Extreme-ultraviolet phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer: a wave-front metrology tool with subangstrom reference-wave accuracy

The phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) was recently developed and implemented at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to characterize extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) projection optical systems for lithography. Here we quantitatively characterize the accuracy and precision of the PS/PDI. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical results. Two major classes of errors affect the accuracy of the interferometer: systematic effects arising from measurement geometry and systematic and random errors due to an imperfect reference wave. To characterize these effects, and hence to calibrate the interferometer, a null test is used. This null test also serves as a measure of the accuracy of the interferometer. We show the EUV PS/PDI, as currently implemented, to have a systematic error-limited reference-wave accuracy of 0.0028 waves (lambda/357 or 0.038 nm at lambda = 13.5 nm) within a numerical aperture of 0.082.

Regulation and temporal expression patterns of Vibrio cholerae virulence genes during infection

The temporal expression patterns of the critical Vibrio cholerae virulence genes, tcpA and ctxA, were determined during infection using a recombinase reporter. TcpA was induced biphasically in two temporally and spatially separable events in the small intestine, whereas ctxA was induced monophasically only after, and remarkably, dependent upon, tcpA expression; however, this dependence was not observed during in vitro growth. The requirements of the virulence regulators, ToxR, TcpP, and ToxT, for expression of tcpA and ctxA were determined and were found to differ significantly during infection versus during growth in vitro. These results illustrate the importance of examining virulence gene expression in the context of bona fide host-pathogen interactions.

Gangliosides activate cultured rat brain microglia

Microglia, brain resident macrophages, are activated in brain injuries and several neurodegenerative diseases. However, microglial activators that are produced in the brain are not yet defined. In this study, we showed that gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, could be a microglial activator. Gangliosides induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The effect of gangliosides on NO release increased dose-dependently in the range of 10-100 microgram/ml; however, the effect decreased at concentrations higher than 200 microgram/ml. Specific types of gangliosides showed differential effects on microglial activation. Similar to gangliosides, GT1b induced production of NO and TNF-alpha and expression of COX-2. However, GM1 and GD1a induced expression of COX-2 but had little effect on NO and TNF-alpha release. The effect of gangliosides and GT1b on NO release was reduced in the presence of neuraminidase, which removes sialic acid residues from gangliosides and GT1b. Gangliosides activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase significantly but activated c-jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and p38 relatively weakly. The inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by PD98059 reduced NO release from both gangliosides- and GT1b-treated microglia whereas inhibition of p38 by SB203580 increased it rather slightly. Gangliosides activated NF-kappaB, and N-acetyl cystein, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, reduced NO release. These results suggest that gangliosides could be a microglial activator that functions via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB.

Usefulness of IgG4 subclass antibodies for diagnosis of human clonorchiasis

The present study analyzed serum IgG subclass antibody reaction to major antigenic bands of Clonorchis sinensis to investigate improvement of its serodiagnosis. Of the four subclass antibodies, IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were produced but not specific, IgG3 antibody was least produced, and IgG4 antibody was prominent and specific. The serum IgG antibody reaction to any of 43-50, 34-37, 26-28, and 8 kDa bands was found in 65.5% of 168 egg positive cases while IgG4 antibody reaction was found in 22.0% of them. The positive rates of IgG and IgG4 antibodies were directly correlated with the intensity of infection. All of the sera from heavily infected cases over EPG 5,000 showed positive reaction for specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies. The specific serum IgG4 antibody disappeared within 6 months after treatment. The bands of 35 kDa and 67 kDa cross-reacted with IgG antibodies but not with IgG4 antibodies in sera of other trematode infections. The present findings suggest that serum IgG4 antibody reaction to 8 kDa band is specific but not sensitive. Any method to increase its sensitivity is required for improved serodiagnosis.

Antibacterial activities of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I from a medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I, constituents of a medicinal plant, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, had antibacterial activity against a broad range of Gram positive bacteria. These compounds generated superoxide radicals in Bacillus subtilis lysates. A recombination-deficient mutant strain of B. subtilis was 2- to 8-fold more sensitive than a wild strain, and this hypersensitivity was reduced in the presence of dithiothreitol as an antioxidant. DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses in B. subtilis were non-selectively inhibited by these compounds. These results suggest that superoxide radicals are important in the antibacterial actions of the agents.

Involvement of Ca2+ influx in the mechanism of tamoxifen-induced apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells

The signaling mechanism of tamoxifen (TAM)-induced apoptosis was investigated in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells which do not express the estrogen receptor (ER). TAM induced cytotoxicity and DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. TAM increased the intracellular concentration of Ca2+. This effect was completely inhibited by the extracellular Ca2+ chelation with EGTA. TAM also induced a Mn2+ influx, indicating that TAM activated Ca2+ influx pathways. This action of TAM was significantly inhibited by flufenamic acid (FA), a known non-selective cation channel blocker. Quantitative analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry revealed that treatment with either FA or BAPTA, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, significantly inhibited TAM-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that intracellular Ca2+ signals may play a central role in the mechanism of the TAM-induced apoptotic cell death in ER-negative HepG2 cells.

Vascular tumors arising in port-wine stains: two cases of pyogenic granuloma and a case of acquired tufted angioma

Three female patients affected by intradermal vascular tumors were presented. The lesions were acquired and developed from preexisting port-wine stains (PWS). Among the three patients observed, two had a pyogenic granuloma (PG) and the third patients had tufted angiomas. As reported earlier, formation of a PG within the lesion of a PWS supports the assumption that arteriovenous anastomoses are associated with its pathogenesis. Occurrence of tufted angioma from a PWS, as well as coexisting but separate PWS has been reported. However, the tufted angiomas of our patient were located in different sites, one in the PWS and others separate from the PWS. This has never previously been reported.

Pincer nail deformity and pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma: complications of an artificial arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis

Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma which develops due to arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis is relatively well known. In contrast, nail changes associated with pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma or venous hypertension are rare. We report a novel case of pincer nail deformity associated with pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma and venous hypertension, complications of an arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis, and review eight similar cases reported in the literature. Most of the subjects presented with similar findings, having circulatory disturbance due to an arteriovenous fistula and/or increased venous pressure, and swelling, discoloration and papules/nodules of the skin distal to the shunt. Of the nine patients, three had overcurvature of the nails, in which the lateral edge of the nail pressed deeply into the lateral nail fold. Pincer nail deformity associated with pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma after placement of an arteriovenous fistula may be relatively common and should be recognized as a specific sign of circulatory disturbance due to the arteriovenous fistula.

Regulation of striatal dopamine receptors by estrogen

The ability of estrogen to modulate the expression of ventral and dorsal striatal dopamine receptors D(1), D(2,) and D(3) was examined in vivo using semi-quantitative in situ hybridization and ligand binding autoradiography. Two-week treatment with subcutaneous pellets of 17beta-estradiol (25 mg) downregulated D(2) dopamine receptor mRNA in both dorsal and ventral striatum (shell and core regions of nucleus accumbens). No significant changes in D(1) or D(3) mRNA expression were detected. Ligand binding autoradiography did not reveal changes in D(1), D(2,) or D(3) receptor protein expression. We also assessed the ability of 17beta-estradiol to regulate D(2) gene promoter activity in NB41A3 neuroblastoma cells that express this gene endogenously using co-transfections with an estrogen receptor expression vector. While a small fragment of the D(2) promoter could be activated 2.5-fold by estrogen, a larger portion of the D(2) gene was not regulated by this treatment. Estrogens do not appear to have a net effect on striatal dopamine receptor expression. The observed downregulation of D(2) receptor mRNA in the dorsal and ventral striatum in vivo could be secondary to the increased striatal dopamine release induced by estrogen. Synapse 34:222-227, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Inducibility of atrial fibrillation during atrioventricular pacing with varying intervals: role of atrial electrophysiology and the autonomic nervous system

INTRODUCTION

Patients receiving VVI pacemakers have a higher incidence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) than those receiving DDD pacemakers. However, the mechanism behind the difference is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether atrial electrophysiology and the autonomic nervous system play a role in the occurrence of AF during AV pacing.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study population consisted of 28 patients who had (group I, n = 15) or did not have (group II, n = 13) AF induced by a single extrastimulus during pacing with different AV intervals. Atrial pressure, atrial size, atrial effective refractory periods, and atrial dispersion were evaluated during pacing with different AV intervals. Twenty-four-hour heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity also were examined. Atrial pressure, atrial size, effective refractory periods in the right posterolateral atrium and distal coronary sinus, and atrial dispersion increased as the AV interval shortened from 160 to 0 msec. During AV pacing, group I patients had greater minimal (52+/-17 vs 25+/-7 msec; P < 0.005) and maximal (76+/-16 vs 36+/-9 msec; P < 0.005) atrial dispersion than group II patients. The differences in atrial size and atrial dispersion among different AV intervals were greater in patients with AF than in those without AF. Baroreflex sensitivity (6.6+/-1.7 vs 3.9+/-1.0; P < 0.00005), but not heart rate variability, was higher in patients with AF than in those without AF.

CONCLUSION

Abnormal atrial electrophysiology and higher vagal reflex activity can play important roles in the genesis of AF in patients receiving pacemakers.

Resorcylic acid lactones: naturally occurring potent and selective inhibitors of MEK

A resorcylic acid lactone, L-783,277, isolated from a Phoma sp. (ATCC 74403) which came from the fruitbody of Helvella acetabulum, is a potent and specific inhibitor of MEK (Map kinase kinase). L-783,277 inhibits MEK with an IC50 value of 4 nM. It weakly inhibits Lck and is inactive against Raf, PKA and PKC. L-783,277 is an irreversible inhibitor of MEK and is competitive with respect to ATP. L-783,290, the trans-isomer of L-783,277, was isolated from the same culture and evaluated together with several semi-synthetic resorcylic acid lactone analogs. A preliminary structure-activity relationship is presented. Several independent cell-based assays have been carried out to study the biological activities of these resorcylic acid lactone compounds and a brief result summary from these studies is presented.

Karyotypes of Pneumocystis carinii derived from several mammals

Pneumocystis carinii is the most important opportunistic pathogen of humans in the world. Pneumocystis carinii is experimentally detected in the lungs of rats, mice, rabbits, and monkeys, however, the organisms from different mammals are identical in microscopic morphology. The present study tried to find out more mammalian hosts of P. carinii and also to differentiate the organisms from different mammals by karyotyping. Rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, cats, and dogs were successfully infected by P. carinii, but guinea pigs and pigs were not. Karyotype of P. carinii from rabbits showed similar size range of chromosomes with that of the prototype, but in different pattern. The patterns from cats and dogs were also different from that of rats. The present study confirms that cats and dogs are infected by P. carinii and at least total three karyotype strains of P. carinii are proven in Korea.

Immunohistochemical localization of FAP-1, an inhibitor of Fas-mediated apoptosis, in normal and neoplastic human tissues

Fas, a death receptor, is widely expressed in human tissue, but its expression, although a prerequisite for the induction of apoptosis, does not predict its biological function. To understand the mechanisms of Fas resistance in human tissues in vivo, we performed immunohistochemistry using an antibody against Fas-associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), which interacts with the cytosolic domain of Fas and inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis. In normal human tissues, FAP-1 immunostaining was easily detected, for example, in renal tubules, skeletal muscle, myocardiocytes, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, pancreatic islets, hepatocytes, testicular germ cells, prostatic glands, neurons, epithelium of fallopian tube, endometrial glands, trophoblasts, bronchial epithelial cells, and some types of gastrointestinal epithelial cells. In 123 (78%) of 158 cancers of various origins, including breast carcinomas, stomach carcinomas, colon carcinomas, lung carcinomas and several types of sarcomas, variable intensities of FAP-1 expression were evident. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that FAP-1 is widely expressed in normal human tissues and partly overlapped with Fas expression described in earlier reports, suggesting that FAP-1 may have an important role in the regulation of apoptosis in vivo. In addition, FAP-1 expression in cancers suggests that many cancers may be resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis through the action of FAP-1 in vivo.

A comparative molecular field analysis and molecular modelling studies on pyridylimidazole type of angiotensin II antagonists

A large number of compounds known as "AII (Angiotensin II) antagonists" have been developed for the treatment of various heart diseases such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Most of the currently known AII receptor antagonists share a similar chemical structure, consisting of nitrogen atoms, a lipophilic alkyl side chain and an acidic group. As a new series, we have designed and synthesized various pyridylimidazole derivatives. In this report we would like to discuss the structure-activity relationship of these series of compounds using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) methods. We could come up with a good CoMFA model (cross-validated and conventional r2 values equal to 0.702 and 0.991, respectively) and the validity of the model was confirmed by synthesizing and measuring their biological activity of additional 6 compounds suggested by the model. This result provides additional information on the structural requirement for structurally diverse group of AII receptor antagonists.

X-chromosome inactivation analysis of isolated Reed-Sternberg cells in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease

In spite of several studies of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangements in whole Hodgkin's disease (HD) tissues and in isolated single Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, the issue of clonality of the RS cell in HD remains incompletely resolved. Analysis of X-chromosome inactivation patterns (XCIPs) can be used to determine whether cell populations are clonal in origin. By PCR amplification of the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) loci using nested primers, we have studied XCIPs in six cases of HD of the nodular sclerosing (NS) subtype in which individual RS cells were isolated by micromanipulation from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections immunostained with CD30 or CD15. In order to assess whether a clonal population of RS cells might be present in NSHD tissues, we compared the XCIPs obtained from whole NSHD tissues with those obtained from single RS cells harvested from the same tissues. Whole tissues from all six cases of NSHD showed balanced HUMARA allelic patterns, whereas an average of 83% (range 77-91%) of single RS cells from each of the six tissues expressed the same high- or low-molecular weight allele, suggesting that a clonal population of RS cells was likely to be present in each case. These data are consistent with the presence of a clonal population of RS cells in NSHD tissues.

Apoptosis induced by inhibition of contact with extracellular matrix in mouse collecting duct cells

Cell-matrix interactions have major effects upon phenotypic features such as gene regulation, cytoskeletal structure, differentiation and aspects of cell growth control. Detachment from the matrix epithelial cells induces programmed cell death, and this cell detachment induced apoptosis has been referred to as 'anoikis'. This study was undertaken to determine whether apoptosis is induced by inhibition of contact with extracellular matrix (ECM) in collecting duct cells and to investigate the signaling mechanisms of the process. Upon detachment from ECM, mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCD-3) and mouse outer cortical collecting duct cells (M-1), which were derived from an SV40 transgenic mouse, entered into programmed cell death. Forced suspension of mIMCD-3 or M-1 cells did not affect the expression of Bcl-2-related proteins and did not activate c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. Detachment of cells from ECM activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), but its inhibition with SB203580 did not protect cells from anoikis. Detachment of cells from matrix inhibited NF-kappaB activity, and the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by overexpression of nonphosphorylatable I-kappaB increased detachment-induced apoptotic cell death in M-1 cells. Forced suspension of M-1 cells still activated p53 activity. Caspase-8 was activated during anoikis, but the time course of its activation was in accordance with DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that detachment from ECM induces apoptosis in the kidney collecting duct cells. Changes in expression levels of Bcl-2-related proteins or activation of JNK/p38 kinase are not critical for anoikis. Decrease in NF-kappaB activity and activation of p53 induced by inhibition of interaction with ECM play roles in anoikis in SV-40-transformed collecting duct cells. Caspase-8 is activated during detachment-induced apoptosis, the mechanisms of which are independent of activation of cell death receptors.

Point mutations and deletions of the Bcl10 gene in solid tumors and malignant lymphomas

The Bcl10 gene, which encodes a protein with proapoptotic activity, recently has been identified on chromosome 1p22. In this study, we analyzed somatic mutations and deletions of the Bcl10 gene in a series of 439 tumor tissues from various histological origins that are known to have frequent loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 1p22. According to the LOH study at intragenic polymorphic sites, deletion of Bcl10 in informative cases was detected in 50% of malignant mesotheliomas, 33% of gastric carcinomas, 23% of breast carcinomas, 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas, 17% of lymphomas, 15% of colorectal carcinomas, 13% of laryngeal carcinomas, and 10% of male germ cell tumors (GCTs). In contrast, we detected Bcl10 mutations in 4 of 120 lymphomas (3.3%) and 2 of 78 GCTs (2.6%), respectively, but no mutation was found in the remaining solid tumors analyzed. Taken together, these data imply that Bcl10 may occasionally be involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and GCTs. However, the absence or low frequency of the mutation suggests that either Bcl10 is inactivated by other mechanisms or it is not the only target of chromosome 1p22 deletion in human tumors.

Alterations of the DR5/TRAIL receptor 2 gene in non-small cell lung cancers

Chromosome 8p21-22 is a frequent site of allelic deletions in many types of human tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) is a cell-surface receptor involved in cell death signaling. The TRAIL-R2 gene recently has been mapped to chromosome 8p21-22. To explore the possibility that the TRAIL-R2 gene might be the relevant gene to the frequent deletion of 8p21-22 in NSCLC, we have analyzed the entire coding region and all splice sites of TRAIL-R2 for the detection of the somatic mutations in a series of 104 NSCLCs. Overall, 11 tumors (10.6%) were found to have TRAIL-R2 gene mutations in the death domain known to be involved in the transduction of an apoptotic signal. Our data indicate that somatic mutation of TRAIL-R2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of some NSCLCs and that the TRAIL-R2 gene is one of the genes relevant to the frequent loss of chromosome 8p21-22 in NSCLC.

Cholesterol-lowering activity of naringenin via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in rats

The effects of dietary supplementation of a citrus bioflavonoid, naringenin, on the cholesterol metabolism were studied. For 42 days male rats were fed a 1% (wt/wt) high-cholesterol diet with or without a naringenin supplementation (0.1%, wt/wt) to study its effect on plasma lipid levels, hepatic lipid contents, activities of hepatic acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and the excretion of fecal neutral sterols. Naringenin did not significantly alter the concentration of plasma triglycerides, but lowered the plasma cholesterol (3.80 vs. 3.12 mmol/l) concentration and the hepatic cholesterol content (70.3 vs. 54.0 mg/g) significantly (p < 0.05) compared to those of the controls. HMG-CoA reductase (1,879.0 vs. 1,715.0 pmol/min/mg) and ACAT activities (806.0 vs. 563.0 pmol/min/mg) were significantly lower in the naringenin-supplemented group than in controls. Naringenin supplementation caused a marked decrease in the excretion of fecal neutral sterols (242.9 mg/day) compared to the controls (521.9 mg/day). These results show that naringenin lowers the plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations by suppressing HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.

Involvement of DNA-dependent protein kinase in UV-induced replication arrest

Cells exposed to UV irradiation are predominantly arrested at S-phase as well as at the G(1)/S boundary while repair occurs. It is not known how UV irradiation induces S-phase arrest and yet permits DNA repair; however, UV-induced inhibition of replication is efficiently reversed by the addition of replication protein A (RPA), suggesting a role for RPA in this regulatory event. Here, we show evidence that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), plays a role in UV-induced replication arrest. DNA synthesis of M059K (DNA-PK catalytic subunit-positive (DNA-PKcs(+))), as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, was significantly arrested by 4 h following UV irradiation, whereas M059J (DNA-PKcs(-)) cells were much less affected. Similar results were obtained with the in vitro replication reactions where immediate replication arrest occurred in DNA-PKcs(+) cells following UV irradiation, and only a gradual decrease in replication activity was observed in DNA-PKcs(-) cells. Reversal of replication arrest was observed at 8 h following UV irradiation in DNA-PKcs(+) cells but not in DNA-PKcs(-) cells. Reversal of UV-induced replication arrest was also observed in vitro by the addition of a DNA-PK inhibitor, wortmannin, or by immunodepletion of DNA-PKcs, supporting a positive role for DNA-PK in damage-induced replication arrest. The RPA-containing fraction from UV-irradiated DNA-PKcs(+) cells poorly supported DNA replication, whereas the replication activity of the RPA-containing fraction from DNA-PKcs(-) cells was not affected by UV, suggesting that DNA-PKcs may be involved in UV-induced replication arrest through modulation of RPA activity. Together, our results strongly suggest a role for DNA-PK in S-phase (replication) arrest in response to UV irradiation.

Isolation and characterization of an anti-HSV polysaccharide from Prunella vulgaris

A water soluble substance was isolated from a Chinese herb, Prunella vulgaris, by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation and gel permeation column chromatography. Chemical tests showed that the substance was an anionic polysaccharide. Using a plaque reduction assay, the polysaccharide at 100 microg/ml was active against the herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), but was inactive against cytomegalovirus, the human influenza virus types A and B, the poliovirus type 1 or the vesicular stomatitis virus. The 50% plaque reduction dose of the polysaccharide for HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 10 microg/ml. Clinical isolates and known acyclovir-resistant (TK-deficient or polymerase-defective) strains of HSV-1 and HSV-2 were similarly inhibited by the polysaccharide. Pre-incubation of HSV-1 with the polysaccharide at 4, 25 or 37 degrees C completely abrogated the infectivity of HSV-1, but pre-treatment of Vero cells with the polysaccharide did not protect cells from infection by the virus. The addition of the polysaccharide at 0, 2, 5.5 and 8 h post-infection of Vero cells with HSV-1 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of five reduced the 20 h-yield of intracellular infectious virus by 100, 99, 99 and 94%, respectively. In contrast, a similar addition of heparin showed 85, 63, 53 and 3% reduction of intracellular virus yield, respectively. These results suggest that the polysaccharide may inhibit HSV by competing for cell receptors as well as by some unknown mechanisms after the virus has penetrated the cells. The Prunella polysaccharide was not cytotoxic to mammalian cells up to the highest concentration tested, 0.5 mg/ml and did not show any anti-coagulant activity. In conclusion, the polysaccharide isolated from P. vulgaris has specific activity against HSV and its mode of action appears to be different from other anionic carbohydrates, such as heparin.

Immunohistochemical analysis of Fas ligand expression in normal human tissues

Cross-linking of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells and regulates apoptosis. Fas is widely expressed in normal human tissues, but FasL expression has been considered to be restricted to lymphoid tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that FasL is also expressed in some nonlymphoid tissues. To screen the in situ expression of FasL in normal human tissues, immunohistochemistry was performed using paraffin-embedded human tissues. FasL immunostaining was easily detected in testis, neurons, trophoblasts, tonsil, lymph node, Paneth cells, hepatocytes, renal tubular epithelium and bronchial epithelium, consistent with previous reports. Surprisingly, FasL was also expressed in many other cell types, including thymic medulla, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, prostate glands, oocytes, epithelium of fallopian tube, endometrial glands, and gastric parietal cells. These findings demonstrate that FasL is widely expressed in human tissues and suggest that wide but cell-type specific expression of FasL may not only be implicated in the regulation of immune homeostasis but also in the regulation of cell death and life in many cell types in vivo.

Promotion of skeletal muscle differentiation by K252a with tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion: a possible involvement of small GTPase Rho

K252a, a protein kinase inhibitor, acts as a neurotrophic factor in several neuronal cells. In this study we show that K252a enhanced the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of several focal adhesion-associated proteins including p130(Cas), focal adhesion kinase, and paxillin. The tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins, reaching a maximum at 30 min after K252a treatment, closely correlated with the colocalization of these proteins in focal adhesion complexes and the coimmunoprecipitation of these proteins with p130(Cas). In addition, K252a stimulated longitudinal development of stress fiber-like structures and cell-matrix interaction in postmitotic myoblasts and eventually formation of well-developed myofibrils in multinucleated myotubes. Herbimycin A, a potent inhibitor of Src family kinases, and cytochalasin D, a selective disrupting-agent of actin filament, completely inhibited K252a-induced tyrosine phosphorylation as well as myoblast differentiation. Similar inhibitory effect was observed in the cells scrape loaded with a Rho inhibitor, C3 transferase, and the treatment of K252a induced a rapid translocation of Rho. These results are consistent with the model that Rho-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion-associated proteins plays an important role in skeletal muscle differentiation.

A longitudinal study of the growth pattern of the maxillary sinus in the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in maxillary sinus size in a nonhuman primate was studied longitudinally for a period of 8 years in 25 female and 25 male Macaca nemestrina via lateral cephalograms. The maxillary sinus was traced and its area digitized. The growth of female maxillary sinuses was described with a Gompertz model; the best fit to the male data was obtained by the logistic model. Growth curves and confidence intervals revealed that the sinuses grew in a similar fashion for 3-4 years in both sexes. After this, female sinuses achieved a plateau in their development while male sinuses continued to grow. Confidence intervals suggested that size dimorphism appeared at the age of 6.3 years. Lowess regression indicated growth spurts in both sexes. Females experienced an earlier and smaller spurt than males. Sexual dimorphism in maxillary sinus size seems to represent a combination of differences in velocity and length of growth. This study indicates that growth of the maxillary sinus follows closely the growth in body size. Nevertheless, due to the variation in sinus size in Macaca, it is questionable if body size is the main determinant of maxillary sinus size. It is suggested that Macaca, with its wide geographic range and different environments, is an especially appropriate genus to use to test hypotheses about the evolution of skull pneumatization in primates.

Characterization of two fungal-elicitor-induced rice cDNAs encoding functional homologues of the rab-specific GDP-dissociation inhibitor

By using the mRNA differential display approach to isolate defense signaling genes active at the early stage of fungal infection two cDNA fragments with high sequence homology to rab-specific GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) were identified in rice (Oryza sativa L.) suspension cells. Using polymerase-chain-reaction products as probes, two full-length cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library of fungal-elicitor-treated rice, and designated as OsGDI1 and OsGDI2. The deduced amino acid sequences of the isolated cDNAs exhibited substantial homology to Arabidopsis rab-GDIs. Northern analysis revealed that transcripts detected with the 3'-gene-specific DNA probes accumulated to high levels within 30 min after treatment with a fungal elicitor derived from Magnaporthe grisea. The functionality of the OsGDIs was demonstrated by their ability to rescue the Sec19 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is defective in vesicle transport. The proteins, expressed in Escherchia coli, cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody prepared against bovine rab-GDI. Like bovine rab-GDI, the OsGDI proteins efficiently dissociated rab3A from bovine synaptic membranes. Using the two-hybrid system, it was shown that the OsGDIs specifically interact with the small GTP-binding proteins belonging to the rab subfamily. The specific interaction was also demonstrated in vitro by glutathione S-transferase resin pull-down assay.