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Abstract
In this address I shall discuss head trauma from an angle which may be unusual for neuroscientists. Our preoccupations are diagnostic challenges and management problems, but that which we experience at the bedside is only a narrow segment of a continuum which started with trauma somewhere in a war, on the road, at home, on the football field, in the boxing ring, and in many other distinct locations. When our role is over, there are only three places where head trauma victims can be found; in cemeteries, where every year, 5,000 new graves are made to accommodate fatal head injuries in Canada; in chronic hospitals, which are already overloaded with victims of various insults to the brain, and, of course, within society, which accepts the fully recovered or tolerates the subtle and not so subtle consequences of so-called ‘minor’ head injuries.
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204
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Jensen J. [Intraoral mouth guards in a group of athletes (boxers)]. Tandlaegebladet 1984; 88:681-6. [PMID: 6597636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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205
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Boxing in the Army. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 1984; 130:141-3. [PMID: 6527343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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206
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Sion D. [Boxing. 2]. LARC Med 1984; 4:498-505. [PMID: 6513708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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207
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Falletta J. Don't ban amateur boxing in Canada. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 131:500-1. [PMID: 6467124 PMCID: PMC1483458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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208
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Freedman JL. Effect of television violence on aggressiveness. Psychol Bull 1984; 96:227-46. [PMID: 6385044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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209
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Sion D. [ Boxing]. LARC Med 1984; 4:443-447. [PMID: 6503566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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210
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American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine: Participation in boxing among children and young adults. Pediatrics 1984; 74:311-2. [PMID: 6462835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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211
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Ioannou S. Should boxing be banned? Can Med Assoc J 1984; 131:10. [PMID: 6733641 PMCID: PMC1483356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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212
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Lampert PW, Hardman JM. Morphological changes in brains of boxers. JAMA 1984; 251:2676-9. [PMID: 6716598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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213
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Casson IR, Siegel O, Sham R, Campbell EA, Tarlau M, DiDomenico A. Brain damage in modern boxers. JAMA 1984; 251:2663-7. [PMID: 6716596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen former and active boxers underwent neurological examination, EEG, computed tomographic scan of the brain, and neuropsychological testing. Eighty-seven percent of the professional boxers had definite evidence of brain damage. All the boxers had abnormal results on at least one of the neuropsychological tests. Brain damage is a frequent result of a career in professional boxing.
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214
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215
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216
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Bărăscu D. [Ocular injuries in sports]. Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L Oftalmol Stomatol Ser Oftalmol 1984; 28:153-7. [PMID: 6236486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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217
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Yoshida T, Igawa S, Morita Y, Miyajima T, Kita H. [Effects of weight reduction on protein metabolism in sports with a weight-classification system--a study on college boxers]. Ann Physiol Anthropol 1984; 3:111-20. [PMID: 6537164 DOI: 10.2114/ahs1983.3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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218
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219
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Winton R. WMA statements on terminal illness and boxing. Med J Aust 1984; 140:392-3. [PMID: 6700505 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1984.tb108094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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220
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221
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Cohen L. Should the sport of boxing be banned in Canada? Can Med Assoc J 1984; 130:767-8. [PMID: 6697285 PMCID: PMC1875920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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222
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Bruce DA, Schut L, Sutton LN. Brain and cervical spine injuries occurring during organized sports activities in children and adolescents. Prim Care 1984; 11:175-94. [PMID: 6561680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Eighty per cent of severe sports-related central nervous system trauma occurs as a result of collision sports, chiefly American football and rugby union football, followed by wrestling and gymnastics. Although serious head injury is uncommon, episodes of concussion are frequent; repeated concussion should be grounds for suggesting that the athlete give up collision sport. American and rugby union football are the sports mainly responsible for cervical spine injury with resultant quadriplegia.
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223
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Brégeat P. [Dangers related to the practice of boxing]. Bull Acad Natl Med 1984; 168:112-9. [PMID: 6383531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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224
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Borgogna E, Re F, Re G, Torreri S. [Maxillofacial injuries in sports: boxing]. Minerva Stomatol 1984; 33:203-7. [PMID: 6143247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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225
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Dabkowski M. [Psychiatric consequences of boxing in light of the case of encephalopathy in a boxer]. Psychiatr Pol 1984; 18:69-72. [PMID: 6739610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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226
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La Cava G. Prevention in boxing. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1983; 23:361-3. [PMID: 6677799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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227
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Elia JC. Physicians and boxing. West J Med 1983; 139:717. [PMID: 6659501 PMCID: PMC1010990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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228
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229
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Forgo I. [Effect of drugs on physical exertion and the hormonal system of athletes. 2]. MMW Munch Med Wochenschr 1983; 125:822-4. [PMID: 6415449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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230
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Thomison JB. Man and mayhem. South Med J 1983; 76:1081-2. [PMID: 6612381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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231
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Abstract
Studies have shown that the presence of impacted third molars places the mandible at increased risk for fracture. Individuals participating in high contact sports are subject to maxillofacial trauma; therefore, participants with impacted third molars are at increased risk for fractured mandibles. Three cases are reviewed to illustrate this problem.
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232
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Mooij JJ. [ Boxing and brain damage]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1983; 127:1104-5. [PMID: 6877419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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233
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234
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Preston-Martin S, Yu MC, Henderson BE, Roberts C. Risk factors for meningiomas in men in Los Angeles County. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 70:863-6. [PMID: 6573530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A case-control study among men in Los Angeles County was conducted to investigate further the causes of intracranial meningiomas. Meningioma patients and a neighbor of each one were interviewed about past experiences that might be associated with tumor development. Analysis of information from the 105 matched pairs showed an association with meningioma occurrence for various factors relating to head trauma and head X-rays: 1) ever boxed as a sport [odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, P = 0.03], 2) had a serious head injury (OR = 1.9, P = 0.01), and 3) had X-ray treatment to the head before 20 years of age and/or had five or more full mouth dental X-ray series before 1945 (OR = 3.5, P = 0.02). Of the 105 subjects, 72 (69%) had a history of exposure to at least one of these factors.
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235
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Schrott E, Wessinghage D. [Course of treatment of a luxation of the 4th and 5th carpometacarpal joint with hamate involvement]. HANDCHIR MIKROCHIR P 1983; 15:25-8. [PMID: 6852671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An uncommon case of a closed dorsal dislocation of the fourth and fifth metacarpal bases associated with a flake fracture of the hamate bone is described because of the rarity of this injury. In order to regain full function, an open reduction was necessary. Stability of the carpometacarpal joints was achieved by osteosynthesis using a Kirschner wire.
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236
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Strano SD, Marais AD. Cervical spine fracture in a boxer - a rare but important sporting injury. A case report. S Afr Med J 1983; 63:328-30. [PMID: 6828956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical vertebral injuries are rare in boxing. The case of an adult boxer with an isolated vertical fracture of the anterior arch of the atlas is described. The mechanism of injury, clinical presentation, complications and treatment are discussed. Measures to prevent head and neck injury in boxing are discussed.
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237
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238
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239
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Brain injury in boxing. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1983; 249:254-7. [PMID: 6848816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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240
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Lundberg GD. Boxing should be banned in civilized countries. JAMA 1983; 249:250. [PMID: 6848814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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241
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Abstract
During the last three years, 40 ex-boxers were examined to determine the effects of boxing in regard to their neurological status and the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the brain. Thirty-eight of these patients had a CT scan of the brain, and 24 had a complete neurological examination including an EEG. The results demonstrate a significant relationship between the number of bouts fought and CT changes indicating cerebral atrophy. Positive neurological findings were not significantly correlated with the number of bouts. Electroencephalographic abnormalities were significantly correlated with the number of bouts fought. Computed tomography and EEG of the brain should be considered as part of a regular neurological examination for active boxers and, if possible, before and after each match, to detect not only the effects of acute life-threatening brain trauma such as subdural hematomas and brain hemorrhages, but the more subtle and debilitating long-term changes of cerebral atrophy.
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242
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243
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Abstract
Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB (CK-BB) is found in high concentrations in the brain. Normally concentrations in blood are undetectable or low. Blood concentrations of CK-BB were measured in 16 boxers before and after a fight and in 16 track cyclists before and after a race. Blood CK-BB rose to significantly higher concentrations in the boxers than in the cyclists. The number of blows received to the head was estimated in half the boxers and correlated significantly with the rise in CK-BB. This increase in blood CK-BB may indicate disruption of the blood-brain barrier. This may be one of the mechanisms accounting for brain damage in boxers.
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244
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Abstract
Of fourteen boxers with a mean age of 31 years who had been Finnish, Scandinavian, or European champions, only one showed deficits in neurological status and he and one other had had episodes of inappropriate behaviour which were attributed to boxing. However, computed tomography revealed pathological findings attributable to brain injury in four of six professional and one of eight amateur boxers. Two of the professionals and four of the amateurs had electroencephalographic abnormalities which may have been caused by brain injury. Twelve of the boxers had psychological test results which suggested brain injury, although only two professionals had definite deviation from normal. The results indicate that modern medical control of boxing cannot prevent chronic brain injuries but may create a dangerous illusion of safety. The only way to prevent brain injuries is to disqualify blows to the head.
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245
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Bruce DA, Schut L, Sutton LN. Brain and cervical spine injuries occurring during organized sports activities in children and adolescents. Clin Sports Med 1982; 1:495-514. [PMID: 6764894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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246
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247
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Arthur KE. [Computerized tomography of the brain in professional boxers]. Rev Med Panama 1982; 7:196-203. [PMID: 7146498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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248
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249
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Sironi VA, Scotti G, Ravagnati L, Franzini A, Marossero F. CT-scan and EEG findings in professional pugilists: early detection of cerebral atrophy in young boxers. J Neurosurg Sci 1982; 26:165-8. [PMID: 7182434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the possibility of early detection of minimal cerebral damages in the professional boxers, ten young pugilists were submitted to complete neurological examination, EEG recording and CT-scan. Neuroradiological data, electrical patterns and neurological aspects were examined in connection with sporting career of each boxer. Neurological examination was normal in all cases. EEG patterns were considered normal in 3 cases, borderline in 4 cases and pathological in 3 cases. CT-scan was considered normal in 4 cases, borderline in 4 and pathological (showing signs of cerebral atrophy) in 2 cases. A good correlation was found between CT-scan pictures, EEG patterns and sporting career of the boxers: the pugilistis who suffered knockouts had pathological and/or borderline CT-scan and EEGs, while the pugilists who did not experience knockouts during their career showed a normal CT-scan and EEG, independently of the years of activity and number of matches.
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250
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Abstract
This is a clinico-pathological study of the relationship between Pick's disease and head trauma. Seven of our autopsied cases with Pick's disease had clinical histories and/or neuropathological evidence of a head trauma. Two cases showed no pathological evidence of traumatic brain damage, although they had clinical histories of a head trauma. The other five cases had old contusions located chiefly on the frontal and temporal bases. As far as we know, there is no reported case of Pick's disease with old contusions in the literature. Therefore, our five cases are of great importance to the study of the relationship between Pick's atrophic processes and traumatic brain damage. The conclusion of our study is that traumatic brain damage involving the atrophy centers of Pick's disease or the adjacent regions could evoke or intensify Pick's atrophic processes.
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