) (p < 0.05 or less). The global CBF and CMRO2 were consistent with those obtained by the Kety-Schmidt method.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Products of neutrophil metabolism increase ammonia-induced gastric mucosal damage

Recent studies have indicated that ammonia is involved in the pathophysiology of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric mucosal damage. Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic active gastritis is characterized by an invasion of neutrophils. We investigated the interrelationship among hypochlorous acid (oxidant produced by neutrophil), ammonia (product of Helicobacter pylori urease), and monochloramine (product of ammonia and hypochlorous acid) in the development of gastric mucosal damage in rats. Gastric mucosal lesions were produced by exposure of the gastric mucosa to ammonia, urea with urease, or urea with Helicobacter pylori in rats subjected to ischemia. Pretreatment with taurine (scavenger of hypochlorous acid) or antineutrophil serum significantly attenuated gastric mucosal lesions induced by the above test agents. Ammonia-induced gastric mucosal lesions were exacerbated in the presence of hypochlorous acid with concomitant generation of monochloramine. These results suggest that the ammonia, hypochlorous acid, and monochloramine triad may be important in Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric mucosal damage.

Modulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA expression in human blood cells: comparison of platelets and mononuclear leucocytes

The objective of the present study was to quantify the expression of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor transcripts in human blood cells--platelets and mononuclear leukocytes--from 10 normal healthy volunteers during the alterations in the renin-angiotensin system. A quantitative assay employing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized. Oral administration of furosemide, 40 mg for 2 days, under mild salt restriction (50 mEq NaCl/day) for 6 days stimulated the renin-angiotensin system resulting in significant increases in plasma renin activity (PRA) (1.84 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.17 ng/l/s; P < 0.01), plasma angiotensin II concentration, and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). The ratio of AT1 receptor mRNA to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expression in mononuclear leucocytes was significantly (P < 0.05) increased from the basal level (0.49 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.29 +/- 0.03) (P < 0.01), while in platelets these changes were opposite (0.11 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.05) (P < 0.01). Compared to these significant changes, salt loading (200 mEq NaCl/day) for 6 days decreased PRA(0.49 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.17 ng/l/s; P < 0.01) and induced the opposite changes in the ratio of AT1 receptor/GAPDH mRNA. These data suggest that AT1 receptors in human blood cells may be of two different types--platelets and mononuclear leucocytes.

A reference of the GOLD classification of monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen to the domain structure of the carcinoembryonic antigen molecule

The epitopes of 42 well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from 10 different research groups were mapped in terms of domain structure (domains N, A1-B1, A2-B2, and A3-B3) of the CEA molecule on the basis of the reactivities with recombinant CEA proteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Thirty-six of the 42 MAbs tested have previously been classified into 5 essentially nonoverlapping epitope groups (GOLD 1-5) by cross-competition assays among MAbs for CEA binding (Hammarström S, et al.: Cancer Res. 1989; 49:4852-4858). The epitopes recognized by GOLD 2 MAbs were all present on domain A2-B2, those for GOLD 5 MAbs were all on domain N, and those for GOLD 4 were mapped around domains A1-B1 and A2-B2. On the other hand, the epitopes for GOLD 1 MAbs were distributed into domains N, A2-B2, and A3-B3, and those for GOLD 3 MAbs were separated into domains N and A3-B3. Although the exact reasons for the dispersed patterns of GOLD 1 and 3 MAbs on the domain structure of the CEA molecule are unclear at present, several factors, such as a spatial relation or a close proximity of epitopes, conformation dependency, and repetitivity of epitopes, may be considered as possible explanations. The epitope mapping reported here helps form the basis for understanding the relation between the chemical structure and antigenic activities of the CEA molecule and may be useful to study the functions of the CEA molecule, especially those of the respective domains.

Gene expressions of oxytocin and oxytocin receptor in cumulus cells of human ovary

Oxytocin (OT) has been detected in mammalian granulosa-luteal cells during the early stages. The purpose of this study was to explore gene expressions of OT and OT receptor (OTR) in human cumulus cells. Cumulus cells enclosing a mature oocyte were obtained from 6 women undergoing clinical in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer programs. OT and OTR gene expressions were investigated by employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformation polymorphism methods. OT gene expression in the cumulus cells was positive in 5 women and weakly positive in the remaining patient. The structure of OT mRNA in the cumulus cells was equivalent to that in human hypothalamus. OTR gene expression was also observed in the cumulus cells. This study is the first to describe the simultaneous expression of both OT and OTR genes in human cumulus cells. It is suggested that local OT plays some important roles in fertility through modification of the micro-environment around the oocyte.

Restricted diffusion of an 19F-labelled organic acid in human erythrocytes analyzed by 19F pulsed field gradient NMR

The diffusion coefficient of an 19F-labelled organic acid (3-trifluoromethylhippurate: TFMH) was measured in intact human red blood cells (RBCs) and sealed right-side-out ghosts at 22.5 +/- 0.05 degrees C. Diffusion coefficients were measured using stimulated echo and spin-echo pulsed field gradient sequences. The apparent diffusion coefficient (Da) of TFMH in the intracellular space was much smaller than in the extracellular medium. This was due to restricted diffusion of intracellular TFMH since i) the intracellular Da decreased when the diffusion time was increased, and ii) the smaller Da component disappeared when the membrane was permeabilized with saponin. From the intracellular Da values obtained over a range of diffusion times, from 5 ms to 1 s, the apparent radius of the diffusion barrier was estimated to be 3 +/- 1.1 micron assuming spherical geometry. Despite the high protein concentration in the intracellular space of the intact RBC, the intracellular values of Da were similar to the values obtained in the ghosts at the same diffusion times. We therefore conclude that the small diffusion coefficient of intracellular TFMH is mainly explained by the restricted diffusion due to the cell boundary.

[Alexia-agraphia of kanji (Japanese morphogram) after left posterior-inferior temporal lesion]

Several cases of selective alexia with agraphia of kanji have been reported in Japan in this decade. It is well known that the lesion in the posterior inferior temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere is responsible for this cognitive syndrome. Neuropsychological data in our patient suggest that the postero-inferior region of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere may be the visuo-verbal association area for the analysis of the complex visuo-verbal information. The symptoms caused by the same lesion in western patients might be subangular alexia (alexia without agraphia). Alexia with agraphia of kanji and subangular alexia would appear to be distinct entities, but a dual processing hypothesis of visuo-verbal information and the concept of the visuo-verbal association area might well explain both syndromes.

Photic stimulation study of changing the arterial partial pressure level of carbon dioxide

To investigate the effect of the level of baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) on local CBF augmentation by activation, we have used positron emission tomography to measure regional CBF (rCBF) in 12 normal volunteers with and without photic stimulation during hypocapnia, normocapnia, and hypercapnia. The increase in rCBF in the primary visual cortex by photic stimulation was 10.8 +/- 3.1, 18.6 +/- 9.3, and 19.5 +/- 6.1 ml 100 ml-1 min-1 in hypo-, normo-, and hypercapnia, respectively. The increase was significantly smaller in hypocapnia than in normocapnia (p < 0.005). The fractional CBF increase caused by the photic stimulation was the same in all breathing conditions. This result indicates that the magnitude of the CBF increase induced by neuronal activity correlates proportionally with the level of baseline CBF.

[Therapeutic results of non-small cell lung cancer in stage III: combined synchronous irradiation with bronchial artery infusion of CDDP]

The present series consisted of 55 patients with non-small cell lung cancer in stage III who underwent radiotherapy from 1986-1989. They were divided into two groups: 35 patients with combined concurrent bronchial artery infusion (BAI) of CDDP (50 mg) and unevenly fractionated radiotherapy (combined group) and 20 with evenly fractionated irradiation (radiation group). The combined therapy was expected to achieve higher local control of disease. The rationale for the combined regime was based on the effects of CDDP, which causes cytostasis following intra-arterial infusion, and increased radiosensitivity from unevenly fractionated irradiation just after BAI. The radiotherapy group was considered a control in this study. The results of the combined group were limited to no CR, PR in 33 patients and NC in two with a period of 30 +/- 13 days for 50% reduction of tumor, superior to the radiation group. There was no difference between the two groups in the rate of local recurrence (combined group: 63%). The combined group showed 28 months of MST in cause-specific survival, a significant difference. Survival rates were 71% at one year, 27% at three years, and 15% at five years, including three survivors without recurrence. Stage III a patients in the combined group showed a better outcome than stage III b patients in the same group, and stage III a patients in the radiation group. Although radiation pneumonitis as a fatal side effect was noted in one patient of the combined group, the combined therapy presented here seemed to improve the prognosis of locally advanced lung cancer if properly indicated.

Effect of real-time weighted integration system for rapid calculation of functional images in clinical positron emission tomography

A system has been developed to rapidly calculate images of parametric rate constants, without acquiring dynamic frame data for clinical positron emission tomography (PET). This method is based on the weighted-integration algorithms for the two- and three-compartment models, and hardware developments (real-time operation and a large cache memory system) in a PET scanner, Headtome-IV, which enables the acquisition of multiple sinograms with independent weight integration functions. Following the administration of the radiotracer, the scan is initiated to collect multiple time-weighted, integrated sinograms with three different weight functions. These sinograms are reconstructed and the images, with the arterial blood data, are inserted into the operational equations to provide parametric rate constant images. The implementation of this method has been checked in H(2)(15 )O and (18)F-fluorophenylalanine ((18)FPhe) studies based on a two-compartment model, and in a (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG) study based on the three-compartment model. A volunteer study, completed for each compound, yielded results consistent with those produced by existing nonlinear fitting methods. Thus, this system has been developed capable of generating rapidly quantitative, physiological images, without dynamic data acquisition, which will be of great advantage to PET in the clinical environment. This system would also be of great advantage in the new generation high-resolution PET tomography, which acquire data in a 3-D, septaless mode.